1 st semester midterm. 1. write scientific method down in order and describe each step. (pages...
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1. Write scientific method down in order and describe each step. (pages 1062-1063)
1.-Problem (question) something you want to investigate2.-Hypothesis (testable explanation)3.-Experiment (testing) Using qualitative observations (using your 5 senses) and more importantly quantitative (more precise using measurements-NUMBERS)4.-record (data)5.-conclusion (did it prove or disprove hypoth. summary) Use our observations (using 5 senses data and make logical inferences (using previous information from observations)6.-repeat
4.What are some avoidable and unavoidable errors in experiments? (page 13)
• avoidable-calculating, having a large enough sample for representation, bias, not including a control group & plotting/graphing errors
• unavoidable-nature & genetic, and species variations
5.Define: (page 1062-1063)
• --dependent variable -
--independent variable-
The 1 thing that is different in an experiment
--Control group
- Best to have a group that stays the same (not tested upon)
What changes in the experiment because of the independent variable
Variable group is the experimental group
dependent variable is the results
Size of both groups of
Plants after experiment
Fertilizer is the independent variable
Control group=
Untested-the “norm”
7. What is the order of the metric prefixes? hint: King Henry Died Unexpectedly
Drinking Chocolate Milk (notes)
• k-h -dk -units-d -c -m • Prefix is added onto the unit (m-meters/length, g-
mass/weight & l-volume of liquid
KK
8. Where do you measure liquid in a graduated cylinder? (notes)
• At the meniscus-which is the lowest part of the liquid's curve
9. Who are the scientists and what are their main contributions in disproving spontaneous generation?(pages 9-12)
Redi-
Needham-
Disproved with 2 jars of meat. (1 covered and 1 uncovered) covered did not have maggots
Proved using gravy-with and without covering. Both had created microorganisms. There was a FLAW in experiment
9 Cont.Spallanzani-
Pastuer-
Disproved by redoing Needham but fixed flaw by boiling gravy enough to kill ALL microorganisms
Was known for CONCLUSIVELY disproving spontaneous generation! By using his curved-necked flask!
10. How do you set up a data table? (notes)• -use observations (things seen & measured) not
inferences (how you interpret the observation)• -use quantitative data (numbers) & qualitative
(descriptive words) • use 3/4 (75%) of paper• -independent variable in 1st column• -dependent variables in the rest of the columns
11. What are some basic points to plotting a graph? (notes)
• Using best scale to fit put points• Draw a straight line that passes through the
area with most points to show a TREND!• DO NOT CONNECT THE DOTS!
12. List the microscope parts and function. (page 1070)
• Stage-
• clip-
• diaphragm-
• eyepiece & obj. lenses-
holds slide
holds slide on stage
decides amount of light
total magnification
Cont.
• coarse adjustment knob-• fine adjustment knob-• base-• nose-
makes large adjustments
focuses for best resolution
holds microscope
holds obj. lenses
13.Who are the scientists and their main contributions to establishing the Cell
Theory? (pages 17-171)• Hooke-
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek-
named "cells"
tiny living oranisms in pond water
14.What are the three components of the Cell Theory? (p. 170).
• -New cells are produced from existing cells•-Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things
-All living things are made from cells
15.What are the characteristics of living things? (p. 16-17)
• -universal genetic code
• -are made of cells
• -maintain homeostasis
• -evolve over time
16.Know the types of chemical bonds. (page 38 & 41)
• ionic-
• hydrogen-
• covalent-
giving and taking electrons
water
sharing electrons