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Scientific paper

sri winarsih - fmub

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RESEARCH• A scientific method to get answer to the question /

problem

• Triggered by a certain problem

• Characterized by:

systematic, criticism, scientific and formal

• For developing or testing of knowledge validity

• The repeated search to something “unknown”

Problem

Hypothesis

VerificationAnswer

New problem

• The essence of research is thinking process without ending • Research started by problem

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RESEARCH STEPS

Consists of 5 stages:

1. Research Planning2. Data Collection3. Data Editing & Data Analysis 4. Research Report5. Publication

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SCIENTIFIC PAPER

1. PROPOSAL2. FINAL ASSIGNMENT/THESIS/ DISSERTATION3. PUBLICATION

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RESEARCH PLANNING

Problem selection until instrument compilation

- Formulated as RESEARCH PROPOSAL

1. Problem solving for a certain program

2. For science /scientific work interest (final assignment, thesis, dissertation) refer to the institution guidance

Is a research planning

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Research Proposal

• Is a basic manual or guidance to do research• Research without proper proposal can be not a real

research (unscientific) • Research proposal is an extremely important document ( It should be served as a hardcopy from which you begin to do research )

(Hubbard 1973)

PROPOSAL OUT LINE

1. RESEARCH TITLE2. INTRODUCTION 2.1 Background (identifying problem, scope of research)

2.2 Problem Formulation 2.3 Objective: 2.3.1 General Purpose 2.3.2 Specific Purpose 2.4 Advantage (Academic and Practice)3. LITERATURE REVIEW4. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH

HYPOTHESIS9

Cont’

5.4 Variables5.5 Operational Definition5.6 Data Collection Method / Research Procedure5.7 Instruments (tools to get data)5.8 Procedure to get data5.9 Data Analysis

6. ACTIVITY SCHEDULE7. RESEARCH ORGANISATION8. BUDGET PLAN sponsorship research

9. REFERENCES

5. RESEARCH METHOD5.1 Research Type/Design

5.2 Population and Sample 5.3 Venue

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RESEARCH TITLE

- representing hypothesis verification- representing research objective- reflecting research problem

► short sentence ( ± 15 words)► if long sentence is necessary, sub title can be made ► abbreviation is not allowed

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BACKGROUND

Explaining about:- Why the tittle is choosen?- What the justification is proposed ? problem solving alternative?- Why the venue is choosen? (when a certain venue is mentioned in the

title)► As a paragraph form and the citated reference must be written at the end of paragraph It’s still be allowed to use the non-valid references► Not too long (1-3 pages)► Showing the importance of the research which will be done (deeper clarification is written in the Literature Review) 12

PROBLEM FORMULATION

Problem : - is a gap between hope and reality (das Sollen) (das Sein) - in health area: is defined as a patient concern, a health professional concern, or a concern of both

F I N E R FeasibleInterestingNovel

EthicRelevant

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Choosing Research Problem

• Any problem which is still unanswered can be the important research problem, but it should add scientific view, knowledge and understanding, even only a little

• Three reasons why research is needed:1) There is no information about all or a part of

important aspects in a certain subject2) There is an information but still incomplete, so

that a further research or study is needed to complete it

3) The information is complete but still not explains basically toward problem

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It’s A CRITICAL THINKING owned by any SCIENTIST!

• ANY QUESTIONS arise in our thought, when we use our sense to: think, observe, analyze, hear, taste, touch, knock something in our environment

• Arise due to a gap between :• “What’s it be” and “what’s should be” • “What’s needed” and “what’s available”• “What’s desired” and “reality”

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Problem Sources

• Literature• Discussion, seminar, workshop etc.• Daily experience• Expert opinion that still in doubt• Non scientific source: newspaper, tv etc.

in question sentence what? why? how? more specific and sharp

can be made a sub-problem e.g “Is curcumin orally decrease TNF-α ?”

Problem Formulation

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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

- indicates the direction of any data (information) which will be searched- formulated in observable and measurable statement- synchronize towards problem- different with research advantage

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General Objective (ultimate goal) Involving wider aspect (include a long-term purpose) through the research Synchronize with problem sentence

Specific Objective (short-term goal)• Supports to get the general objective • Something that will be measured, assessed or gained directly from the research

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THE RESEARCH ADVANTAGES

- the benefits of research: to develope science or institution

(Academic advantage) according to the need of program development

or profession/practicioner/community (Practice advantage)

- it differs from general objective- is not necessarily to mention: “…....... as a private experience”

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LITERATURE REVIEW

•To predict the solving problem is neede to look for any information concerning about the problem(s) (scientifically)

(Objective, Systematic, Logic, Critical, Skeptic)

•How ?• Interview or asking to the right people•Literature search•Exploratory research

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LITERATURE REVIEW con’t

- Explanation about theoretical aspect that is providing the research- Sub-chapter in the literature study is keywords of the background/research title

not necessarily talking about something that is unrelated with problem / research objective

- Don’t forget to write down the author name of the reference citated (at the end of the sentence/ paragraph)

Citation without mention the original source or without paraphrasing means plagiarism

LITERATURE REVIEWA. Three functions

• to clarify and focus research problem• to develop research method• widening knowledge related with research field

B. Four stages searching relevant literatures criticizing of the literature theoretical framework formulation conceptual framework formulation

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1. By name (Havard Style) mentioning the name of author (s) after the sentence

or idea written easy to identify the name and year of publication (recent or not). More practice and easy for researcher to add more literatures. To write in manuscript the first author is only

e.g. Diet therapy in diabetes is very important (Andreas, 1970; Reaven, 1978). RECOMMENDED FOR WRITING MANUSCRIPT

Citation of References

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2. By number (Vancouver style) numbering after the sentence or idea written,

according to the sequence of appearance on the text (no.1: the first reference appear).

More short and seemed clear, but readers can not directly identify the source, also the name of author and year of publication

e.g. Diet therapy in diabetes is very important.1,2

RECOMMENDED FOR WRITING PUBLICATION

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

conceptual framework is needed to compose hypothesis based on theoretical aspects is not a pathway or research procedure consists of a relation or conjunction between a concept (keyword) to other concept (keyword)

Concept: an abstraction of a certain comprehension which is formulated generally

can not to be measured (to be measured derive into variable) Hypothesis

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Education

Physical quality of apparatus *

Economics status

Clean waterQuality

Behaviour

Diarrheae incidence

Social status

* The factor related to physical quality of apparatus is not be studied

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Salam leaves

Alkaloid

Flavonoid

Glycoside

C.albicans

Nucleus

Cell membrane

Ribosome

componentingredients

Salam leave inhibits C.albicans growth

lyses

damages

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RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

• is obtained from conceptual framework different with statistical hypothesis (H0 & H1)• temporary answer of the problem / sub-problem• actually it is the new concept owned by researcher

Formulation: in statement form e.g. Curcumin orally decreasing TNF-α level

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RESEARCH METHOD

• is a plan how to do the research• depends on the objective• need to understand many kind of technical method • choose the posible one (based on the availability, finance, time)

Important! - sample size - operational definition (to give limitation of

the research scope)

- variable (dependent & independent)- parameter which is observed- statistic analysis

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Analysis Method• About data management

• What type of statistical analysis will be used: is it correlation study or comparative study? type of data? (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)

• Mention how about confidence level will be used e.g. confidence level (level of acceptance) = 95% means the significance level is 5% (α = 0.05 ) related with p-value important for data interpretation

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Conc. n

Control0%

Conc.5%

Conc.10%

Conc.15%

Conc.20%

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2

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C.albicans colony number after treated by various concentration of Salam leaves

Mean

±SD

Is needed for : - observation (human)- experimental (human and animal)

Requirements: - Explanation to subjects (who are you & what, why, how you’ll do the research) - Informed Consent (Approval after Explanation) - Ethical Clearance

ETHICAL ASPECT

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for sponsor: usually in a certain format for public : use popular language for scientific works (Final Assignment, Thesis, Dissertation)

RESEARCH REPORT

depends on whom is addressed to!

depends on the standard/style form of the institution

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I. FIRST PART:○ Title page○ Approval page○ Preface○ Acknowledgement○ List of content/Tables/Pictures/Abbreviation○ Abstract

II. CONTENTS (= PROPOSAL), added by: RESEARCH RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION/SUGGESTION

III. FINAL PART REFERENCESAPPENDAGES

SCIENTIFIC REPORT FORMAT

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ABSTRACT

consists of 200-250 words components: I M R A D/C

Introduction (include objective) Methods (past tense) Results (past tense) And Discussion / Conclusion (present tense )

Abstract contains: • background & objective • what have been done (method) • results • conclusion ( add suggestion if possible)

• keywords (not more than 6 words)36

SUMMARY

- Components = IMRAD/C- Longer than abstract- May contain ‘discussion’ - About 2-3 pages

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REFERENCES

- Write down all of the writer’s name (et al. if the writers more than 6 names)

- 2 ways to compose references:1. Havard method

- Listing in alphabetic sequence 2. Vancouver method - Listing in numeric sequence

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Reference from Textbook

Chapel H. and Haeney M., 1993. Essential of Clinical Immunology, 3rd Ed, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Cambridge, p.261-264.

Tjokroprawiro A., 1994a. Aspek Klinik Angiopati Diabetik (Pengetahuan Dasar dan Sindroma-20), Naskah Lengkap Simposium Concensus View & Penatalaksanaan DM, Malang, hal. 55-87.

Tjokroprawiro A., 1994b. Diabetes Mellitus, Klasifikasi, Diagnosis, dan Dasar Terapi, Edisi Kedua, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, hal.8-9.

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Reference from Journal/ Bulletin

Scott P, Kaufmann HL. The Role of T Cell Subsets and Cytokines in The Regulation of Infection. Immunology Today, 1991; 12 (10): 346-348.

Prijanto M., Pangastuti R, Parwati D, Siburian F, dan Suprijanto. Efektivitas Imunisasi Toksoid Serap Difteri dan Tetanus. Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan, 1991, 19 (3): 38-50

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PUBLICATION FORM

○ TITLE ( Author: without academic title but mention the

origin of institution)○ ABSTRACT○ INTRODUCTION (include objective and benefit)○ METHODS○ RESULTS○ DISCUSSION○ CONCLUSION (suggestion can be proposed)○ Acknowledgement (if any)○ REFERENCES (Vancouver system is recommended)

- Page limitation: usually 12-15 pages But, please refers to the journal/magazine’s rules (see instruction for author or the journal template)