1-reading raw data in sas week1

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Powerpoint Templates

1Powerpoint Templates

SAS - Basic Concepts
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Statistical Application Software

The SAS system has a suite of products

Each product associated with a set of functionalities

Capable of efficiently handling very large data sets

What is SAS?
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Some products in the SAS System

Core of the SAS System The basic software to make SAS run

Base SAS Software SAS language, DATA step and Basic Procedures

SAS/STAT Procedures for various statistical analyses

SAS/GRAPH Procedures and options to create graphs

SAS/ETS

Economic Time Series Time Series Analysis SAS/OR

Operations Research Optimization, LP etc

SAS/EIS Enterprise Information Systems for OLAP models

Enterprise Miner Mining Package with various techniques

SAS/Intrnet Web based application and portal development

Analyst/AF/FSP/Other Front End Based Features


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Program Editor Window

Write your code inthis window

ExplorerandResultsWindow


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Log Window

Log Window

View the Log Created by

the Program Execution


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Output Window

Output Window

View the Values of a Datasetin this Window


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Powerpoint Templates 7

Components of SAS Programs

DATA steps typically create or modify SAS data sets.

put your data into a SAS data set compute values

check for and correct errors in your data

produce new SAS data sets by subsetting, merging, and updating existing data sets.

PROC (procedure) steps are pre-written routines thatenable you to analyze and process the data in a SASdata set

you can use PROC steps to

create a report that lists the data

produce descriptive statistics

create a summary report

produce plots and charts.


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Characteristics of SAS Programs

SAS programs consist ofSAS statements.

A SAS statement has two important characteristics: It usually begins with a SAS keyword.

It always ends with a semicolon.

SAS statements are in free format. This means that they can begin and end anywhere on a line

One statement can continue over several lines

Several statements can be on a line.

Blanks or special characters separate "words" in a SASstatement.


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Overview of Data Sets

Descriptor Portion

The descriptor portion of a SAS data set contains informationabout the data set, including

the name of the data set

the date and time that the data set was created

the number of observations

the number of variables

Data Portion Contains Rows, Column and actual Value

Variable Attr i butes

Name

Type

Length

Format

Informat

Label


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SAS Libraries

Every SAS file is stored in a SAS library, which is a

collection of SAS files. A SAS data library is the highest level of organization for

information within SAS.

General form, basic LIBNAME statement:

LIBNAME libref'SAS-data-library' ;

where

librefis 1 to 8 characters long, begins with a letter or underscore,and contains only letters, numbers, or underscores.

SAS-data-libraryis the name of a SAS data library in which SAS

data files are stored. The specification of the physical name ofthe library differs by operating environment.


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Storing Files Temporarily or Permanently

Storing files temporarily:

If you don't specify a library name when you create a file (or if youspecify the library name Work), the file is stored in the temporary SASdata library.

When you end the session, the temporary library and all of its files aredeleted. Temporary SAS libraries last only for the current SAS session

Storing files permanently: To store files permanently in a SAS data library, you specify a

library name other than the default library name Work.

Permanent SAS libraries are available to you during subsequentSAS sessions


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Referencing SAS Files

To reference a permanent SAS data set in your SAS programs, you use atwo-level name:

l ibref. f i lename

In the two-level name, l ibrefis the name of the SAS data library that contains the file, andf i lenameis the name of the file itself. A period separates the libref and filename.

To reference temporary SAS files, you can specify the default librefWork,

a period, and the filename. For example, the two-level name Work.Test

Alternatively, you can use a one-level name (the filename only) to reference a file in atemporary SAS library. When you specify a one-level name, the default librefWork isassumed.

If the USER library is assigned, SAS uses the Userlibrary rather than theWork library for one-level names. Useris a permanent library.

So referencing a SAS file in any library except Work indicates that the SASfile is stored permanently.


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Example of a SAS Data set

ID NAME HT WT

1

2

3

4

5

6

Observations

Variables

ID, HT and WT are Numeric Variables

NAME is a Character Variable

Character Variables if blank are represented by a space

Numeric Variables if blank are represented by a .

53 Lucy 42 41

54 Tom 46 54

55 Dan 43 .

56 Tim 45 56

57 42 48

58 Mary 48 43


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CREATING LIST REPORTS


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Basic Report

You can easily list the contents of a SAS data set by

using a simple program like the one shown below.libname clinic 'your-SAS-data-library';

proc print data=clinic.admit;

run;

You can produce column totals for numeric variableswithin your report.libname clinic 'your-SAS-data-library';

proc print data=clinic.admit;

sum fee;

run;


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Selected Observations and Variables

You can choose the observations and variables that

appear in your report. In addition, you can remove thedefault Obs column that displays observation numbers.

libname clinic 'your-SAS-data-library';

proc print data=clinic.admit noobs;

var age height weight fee;

where age>30;

run;


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Specifying WHERE Expressions

Symbol Meaning Example

= or eq equal to where name='Jones, C.';

^= or ne not equal to where temp ne 212;

> or gt greater than where income>20000;

< or lt less than where partno lt "BG05";

>= or ge greater than or equal to where id>='1543';


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More Operators

Using the CONTAINS Operator

The CONTAINS operator selects observations that include thespecified substring. The mnemonic equivalent for theCONTAINS operator is ?

where firstname CONTAINS 'Jon';

where firstname ? 'Jon';

IN operatorwhere actlevel in ('LOW','MOD');

where fee in (124.80,178.20);

Between And

Where date Between 21Dec2010d And 20Jan2011d;

Like Operator Where name like _uj%;


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CREATING SAS DATA SETSFROM RAW DATA

St t C t SAS D t S t


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Steps to Create a SAS Data Set

To Do This Use This SAS Statement Example

Reference a SAS data library LIBNAME statement libname libref 'SAS-data-library';

Reference an external file FILENAME statement filename tests 'c:\users\tmill.dat';

Name a SAS data set DATA statement data clinic.stress;

Identify an external file INFILE statement infile tests obs=10;

Describe data INPUT statement input ID 1-4 Age 6-7 ...;

Execute the DATA step RUN statement run;

List the data PROC PRINT statement proc print data=clinic.stress;

Execute the final program step RUN statement run;



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Using a LIBNAME Statement

libname taxes 'c:\users\acct\qtr1\report'; Using a FILENAME Statement

filename exer 'c:\users\exer.dat';

Naming the Data Set

DATA SAS-data-set-1 ; Rules for SAS Names

SAS data set names

can be 1 to 32 characters long

must begin with a letter (AZ, either uppercase or lowercase) or an

underscore (_) can continue with any combination of numbers, letters, or

underscores.



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Specifying the Raw Data File

INFILEfile-specification ;

Describing the Data General form, INPUT statement using column input:

INPUT variable ; startcol-endcol . . .where

variable is the SAS name that you assign to the field

the dollar sign ($) identifies the variable type as character (if thevariable is numeric, then nothing appears here)

startcolrepresents the starting column for this variable endcolrepresents the ending column for this variable.



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filename exer 'c:\users\exer.dat';

data exercise;infile exer;

input ID $ 1-4 Age 6-7 ActLevel $ 9-12 Sex $ 14;

run;

When you use column input, you can read any or all fields from the raw data file

read the fields in any order

specify only the starting column for values that occupy only onecolumn.

input ActLevel $ 9-12 Sex $ 14 Age 6-7;

V if i th D t


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Verifying the Data

Whenever you use the DATA step to read raw data

Write the DATA step using the OBS= option in the INFILEstatement.

Submit the DATA step.

Check the log for messages.

View the resulting data set.

Remove the OBS= option and re-submit the DATA step.

Check the log again.

View the resulting data set again.

C ti d M dif i V i bl


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Creating and Modifying Variables

General form, assignment statement:

variable=expression;where

variable names a new or existing variable

expression is any valid SAS expression.

SAS Expressions An expression is a sequence of operands and operators that

form a set of instructions. The instructions are performed toproduce a new value:

Operands are variable names or constants. They can be numeric,

character, or both. Operators are special-character operators, grouping parentheses,

or functions.

U i O t i SAS E i


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Using Operators in SAS Expressions

Operator Action Example Priority

- negative prefix negative=-x; I

** exponentiation raise=x**y; I

* multiplication mult=x*y; II

/ division divide=x/y; II

+ addition sum=x+y; III

- subtraction diff=x-y; III

When you use more than one arithmetic operator in an expression,

operations of priority I are performed before operations of priority II,and so on

consecutive operations that have the same priority are performed

from right to left within priority I

from left to right within priorities II and III

you can use parentheses to control the order of operations.

Reading In stream Data


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Reading In stream Data

To read in stream data, you use a DATALINES

statement as the last statement in the DATA step(except for the RUN statement) and immediatelypreceding the data lines

A null statement (a single semicolon) to indicate the

end of the input data

Using Data step for Internal raw data


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Using Data step for Internal raw data

Internal raw data

Datalines or Cards to indicate that the data isinternal

data cities;

input City $ Rank ;

datalines;

Mumbai 1

Delhi 2

Chennai 3

Calcutta 4

;

run ;

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Steps to Create a Raw Data File


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Steps to Create a Raw Data File

data _null_;

set clinic.stress;file 'c:\clinic\patients\stress.dat';

put id 1-4 name 6-25 resthr 27-29 maxhr 31-33

rechr 35-37 timemin 39-40 timesec 42-43

tolerance 45 totaltime 47-49;

run;

Using the_NULL_ Keyword The keyword _NULL_, which enables you to use the DATA step

without actually creating a SAS data set

A SET statement specifies the SAS data set that you want toread from.


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UNDERSTANDING DATA STEPPROCESSING

C il ti phase


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Compilation phase

A SAS DATA step is processed in two phases:

During the compilation phase, each statement is scanned for syntax errors. Most syntax errors

prevent further processing of the DATA step.

When the compilation phase is complete, the descriptor portionof the new data set is created.

Execution phase


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Execution phase

If the DATA step

compiles successfully,then the executionphase begins. During the execution

phase, the DATA step

reads and processesthe input data.

The DATA stepexecutes once for eachrecord in the input file

Compile Program

Initialize variablesto missing

Execute inputstatement

Execute otherstatements

End ofFile ?

Output to SASdataset

Next step

Yes

No

Execution Phase

Compilation Phase In detail


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Compilation Phase In detail

Input Buffer

At the beginning of the compilation phase, the input buffer(anarea of memory) is created to hold a record from the external file

The input buffer is created only when raw data is read, not whena SAS data set is read

The term input bufferrefers to a logical concept; it is not a

physical storage area

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Program Data Vector


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Program Data Vector

Program Data Vector

The program data vector is the area of memory where SASbuilds a data set, one observation at a time

Like the term input buffer, the term program data vectorrefersto a logical concept

The program data vector contains two automatic variables that

can be used for processing but which are not written to the dataset as part of an observation

_N_counts the number of times that the DATA step begins toexecute.

_ERROR_signals the occurrence of an error that is caused by the

data during execution. The default value is 0, which means there is no error. When one or more errors

occur, the value is set to 1.

Syntax Checking


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Syntax Checking

During the compilation phase, SAS scans each

statement looking for following syntax errors. missing or misspelled keywords

invalid variable names

missing or invalid punctuation

invalid options.

Data Set Variables As the INPUT statement is compiled, a slot is added to the

program data vector for each variable in the new data set

variable attributes such as length and type are determined the

first time a variable is encountered. Any variables that are created with an assignment statement in

the DATA step are also added

Execution Phase In detail


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Execution Phase In detail

Initializing Variables

At the beginning of the execution phase, the value of _N_ is 1. Because there are no data errors, the value of _ERROR_ is 0.

The remaining variables are initialized to missing.

Missing numeric values are represented by periods (.)

missing character values are represented by blanks ()

Input Data The INFILE statement identifies the location of the raw data.

Input Pointer INPUT statement uses an input pointer to keep track of its

position The input pointer starts at column 1 of the first record, unless

otherwise directed

Execution Phase - End of the DATA Step


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Execution Phase - End of the DATA Step

1. The values in the program data vector are written to the

output data set as the first observation2. The value of _N_ is set to 2 and control returns to the

top of the DATA step

3. The variable values in the program data vector are re-

set to missing4. That the automatic variables _N_ and _ERROR_ retain

their values

5. The DATA step works like a loop, repetitively executing

statements to read data values and create observationsone by one

End-of-File Marker The ultimate End !!


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End-of-File Marker The ultimate End !!

End-of-File Marker

The execution phase continues the iterations until the end-of-filemarker is reached in the raw data file

The order in which variables are defined in the DATA stepdetermines the order in which the variables are stored in thedata set

data perm.update;

infile invent;

input Item $ 1-13 IDnum $ 15-19

InStock 21-22 BackOrd 24-25;

Total=instock+backord;

run;

Methods for getting your data into the SAS system


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Methods for getting your data into the SAS system

Entering data directly into SAS dataset

Creating SAS datasets from raw files Using Data step

Using Import Procedure

Converting other softwares data files into SAS datasets

Reading other softwares data files directly

Different types of input


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Different types of input

Column Input

List Input Formatted input

Types ofinput

Columninput

List inputFormatted

input

Free-Format Data


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Free Format Data

What is free format data

Data that is not arranged in columns The fields are often separated by blanks or by some other

delimiter

Fixed-Field Data


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Fixed Field Data

What is Fixed-Field Data

Data is arranged in columns or fixed fields You can specify a beginning and ending column for each field

Reading Free-Format Data


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Reading Free Format Data

Using List Input

General form, INPUT statement using list input:INPUT variable ;

where

variable specifies the variable whose value the INPUT statementis to read

$ specifies that the variable is a character variable.

Because list input, by default, does not specify columnlocations, all fields must be separated by at least one blank or other

delimiter fields must be read in orderfrom left to right

you cannot skip or re-read fields.

Using Data step for External raw data


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External raw data

Infile statement to tell SAS the filename and the path

data cities;

infile "C:\training\sample1.txt ;

input City $ Rank ;

run ;

NOTE: The infile "C:\training\sample1.txt" is: File Name=C:\training\sample1.txt,RECFM=V, LRECL=256

NOTE: 4 records were read from the infile "C:\training\sample1.txt".

The minimum record length was 8.

The maximum record length was 10.

NOTE: The data set WORK.CITIES has 4 observations and 2 variables.

NOTE: DATA statement used:

real time 0.25 seconds

cpu time 0.11 seconds

Mumbai 1

Delhi 2

Chennai 3

Calcutta 4

Text in the external file

Using Data step for External raw data

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Working with Delimiters


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Working with Delimiters

Use the DLM= option in the INFILE statement to

specify a delimiter other than a blank (the default)

Example:data perm.survey;

infile credit dlm=',';input Gender $ Age Bankcard FreqBank Deptcard FreqDept;

run;

Reading Raw data separated by spaces


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List Inputdata runners;

input name $ surname $ age runtime1 runtime3 ;

datalines;

Scott A 15

23.3 21.5

Mark . 13 25.2 24.1

;

run ;

NOTE: SAS went to a new line when INPUT statement reached past the end of a line.

NOTE: The data set WORK.RUNNERS has 2 observations and 5 variables.

All missing data must be indicated by a periodAll values are separated by at least one spaceCharacter data are eight characters or fewer

Should not have embedded spaces

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NOTE: Invalid data for runtime2 in line 228 1-7.

RULE: ----+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8----+-

228 Michael M 14 12 .name=Jon surname=K age=13 runtime1=25.1 runtime2=. _ERROR_=1 _N_=3

NOTE: SAS went to a new line when INPUT statement reached past the end of a line.

NOTE: The data set WORK.RUNNERS has 4 observations and 5 variables.

data runners;

input name $ surname $ age runtime1

runtime2 ;

datalines;

Scott A 15

22.0 21.9

Mark . 13 25.2 24.1

Jon K 13 25.1

Michael M 14 12 .

;

run ;

data runners;

input name $ surname $ age runtime1

runtime2 ;

datalines;

Scott A 15

22.0 21.9 Mark . 13 25.2 24.1

Michael M 14 12 .

;

run ;

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Reading Missing Values at the End of a Record


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Reading Missing Values at the End of a Record

Missover option:

If the missing values occur at the end of the record, you can usethe MISSOVER option in the INFILE statement to read themissing values at the end of the record

The MISSOVER option prevents SAS from going to anotherrecord if, when using list input, it does not find values in the

current line for all the INPUT statement variables At the end of the current record, values that are expected but not

found are set to missing

The MISSOVER option works only for missing values that occurat the end of the record

Reading Missing Values at the Beginning or


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g g g gMiddle of a Record

The DSD Option

You can use the DSD option in the INFILE statement to correctlyread the raw data

sets the default delimiter to a comma

treats two consecutive delimiters as a missing value

removes quotation marks from values

If the data uses multiple delimiters or a single delimiter otherthan a comma, then simply specify the delimiter value(s) with theDLM= option

data perm.survey;

infile credit dsd dlm='*';

input Gender $ Age Bankcard FreqBank Deptcard FreqDept;

run;

The LENGTH Statement


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The variable attributes are defined when the variable is

first encountered in the DATA step

Modifying List Input


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The ampersand (&) modifier :

is used to read character values that contain embedded blanks. The & indicates that a character value that is being read with list

input might contain one or more single embedded blanks

The value is read until two or more consecutive blanks areencountered

The colon (:) modifier : enables you to read nonstandard data values and character

values that are longer than eight characters, but which containno embedded blanks

The colon (:) indicates that values are read until a blank (or otherdelimiter) is encountered, and then an informat is applied

input Rank City & $12. Pop86 : comma.;

Creating Free-Format Data


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The PUT statement can also be used with list output to

create free-format raw data files. data _null_;

set perm.finance;

file 'c:\data\findat2'dlm=',' ;

put ssn name salary date : date9.;

run;

PROC EXPORT DATA=SAS-data-set;OUTFILE=filename ;

RUN;

Reading Raw Data in Fixed Fields


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Column Input Features

It can be used to read character variable values that containembedded blanks.

input Name $ 1-25;

No placeholder is required for missing data. A blank field is readas missing and does not cause other fields to be readincorrectly.

Fields or parts of fields can be re-read.

Fields do not have to be separated by blanks or other delimiters.

Identifying Standard and Nonstandard Numeric


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y gData

Standard numeric data values can contain only

numbers decimal points

numbers in scientific, or E, notation (23E4)

minus signs and plus signs.

Some examples of standard numeric data are 15, -15, 15.4,

+.05, 1.54E3, and -1.54E-3.

Nonstandard numeric data includes values that contain special characters, such as percent signs

(%), dollar signs ($), and commas (,)

date and time values data in fraction, integer binary, real binary, and hexadecimal

forms.

Using Formatted Input


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Whenever you encounter raw data that is organized into

fixed fields, you can use column input to read standard data only

formatted input to read both standard and nonstandard data.

General Form of the INPUT Statement UsingFormatted Input

INPUT variable informat.;

where

pointer-controlpositions the input pointer on a specified column

variable is the name of the variable that is being created

informatis the special instruction that specifies how SAS readsraw data.

@n Column Pointer Control


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@

Using the @nColumn Pointer Control

The @n is an absolute pointer control that moves the inputpointer to a specific column number

The @moves the pointer to column n, which is the first columnof the field that is being read

You can use the @n to move a pointer forward or backward

when reading a record.INPUT @n variable informat.;

input @9 FirstName $5. @1 LastName $7.

The +n Pointer Control


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The +nPointer Control

The +n pointer control moves the input pointer forward to acolumn number that is relative to the current position

The + moves the pointer forward ncolumns

INPUT +n variable informat.;

Using Informats


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An informat is an instruction that tells SAS how to read

raw data SAS provides many informats for reading standard and

nonstandard data values

Note that each informat contains a wvalue to indicate the width of the raw

data field

each informat also contains a period, which is a requireddelimiter

for some informats, the optional dvalue specifies the number ofimplied decimal places

informats for reading character data always begin with a dollarsign ($).

PERCENTw.d DATEw. NENGOw.

$BINARYw. DATETIMEw. PDw.d

HEXw. PERCENTw.

$w. JULIANw. TIMEw.

COMMAw.d MMDDYYw. w.d


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Reading Character Values

The $w. informat enables you to read character data The wrepresents the field width of the data value (the total

number of columns that contain the raw data field)

Reading Standard Numeric Data

The informat for reading standard numeric data is the w.dinformat

The wspecifies the field width of the raw data value, the periodserves as a delimiter, and the doptionally specifies the numberof implied decimal places for the value

. The w.dinformat ignores any specified dvalue if the dataalready contains a decimal point

Reading Nonstandard Numeric Data


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The COMMAw.dinformat is used to read numeric values

and to remove embedded blanks commas

dashes

dollar signs

percent signs right parentheses

left parentheses, which are converted to minus signs

1. the informat name COMMA

2

a value that specifies the width of the field to be read (including dollar

signs, decimal places, or other special characters), followed by a period w.

3an optional value that specifies the number of implied decimal places for avalue (not necessary if the value already contains decimal places).

d

Reading Date and Time Values


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How SAS Stores Date Values ?

When you use a SAS informat to read a date, SAS converts it toa numeric date value. A SAS date value is the number of daysfrom January 1, 1960, to the given date.

How SAS Stores Time Values ? SAS stores time values similar to the way it stores date values. A

SAS time value is stored as the number of seconds sincemidnight.

A SAS datetime is a special value that combines bothdate and time information. A SAS datetime value is

stored as the number of seconds between midnight onJanuary 1, 1960, and a given date and time.

Date and Time Informats


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MMDDYYw. Informat

Reads mmddyyormmddyyyy

DATEw. Informat Reads ddmmmyyorddmmmyyyy

Date Expression SAS Date Informat

101599 MMDDYY6.

10/15/99 MMDDYY8.

10 15 99 MMDDYY8.

10-15-1999 MMDDYY10.

Date Expression SAS Date Informat

30May00 DATE7.

30May2000 DATE9.

30-May-2000 DATE11.



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TIMEw. Informat

Reads hh:mm:ss.ss where

hh is an integer from 00 to 23, representing the hour

mm is an integer from 00 to 59, representing the minute

ss.ss is an optional field that represents seconds and hundredths of

seconds.

Five is the minimum acceptable field width for theTIMEw. informat.

Time Expression SAS Time Informat

17:00:01.34 TIME11.

17:00 TIME5.

2:34 TIME5.



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The WEEKDATEw. Format

The WEEKDATEw. format writes date values in the form day-of-week, month-name dd, yy(oryyyy).

The WORDDATEw. Format The WORDDATEw. format is similar to the WEEKDATEw.

format, but it does not display the day of the week or the two-

digit year values.

FORMAT Statement Result

format datein weekdate3.; Mon

format datein weekdate6.; Monday

format datein weekdate17.; Monday, Apr 5, 99

format datein weekdate21.; Monday, April 5, 1999

FORMAT Statement Result

format datein worddate3.; Apr

format datein worddate5.; April

format datein worddate14.; April 15, 1999

Line Pointer Controls


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When SAS reads raw data values, it keeps track of its

position with an input pointer We have used column pointer controls and column

specifications to determine the column placement of theinput pointer

We can also position the input pointer on a specificrecord by using a line pointer control

There are two types of line pointer controls The forward slash (/) specifies a line location that is relative to

the current one

The #nspecifies the absolute number of the line to which youwant to move the pointer

Reading Multiple Records Sequentially


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The Forward Slash (/) Line Pointer Control

Refer to the embedded word doc for illustration

Note that the raw data file must contain the samenumber of records for each observation that is beingcreated

Reading Multiple Records Sequentially


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The #n Line Pointer Control

The #n specifies the absolute number of the line to which youwant to move the input pointer

The #n pointer control can read records in any order

Refer to the embedded word doc for illustration


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Creating a Single Observation from MultipleR d


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Powerpoint Templates69

Records

The forward slash (/) specifies a line location that is

relative to the current one. The / advances the input pointer to the next record. The / line pointer control only moves the input pointerforward

and must be specified afterthe instructions for reading thevalues in the current record.

Note that the raw data file must contain the same number ofrecords for each observation that is being created.

Reading Multiple Records Non-Sequentially


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The #n Line Pointer Control

The #n specifies the absolute number of the line to which youwant to move the input pointer.

The #n pointer control can read records in any order

It must be specified before the instructions for reading values ina specific record.

Points to Remember Because the / pointer control can only move forward, the pointer

control is specified afterthe values in the current record areread.

The #n pointer control can read records in any order and mustbe specified before the variable names are defined.

A semicolon should be placed at the end of the complete INPUTstatement.

Creating Multiple Observations from a SingleR d


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Record

SAS provides two line-hold specifiers. A Line-Hold

Specifiers hold the current record for next inputstatement.

The trailing at sign (@) holds the input record for theexecution of the next INPUT statement.

The double trailing at sign (@@) holds the input recordfor the execution of the next INPUT statement, evenacross iterations of the DATA step.

The term trailing indicates that the @ or @@ must bethe last item that is specified in the INPUT statement. E.g. input Name $20. @; or input Name $20. @@;

Using the Double Trailing At Sign (@@) toH ld th C t R d


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Hold the Current Record

Typically, each time a DATA step executes, the INPUT

statement reads a new record. When the trailing @@ is used, the INPUT statement

holds the current record and reads the next value.

The double trailing at sign (@@)

Holds the data line in the input bufferacross multipleexecutions of the DATA step

Typically is used to read multiple SAS observations from a singledata line

Should not be used with the @ pointer control, with column

input, nor with the MISSOVER option.

Using the Double Trailing At Sign (@@) toH ld th C t R d


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Hold the Current Record

A record that is being held by the double trailing at sign

(@@) is not released until one of the following eventsoccurs: The input pointer moves past the end of the record. Then the

input pointer moves down to the next record.

An INPUT statement that has no line-hold specifier executes.

Using the Single Trailing At Sign (@) to Holdth C t R d


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the Current Record

Like the double trailing @@, the single trailing @

Enables the next INPUT statement to read from the same record Releases the current record when a subsequent INPUT

statement executes without a line-hold specifier.

It's easy to distinguish between the trailing @@ and thetrailing @ by remembering that the double trailing at sign (@@) holds a record across multiple

iterations of the DATA step until the end of the record is reached.

the single trailing at sign (@) releases a record when control

returns to the top of the DATA step.


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1-reading raw data in sas week1

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