1

Problem ResolutionProblem ResolutionModel 1130 & Model 1135 Model 1130 & Model 1135

Frank SchaedlichFrank Schaedlich

330 Nantucket Blvd. Toronto, Canada M1P 2P4330 Nantucket Blvd. Toronto, Canada M1P 2P4

Rev 1.12 Aug 2004

ekran Inc. ekran Inc.

2

Classes of ProblemsClasses of Problems

System leaksSystem leaks System contaminationSystem contamination Excessive restrictionExcessive restriction Mechanical failuresMechanical failures Analytical problemsAnalytical problems

3

System LeaksSystem Leaks

Why are my blanks so high ?Why are my blanks so high ?

4

Restrictor(100 ml/min)

MFM-1

CNCNO

ParticulateFilterPacks

Back PressureRegulator(1-5 PSI)

BufferTank

ZeroScrubber

V2

500

75 40

Fan

CaseHeater

Zero Air (to Denuder Module)

Control & StatusSignals

ZeroScrubber(1st stage)

INLET

AirInlet

Vent

Heater &Temperature

SensorLeads Zero

Inlet

SampleInlet

PUMP MODULE

MODEL 2537AANALYZER

SamplePump

Control Cable

(Heated)

HEATED LINE

Interchangeable inlets: Impactor for ambient air or'Tee' piece for manifold

V1

Rev 2.40

50

MFM

CONTROLLER

ZeroOut

SampleIn

DenuderModuleControl

cable

NC C

NO

ZEROAIR

SAMPLEFILTER

SodalimeTrap

Zero Filter(providedwith 2537A)

man_pics\1135flow.dsf

600 40600

OvenCooling Fan

FritFilter

Wool

Dimples

QuartzChips

Pyrolyzer

ParticulateFilter

Teflon Union (90º)Tail

QuartzWool

OvenExhaust

CaseExhaust

Fan

SampleLine

CaseHeater

PARTICULATEMODULE

ControlConnector

ControlCable

GL14-GL18 Union

Model 1135

RGMMODULE

Model 1130Model 1130

Fan Fan

CaseExhaust

OvenExhaust

(Shown in Sampling Mode)

OvenCooling Fan

Leak Leak PointsPoints

5

Leak PointsLeak Points

Impactor FittingsImpactor Fittings Difficult to detectDifficult to detect Will primarily Will primarily

affect the amount affect the amount of particulate of particulate being detectedbeing detected

Impactor FittingsImpactor Fittings Difficult to detectDifficult to detect Will primarily Will primarily

affect the amount affect the amount of particulate of particulate being detectedbeing detected

Coupler: 1130-35Coupler: 1130-35 Will give higher Will give higher

HgHg00 numbers numbers during samplingduring sampling

May also give bad May also give bad zeros during zeros during desorb phasedesorb phase

Also applies to Also applies to 1130 only systems 1130 only systems (elbow)(elbow)

Coupler: 1130-35Coupler: 1130-35 Will give higher Will give higher

HgHg00 numbers numbers during samplingduring sampling

May also give bad May also give bad zeros during zeros during desorb phasedesorb phase

Also applies to Also applies to 1130 only systems 1130 only systems (elbow)(elbow)

6

Leak PointsLeak Points

RPF Tail FittingRPF Tail Fitting

Common source of Common source of leaks leaks

Must tighten Must tighten securelysecurely

Can use a layer Can use a layer of Teflon tapeof Teflon tape

RPF units can RPF units can each be differenteach be different

RPF Tail FittingRPF Tail Fitting

Common source of Common source of leaks leaks

Must tighten Must tighten securelysecurely

Can use a layer Can use a layer of Teflon tapeof Teflon tape

RPF units can RPF units can each be differenteach be different

Sample Filter - DMSample Filter - DM

Common source of Common source of leaksleaks

Takes practice to Takes practice to tighten up housing tighten up housing properlyproperly

Ensure membrane Ensure membrane is not creasedis not creased

Sample Filter - DMSample Filter - DM

Common source of Common source of leaksleaks

Takes practice to Takes practice to tighten up housing tighten up housing properlyproperly

Ensure membrane Ensure membrane is not creasedis not creased

7

Leak PointsLeak Points

Junction TeeJunction Tee Big leak here can Big leak here can

actually result in actually result in higher area counts higher area counts during zeros than during zeros than during sampling!during sampling!

During sampling, Tee During sampling, Tee is filled with outside is filled with outside air (PM ON)air (PM ON)

During zero, we have During zero, we have indoor air at Tee indoor air at Tee (PM OFF)(PM OFF)

Junction TeeJunction Tee Big leak here can Big leak here can

actually result in actually result in higher area counts higher area counts during zeros than during zeros than during sampling!during sampling!

During sampling, Tee During sampling, Tee is filled with outside is filled with outside air (PM ON)air (PM ON)

During zero, we have During zero, we have indoor air at Tee indoor air at Tee (PM OFF)(PM OFF)

Sodalime TrapSodalime Trap Check all four seal Check all four seal

points!points! Trap uses standard Trap uses standard

QuikgripQuikgrip® ® fittingsfittings

Sodalime TrapSodalime Trap Check all four seal Check all four seal

points!points! Trap uses standard Trap uses standard

QuikgripQuikgrip® ® fittingsfittings

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Leak PointsLeak Points

Filter Holder – Filter Holder – Model 2537AModel 2537A

Even more critical Even more critical than usual than usual because of low because of low pressure at this pressure at this pointpoint

Filter Holder – Filter Holder – Model 2537AModel 2537A

Even more critical Even more critical than usual than usual because of low because of low pressure at this pressure at this pointpoint

Internal 2537A leakInternal 2537A leak

If leak is in valve If leak is in valve assembly, may assembly, may result in bi-modal result in bi-modal areasareas

Internal 2537A leakInternal 2537A leak

If leak is in valve If leak is in valve assembly, may assembly, may result in bi-modal result in bi-modal areasareas

9

Restriction PointsRestriction Points

Why are my pump(s) racing?Why are my pump(s) racing?

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Notes on RestrictionNotes on Restriction

Every bit of restriction within the Every bit of restriction within the system is cumulativesystem is cumulative

Effect is non-linearEffect is non-linear System will operate fine, with pumps System will operate fine, with pumps

loafing alongloafing along When the threshold is exceeded, one or When the threshold is exceeded, one or

both pumps will suddenly start racing as both pumps will suddenly start racing as they attempt to meet their target flowsthey attempt to meet their target flows

11

Restrictor(100 ml/min)

MFM-1

CNCNO

ParticulateFilterPacks

Back PressureRegulator(1-5 PSI)

BufferTank

ZeroScrubber

V2

500

75 40

Fan

CaseHeater

Zero Air (to Denuder Module)

Control & StatusSignals

ZeroScrubber(1st stage)

INLET

AirInlet

Vent

Heater &Temperature

SensorLeads Zero

Inlet

SampleInlet

PUMP MODULE

MODEL 2537AANALYZER

SamplePump

Control Cable

(Heated)

HEATED LINE

Interchangeable inlets: Impactor for ambient air or'Tee' piece for manifold

V1

Rev 2.40

50

MFM

CONTROLLER

ZeroOut

SampleIn

DenuderModuleControl

cable

NC C

NO

ZEROAIR

SAMPLEFILTER

SodalimeTrap

Zero Filter(providedwith 2537A)

man_pics\1135flow.dsf

600 40600

OvenCooling Fan

FritFilter

Wool

Dimples

QuartzChips

Pyrolyzer

ParticulateFilter

Teflon Union (90º)Tail

QuartzWool

OvenExhaust

CaseExhaust

Fan

SampleLine

CaseHeater

PARTICULATEMODULE

ControlConnector

ControlCable

GL14-GL18 Union

Model 1135

RGMMODULE

Model 1130Model 1130

Fan Fan

CaseExhaust

OvenExhaust

(Shown in Sampling Mode)

OvenCooling Fan

RestrictionRestriction PointsPoints

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Restriction PointsRestriction Points

ImpactorImpactor Becomes very Becomes very

restrictive if restrictive if elutriator is elutriator is screwed in too screwed in too tightlytightly

Keep impactor Keep impactor disk cleandisk clean

ImpactorImpactor Becomes very Becomes very

restrictive if restrictive if elutriator is elutriator is screwed in too screwed in too tightlytightly

Keep impactor Keep impactor disk cleandisk clean

RPFRPF Pack quartz wool Pack quartz wool

looselyloosely Do not use too Do not use too

much woolmuch wool Repack filter more Repack filter more

often under high often under high particulate loadingsparticulate loadings

RPFRPF Pack quartz wool Pack quartz wool

looselyloosely Do not use too Do not use too

much woolmuch wool Repack filter more Repack filter more

often under high often under high particulate loadingsparticulate loadings

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Restriction PointsRestriction Points

PyrolyzerPyrolyzer Use only minimum Use only minimum

quartz wool quartz wool required to keep required to keep pyro fill chips in pyro fill chips in placeplace

May use coarser May use coarser fill quartz chipsfill quartz chips

PyrolyzerPyrolyzer Use only minimum Use only minimum

quartz wool quartz wool required to keep required to keep pyro fill chips in pyro fill chips in placeplace

May use coarser May use coarser fill quartz chipsfill quartz chips

Sample Filter - DMSample Filter - DM Make certain that Make certain that

you use a you use a 1 1 µµm m glassglass membrane membrane

Not 0.2 Not 0.2 µµm Teflon!m Teflon!

Sample Filter - DMSample Filter - DM Make certain that Make certain that

you use a you use a 1 1 µµm m glassglass membrane membrane

Not 0.2 Not 0.2 µµm Teflon!m Teflon!

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Restriction PointsRestriction Points

Sodalime TrapSodalime Trap Use coarse S/L Use coarse S/L

crystals (8 mesh)crystals (8 mesh) Use minimum Use minimum

quartz/glass wool quartz/glass wool for packing endsfor packing ends

Pack all material Pack all material looselyloosely

Sodalime TrapSodalime Trap Use coarse S/L Use coarse S/L

crystals (8 mesh)crystals (8 mesh) Use minimum Use minimum

quartz/glass wool quartz/glass wool for packing endsfor packing ends

Pack all material Pack all material looselyloosely

Model 2537A FilterModel 2537A Filter Remember to Remember to

change membrane change membrane oftenoften

Model 2537A itself Model 2537A itself may become may become restrictiverestrictive

V2 or V3V2 or V3 CartridgesCartridges

Model 2537A FilterModel 2537A Filter Remember to Remember to

change membrane change membrane oftenoften

Model 2537A itself Model 2537A itself may become may become restrictiverestrictive

V2 or V3V2 or V3 CartridgesCartridges

15

1130 Can’t Maintain Flow1130 Can’t Maintain Flow

Sample path restrictionSample path restriction BPR set too highBPR set too high V2 is restrictiveV2 is restrictive

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2537A Can’t Maintain Flow2537A Can’t Maintain Flow

PM can maintain flow but 2537A pump can’tPM can maintain flow but 2537A pump can’t

Excessive upstream (1130 & 1135) Excessive upstream (1130 & 1135) restrictionrestriction

There is such a high vacuum present at the There is such a high vacuum present at the Tee junction that 2537A can’t pump full flow Tee junction that 2537A can’t pump full flow against itagainst it

Reduce 2537A flowReduce 2537A flow Increase PM flowIncrease PM flow Remember to change factors!Remember to change factors!

2537A has become internally restrictive2537A has become internally restrictive

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Impactor Cut Size vs. FlowImpactor Cut Size vs. Flow

Impactor cut size is dependent on Impactor cut size is dependent on actual volumetricactual volumetric flow at current temp flow at current temp & pressure& pressure

Model 1130 and 2537A regulate flow Model 1130 and 2537A regulate flow based on liters/min at 760 mmHg, based on liters/min at 760 mmHg, 0 0 °C°C

Good reason to lower pumping rate Good reason to lower pumping rate at high altitudesat high altitudes

Impactor cut size is dependent on Impactor cut size is dependent on actual volumetricactual volumetric flow at current temp flow at current temp & pressure& pressure

Model 1130 and 2537A regulate flow Model 1130 and 2537A regulate flow based on liters/min at 760 mmHg, based on liters/min at 760 mmHg, 0 0 °C°C

Good reason to lower pumping rate Good reason to lower pumping rate at high altitudesat high altitudes

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Impactor Cut Size vs. FlowImpactor Cut Size vs. Flow

2.0

2.2

2.4

2.6

2.8

3.0

3.2

3.4

3.6

3.8

4.0

5 7 9 11 13 15

FLOW (alpm)

CU

T S

IZE

(d

p50

, um

)

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Common Contamination PointsCommon Contamination Points

20

Restrictor(100 ml/min)

MFM-1

CNCNO

ParticulateFilterPacks

Back PressureRegulator(1-5 PSI)

BufferTank

ZeroScrubber

V2

500

75 40

Fan

CaseHeater

Zero Air (to Denuder Module)

Control & StatusSignals

ZeroScrubber(1st stage)

INLET

AirInlet

Vent

Heater &Temperature

SensorLeads Zero

Inlet

SampleInlet

PUMP MODULE

MODEL 2537AANALYZER

SamplePump

Control Cable

(Heated)

HEATED LINE

Interchangeable inlets: Impactor for ambient air or'Tee' piece for manifold

V1

Rev 2.40

50

MFM

CONTROLLER

ZeroOut

SampleIn

DenuderModuleControl

cable

NC C

NO

ZEROAIR

SAMPLEFILTER

SodalimeTrap

Zero Filter(providedwith 2537A)

man_pics\1135flow.dsf

600 40600

OvenCooling Fan

FritFilter

Wool

Dimples

QuartzChips

Pyrolyzer

ParticulateFilter

Teflon Union (90º)Tail

QuartzWool

OvenExhaust

CaseExhaust

Fan

SampleLine

CaseHeater

PARTICULATEMODULE

ControlConnector

ControlCable

GL14-GL18 Union

Model 1135

RGMMODULE

Model 1130Model 1130

Fan Fan

CaseExhaust

OvenExhaust

(Shown in Sampling Mode)

OvenCooling Fan

Contamination Contamination PointsPoints

????????

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Contamination PointsContamination Points

Impactor inletImpactor inlet

Various SymptomsVarious Symptoms Dirty impactor Dirty impactor

surfaces may:surfaces may: Add or remove HgAdd or remove Hg00 or or

RGMRGM May not result in high May not result in high

zero areaszero areas

Impactor inletImpactor inlet

Various SymptomsVarious Symptoms Dirty impactor Dirty impactor

surfaces may:surfaces may: Add or remove HgAdd or remove Hg00 or or

RGMRGM May not result in high May not result in high

zero areaszero areas

Coupler: 1130-35Coupler: 1130-35

Very high readings on 3Very high readings on 3rdrd denuder heat cycledenuder heat cycle

Material may degas a Material may degas a lotlot of Hg when it gets of Hg when it gets hothot

Clean with methanolClean with methanol Vacuum ovenVacuum oven Also applies to 1130 Also applies to 1130

only systems (only systems (union & union & elbowelbow))

Coupler: 1130-35Coupler: 1130-35

Very high readings on 3Very high readings on 3rdrd denuder heat cycledenuder heat cycle

Material may degas a Material may degas a lotlot of Hg when it gets of Hg when it gets hothot

Clean with methanolClean with methanol Vacuum ovenVacuum oven Also applies to 1130 Also applies to 1130

only systems (only systems (union & union & elbowelbow))

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Contamination PointsContamination Points

RPFRPF

Low HgLow Hg00 readings readings Dirty RPF may Dirty RPF may

scrub out scrub out elemental Hg elemental Hg when samplingwhen sampling

High zeros during High zeros during desorbdesorb

RPFRPF

Low HgLow Hg00 readings readings Dirty RPF may Dirty RPF may

scrub out scrub out elemental Hg elemental Hg when samplingwhen sampling

High zeros during High zeros during desorbdesorb

PyrolyzerPyrolyzer

High blanksHigh blanks Ensure that only Ensure that only

minimal quartz minimal quartz wool is usedwool is used

Should not extend Should not extend into tail areainto tail area

Tail isn’t heated hot Tail isn’t heated hot enough to ensure enough to ensure self cleaningself cleaning

PyrolyzerPyrolyzer

High blanksHigh blanks Ensure that only Ensure that only

minimal quartz minimal quartz wool is usedwool is used

Should not extend Should not extend into tail areainto tail area

Tail isn’t heated hot Tail isn’t heated hot enough to ensure enough to ensure self cleaningself cleaning

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Contamination PointsContamination Points

¼” Coupling tubing¼” Coupling tubing

High BlanksHigh Blanks May receive May receive

depositsdeposits Particularly Particularly

noticeable with noticeable with Model 1130 onlyModel 1130 only

Volatilized KClVolatilized KCl

¼” Coupling tubing¼” Coupling tubing

High BlanksHigh Blanks May receive May receive

depositsdeposits Particularly Particularly

noticeable with noticeable with Model 1130 onlyModel 1130 only

Volatilized KClVolatilized KCl

Heated LineHeated Line

High Blanks & ??High Blanks & ?? Heated line may Heated line may

scavenge Hgscavenge Hg00

May be responsible for May be responsible for cartridge “skunking” cartridge “skunking” effect in some caseseffect in some cases

Clean line as part of Clean line as part of normal maintenance normal maintenance cyclecycle

Heated LineHeated Line

High Blanks & ??High Blanks & ?? Heated line may Heated line may

scavenge Hgscavenge Hg00

May be responsible for May be responsible for cartridge “skunking” cartridge “skunking” effect in some caseseffect in some cases

Clean line as part of Clean line as part of normal maintenance normal maintenance cyclecycle

24

Contamination PointsContamination Points

SodalimeSodalimeHigh BlanksHigh Blanks

Change often with Change often with fresh soda limefresh soda lime

Do not buy large Do not buy large containers of the soda containers of the soda limelime

Always keep tightly Always keep tightly sealed in dry areasealed in dry area

May also scavenge HgMay also scavenge Hg Preferably heated Preferably heated

above the dew point of above the dew point of sample airsample air

SodalimeSodalimeHigh BlanksHigh Blanks

Change often with Change often with fresh soda limefresh soda lime

Do not buy large Do not buy large containers of the soda containers of the soda limelime

Always keep tightly Always keep tightly sealed in dry areasealed in dry area

May also scavenge HgMay also scavenge Hg Preferably heated Preferably heated

above the dew point of above the dew point of sample airsample air

2537A Filter2537A Filter

High BlanksHigh Blanks Sample filter should Sample filter should

be replaced as part be replaced as part of normal of normal maintenance cyclemaintenance cycle

2537A Filter2537A Filter

High BlanksHigh Blanks Sample filter should Sample filter should

be replaced as part be replaced as part of normal of normal maintenance cyclemaintenance cycle

25

Contamination PointsContamination Points

Water in CanistersWater in CanistersHigh BlanksHigh Blanks

Problems can occur if canisters become Problems can occur if canisters become waterlogged. waterlogged. (TN-311)(TN-311) Only occurs if: Only occurs if:

Warm humid air outdoorsWarm humid air outdoors Air conditioning indoorsAir conditioning indoors

Condensation can actually cause corrosion of Condensation can actually cause corrosion of canisters!canisters!

Probably responsible for passivation after desorb Probably responsible for passivation after desorb cyclecycle

Use driest ambient air availableUse driest ambient air available Use air dryer if requiredUse air dryer if required

Water in CanistersWater in CanistersHigh BlanksHigh Blanks

Problems can occur if canisters become Problems can occur if canisters become waterlogged. waterlogged. (TN-311)(TN-311) Only occurs if: Only occurs if:

Warm humid air outdoorsWarm humid air outdoors Air conditioning indoorsAir conditioning indoors

Condensation can actually cause corrosion of Condensation can actually cause corrosion of canisters!canisters!

Probably responsible for passivation after desorb Probably responsible for passivation after desorb cyclecycle

Use driest ambient air availableUse driest ambient air available Use air dryer if requiredUse air dryer if required

26

Mechanical ProblemsMechanical Problems

27

Pump Hunts during DesorbPump Hunts during Desorb

Not a problem as long as zero air Not a problem as long as zero air keeps flowing to impactorkeeps flowing to impactor

Increase Zero flow setpointIncrease Zero flow setpoint Increase BPR settingIncrease BPR setting

28

Oven is Slow to HeatOven is Slow to Heat

Oven exhaust vent flapper is openOven exhaust vent flapper is open Ensure that flaps are free swinging and Ensure that flaps are free swinging and

are operating properlyare operating properly Ensure that 1130/35 are mounted Ensure that 1130/35 are mounted

perfectly upright!perfectly upright! Low line voltageLow line voltage

Get CVT (at least 1.5 kVA rating!) for Get CVT (at least 1.5 kVA rating!) for 1130 or 11351130 or 1135

Defective heaterDefective heater Check & replaceCheck & replace

29

GFI Trips - AGFI Trips - A

Moisture inside of caseMoisture inside of case Check & replace door sealCheck & replace door seal Check top access door of 1135Check top access door of 1135 Ensure mounting board is absolutely flat Ensure mounting board is absolutely flat

(Warped board may twist case)(Warped board may twist case)

Ensure door locks seal properlyEnsure door locks seal properly If blowing rain or snow is being sucked If blowing rain or snow is being sucked

in, you may need to cover case inlet in, you may need to cover case inlet ventvent

30

GFI Trips - BGFI Trips - B

Heater may be shortingHeater may be shorting Usually only a problem with earlier Usually only a problem with earlier

generation heatersgeneration heaters T/C may be shorting to heating coilsT/C may be shorting to heating coils Heating coils may be shorting to groundHeating coils may be shorting to ground Replace heaterReplace heater

31

Freezing of Zero Air LineFreezing of Zero Air Line

The only available solution here is to The only available solution here is to use dry outside air as zero air sourceuse dry outside air as zero air source

Even if the internal line was moved, Even if the internal line was moved, insulated, etc., the air would frost up insulated, etc., the air would frost up somewheresomewhere inside external zero air inside external zero air componentscomponents

Must purge zero canisters of Must purge zero canisters of moisture when moving them from moisture when moving them from temperate to arctic conditionstemperate to arctic conditions

32

Analytical ProblemsAnalytical Problems

33

Cartridges Skunked after Desorb - ACartridges Skunked after Desorb - A

Ensure sufficient line voltage to Ensure sufficient line voltage to analyzer (> 115 VAC/230 VAC)analyzer (> 115 VAC/230 VAC)

Check voltage to analyzer Check voltage to analyzer during during heatingheating

Use Voltage stabilizer or high quality / Use Voltage stabilizer or high quality / capacity UPScapacity UPS

Check heater screws (8) for tightnessCheck heater screws (8) for tightness

34

Cartridges Skunked after Desorb - BCartridges Skunked after Desorb - B

Add sodalime trap Add sodalime trap (TN-304)(TN-304)

Wet or corroded zero air canisters Wet or corroded zero air canisters (TN-311)(TN-311) Replace canister(s) periodicallyReplace canister(s) periodically Install 1130 plumbing fix Install 1130 plumbing fix (TN-313)(TN-313)

Purge with dry gas to dry interior fill materialPurge with dry gas to dry interior fill material Use driest available ambient air sourceUse driest available ambient air source Use gas drier (being evaluated by Tekran Aug, Use gas drier (being evaluated by Tekran Aug,

2004)2004)

Add Tenax trap Add Tenax trap (TN-310)(TN-310)

35

Sodalime problemsSodalime problems

Replace soda lime Replace soda lime May have batch that has gone badMay have batch that has gone bad

36

SummarySummary

These are the most common These are the most common problems that have been problems that have been experienced with the 1130/35 under experienced with the 1130/35 under field conditionsfield conditions

Appear to be resolvable in most Appear to be resolvable in most casescases