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Port Port KlangKlangInitial Risk AssessmentInitial Risk Assessment

Presentation for ENVM 8012Presentation for ENVM 8012

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ContentsContents1.1. Develop Analysis PlanDevelop Analysis Plan

2.2. Risk assessmentRisk assessment

3.3. RetrospectiveRetrospective

4.4. Prospective Prospective

5.5. Socioeconomic drivers assessment Socioeconomic drivers assessment

6.6. Data gapsData gaps

7.7. Uncertainties & Recommendations Uncertainties & Recommendations

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WHOMWHOM - This project was initially - This project was initially organized by GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional organized by GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Program on Building Program on Building PPartnerships in artnerships in EEnvironmental nvironmental MManagement of the anagement of the SSeas eas of of EEast ast AAsia sia (PEMSEA)(PEMSEA). .

PEMSEA building up partners with PEMSEA building up partners with governments, agencies and sectors to governments, agencies and sectors to strengthen environmental management strengthen environmental management capacitycapacity

Develop Analysis Develop Analysis PlanPlan

GEF: The Global Environment FacilityGEF: The Global Environment FacilityUNDP: United Nations Development ProgrammeUNDP: United Nations Development ProgrammeIMO: International Maritime OrganizationIMO: International Maritime Organization

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HOWHOW – Conduct Initial Risk – Conduct Initial Risk Assessment with collaboration with Assessment with collaboration with several government departments. several government departments.

WHYWHY – economic growth – economic growth contaminantscontaminants

Develop Analysis Develop Analysis PlanPlan

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WHEREWHERE - Port Klang - Port Klang located at Malaysia.located at Malaysia.The Project area cover The Project area cover 1,485 km1,485 km22 with with population of 742,837 in population of 742,837 in the year 2000 which was the year 2000 which was approx. 500 people per approx. 500 people per kmkm22. The coastlines for . The coastlines for both Klang and Kuala both Klang and Kuala Langat are 53.75 km Langat are 53.75 km and 48 km respectively.and 48 km respectively.

Develop Analysis Develop Analysis PlanPlan

BBC (2005), http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4140000/newsid_4149300/4149317.stm

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WHATWHAT – to determine the effects of factors – to determine the effects of factors derived from human activities on human and derived from human activities on human and ecological targets in the Port Klang area. ecological targets in the Port Klang area. Specifically, 6 objectives:Specifically, 6 objectives:

1.1. To evaluate the impacts of various pollutants;To evaluate the impacts of various pollutants;2.2. To identify activities that contribute to To identify activities that contribute to

pollution;pollution;3.3. To identify gaps and uncertainties;To identify gaps and uncertainties;4.4. To make recommendations;To make recommendations;5.5. To identify agencies and institutions in the To identify agencies and institutions in the

long-term management,long-term management,6.6. To identify priority concerns to be addressed To identify priority concerns to be addressed

under risk management.under risk management.

Develop Analysis Develop Analysis PlanPlan

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2 methodologies can be used to 2 methodologies can be used to protecting the environmental and protecting the environmental and human healthhuman health

Hazard Based ApproachHazard Based Approach Risk Based ApproachRisk Based Approach

Hazard Based Approach => Risk Based Hazard Based Approach => Risk Based ApproachApproach

2 risk assessments approach were used 2 risk assessments approach were used in this project,in this project,

Retrospective Risk Assessment, and Retrospective Risk Assessment, and Prospective Risk AssessmentProspective Risk Assessment

Develop Analysis Develop Analysis PlanPlan

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2. Risk 2. Risk AssessmentAssessment

Data in this presentation are from Data in this presentation are from ‘Port Klang ‘Port Klang Integrated Coastal Management Integrated Coastal Management National Demonstration Project’, National Demonstration Project’, Selangor Waters Management Selangor Waters Management Authority, Shah Alam, Selangor Authority, Shah Alam, Selangor Malaysia. 2005Malaysia. 2005

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Problem FormulationProblem Formulation

An ecological risk assessment starts with An ecological risk assessment starts with the the formulationformulation of the problem. of the problem.

Activities included in this stage are the Activities included in this stage are the definition of the nature of the problem. definition of the nature of the problem.

Ecological Risk Ecological Risk AssessmentAssessment

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Problem FormulationProblem Formulation

The Source What is the source?

Stressors What types of stressors are presented?

Exposure When? For how long? What was the intensity and distribution?

Ecosystem at risk What ecosystems are at risk?Where? Why?

Possible ecological effects

What are the possible effects associated to the pointed stressors?

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3. Retrospective 3. Retrospective Assessment Assessment

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3. Retrospective Analysis3. Retrospective Analysis

• 4 Aspects:4 Aspects:•FisheriesFisheries•AquacultureAquaculture•MangrovesMangroves•WildlifeWildlife

•Sources of DataSources of Data•Various studiesVarious studies•ReportsReports•ProjectsProjects

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3. Retrospective Analysis for3. Retrospective Analysis for Fisheries Fisheries

Result

Changes ObservedAmount of fish

landing

Identified Agents

1990 – 1993 : ↓65%(164.43 to 57.55 metric tons)

Likely: Poor technologyPossibly: Marine water pollution Incidence of oil spills Exploitation of mangroves

1993 – 2000: ↑10 times(141.37 to 1,579.34 metric tons)

Likely: Enhanced technology ↑ fishing gears ↑ fishing forks

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3. Retrospective Analysis for 3. Retrospective Analysis for Aquaculture Aquaculture

Result

Changes ObservedAmount of production

Identified Agents

1990 – 1993 : ↓46%(1,011.63 to 543.89 metric tons)

Unsuitable soil for aquacultureWater contaminationDiseases

1993 – 2000: ↑1.9 times(543.89 to 1,579.34 metric tons)

Enhanced Technology Controlled water

contamination Controlled diseases ↑ pond areas

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3. Retrospective Analysis for3. Retrospective Analysis for Mangroves Mangroves

Result

Changes Observed(Area)

Identified Agents

Klang Island

1984-1995: ↓ 4%1995-1998: ↓ 7.9%

Likely: Land ReclamationPossibly: Suspended solidsUnknown: Pollution, sedimentation

Kapar

1970-1998: ↓91.5%(4,865 to 410 ha)

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3. Retrospective Analysis for3. Retrospective Analysis for Wildlife Wildlife

Result

Changes Observed (no. of species)

Identified Agents

Wate

r bird

s

1996-1999: ↓88.5%(131→15)

Most Likely:Time of count not coincide

with bird migratory period

Likely: New environment needs

time to re-establish Possibly: Illegal hunting of birdsUnknown: Environmental pollution

1999-2000: ↓26.6%(15→11)

2000-2001: no change

(11→11)

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ResultResult

Changes Observed Changes Observed (no. of species)(no. of species)

Identified AgentsIdentified Agents

Aq

uatic

Fau

na

Peat swamp forestPrimary ForestMangrove Forest

Land clearingReclamationSelective loggingMiningAgriculturehunting

Mam

mal

s

Decline no. of species in the above habitat

3. Retrospective Analysis 3. Retrospective Analysis forfor Wildlife Wildlife

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3. Retrospective Risk 3. Retrospective Risk AssessmentAssessment Cannot establish the relationship between Cannot establish the relationship between

changes in changes in fisheriesfisheries and increased fishing and increased fishing intensity intensity

Change in Change in aquaculture productionaquaculture production because because of of better technologybetter technology, , control of water control of water contamination contamination

Decline in Decline in mangrovemangrove cover because of cover because of degazettment and reclamation degazettment and reclamation

Decline in Decline in mammalsmammals, , birdsbirds and and freshwater freshwater fishfish due to loss or degradation of habitats due to loss or degradation of habitats and pollutionand pollution

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4. Prospective 4. Prospective Risk Risk Assessment Assessment

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Prospective Risk Prospective Risk AssessmentAssessment

Risk Quotient (RQ) =

Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC)

Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC)

RQ < 1 Low Risk RQ ≧ 1 High Risk Management action Management action

required!required!

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Case Study – Water Case Study – Water ColumnColumn

5 Coastal Areas in Klang - Pantai Morib - Kuala Langat at Jugra - Kuala Langat - Kuala Klang - Selat Klang Utara

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5. 5. Risk and Socio-Risk and Socio-economic economic Drivers Drivers

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Assessment of Assessment of Socioeconomic DriversSocioeconomic Drivers

ResultResult ImpactsImpactsChangesChanges Identified Identified

AgentsAgents-Loss of -Loss of habitats & habitats & speciesspecies

-Human -Human healthhealth

-Reduced -Reduced biodiversitbiodiversityy

Demography:Demography:Klang Klang

IslandIsland1991-2000: 1991-2000: ↑↑4.6%4.6%

Kuala Kuala LangatLangat

1991-1991-2000: 2000:

↑↑3.8%3.8%

-Solid and -Solid and liquid liquid waste, waste, -Sludge, -Sludge, -Air -Air pollution, pollution, -E. Coli -E. Coli -Waste oil-Waste oil

Waste Management:Waste Management:Klang Island & Kuala Klang Island & Kuala

LangatLangat- - Waste generationsWaste generations↑↑18%tons/day18%tons/day- - Landfills areasLandfills areas↓↓over 30%haover 30%ha

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Assessment of Assessment of Socioeconomic DriversSocioeconomic Drivers

ResultResult ImpactsImpactsChangesChanges Identified Identified

AgentsAgents-Loss and -Loss and

degradation degradation of habitats of habitats and speciesand species

-Reduced -Reduced biodiversitybiodiversity

--SedimentatiSedimentationon

-Siltation-Siltation-Forest fire-Forest fire

Land-use:Land-use:Klang Island & Kuala Klang Island & Kuala

LangatLangat-↑agricultural lands, -↑agricultural lands,

urban & industrial urban & industrial areasareas

-↓forest cover-↓forest cover

-Over-exploitation-Over-exploitation-Land clearing and -Land clearing and reclamationreclamation

Agriculture:Agriculture:Klang Island & Kuala Klang Island & Kuala

LangatLangat-↓use of land -↓use of land -↑yields-↑yields

-Nutrients -Nutrients -Organic liquid -Organic liquid

wastewaste-Pesticides, -Pesticides, -Sediments-Sediments-illegal clearing-illegal clearing

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Assessment of Assessment of Socioeconomic DriversSocioeconomic Drivers

ResultResult ImpactsImpacts

ChangesChanges Identified Identified AgentsAgents

--ContaminatContaminated seafooded seafood

-Food -Food poisoningpoisoning

-Vector--Vector-borne borne diseasesdiseases

Human HealthHuman Health::- Poor - Poor hygiene hygiene practicespractices- - ContaminatioContaminationn

-Pathogens-Pathogens-Chemical -Chemical

contaminacontaminantsnts

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6. 6. Data Data GapsGaps

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Data GapsData Gaps

More appropriate indicators More appropriate indicators More comprehensive and quantitative More comprehensive and quantitative

assessment of biodiversity assessment of biodiversity Information for the impacts on living Information for the impacts on living

aquatic resources aquatic resources Data on nutrients in coastal water, oil Data on nutrients in coastal water, oil

and grease in river water, coliform in and grease in river water, coliform in seafood seafood

heavy metals in sediment and biota, and heavy metals in sediment and biota, and pesticides and organotins in all media pesticides and organotins in all media

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Data GapsData Gaps (cont’d)(cont’d) Data on oil fraction from petrogenic and Data on oil fraction from petrogenic and

biogenic sources biogenic sources Standards for marine water quality are not Standards for marine water quality are not

very protective very protective Linkage between food and water-borne Linkage between food and water-borne

diseases to potential contamination of diseases to potential contamination of aquatic food products from pathogens and aquatic food products from pathogens and chemical compoundschemical compounds

Linkage between particular socio-economic Linkage between particular socio-economic activities to the identified priority activities to the identified priority environment concerns environment concerns

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7. Uncertainties & 7. Uncertainties & RecommendationsRecommendations

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UncertaintiesUncertainties RQ approach is not suitable for dealing RQ approach is not suitable for dealing

with with some some risks risks No model was used to help to No model was used to help to

understand the riskunderstand the risk DetailDetaileded assessment is needed to assessment is needed to

distinguish between localised and distinguish between localised and coastal wide conditions coastal wide conditions

Suitability of the PNECs being used Suitability of the PNECs being used Application of quantitative uncertainty Application of quantitative uncertainty

analyses analyses

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RecommendatioRecommendationsns On socio-economic driversOn socio-economic drivers: : further assessmentfurther assessmentss on waste management, industrial on waste management, industrial

development, agriculture and land use development, agriculture and land use On Ecological and Human Health RisksOn Ecological and Human Health Risks: : 1.1. Prioritize contaminants for risk managementPrioritize contaminants for risk management2.2. Prioritize the management of sewage discharge Prioritize the management of sewage discharge 3.3. Control for discharges of untreated wastes in the Control for discharges of untreated wastes in the

coastal area starting from the catchmentscoastal area starting from the catchments4.4. Conduct systematic monitoring on exposure to Conduct systematic monitoring on exposure to

contaminants of the seafoodcontaminants of the seafood5.5. Collect the data on heavy metals, pesticides and TBT Collect the data on heavy metals, pesticides and TBT

in water column, sediment and seafood in the coastal in water column, sediment and seafood in the coastal areasareas

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On the river systemsOn the river systems::1.1. Need assessment for oil and greaseNeed assessment for oil and grease2.2. Risk assessment and management for the river Risk assessment and management for the river

systemssystems3.3. Relating the sources of risk to specific activities Relating the sources of risk to specific activities

4.4. Formulate risk reduction measuresFormulate risk reduction measures On the whole On the whole water water systemsystem::1.1. Apply the RQ approach to carry out a more detailed Apply the RQ approach to carry out a more detailed

risk assessment of the rivers and coastal waters in risk assessment of the rivers and coastal waters in SelangorSelangor

2.2. Review of the standard of PNECs usedReview of the standard of PNECs used

RecommendatioRecommendationsns

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On resources and habitatsOn resources and habitats:: Fisheries Fisheries 1.1. Use of CPUE, stock density, demersal biomass and Use of CPUE, stock density, demersal biomass and

change in catch composition to monitor and change in catch composition to monitor and assessment assessment

2.2. Estimate the MSY (maximum sustainable yield) and to Estimate the MSY (maximum sustainable yield) and to determine the current conditiondetermine the current condition

3.3. Evaluate the management frameworkEvaluate the management framework

RecommendatioRecommendationsns

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On resources and habitatsOn resources and habitats:: Aquaculture Aquaculture 1.1. Evaluate, minimize and control the current Evaluate, minimize and control the current iimpacts mpacts

2.2. Develop environment-friendly practicesDevelop environment-friendly practices

3.3. Designate aquaculture zoneDesignate aquaculture zone

4.4. Collect data for better assessment and management Collect data for better assessment and management

RecommendatioRecommendationsns

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On resources and habitatsOn resources and habitats:: MangrovesMangroves 1.1. To assess the economic value To assess the economic value and the and the effects of effects of

reduction or degradation of mangrove ecosystems reduction or degradation of mangrove ecosystems

2.2. Evaluate the degazettement of some portions of the Evaluate the degazettement of some portions of the forestforest reserves reserves

3.3. Use benefits and costs approach to evaluate Use benefits and costs approach to evaluate reclamation and mangrove conversionreclamation and mangrove conversion

4.4. Promote mangrove reforestation Promote mangrove reforestation

5.5. Strengthen the law enforcementStrengthen the law enforcement

RecommendatioRecommendationsns

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On resources and habitatsOn resources and habitats:: WidlifeWidlifeVerify the reported decline in species and the cause-effect Verify the reported decline in species and the cause-effect

relationshipsrelationships On Air QualityOn Air Quality 1.1. Detailed assessment to identify the significant Detailed assessment to identify the significant

contributor to the pollution contributor to the pollution

2.2. To develop and implement control of emissionsTo develop and implement control of emissions

RecommendatioRecommendationsns

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Recommended Recommended research areasresearch areas: : Hydrodynamics study to study the sediment Hydrodynamics study to study the sediment

loadload To determine the level of impacts at pollution To determine the level of impacts at pollution

hotspotshotspots Toxicology study for seafoodToxicology study for seafood Poverty, industrial development and their Poverty, industrial development and their

linkages to environmental management linkages to environmental management

RecommendatioRecommendationsns

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Need to Need to develop action develop action planplanss for: for: Integrated land- and water-use ZoningIntegrated land- and water-use Zoning Environmental investment such as clean Environmental investment such as clean

technologies, waste management facilitiestechnologies, waste management facilities Integrated Environmental Monitoring Integrated Environmental Monitoring

Programme for a scientific basis managementProgramme for a scientific basis management Collaboration and Institutional Arrangements Collaboration and Institutional Arrangements

with NGOs, Univerities etc. for development with NGOs, Univerities etc. for development and implementation of risk management and implementation of risk management strategies strategies

RecommendatioRecommendationsns

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--holistic approach holistic approach

-use of biomaker-use of biomaker

-consider the dynamic nature of -consider the dynamic nature of the ecosystemthe ecosystem

FurthermoreFurthermore

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The END. Thank The END. Thank You.You.

Q & AQ & A

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References

BBC News (2005) http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_4140000/newsid_4149300/4149317.stm