1 physiology exam 1 study chapters 1-5. 2 the cytoplasm includes all material inside the cell...
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Physiology Exam 1 Study
chapters 1-5
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The cytoplasm includes all material inside the cell membrane except for_____.
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Nucleus
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Which elements make up 90% of your body’s mass?
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Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
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The alpha helix and pleated sheets are examples of ____ structure proteins.
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Secondary
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A sequence of amino acids are examples of ____ structure proteins.
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Primary
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Fibrous proteins (Collagen) and Globular proteins (Hemoglobin) are examples of ____ structure proteins.
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Quaternary structure
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A 5M solution of 0.100 mL glucose contains how many grams of glucose? (m.w. of glucose is 180g)
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M = #mols of solute
L of solution
90g glucose
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Name the six nonmembraneous organelles
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Cilia
Centrioles
Microvilli
Cytoskeleton
Flagella
Ribosomes
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How many primary tissue types are in the human body?
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Four
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What are the primary tissue types in the body?
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Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Neural
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Plasma is to blood as ____ is to cytoplasm.
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Cytosol
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Clathrin and Caveolae are used in which process by the cell to bring molecules in to the cytoplasm?
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Endocytosis
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How does potocytosis differ from endocytosis?
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Potocytosis uses caveolae rather than clathrin coated pits to bring molecules into the cell.
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What happens to macromolecules that are too large to enter or leave cells through protein channels or carriers?
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Cells use two basic mechanisms to import large molecules and particles: phogocytosis and endocytosis.
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In osmosis water always moves towards the ___ solution, that is the solution with the ___ concentration of solute.
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Hypertonic,
Higher
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During osmosis, what happens to water once all concentrations are equal?
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Net movement of water stops.
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What are the units of osmotic pressure?
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atmospheres (atm) or millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
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If a cell is place in solution A and it swells, solution A is ____.
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Hypotonic
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If a cell is place in solution B and it shrinks, solution B is ____.
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Hypertonic
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If a cell is place in solution C and it doesn’t change size, solution C is ____.
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Isotonic
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The framework of cilia, flagella, centriole, and mitotic spindle is formed by ____.
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Microtubels
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What cellular specialization causes fluid to flow over the epithelial surface?
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Cilia
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What is the main component of cytosol?
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Water
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What layer of skin protects from bacterial, chemical, and mechanical injuries?
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Epidermis
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What layer of skin contains adipose tissue?
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Hypodermis
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What is the movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the aid of a membrane protein?
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Facilitated diffusion
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Where are receptors molecules for chemical signaling located?
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Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
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What is a bond in which atoms are completely lost or gained during bonding?
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Ionic Bond
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What is a molecule whose shared electrons are distributed so evenly that there are no regions of partial charge?
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Non-polar molecules
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What is an antioxidant?
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A molecule that alters free radicals
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What would we expect from a cell with an extensive Golgi Apparatus?
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Secretion of a lot of material
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What would we expect from a cell with a large number of Mitochondria?
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Production of large amounts of energy (ATP).
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You conduct a study on 20 18 year olds (subjects) to see how intensity of exercise influence heart rate. What is the dependent variable?
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Heart rate
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You conduct a study on 20 18 year olds (subjects) to see how intensity of exercise influence heart rate. What is the independent variable?
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Intensity of exercise
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What is a bond that results when two atoms share a pair of electrons, one from each atom?
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Covalent bond
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Of the following bonds; hydrogen, covalent, and Van der Waals Forces, which bond usually requires input of energy to be broken?
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Covalent bonds
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The cells of any tissue are held together by specialized connections called_____.
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Cell Junctions
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_____ junctions create cytoplasmic communication bridges between adjoining cells so that chemical and electrical signaling pass rapidly from one cell to the next.
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Gap Junctions
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What cell junction are occluding.
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Tight junctions
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Which type of junctions create what is called the blood-brain barrier?
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Tight junctions
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Which type use Cadherin proteins?
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Desmosomes(anchoring junctions)
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Which type of junctions Connexin proteins?
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Gap junctions
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What is protein specificity?
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The ability of a protein to bind to a specific ligand or group of closely related molecules.
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True or False? One function of a membrane protein is to produce energy.
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False
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Cytoplasmic protein fibers come in three sizes. Which is the largest?
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Microtubles
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Cytoplasmic protein come in three sizes. Which is the smallest?
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Micro filaments
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Cytoplasmic protein come in three sizes. Which is the mid-size?
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Intermediate
filaments
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What is a molecule that binds to another molecule?
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Ligand
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What is a ligand that binds to enzymes and membrane transporters.
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Substrates
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The internal skeleton of a cell is composed of what?
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Micro filaments
Microtubels
Intermidiate filaments
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How do proteins and other substances get from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus?
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Vesicles
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In the cell what are the sacs that digest things called?
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Lysosomes
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Where in the cell are lipids manufactured?
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Smooth ER
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What is a major difference of active transport and facilitated diffusion?
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Facilitated diffusion does not require ATP
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True of False? One function of the cytoskeleton is to maintain a critical size limit on the cell.
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False
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What is it called when a group of carrier proteins operate at its maximum rate?
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Saturation
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Name the two ways the selectivity of a channel is determined.
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Diameter of its central pore
Electrical Charge of the amino acids that line the channel
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This type of channel spends most of its time in a closed state?
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Gated channels
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This type of channel allows ions to move back and forth across the membrane without regulation and is sometimes called “leak channels or pores?”
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Open Channels