1 - omp110120 gsm radio network planning principle issue2.00

8/9/2019 1 - OMP110120 GSM Radio Network Planning Principle ISSUE2.00

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Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

GSM Radio Network Planning Principle


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Within the database or within the protocol messages a carrier frequency is

characterized by itsAbsolute Radio Frequency Channel Number ARFCN.

Using the abbreviation n = ARFCN, there is the following relation between ARFCN

and the frequency in MHz in the uplink Fu [MHz] and the downlink Fd [MHz].

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading WithoutPermission

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Other signal interferences from outside (radar station, illegal co-channel

equipment, noise from environment, etc.)

According to the signal demodulation requirement of air interface, GSM specifies

that the co-channel and adjacent frequency protection ratio must comply with the

following requirements:

Co-channel carrier-to-interference rate: C/I9dB; add 3dB allowance in

engineering, that is, C/I12dB; C/I refers to the interference from other cells to

service cell when different cells use the same frequency. In a board sense,

certainly the electromagnetic wave energy of all useless signals falling into this

frequency carrier should also be considered.

Adjacent frequency suppression rate: C/A-9dB; add 3dB allowance in engineering,

that is, C/A-6dB; C/A refers to the interference from all adjacent signals around

the service cell (carrier offset 200KHz) to service cell channel under frequency

reuse condition.

The carrier-to-interference ratio requirement under carrier offset 400KHz is:

C/2A-41dB.



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GSM Power Control Algorithm and Parameters


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Specular

Diffuse The propagation model is used to estimate the path loss during radio wave

propagation caused by the terrain and artificial environments

The propagation model is the foundation of the coverage planning. A good model

mean more precise planning.

The propagation model depends on the working frequency of the system.

Different propagation models have different working frequencies ranges.

Through surveying radio propagation environments, you can get familiar with the

overall landforms, estimate the rough antenna height, and select the proper radiopropagation model, among which the radio propagation model helps you estimate

the number of base station when predicting the coverage. If necessary, you must

adjust the propagation model.

Moreover, indoor propagation model differs from the out door propagation model



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Wedge

Knife -



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Empirical models are based on measurements. Some empirical models (like the

ITU model) are curves derived from measurements. Others summarize the

measurements in formulas (like the Okumura Hata model) which fit the measured

data. Such models are very simple to handle but also usually rather imprecise.

They are limited to environments similar to the one where the measurements

were performed.

Deterministic modelsare based on simplifying assumption for the general problem.

This can be a mathematical approximation of the original problem (like the finite

difference model). Or it can be a simple model for a special situation of the

general problem (like the knife edge model). Deterministic model can reach a very

high precision, but they suffer from a very high complexity. Semi empirical

modelsare a combination of empirical models with deterministic modelsfor

special situations (like knife edge models).

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Empirical models: Log distance path loss ITU, Okumura Hata, COST Hata

Deterministic models: Ray launching, ray tracing, Finite difference Diffraction models: Epstein Peterson, Deygout, Giovanelli

Semi empirical models: Okumura Hata & knife edge, COST Hata & knife edge,

COST Walfisch Ikegami



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Okumura Hata model:

Based on empirical data measured by Okumura in 60s Hata developed a formulawith correction terms for different environments. The Okumura Hata model

assumes a quasi flat surface, i.e. obstacles like buildings are not explicitly taken

into account. Thus the Okumura Hata model is isotropic. The different types of

surfaces (big cities, small cities, suburban and rural) are distinguished by different

correction factors in this model.

Parameter range for this model: Frequency f= 150 1500MHz Height base

station h BS = 30 200m Height Mobile station h MS = 1 10m Distance d= 1

20km



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In telecommunications, a diversity schemerefers to a method for improving the

reliability of a message signal by using two or more communication channelswith

different characteristics. Diversity plays an important role in combatting fading

and co-channel interferenceand avoiding error bursts. It is based on the fact that

individual channels experience different levels of fading and interference. Multiple

versions of the same signal may be transmitted and/or received and combined in

the receiver. Alternatively, a redundant forward error correctioncode may be

added and different parts of the message transmitted over different channels.

Diversity techniques may exploit the multipath propagation, resulting in a

diversity gain, often measured in decibels.



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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(communications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-channel_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_bursthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_error_correctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_gainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_gainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_propagationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_error_correctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_bursthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-channel_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-channel_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-channel_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(communications)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications


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A link budgetis the accounting of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter,

through the medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver in a

telecommunicationsystem. It accounts for the attenuation of the transmitted

signal due to propagation, as well as the antenna gains, feedlineand

miscellaneous losses. Randomly varying channel gains such as fadingare taken

into account by adding some margin depending on the anticipated severity of its

effects. The amount of margin required can be reduced by the use of mitigating

techniques such as antenna diversityor frequency hopping.

A simple link budget equation looks like this:

Received Power (dBm) = Transmitted Power (dBm) + Gains (dB) Losses (dB) Note

that decibelsare logarithmic measurements, so adding decibels is equivalent to

multiplying the actual numeric ratios.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_gainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_diversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_hoppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decibelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_hoppinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_diversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedlinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_gainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication


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Since the coverage range in UL should be the same as the coverage range in DL,

the radio link must be balanced: Maximum allowable path loss in UL = Maximum

allowable path loss in DL. Considering the link budget, usually the UL is the

bottleneck, i.e. the maximum allowable path loss is determined by the UL and not

by the DL, although:

The BS receiver sensitivity is usually better than the MS receiver sensitivity.

Diversity is usually only used in the receive path.

In case of an unbalanced link with weak UL, the UL sensitivity and therefore also

the UL coverage range can be increased by using tower mounted amplifiers.



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Each telephone system must be dimensioned in such a way that even during

periods of high traffic (offered), the subscribers still have a good chance of

success in making calls. Those subscribers who do not succeed in making a call

will either be lost (in a pure lost-call telephone system) or the calls will be delayed

(in a waiting-call telephone system). Usually, real telephone systems are combined

lost-/ waiting-call systems.

Even during the so called busy hour the percentage of non successful subscribers

should not exceed a predefined value. This means for the network operator that

the dimensioning of his telephone system must be driven on the one hand by

guaranteeing some Quality of service(QOS and on the other hand by economical

aspects.

From economical point of view, the amount of necessary equipment (switches,

base stations, multiplexers, cross-connectors, ...) and also the number of links

between this equipment should be kept to a minimum.

From QOS point of view, the more trunksare offered by the telephone system,

the higher the probability for the subscribers to succeed in making calls.



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Capacity Dimensioning


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Location Area Planning


In order to reduce the number of location update at the edge of LA, MSs geography distributing

and behavior should be used enough to design LAC (shown as the figure)

Application scene: Dense Urban () If there are more than two location areas in a big city with great traffic, the

landforms (such as mountains and rivers) within this city can be used as edges of

LA. If no such landforms available within this city, the areas (such as streets and

shopping centers) with great traffic cannot be used as edges of LA.

In the intersected areas between urban and suburban, where the edges of LA

should not be located, while should be on the other side of the BTS, in order to

avoid frequent location update.

, LA . , LA, . ,LA, (,). LA

Application scene: Suburban ()

When the coverage area between urban and suburban is not continued, its

possible that a MS can not perform the periodical location update on time, so

when the protect time expires (set in MSC side), implicit detach occurs to the MS.

Now, suppose this MS enters urban which has the same LAC with the suburban, so

it should not perform the normal location update, then it happens that the

although the MS has good signal but not in the serving area. That is why the

distribution of location areas in cities and suburbs is different. Generally, suburban

areas or counties occupy independent location areas. In cities, the distribution of

location areas is similar to a concentric circle. (The areas in the internal circle can

be divided into several location areas due to the requirements on capacity. The

concentric circle can be divided into several fragments.) Practice has proved that if the location areas are divided according to the previous

methods, as shown in the Figure in the slide, both coverage and call-connected

ration can be improved.

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Location Area Planning


In order to reduce the number of location update at the edge of LA, MSs geography distributing and behavior

should be used enough to design LAC (shown as the figure)

Application scene: Dense Urban ()

If there are more than two location areas in a big city with great traffic, the landforms (such

as mountains and rivers) within this city can be used as edges of LA. If no such landforms

available within this city, the areas (such as streets and shopping centers) with great traffic

cannot be used as edges of LA.

In the intersected areas between urban and suburban, where the edges of LA should not be

located, while should be on the other side of the BTS, in order to avoid frequent location

update.

, LA . , LA

, . ,

LA, (,).

LA

Application scene: Suburban ()

When the coverage area between urban and suburban is not continued, its possible that a

MS can not perform the periodical location update on time, so when the protect time expires

(set in MSC side), implicit detach occurs to the MS. Now, suppose this MS enters urban which

has the same LAC with the suburban, so it should not perform the normal location update,

then it happens that the although the MS has good signal but not in the serving area. That is

why the distribution of location areas in cities and suburbs is different. Generally, suburban

areas or counties occupy independent location areas. In cities, the distribution of location

areas is similar to a concentric circle. (The areas in the internal circle can be divided into

several location areas due to the requirements on capacity. The concentric circle can be

divided into several fragments.)

Practice has proved that if the location areas are divided according to the previous methods,

as shown in the Figure in the slide, both coverage and call-connected ration can be improved.

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