1

Network Management

Chapter 4 　 SLA and QoS 　

POSTEC Lecture 　

May 6-27 , 2008

Masayoshi Ejiri Japan

2

Agenda

1. ICT Operations and Management - Service Industries - ICT Services and Networks— - Target of the Management 2, Architecture ,Function ,Information Model and Business Process - ITU-T TMN( Telecommunications Management Network) - TeleManagement Forum Telecommunications Operations Map ( TOM) - Multi domain management and System Integration - Standardization3. OSS( Operations Support System ) Development - Software Architecture ,Key Technologies and Product Evaluation—4. SLA( Service Level Agreement) and QoS( Quality of Service) - SLA Definition , reference point and policy based negotiation5, IP/eBusiness Management - Paradigm shift , Architecture beyond TMN and enhanced TOM6. NGN( Next Generation Networks) Management - NGN Networks and Services , New Paradigm of ICT Business and Ma

nagement

3

Agenda

• Service Life cycle of QoS/SLA• IP QoS and network performance• QoS , QoE and SLA• SLA and OLA Overviews• SLA Management • SLA Features• SLA Negotiation• Security

4

Service Life cycle and QoS/SLA

• ITU-T Recommendation M.3341

Requirements for QoS/SLA management over the TMN X-interface for IP-based services

Management of QoS and associated SLAs require interaction

between many telecom operations business processes and TMN

management services as defined in ITU-T Rec. M.3200 and TMN

management function sets as defined in ITU-T Rec. M.3400.

5

M.3341_F5-1

Develop templatesand parametric

boundaries

Negotiateindividualcontracts

Take line/serviceorders andprovision

Monitor,surveillance,maintain, bill

Reassess

Product/servicedevelopment

Negotiationand sales Implementation Execution Assessment

M.3341 – Service life cycle (Figure 5-1/GB917)

•Service product planning and development;•Negotiation and sales of a service product;•Implementation (configuration, provisioning and commissioning) of a service product;•Operation and maintenance of a service product;•Periodic assessment of the QoS of a service and whether it meets the SLA.

6

QoS/SLA management interactions across QMS interface M.3341

SC( Service Customer) initiated:• Retrieve MPs MP : Measurement Point• Retrieve Obs Ob : Observation• Configure Ob• Assign PM data collection interval PM : Performance Management • Suspend/Resume PM data collection • Reset PM data • Assign PM history duration • Assign PM threshold (including severity) • Request PM data (current or history) SP( Service Provider ) initiated/provided:• Report MP configuration changes• Report SP suspension of PM data collection• Report PM threshold violation

QMS : QoS/SLA Management Services

7

M.3341_F3-1

MP Measurement Point

ISP

TSP TSP

SC SCNONONONO

MP-a MP-b MP-c MP-d MP-e MP-f MP-g MP-h

Observation

Measurement point and observation M.3341

SC :Service CustomerNO :Network OperatorTSP: Telecommunications Service ProviderISP: Internet Service Provider

The observation provides QoS measurements from the ingress to the egress of the ISP's network regardless of the service providers or network operators involved.

8

IP QoS related Y series . Recommendations

• Y.1540 Internet protocol data communication service –

IP packet transfer and availability performance parameters

• Y.1541Network performance objectives for IP-based services

Note : SERIES Y: GLOBAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE, INTERNET PROTOCOL ASPECTS AND NEXT-GENERATION NETWORKS

Internet protocol aspects – Quality of service and network performance

9

Y.1540_F02

RouterSRC Link

IP layer

IP packet

Y.1540

(TCP) (UDP)

(FTP)(RTP)

(HTTP)

etc.

IP layer

LL

Higher layerperformance

User information(e.g., data)

Lower layerperformance(3 instances)

Layer serviceperformance

Networkcomponents:

LL LL

Link Router Link DST

IP layer IP layer

(TCP)(UDP)

(FTP)(RTP)

(HTTP)etc.

User information(e.g., data)

Rec. Y.1540 – Layered model of performance for IP service – Example

SRC : Source hostDST : Destination host

10

Services in ISO 7 layers Model

• Layer 7 : Application

• Layer 6 : Presentation

• Layer 5 : Session

• Layer 4 : Transport

• Layer 3 : Network

• Layer 2 : Data link

• Layer 1 : PhysicalPhysical service

Data link service

Network service

Transport service

Session service

Presentation service

Application service

Human/Business

11

Y.1540_F04

Network Section (NS)

Exchange Link (EL)

Edge Router

source NS destination NS

(more NS and EL)(more NS and EL)

(more NS and EL)

A

C

B

D

E

F

G

ER

ER

ER

ER

ER ER

ER

ER

ER

ER

ER

ER

ER

SRC

DST

Generic IP Service performance model :IP Network Connectivity Y.1540

12

Y.1541 – UNI-to-UNI reference path for network QoS objectives

13

End-to-End QoS

• NOTE – The phrase "End-to-End" has a different meaning in Recommendations concerning user QoS classes, where end-to-end means, for example, from mouth to ear in voice quality Recommendations. Within the context of this Recommendation( Y.1541), end-to-end is to be understood as from UNI‑to‑UNI.

14

Quality evaluation MOS ITU-T Rec P.800

Listening-quality scale

• Excellent 5• Good 4• Fair 3• Poor 2• Bad 1

The quantity evaluated from the scores (mean listening-quality opinion score, or simply mean opinion score) is represented by the symbol MOS.

15

DMOS

Degradation category scale• 5 Degradation is inaudible.• 4 Degradation is audible but not annoying.• 3 Degradation is slightly annoying.• 2 Degradation is annoying.• 1 Degradation is very annoying.

The quantity evaluated from the scores (degradation mean opinion score) is represented by the symbol DMOS.

Note: In non voice services , audible should be perceptible.

16

NP,QoS ,QoE and SLA

• Network performance• Quality of Service • Quality of Experience• Quality of Preference ??• Service Level Agreement

17

Definition of Quality of 　 Experience (QoE)R ｅｃ．Ｇ１００

The overall acceptability of an application or service, as perceived subjectively by the end-user.

• NOTE 1 – Quality of Experience includes the complete end-to-end system effects (client, terminal, network, services infrastructure, etc.).

• NOTE 2 – Overall acceptability may be influenced by user expectations and context.

18

REC.P.862 – Overview of the basic philosophy used in PESQ

Note : SERIES P: TELEPHONE TRANSMISSION QUALITY, TELEPHONE INSTALLATIONS, LOCAL LINE NETWORKS-Methods for objective and subjective assessment of quality-Rec. P.862Perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ): An objective method for end-to-end speech quality assessment of narrow-band telephone networks and speech codecs

19

Subjective quality assessmentfor voice codec Rec. P 830

ACR( Absolute Category Rating ) on Listening Quality scaleTesting procedure• Source speech materials : recording system, speech sample, talker, s

peech level/equalization• Experiment parameter : Codec condition( speech /listening level, talk

ers, errors, bit rate, transcodings, tandeming, bit rate mismatch, environmental noise, signaling, reference condition( SNR, codecs)

• Experiment design combination of parameters result in a single experiment minimum s

et of experiments• Listening test procedure : : Receiving system, opinion scale, gaussia

n noise• Analysis of results

20

Subjective audiovisual quality assessmentfor multimedia applications Rec. P 911

Typical viewing and listening conditions • Room size : Specify L W H• Viewing distance : 1-8 H• Peak luminance of the screen : 100-200 cd/m2• Ratio of luminance of inactive screen to peak luminance :

0.05• Ratio of the luminance of the screen, when displaying only

black level in a completely dark room, to that corresponding to peak white : 0.1

• Ratio of luminance of background behind picture monitor to peak luminance of picture : 0.2

• Chromaticity of background : D65• Background room illumination : 20 lux

• Background noise level : 30 dBA• Listening level : 80 dBA• Reverberation time : <500 ms, f > 150 Hz

21

REC.P.862 – Overview of the basic philosophy used in PESQ (2)

22

Objective perceptual video quality measurement Rec. J.144

• Measurement method

0

5

10 15

20

25

T0909730-00

Input/referencevideo

Coder

Measurementsystem

Objective picturequality rating

Transmission impairments

Digital TV chain(network, equipment)

Referencedecoder

Output/degradedvideo

Four methods are recommended by VQED( Video Quality Experts Group)•British Telecon,• Yonsei Univ,/SK Telecom/Radio Research•CpqD•NTIA

23

SERIES G: TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS AND MEDIA, DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND NETWORKSInternational telephone connections and circuits – General definitions

REC. G.107“The E-model, a computational model for use in transmission planning “The E-model is based on the equipment impairment factor method, following previous transmission rating models. It was developed by an ETSI ad hoc group called "Voice Transmission Quality from Mouth to Ear".

REC.G.1070Opinion model for video-telephony applications

a computational model for point-to-point interactive videophone applications over IP networks that is useful as a QoE/QoS planning tool for assessing the combined effects of variations in several video and speech parameters that affect the quality of experience (QoE).

24G.107_F01

Quantizing distortion qdu

Expectation factor A

Mean one-way delay T

Absolute delay Ta

SLR RLR

OLR

0 dBr point

Ds-factor

Circuit noise Nc referred to 0 dBr

Roomnoise Ps

Weighted echo path loss WEPL

Round-tripdelay Tr

Send sideReceive side

Listener sidetonerating LSTR(LSTR =STMR + Dr)

Talker echoloudness ratingTELR

Sidetone maskingrating STMR

Roomnoise Pr

Dr-factor

Equipment impairment factor IePacket-loss robustness factor Bpl

Coding/Decoding

Packet-loss probability Ppl

REC.G.107 – Reference connection of the E-model

Rating factor R•Basic signal to noise ratio•Simultaneous impairment •Delay impairment factor•Equipment impairment•Advantage factor

25

Parameter Abbr. UnitDefault value

Permitted range

Send Loudness Rating SLR dB +8 0 ... +18

Receive Loudness Rating RLR dB +2 5 ... +14

Sidetone Masking Rating STMR dB 15 10 ... 20

Listener Sidetone Rating LSTR dB 18 13 ... 23

D-Value of Telephone, Send Side Ds – 3 –3 ... +3

D-Value of Telephone Receive Side Dr – 3 3 ... +3

Talker Echo Loudness Rating TELR dB 65 5 ... 65

Weighted Echo Path Loss WEPL dB 110 5 ... 110

Mean one-way Delay of the Echo Path T ms 0 0 ... 500

Round-Trip Delay in a 4-wire Loop Tr ms 0 0 ... 1000

Absolute Delay in echo-free Connections

Ta ms 0 0 ... 500

Number of Quantization Distortion Units

qdu – 1 1 ... 14

Equipment Impairment Factor Ie – 0 0 ... 40

Packet-loss Robustness Factor Bpl – 1 1 ... 40

Random Packet-loss Probability Ppl % 0 0 ... 20

Burst Ratio BurstR – 1 1 … 2

Circuit Noise referred to 0 dBr-point Nc dBm0p

70 80 ... 40

Noise Floor at the Receive Side Nfor dBmp 64 –

Room Noise at the Send Side Ps dB(A) 35 35 ... 85

Room Noise at the Receive Side Pr dB(A) 35 35 ... 85

Advantage Factor A – 0 0 ... 20

E-modelParameters and value ｓ

26

Video-relatedassumption

Commonassumption

Speech-relatedassumption

Video qualityparameters

Speech quality parameters

Video qualityestimation function

Speech qualityestimation

function

MultimediaQuality

Integrationfunction

Coefficientdatabase

Coefficientdatabase

End –to-end delay

End –to-end delay

Video-alone quality

Speech-alonequality

Video quality

Multimediaquality

Speech quality

REC. G1070 Opinion model for video-telephony applicationsFramework of multimedia communication quality assessment model

27

Quality assessment factorsVideo-related Assumption Terminal type Terminal characteristics Monitor size Monitor resolution Ambient illuminance

Common assumption Conversational task Packet-loss pattern

Speech-related assumption Terminal factors Loudness rating etc. Environmental factors Ambient noise Network factors Packet –loss pattern

Video quality parameters End-to-end delay Video codec Codec type Video format Key frame interval Video display size Bit rate Frame rate Packet-loss rate

Speech quality parameters End-to-end delay Speech codec Codec type Bit rate Packet-loss rate TELR(Talker echo loundness rating)

28

Assumptions about monitor characteristics

Monitor specifications Value

Diagonal lengtha) 2-10 inches

Dot pitch <0.30

Colour temperature 6500 K

Bit depth 8 bits/colour

Refresh rate ≥60 Hz

Brightness 100-300 cd/m2

a) "Diagonal length" refers to the image size on the monitor screen.

29

IP packet transfer performance parameters REC.Y.1540

Speed ,Accuracy and Dependability• IPTD : IP Packet Transfer Delay• IPDV : IP packet Delay Variation• IPER : IP Packet Error Ratio• IPLR : IP Packet Loss Ratio• IPRR : IP Packet Reordering Ratio • IPSLBR : IP Packet Severe Loss Block Ratio• IPDR : IP Packet Duplicate Ratio• RIPR : Replicated IP Packet Ration• IPPT : IP Packet Throughput

30

UnavailabilityUnavailability: IP Packet Loss Ration(IPLR) > C1: IP Packet Loss Ration(IPLR) > C1 C1 = 0.75 C1 = 0.75 Availability Parameters:% time ratioAvailability Parameters:% time ratio

Percent IP service unavailability (PIU) Percent IP service unavailability (PIU) Percent IP service availability (PIA)Percent IP service availability (PIA)

IP service IP service availability availability (REC.(REC.Y.1540)Y.1540)

IP Service Unavailable

IP Service Available

Availability Availability ParametersParameters

31

Conditions for IP Performance Measurement Rec.Y1540

1) the exact sections being measured:• SRC and DST for end-to-end measurements;• MP bounding an NSE being measured.2) measurement time:• how long samples were collected;• when the measurement occurred.3) exact traffic characteristics:• rate at which the SRC is offering traffic;• SRC traffic pattern;• competing traffic at the SRC and DST;• IP packet size.4) type of measurement:• in-service or out-of-service;• active or passive.5) summaries of the measured data:• means, worst-case, empirical quantities;• summarizing period; –short period (e.g., one hour); – long period (e.g., one day, one week, one month).

32

Y.1541 – Hypothetical reference path for QoS class 0

33

Table 1/Y.1541 – IP network QoS class definitions andnetwork performance objectives

Network performance parameter

Nature of network performance objective

QoS Classes

Class 0 Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4

Class 5Unspecified

IPTD Upper bound on the mean IPTD (Note 1)

100 ms 400 ms 100 ms 400 ms 1 s U

IPDV Upper bound on the 1  10–3 quantile of IPTD minus the minimum IPTD (Note 2)

50 ms (Note 3)

50 ms (Note 3)

U U U U

IPLR Upper bound on the packet loss probability

1 × 10–3 (Note 4)

1 × 10–3 (Note 4)

1 × 10–3 1 × 10–3 1 × 10–3 U

IPER Upper bound 1 × 10–4 (Note 5) U

General Notes:

34

Table 3/Y.1541 – Provisional IP network QoS class definitions andnetwork performance objectives

Network performance parameter

Nature of network performance objective

QoS Classes

Class 6 Class 7

IPTD

Upper bound on the mean IPTD

100 ms 400 ms

IPDV

Upper bound on the 1  10–5 quantile of IPTD minus the minimum IPTD (Note 1)

50 ms

IPLR

Upper bound on the packet loss ratio

1 × 10–5

IPER Upper bound 1 × 10–6

IPRR Upper bound 1 × 10–6

35

QoS Controlmodified Nakajima’s IM2005 panel presentation

Control• Admission Control : managed bandwidth• Fairness Control : minimum bandwidth • Priority Control : reactive control, priority conflict

Outcome• Guarantee : with proactive control e.g. pre assigned

resource, on demand reservation, • Managed Quality : with reactive control• Best effort : with no active control

36

SLA ?? -How to reach the practical Agreement by Negotiation ?- ,

• Who drive SLA ?• Why SLA is needed ?• What S.L.A. is ?• When SLA is agreed ?• How to agree SLA ?

37

ITU-T Rec. E860 ( 2002)

• “A Service Level Agreement is a formal agreement between two or more entities that is reached after a negotiating activities with the scope to access service characteristics, responsibilities and priorities of every part “

38

SLA for IP Management

Public Network / ServicesPublic Network / Services IP network / ServicesIP network / Services

Fixed QoSFixed QoS Negotiated CoSNegotiated CoS

Network Performance OrientedNetwork Performance Oriented Human Interface OrientedHuman Interface Oriented

Internal within SPInternal within SP Open and Visible to CustomerOpen and Visible to Customerss

<Best Effort SLA Announcement><Best Effort SLA Announcement> <Guaranteed SLA Agreement><Guaranteed SLA Agreement>Based on embedded Based on embedded Based on Management Based on Management QoS Mechanism QoS Mechanism Excellence and NegotiationExcellence and Negotiation

39

Service Level Agreement ???

• Service ? Transport , Contents Delivery, Operation, Billing,etc.

• Level ? Performance : QoS, CoS, Accuracy, Timeliness, etc. Treatment : Reliability,Priority, etc. Value : Absolute, Average in long term/in group,etc.

• Agreement ? Negotiation, Selection of SLA Package/menu,etc. Contract : Long term, Call by Call. Specific Call,etc.

40

Operator NENE

CustomerCustomer

OSS

Service Plane

Operations Service Communications

Service

Managing Plane

NetworkPlanner

ServicePlanner

Business Management Service

Operations

Scope of Operations

EnterpriseManager

Operator Service

41

Y.1540_F02

RouterSRC Link

IP layer

IP packet

Y.1540

(TCP) (UDP)

(FTP)(RTP)

(HTTP)

etc.

IP layer

LL

Higher layerperformance

User information(e.g., data)

Lower layerperformance(3 instances)

Layer serviceperformance

Networkcomponents:

LL LL

Link Router Link DST

IP layer IP layer

(TCP)(UDP)

(FTP)(RTP)

(HTTP)etc.

User information(e.g., data)

Rec. Y.1540 – Layered model of performance for IP service – Example

SRC : Source hostDST : Destination host

42

Services in ISO 7 layers Model

• Layer 7 : Application

• Layer 6 : Presentation

• Layer 5 : Session

• Layer 4 : Transport

• Layer 3 : Network

• Layer 2 : Data link

• Layer 1 : PhysicalPhysical service

Data link service

Network service

Transport service

Session service

Presentation service

Application service

Human/Business

43

TMF GB917 SLA Positioning within the Business Enterprise MVC

44

SLA and OLA Overviews

Customer( eBusiness)

Partners

TransportResource

•Content Delivery Services SLA•Transport Services SLA

•Operations ServicesSLA

Resource ProvisioningOLA

Operations SupportOLA

SLANegotiation

OLA Negotiation

Operations Resource

Content Delivery Resource

Transport Services OLAService Provider

Communications Resource Suppliers

Operations Resource Supporters

45

Guaranteed /Best Effort SLA

• Service Priority ( Class of Services) : Guaranteed by Policy based Operations

• Static/Average QoS Value

: Guaranteed by NW design/implementation

• Individual or Target Service QoS Value

: Guaranteed by successful Pre-Provisioning/Resource Reservation

: Best Effort in General

46

SLA Management(Reference Point)

Customer

Service Provider

Partner

Resource

Communication ServicesSLA

Operations ServicesSLA

Resources ProvisioningSLA

Operations SupportSLA

OSF

OSF

SLA Negotiation

SLA Negotiation

Operator

OSF

47

SLA Management(Monitor/ Report)

Partner

Resource

Operation

SM

EM

NM

SM

NE

Customer

QoS Events

QoS Parameter

SLA Report, Invoice

QoS Parameter

QoS Value/MTxx

Mapping

AggregatePolicy

CoS

48

SLA Management(Control)

Partner

Resource

Operation

SM

EM

NM

SM

NE

Customer

QoS Control

Parameter Control

SO,TT,Bill

Parameter Control

QoS order

Mapping

Policy

Treatment

Analysis

49

SLA and OLA Overviews

Customer( eBusiness)

Partners

TransportResource

•Content Delivery Services SLA•Transport Services SLA

•Operations ServicesSLA

Resource ProvisioningOLA

Operations SupportOLA

SLANegotiation

OLA Negotiation

Operations Resource

Content Delivery Resource

Transport Services OLAService Provider

Communications Resource Suppliers

Operations Resource Supporters

50

SLA Features

• Services 1, Transport Services

2, Contents Delivery Services

3, Operations Services

• Features 1, Fundamental (Performance , Accuracy & Access)

2, RAS(Reliability , Availability & Survivability)

3, Security

51

Operation Services SLAs-Customer Care Ability-

• Accuracy & Timeliness Service Delivery, Report Generation, Handling of Billing, Call

pick up time, Compensation when SLA violated

• Access Capability Availability of Contact ( Method, Opening time etc)

• RAS Human/Organizational structure for provisioning, Fault &

Disaster, Fairness & Priority, Hot line

• Security Mechanism for Privacy protection, Countermeasure for Security

52

Transport Services SLAs-Transport Capability-

• Performance & QoS Transmission Quality ( Bandwidth, Delay, Packet loss, Error ) --Average Value in long term and/or in group, Absolute value for

Call by Call or Specific Call—

• Access Capability Connectivity, Call loss ratio, Call setup time

• RAS Mean ( Max/min) times between outage, Disaster/Fault recovery pri

ority

• Security Access control mechanism, Prevention mechanism for network atta

ck

53

Content Delivery Services SLA- Reliability and Guarantee Capability-

Transport Services SLA plus

• Security Prevention mechanism, countermeasure

&compensation

--for Access authorization /certification

--for Protection of Content Integrity, Confidentiality,

Authentication, Copyright

54

Classification of SLA Features

Performance & Accuracy

AccessCapability

RAS

Security

Feature Type Transport Services SLA Operations Services SLA

- Bandwidth, - Packet Loss, - Error rate,- Delay - throughput

Accuracy and timeliness of (1) Service delivery, Report generation,Etc….Mean/Max time between call pickupCompensation when SLA violated

- Connectivity- Call Loss Ratio- Call setup time

Mean time between outagesDisaster/Fault recovery mechanism

Access Control MechanismPrevention of Network Attacks,Eavesdropping, etc…

Contact Method – Email, Phone, Fax,Etc…..Contact Availability – opening timesAccess control mechanism

Hot lineOrganisational structure to supportDisaster/Fault recovery

Privacy Protection mechanisms

55

SLA parameter example• ATC ATM Transfer capability• BBE Background block error• BBER Back ground block error ratio• BER Bit error ratio• CD Cell delay• CDV Cell delay variation• CDVT Cell error variation telerance• CE Cell error• CER Cell error ratio• CL Cell loss• CLR Cell loss ratio• CM Cell misinsertion • CMR Cell misinsertion ratio• CTD Cell transfer delay• ECBP E2E connection blocking probability• ES Errored second• ESR Errored second ratio• FTD Frame transfer delay• IPDV IP packet delay variation• IPER IP packet error ratio• IPLR IP packet loss ratio• IPTD IP packet transfer delay

• SECB Severely errored cell block• SECBR Severely errored cell block ratio• SEP Severely errored period• SEOI Severely errored period intensity• SES Severely errored second• SESR Severely errored second ratio

• MTBF Mean time between failures• MTBO Mean time between outage• MTIE Maximum time interval error• MTPS Mean time to provide service• MTRS Mean time to restore service• MTTP Mean time to provision• MTTR Mean time to repair• NER Network effectiveness ratio• SA Service availability• SAT SAP( Service access point ) activity time• SCT SAP cover time

56

57

SLA Categories for Customer Preference

Customers

Marketing

OperationsResource

Communications Resource

Market Research

Proactive Sales

InternalNegotiation

Define Default

DefineClass of Service

Limited SLAPick&MixSLA

Negotiated SLA

58

59

60

Service Negotiation

ResourcesResourcesCustomerCustomer

OSF

Pricing DB

Resource DB

Class of Service DB

Traffic/ QoS

DB

1. Negotiation1. Negotiation

3. Agreed Service3. Agreed Service

Status ReportStatus Report

2. Service 2. Service ProvisionProvision

4. Service Report4. Service Report

Operation

Service Negotiation FunctionService Negotiation Function

Policy

61

CustomersCustomers OperatorsOperators

OSSOSSOSSOSS

　　 SLA Negotiation

Policy

Management

Policy DescriptorPolicy Descriptor

Policy EditorPolicy Editor

Policy ExecutorPolicy Executor

Policy DecisionFunction

Policy Repository

SLA Negotiation based on Policy Management

• PricePrice

・ ・ QoS / CoSQoS / CoS

・ ・ BandwidthBandwidth

・ ・ Delivery TiDelivery Timeme

・ ・ Security Security • MTxxMTxx

etc.etc.

FeaturesFeatures・ ・ Static Static (long term)(long term)

・ ・ Pre Pre AssignedAssigned

・ ・ On On DemandDemand

TimingTiming

Negotiation?

62

Operation Window(e.g XML)

Negotiation Agent(e.g Java applet)

IT Capable Terminal

JVMWeb Browseretc.

Negotiation Agent(e.g Java applet)

Operation Window(e.g XML)

Customer Service Provider

NegotiationAgent

OperationWindow

Service/ResourceStatus Catalogue

NegotiationInquiry

63

For Effective SLA

• Customer can select SPs• Customer can negotiate/choose SLA• SLA should be reflected Customer Perception• SLA should be Monitored and Reported to Cu

stomers to confirm SLA • SPs should Compensate if SLA Violation occ

urs

64

Security ?Human/Social Human/Social

Nature

Mechanism

•Life•Property•Privilege•Privacy•Comfort

•Goodwill•Malice•Indifference•Credit•Treachery•Espionage

•Nation•Law•Society•Communications •Technology

•Environment•Disaster

65

Security Management • Management of Human /Society

　　 Moral, Ethics, Education 　　　　　　　 Law, Regulation, Community, Privacy, 　 Vigilant ?

• Management of Information distribution/exchange Safe, secure ,accurate and comfortable ICT network/services

• Management of environment Prognosis, disaster prevention, environmental preservation

　　　　

　　

66

IP/eBusiness Security Management • Network Security　　－RAS 　　　　－Privacy ( Tapping, fairness , secrecy of communications, customer information) 　　　 －Attack　：　Physical,　Logical

• Information distribution security　　－ Integrity of contents and delivery

　　－Human verification, certification , justification

• eBusiness security　　　ーEnsure real and virtual money

　　－Forgery( Fake), Fraud, Robbery with/without violence, Credibility , Confidence

　　ーPrivacy ( Anonymity, Private information leakage)

　　－Privacy(個人情報の目的外利用）

67

Security Objects• Contents• Applications• Communications• Operations

Security Domains•Management Layers/processes•Service Providers•Users•Physical/Logical Facilities

Security Mechanisms• Security Technologies• Security Modules• Security Systems• Security Infrastructure

ICT Security Management Framework

Environment(Community-Culture

including regulatory issues )

68

Security Objects

• Contents　　 Completeness( Integrity ), Secrecy, Certification, Copyright

• Application　　 Virus, Worm, Destruction, Falsify, Fishing,

• Communications　　 Access/admission, Routing, AAA (Authentication,

Authorization , and Accounting), Tapping, Pretence, Espionage, IP spoof

Attack ( Intrusion ,Denial of service, Service degradation, jamming, etc.)

• Operations　　 Privacy, Leakage, Risk

69

Security Domains• Management Layers/processes OSI 7 Layers services, TMN Logical layer, FAB ( Fulfillment,

assurance and billing ), • Service Providers and partners Contracted SP, Virtual SP, ASP, CSP, Management SP,

Network Operator, VMNO, Service/operation agent, • Users Enterprise customers Consumers End users Customer

representatives Shareholders • Physical/Logical Facilities Terminals, CPE/CPN, Transmission , Service node, Storage,

Data center, Call center, Address/phone number, Routing table, Domain name server

70

Security Mechanisms/Technologies

• Security Technologies Encryption, Cryptograph, Authentication, Firewall, IPsec(Secu

rity Architecture for IP),

• Security Modules SOCKS, Digital signature, Secure protocol ( e.g.IKE: Internet

Key Exchange protocol) Bio metrics, Intrusion detection/block, Anti virus, IC card, Electronic cash

• Security Systems and Infrastructure PKI (Public 　 Key 　 Infrastructure), PKI authority, KES (Key

Escrowed System) , Certification authority, SET ： Secure Electronic Transaction, Standardization

Regulation, Legal and administration protection, Penalty