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Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology

Genitourinary SystemGenitourinary System

Chapter 12Chapter 12

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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

StructuresStructures two kidneys, two ureters, bladder, urethra

monitors, regulates extracellular fluidsmonitors, regulates extracellular fluids excretes harmful substances in urine

nitrogenous wastes (urea)

returns useful substances to bloodstream maintain balance of water, electrolytes maintain balance of water, electrolytes

(salts), acids, pH in the body fluids(salts), acids, pH in the body fluids

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Macroscopic StructuresMacroscopic Structures

ren/o and nephr/oren/o and nephr/o cortex, medullacortex, medulla renal artery, renal veinrenal artery, renal vein renal pelvisrenal pelvis ureterureter urethraurethra

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ExcretionExcretion

urinationurination micturitionmicturition voidingvoiding

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nephronnephron glomerulus

glomerul/o renal pelvis pyel/

filtration, filtration, reabsorption, reabsorption, secretionsecretion

Microscopic StructuresMicroscopic Structures

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Formation of UrineFormation of Urine

blood filtered to blood filtered to glomerulusglomerulus

capillary walls thincapillary walls thin blood pressure higher blood pressure higher

inside capillaries than inside capillaries than in Bowman’s capsulein Bowman’s capsule

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Formation of UrineFormation of Urine

causes filtration of causes filtration of fluid into capsulefluid into capsule

this fluid is initial this fluid is initial urine and equivalenturine and equivalentto protein free plasmato protein free plasma

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Formation of UrineFormation of Urine

in healthy nephron, neither protein nor in healthy nephron, neither protein nor RBCs filter into capsuleRBCs filter into capsule

in proximal tubule, most of nutrients and in proximal tubule, most of nutrients and large amount of water reabsorbed back to large amount of water reabsorbed back to capillariescapillaries

salts selectively reabsorbed according to salts selectively reabsorbed according to body’s needsbody’s needs

water reabsorbed with saltswater reabsorbed with salts

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Formation of UrineFormation of Urine

nitrogen-containing waste products of nitrogen-containing waste products of protein metabolism, urea and creatinine, protein metabolism, urea and creatinine, pass on through tubules to be excreted in pass on through tubules to be excreted in urineurine

urine from all collecting ducts empties into urine from all collecting ducts empties into renal pelvisrenal pelvis

urine moves down ureters to bladderurine moves down ureters to bladder empties via urethraempties via urethra

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An An obstructionobstruction along this path along this path can set the stage for infection. can set the stage for infection. Obstruction may be kidney Obstruction may be kidney stone; enlarged prostate gland; stone; enlarged prostate gland; or tumor.or tumor.

Any blockage causes Any blockage causes stasisstasis and diminished flow of urine, and diminished flow of urine, and and bacteria thrive in the bacteria thrive in the stagnant fluidstagnant fluid

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Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System

FunctionsFunctions produce sperm transport viable sperm

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Testes or testiclesTestes or testicles seminiferous tubules

produce sperm

secrete testosterone Scrotum or scrotal sacScrotum or scrotal sac epididymisepididymis

stores sperm vas deferensvas deferens ejaculatory ductejaculatory duct

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Urethra and PenisUrethra and Penis

Urethra is the common reproductive and Urethra is the common reproductive and urinary channelurinary channel

Penis is the male sex organ that transports Penis is the male sex organ that transports sperm into the female vaginasperm into the female vagina glans penis covered by prepuce or foreskin prepuce or foreskin removed during

circumcision

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Pathology of the Urinary SystemPathology of the Urinary System

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PyelonephritisPyelonephritis caused by caused by pyogenicpyogenic E. coli, Streptocci, E. coli, Streptocci,

StaphylococciStaphylococci infections usually infections usually ascendascend that originate in that originate in

lower tract or may be descending infection lower tract or may be descending infection carried by bloodstream or lymphcarried by bloodstream or lymph

any obstruction paves way for infection due any obstruction paves way for infection due to stagnation of urineto stagnation of urine

bacteriuria, pyuria, hematuriabacteriuria, pyuria, hematuria

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Acute GlomerulonephritisAcute Glomerulonephritis

common, children and young adultscommon, children and young adults often from previous often from previous streptococcal streptococcal infection; infection;

strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever.strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever. chills, fever, anorexia, malaise, edemachills, fever, anorexia, malaise, edema albuminuria, hematuriaalbuminuria, hematuria, , castscasts often present often present a degenerative inflammation of glomerulia degenerative inflammation of glomeruli

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Glomerular membrane inflammedGlomerular membrane inflammed permeable, proteinuria, casts

May have repeated episodes calledMay have repeated episodes called chronic glomerulonephritis

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NephrolithiasisNephrolithiasis Dissolved urine salts begin to solidifyDissolved urine salts begin to solidify

asymptomatic size increase may result in obstructionsize increase may result in obstruction intense radiating pain from kidney area to intense radiating pain from kidney area to

groin - colicgroin - colic stone may block flow of urinestone may block flow of urine

hydronephrosis

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NephrolithiasisNephrolithiasis

can be partially dissolved by medication then can be partially dissolved by medication then passedpassed

may be crushed by may be crushed by lithotripsylithotripsy if immersed in water - hydrolithotripsy if performed out of water - nephrotripsy

nephrolith, nephrolithiasis, ureterolith, cystolithnephrolith, nephrolithiasis, ureterolith, cystolith

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Bladder Neck ObstructionBladder Neck Obstruction

Blockage of bladder outletBlockage of bladder outlet causescauses

prostatic hypertrophy calculus, blood clot, tumor cystitis

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Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaBenign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Prostate enlarges and decreases size of Prostate enlarges and decreases size of urethral lumenurethral lumen

Retained urine - cystitis - nephritisRetained urine - cystitis - nephritis transurethral resection (TURP)transurethral resection (TURP)

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Ischemia, Nephrotoxic injuryIschemia, Nephrotoxic injury oliguriaoliguria hypercalcemiahypercalcemia

Acute Tubular NecrosisAcute Tubular Necrosis

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Carcinoma of the ProstateCarcinoma of the Prostate

dysuria, frequency, hematuriadysuria, frequency, hematuria bilateral orchiectomybilateral orchiectomy

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End of Chapter 12End of Chapter 12

Chapter 9Chapter 9

Genitourinary SystemGenitourinary System