1 / march/ 2013 mario r. barrera george m. rivera paola tabaro mentor: prof. mayra rolón university...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bacteriological analysis of the water in El Caño Martín Peña
Detection and quantification of Enteric Pathogenic Bacteria Salmonella and Shigella spp.
1 / march/ 2013
Mario R. BarreraGeorge M. RiveraPaola TabaroMentor: Prof. Mayra RolónUniversity of the Sacred Heart
![Page 2: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Meet the Team
Mario R.Barrera
PaolaTabaro
George M. Rivera
Mentor:Prof: Mayra Rolón
![Page 3: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Meet the Team
2012
2013
![Page 4: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Caño Martín Peña
Is an invaluable natural habitat for the Metropolitan area of San Juan.
![Page 5: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Caño Martín Peña
+ During the recurring years the mangroves and lagoons stretched of the Caño have been contaminated and stretched out into smaller measurements.
![Page 6: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Caño Martín PeñaThe deterioration of this area has taken its toll on the residents lifestyles.
![Page 7: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How to Improve !!
The decontamination of the lagoon that boards the community.
Rehabilitation of the estuary system.
To broaden the community’s knowledge of the microbial presence and the harms that can be encountered.
![Page 8: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Our objectives
+ To detect the presence of pathogenic enteric bacteria such as Salmonella and Shigella SPP.
+ To acquire knowledge of the microbial presence found in the Caño Martín Peña.
![Page 9: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
+ Refine research skills through different bacteriological techniques.
+ Analyze and compare the degree of contamination found with past investigations.
+ Raise awareness to the community.
![Page 10: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hypothesis
In the past year our fellow classmates were able to detect the presence of Shigella serotypes A,B and C.
The Caño Martín Peña has excessive levels of coliforms, indicators of fecal matter that represent a hazard for the community.
![Page 11: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Hypothesis
+ Because of this information we can say there is a high probability of encountering Salmonella and Shigella SPP. Bacteria due to the high coliform levels resulting from water contamination by fecal matter.
![Page 12: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Coliform bacteria
Rod-shaped Gram negative bacillus.
Lactose fermenters with the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35-37°C.
Easy to culture and their presence is used to indicate fecal contamination by other pathogenic organisms in the water.
![Page 13: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Enterobacteriaceae
Total coliforms: Escherichia Klebsiella Serratia Citrobacter
Fecal coliform: Eschericia coli
![Page 14: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Escherichia coli
![Page 15: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
![Page 16: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Enterobacter
![Page 17: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Serratia marcescens
![Page 18: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Citrobacter
![Page 19: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Salmonella spp. Vs Shigella spp.
Salmonella spp.
Rod-shaped Gram negative bacillus
Non-spore forming. Motile enterobacteria
Facultative anaerobes
Hydrogen sulfide production which can be detected on a TSI growth media
Shigella spp.
Rod-shaped Gram negative bacteria
Non-spore forming and non-motile bacteria
![Page 20: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Salmonella Pathogenicity
Most of the infections are due to the ingestion of contaminated food.
Salmonella is responsible for various illnesses such as: Typhoid fever Paratyphoid fever Foodborne illnesses
Enteritis Salmonella also known as food poisoning Salmonella.
![Page 21: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Shigella Pathogenicity
Most of the infections are caused via ingestion.
The illness is known as Shigellosis.
During infection, Shigella typically causes dysentery .
Invasion of Shigella Bacterial multiplication Spreading to epithelial
cells Tissue destruction
![Page 22: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Investigation Site
![Page 23: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Station #1
Width : 8 Ft.
Depth: 2.05 Ft
Observations Boat nearby Carton Boxes
![Page 24: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Station #2
Width: 3 – 5 Ft
Depth: 4 Ft
Observations Current of water
coming from a pipe. Fishing traps
![Page 25: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Station #3
Width: 8 Ft.
Depth: 2 Ft.
Observations Samples were taken
at the shore, because difficult access.
Garbage bags
![Page 26: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Methodologies
Dilution of sample
Membrane filtration
Cultivation SS Agar MacConkey Agar EMB RVS
Identification Enterotubes
![Page 27: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Procedure
DilutionMembrane Filtration
Cultivation
![Page 28: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Dilution of sample
![Page 29: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
At the Laboratory
![Page 30: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Membrane filtration 0.45 μm
![Page 31: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
At the Laboratory
![Page 32: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Membrane filtration
Pure sampleDiluted Sample
1:1000
![Page 33: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Cultivation
At 37º C.
24 – 48 Hours
![Page 34: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Selective Mediums
Salmonella Shigella Agar
MacConkey Agar
![Page 35: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Selective Mediums
RVS EMB
![Page 36: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Taxonomic Determination: Enterotube System
![Page 37: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Taxonomic Determination: Enterotube System
![Page 38: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Enterotube System
Citrobacter freundii
Serratia plymuthica
![Page 39: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Sampling Dates
M1 – 30/ October/ 2012 M2 – 28/ November/ 2012 M3 – 7/ December/ 2012 M4 – 30/ January/ 2013 M5 – 11/ February/ 2013
![Page 40: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Types of Bacteria
Characteristics of the Colony
Bacteria
Salmon Colony Klebsiella ozanae
Pink Colony Enterobacter cloacae
Pink Colony Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pink colony Enterobacter aerogenes
Transparent Colony Shigella
Transparent Colony Yersinia
Black Colony Citrobacter freundi
Pale pink Serratia plymuthica
Metallic Green E. coli
![Page 41: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Types of Bacteria
Bacteria
Serratia marcenscens
Enterobacter aglomerans
![Page 42: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Enterotubes
![Page 43: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Shigella Enterotube
![Page 44: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Findings
Year Quantity
2008 118,000
2009 3,335,000
2010 6,800,000
2011 60,000,000
2012 69,000,000
2013 25,333,333
Year Quantity
2000 4,000,000
2001 5,500,000
2002 4,000,000
2003 2,000,000
2004 100,000
2005 73,000
2006 80,000
2007 57,000
Number of bacteria/ ml of water
![Page 45: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Findings on Dilutions
Station #1
1 col in 10¯⁷ : 10,000,000 bact/ml
Station #2 4 col in 10⁻⁶: 4,000,000 bact/ml
Station #3 62 col in 10⁻⁶: 62,000,000 bact/ml
![Page 47: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Findings on Filtration
Station#1 Pure > 100 col (TNTC) Dilute: 5 col * 1000: 5,000 bact/100ml
Station #2 Pure>100 col (TNTC) Dilute: 40 col * 1000: 40,000 bact/100ml
Station #3 Pure>100 col (TNTC) Dilute: 3 col * 1000: 3,000 bact/100ml
Citrobacter freundiCedecea lapageiKlebsiella pneumoniaeYersinia enterocoliticaCitrobacter freundiCedecea lapageiEnterobacter agglomeransKlebsiella ozaenae
Enterobacter agglomerans
![Page 48: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Conclusions
The high level of contamination is due to:
Stagnant water in some areas.
Sewage and water discharge in to the cano.
Deposition of debris into the community.
![Page 49: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Conclusions of the Research
From 2004 to 2008 the amount of bacteria were less than a million/ ml of water.
This could be due to the removal of debris
Effort of government and people that lives in the community.
![Page 50: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
+ During our Research period we noticed a sudden decrease in the level of bacteria.
+ Although we were not able to isolate colonies of Salmonella, we did isolate Citrobacter freundi, Yersinia enterocolitica and Shigella Spp.
+ Which are indicative of the severity of contamination and a possible source of contamination with pathogens to the residents of nearby areas.
![Page 51: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
We recommend:
To maintain the movement of dredging and cleaning of the entire San Juan Estuary.
We saw that according to data, levels of bacteria were down under a million. With a little of effort is possible to maintain to provide a better life to the people.
To Help organizations and people that live there in a constant way not only, to show interest when elections are near.
![Page 52: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
References
Http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/shigella/DSOO719
Http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/enteritidis/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. October 2005. Shigellosis. http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/shigellosis/
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. May 2003. First Nations Water Management Strategy. Http://www.ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/arp/es/0506/fnwms/fnwms-eng.asp
![Page 54: 1 / march/ 2013 Mario R. Barrera George M. Rivera Paola Tabaro Mentor: Prof. Mayra Rolón University of the Sacred Heart](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649d9e5503460f94a87fee/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
References
Public Health Agency of Canada:Notifiable Diseases on-line. December 2003. Shigellosis. http://dsol-smed.hc-sc.gc.ca/dsol-smed/ndis/diseases/shig_e.html
www.safewater.com
World Health Organization. 2005. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to shigella dysenteriae type 1. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241592330.pdf
United States Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook. January 2002. Shigella. Http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/ PNADO152.pdf