1 lesson 67 - infinite series – the basics santowski – hl math calculus option
TRANSCRIPT
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Lesson 67 - Infinite Series – The Basics
Santowski – HL Math Calculus Option
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Understand the definition of a convergent infinite series.
Use properties of infinite geometric series.
Use the nth-Term Test for Divergence of an infinite series.
Objectives
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Example: Find the sum of
Review Question: Example 1
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Example: Find the sum of
The sum of the series is
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The sum of the terms of an infinite geometric sequence is called a geometric series.
a1 + a1r + a1r2 + a1r3 + . . . + a1rn-1 + . . .
If |r| < 1, then the infinite geometric series
has the sum
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1
1
( 1)n n n
Review Question: Example #2
Ex 1
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1
1
( 1)n n n
1
1 1 1 1 1 1...
( 1) 2 6 12 20 30n n n
Review Question: Example 2
Ex 1
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Partial sums of1
1
1
1
22s
22
3
1 1
1 2 2 3s
31 1 1
1 2 2 44
3
3 3s
1 1 1 1...
1 2 2 3 3 4 ( 1 1)nn
sn nn
If the sequence of partial sums converges, the series converges
and
1 2 3 4 5, , , , ... ...
2 3 4 5 6 1
n
n Converges to 1 so series converges.
1
1 1 1 1 1 1...
( 1) 2 6 12 20 30n n n
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Review Question: Example #3
Determine the values of the following infinite series:
€
( ) a nn=1
∞
∑
( ) b 1nn=1
∞
∑
( ) c 1
n2 −1n=1
∞
∑
( ) d 13n−1
n=2
∞
∑
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One important application of infinite sequences is in representing “infinite summations.”
Informally, if {an} is an infinite sequence, then
is an infinite series (or simply a series).
The numbers a1, a2, a3, are the terms of the series. For some series it is convenient to begin the index at n = 0 (or some other integer). As a typesetting convention, it is common to represent an infinite series as simply
Infinite Series
Infinite series
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In such cases, the starting value for the index must be taken from the context of the statement.
To find the sum of an infinite series, consider the following sequence of partial sums.
If this sequence of partial sums converges, the series is said to converge.
Infinite Series
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Infinite Series
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Example 1(a) – Convergent and Divergent Series
Does the following series converge or diverge?
HOW do we decide?
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Example 1(a) – Convergent and Divergent Series
The series
has the following partial sums.
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Example 1(a) – Convergent and Divergent Series
Because
it follows that the series converges and its sum is 1.
cont’d
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Does the following series converge or diverge?
HOW do we decide?
cont’dExample 1(b) – Convergent and Divergent Series
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The series
diverges because Sn = n and the sequence of partial sums diverges.
cont’dExample 1(b) – Convergent and Divergent Series
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Example 1(c) – Convergent and Divergent Series
Does the following series converge or diverge?
HOW do we decide?
cont’d
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Example 1(c) – Convergent and Divergent Series
The nth partial sum of the series
is given by
Because the limit of Sn is 1, the series converges and its sum is 1.
cont’d
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Infinite Series
The series
is a telescoping series of the form
Note that b2 is canceled by the second term, b3 is canceled
by the third term, and so on.
Telescoping series
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Infinite Series
Because the nth partial sum of this series is
Sn = b1 – bn + 1
it follows that a telescoping series will converge if and only if bn approaches a finite number as
Moreover, if the series converges, its sum is
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Geometric Series
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Geometric Series
The series is a geometric series.
In general, the series given by
is a geometric series with ratio r.
Geometric series
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Geometric Series
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Example 3(a) – Convergent and Divergent Geometric Series
The geometric series
has a ratio of with a = 3. Because 0 < |r| < 1, the series converges and its sum is
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Example 3(b) – Convergent and Divergent Geometric Series
The geometric series
has a ratio of
Because | r | ≥ 1, the series diverges.
cont’d
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Examples: Geometric Series
1
1 1 1 1 1...
2 4 8 162nn
Each term is obtained from the preceding number by multiplying by the same number r.
1 1 1 1...
5 25 125 625 2 4 8 16
...3 3 3 3
Find r (the common ratio)
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Examples: Geometric Series
1 1 1 1...
2 4 8 16
3 12 48 192...
5 25 125 625
2 4 8 16...
3 3 3 3
1
1
1 1
2 2
n
n
1
1
3 4
5 5
n
n
1
1
22
3n
n
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Repeating decimals
2 4 6 8
8 8 8 80.080808 ...
10 10 10 10
Does the following series converge or diverge?
HOW do we decide?
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Repeating decimals Geometric Series
2 4 6 8
8 8 8 80.080808 ...
10 10 10 10
21
12
8810
11 99110
n
n
aar
r
The repeating decimal is equivalent to 8/99.
2 2
8 1
10 10a and r
11
2 21 1
8 1
10 10
nn
n n
ar
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Geometric Series
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nth-Term Test for Divergence
Necessary Conditions for Convergence:
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nth-Term Test for Divergence
The contra-positive of Theorem 8 provides a useful test for divergence. This nth-Term Test for Divergence states that if the limit of the nth term of a series does not converge to 0, the series must diverge.
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Example 5 – Using the nth-Term Test for Divergence
a. For the series you have:
b. For the series you have:
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Example 5 – Using the nth-Term Test for Divergence
a. For the series you have:
So, the limit of the nth term is not 0, and the series
diverges.
b. For the series you have:
So, the limit of the nth term is not 0, and the series
diverges.
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Example 5 – Using the nth-Term Test for Divergence
c. For the series you have:
cont’d
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Example 5 – Using the nth-Term Test for Divergence
c. For the series you have
Because the limit of the nth term is 0, the nth-Term Test for Divergence does not apply and you can draw no conclusions about convergence or divergence.
cont’d
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Example Does the following series converge or diverge?
€
4n2 −n3
10+2n3n=0
∞
∑