1 learning terminology 2 objectives explain how medical terms are developed. describe the process of...
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Learning Terminology
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Objectives•Explain how medical terms are developed.•Describe the process of pluralizing terms.•Describe how to interpret pronunciation marks.•List basic legal and ethical issues for health-related professionals.•Describe how medical documentation is compiled.
After studying this chapter, you will be able to :
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Objectives
•Define the four word parts used to build medical terms.•Define common medical combining forms.•Define common medical prefixes.•Define common medical suffixes.•Describe how word parts are put together to form words.
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
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Language of Medicine
•Dates to the time when people had only spoken language and no written language
•Medical terminology began to gain uniformity as a result of the works of Hippocrates
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Hippocratic OathForms the basic ethical standards of modern medicine with regards to:
•Abstaining from voluntary acts of mischief & corruption
•Keeping confidences
•Doing no harm
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Hippocratic Oath Part 2•Some aspects are still debated today such as:
Euthanasia Abortion
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Derivation of Medical Terminology
•The study of the origin of words is called etymology.•Many medical terms used today are based on Ancient Greek and Latin.•Word building became and remains the primary way to describe new medical discoveries.
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Derivation of Medical Terminology Part 2
Word knowledge was primarily passed on through only verbal communication which resulted in words being pronounced very differently.
The word heart is derived from Old English heorte which comes from a word related to Greek kardia which means heart.
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Medical Terms• Medical terms are like
jigsaw puzzles.• They are constructed of
small pieces that make each word unique; Pieces can be used in different combinations in other words
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Word Analysis
Words are divided into the following components:
•Root: foundation of the term•Ex: subgastric – gastr is the root meaning stomach
•Suffix: word ending•Ex: subgastric – ic means pertaining to
•Prefix: word beginning•Ex: subgastric – sub means under
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Reading Medical Terms• To define medical terms based on word
parts, read the meaning of medical terms from the suffix back to the beginning of the term and then across
– Ex: hematology: logy means the study of; hemat/o means blood so this word means the study of blood.
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Medical Word Classifications
• You will “decode” words by dividing terms into component parts; You will need to memorize the component parts.
• Decodable – Have Greek or Latin components parts that can be analyzed; therefore the word can be deciphered to reveal the meaning
– Examples:• Term: Gastr/itis
– Analysis: Gastr/ is a word root meaning stomach; -itis is a suffix meaning inflammation
– Definition: Inflammation of the stomach
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Medical Word Classifications• Nondecodable – Can not be divided into
component parts; definition of terms must be memorized.– Examples:– 1. Cataract: Progressive
opacification of the – lens; Term is derived from the
Greek term – meaning waterfall– 2. Asthma: Respiratory disorder
characterized by recurring episodes of paroxysmal dyspnea; Term is derived from Greek panting.
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Medical Word Classifications
• Eponyms – Terms named after the person who first identified the condition, described the procedure or devised the object.
– Examples:•Alzheimer Disease: A progressive
mental deterioration, named after a German neurologist, Alois Alzheimer
•Cesarean Section: The removal of the infant from the uterus by incising the uterine wall, named after the manner in which Julius Caesar was supposedly born.
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Medical Word Classifications
• Abbreviations – Terms that have been shortened to a number of letters
– Examples:– 1. CAD: Coronary
Artery Disease– 2. CABG: Acronym
for coronary artery bypass graft.
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Medical Word Classifications
• Symbols – Graphic representations called symbols used in health care terminology– Examples:
• Increase: ↑•Decrease: ↓
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Building Medical TermsWord Root
Prefix
Suffix
Combining forms
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Forming Medical TermsMedical Term
PrefixWord root
Suffix
Combining forms
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Forming Medical Terms Part 2Medical terms are formed from two or more word parts.
•The main part of a word which contains the basic meaning.
RootPrefix
•Word parts attached to the beginning of a word that modifies the meaning.
Suffix
•Word parts attached to the end of a word that modifies the meaning.
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Combining Vowel
The word root and a combining vowel that enable two parts to be connected.
Combining Form
Vowel (usually O) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root
Ex: hematology- hemat is the root meaning blood; O is the combining vowel; logy is the suffix meaning the study of
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Word Roots and Combining Forms [ACANTH(O)]
Combining Forms Meaning
acanth (o) actin (o)
aer (o)
athero
bacill (i)
bar (o)
spiny, thorny
weight; pressure
bacilli; bacteria
plaque; fatty substance
air; gas
light
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Word Roots and Combining Forms [BLAST(O)]Combining Forms Meaning
blasto
carcin(o)
chrondro
cry(o)
crypt(o)
cyan(o)
immature cells
cancer
cartilage
cold
hidden
blue
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Word Roots and Combining Forms [CYT(O)]
Combining Forms Meaning
cyt(o)
dextr(o)
dips(o)
dors(o)
erythr(o)
esthesio
cell
right
thirst
back
red
sensation, perception
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Word Roots and Combining Forms [GALACT(O)]Combining Forms Meaning
galact(o)
gluco
gero
glyco
gyn(o)
home(o)
kin(o)
milk
glucose
old age
sugars
women
same
movement
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Word Roots and Combining Forms [KINESI(O)Combining Forms Meaning
kinesi(o)
lact(o)
leuk(o)
lith(o)
mio
narco
necro
motion
milk
white
stone
smaller; less
sleep; numbness
death; dying
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Word Roots and Combining Forms [NOCT(O)]Combining Forms Meaning
noct(i)
oncho
path(o)
phago
phon(o)
pseud(o)
pyo
night
tumor
disease
eating
sound; voice
false
pus
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Word Roots and Combining Forms [PYRO]Combining Forms Meaning
pyro
salping(o)
schiz(o)
scler(o)
scolio
somato
spiro
fever
tube
split; division
hardening
crooked; bent
body
breath; breathe
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Word Roots and Combining Forms [TEL(O)]Combining Forms Meaning
tel(o)
tono
tropho
xanth(o)
xeno
Xer(o)
distant; end; complete
tension; pressure
food; nutrition
yellow
stranger
dry
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•Prefixes are attached to the beginning of words.
•Modifies the meaning of the word or word root.
•Indicates size, quantity, position of, and location.
Prefixes
PrefixWord Root
Suffix
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Prefixes (a–aut)Prefix Meaning
a
ab
ambi
ana
ante
anti
aut(0)
without
away from
both, around
up, toward
before
against
self
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Prefixes (brachy–hypo)Prefix Meaning
brachy
brady
contra
dys
hemi
hyper
hypo
short
slow
against
abnormal; difficult
half
above normal
below normal
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Prefixes (inter–peri)Prefix Meaning
inter
iso
mal
meta
micr(o)
olig(o)
peri
between
equal; same
bad; inadequate
after
small
few; little; scanty
around; about; near
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Prefixes (pro–un)Prefix Meaning
pro
re
retro
semi
supra
tachy
un
before; forward
again; backward
behind; backward
half
above; over
fast
not
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Suffixes
•Attaches to the end of the word and carries the underlying meaning of the word.
•Suffixes can also be combining forms.
PrefixWord Root
Suffix
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Suffixes (ad–crine)Suffix Meaning-ad
-algia
-asthenia
-blast
-cidal
-clast
-crine
toward
pain
breaking
weakness
immature; forming
destroying; killing
secreting
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Suffixes (crit–ectomy)Suffix Meaning
-crit
-cyte
-cytosis
-derma
-dynia
-ectasis
-ectomy
separate
cell
condition of cells
skin
pain
expanding; dilating
removal of
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Suffixes (emesis–graphy)Suffix Meaning-emesis
-emia
-esthesia
-globin
-gram
-graph
-graphy
vomiting
blood
sensation
protein
a recording
recording instrument
process of recording
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Suffixes (ic–malacia)Suffix Meaning-ic
-ism
-itis
-kinesia
-logist
-lysis
-malacia
pertaining to
condition; disease
inflammation
movement
one who practices
destruction of
softening
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Suffixes (mania-pathy)Suffix Meaning-mania
-megaly
-oid
-opia
-ostomy
-para
-pathy
obsession
enlargement
like; resembling
vision
opening
bearing
disease
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Suffixes (penia-phrenia)Suffix Meaning
-penia
-pepsia
-pexy
-phage
-phobia
-phonia
-phrenia
deficiency
digestion
fixation
eating; devouring
fear
sound
of the mind
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Suffixes (phylaxis-rrhaphy)Suffix Meaning
-phylaxis
-plasty
-plegia
-pnea
-ptosis
-rrhagia
-rrhaphy
protection
surgical repair
paralysis
breath
falling down; drooping
heavy discharge
surgical suturing
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Suffixes (rrhexis-tropia)Suffix Meaning
-rrhexis
-spasm
-stasis
-stenosis
-tomy
-trophy
-tropia
rupture
contraction
stopping; constant
narrowing
cutting operation
nutrition
turning
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Apply Your KnowledgeUsing various word parts, build terms for the following meanings.
Meaning Term
•Absence of blood
•Bluish color of hands and feet
•Equal vision in both eyes.
•Fast heart.
•Breakdown of sugar.
anemia
cyanosis
isopia
tachycardia
glycolysis
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Apply Your Knowledge Part 2Using various word parts, build terms for the following meanings.
Meaning Term
•Lack of white blood cells.
•Softening of bone.
•Inflammation of a vein.
•Nerve pain.
•Science of skin and its diseases.
leukopenia
osteomalacia
phlebitis
neuralgia
dermatology
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Pluralizing TermsRules
•Add s to words ending in any vowel or consonant except s,x,z, or y (ex. joint- joints)
•Add es to words ending in s,x, or z (ex. reflex - reflexes)
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Pluralizing Terms Part 2Rules Cont’d
•Remove x and add `ces to Latin words ending in x (ex. appendix - appendices)
•Remove the `y and add `ies to words ending in `y preceded by a consonant (ex. mastectomy- mastectomies)
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Pluralizing Terms Part 3Rules Cont’d
•When an ending `y is preceded by a vowel, the usual plural suffix is `s (ex. boy - boys)
•Add `e to Latin terms ending in a (ex. lamina - laminae)
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Pluralizing Terms Part 4Rules Cont’d
•Remove `us and add `i to Latin words ending in us (ex. bacillus- bacilli)
•Change `sis to `ses in Greek words ending in sis (ex. psychosis - psychoses)
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Pluralizing Terms Part 5Rules Cont’d
•Remove `on from and add `a to Greek words ending in `on (ex. criterion - criteria)
•Remove `um from and add `a to Latin words ending in um (ex. diverticulum - diverticula)
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Pluralizing Rules
•fossa fossae
•datum data
•radix radices
Latin Greek
Singular Plural Singular Plural
•neurosis neuroses
•ganglion ganglia
•calyx calyces
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Spelling & Pronunciation of Medical Terms
Misspellings and mispronunciations in a medical setting can result in life threatening situations
“The patient was to have a cholectomy NOTa colectomy!!”
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Spelling & Pronunciation of Medical Terms Part 2Pronouncing a word out loud each time
you see the pronounciation will help familiarize you with the sound of the word.
Long and short vowels are a guide to help you pronounce words.
anemiaa-NE-me-a
reflexRE-fleks
typhoidTI-foyd
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Legal and Ethical IssuesThe American Hospital Association’s Patient’s Bill of Rights gives guidelines which provide a clear, ethical standard for patient’s rights.
•Right to refuse care
•Right to privacy
•Right to be informed
•Right to considerate and respectful
care.
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Using Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology is instrumental in both verbal and written communication.
Documentation of health care services must be complete for both ethical and legal reasons.
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Medical RecordsMedical Records
Formats for medical records depend on:
•State law
•Institution’s responsibilities
•Configuration of its computer systems
•Coding and billing practices
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Medical Records SOAP formatMedical Records
SOAP Format •S- subjective•O- objective•A- assessment•P- plan
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Chronological FormatMedical Records
Chronological Format
• Interactions are listed in chronological order.
•Earliest date is at the top of the patient record
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Apply Your KnowledgeWhich of the following statements is correct regarding the derivation of medical terms?
A. The change in medical terms has been drastic over the years.
B. The change in medical terms has not been drastic over the years.
Answer B.
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Apply Your Knowledge Part 2Make each of the following terms plural.
staphylococcus
vasectomy
paraplegic
appendix
staphylococci
vasectomies
paraplegics
appendices
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Case StudyCase StudyAfter obtaining the ordered laboratory specimens from a patient, Jamie(a laboratory technician) prepares to leave the patient’s room when a visitor asks “Does she really need to take all those medications the nurse left in here?”How should Jamie handle this question and why?
Answer: Remembering patient’s rights to confidentiality and the scope of his training as a laboratory technician, Jamie should request that the visitor speak with the nurse and or physician.