1 joint research centre european commission iaeapnri particle air pollution monitoring with nuclear...
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Particle air pollution monitoring with nuclear analytical techniques: challenges and opportunities
Dieter Schwela, Christine Nelima Okhoya, Andrzej Markowicz, Flora L. Santos
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Sequence of events that occur during the most common type of nuclear reaction used for neutron activation analysis
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NAA arrangement
Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute
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NAA is applied e.g. in the fields of:
• Environmental sciences
• Materials research
• Biology, medicine geochemistry, archeology
• For the certification of standard reference materials (SRM),
• As a reference method for other analytical procedures.
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Irradiation Time: 1 min
Measurement Time: 7 min
Decay Time: 3 min
γ-spectrum of an aerosol filter with NAA
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Source Elements
Soil, flying ash Al, Ba, Ca, Ce, Ey, Fe, Ga, Hf, La, Mg, Sc, Sm, Th, Ti, V
Refuse incineration
As, Cs, I, K, Rb, Sb, Se, Zn
Motor Vehicles and Coal Burning
As, Br, Co, Ga, Sb, Se, U, V, W
Seaspray Cl, Na
Sources of APM pollution in Beijing as identified by NAA
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Source ElementsVehicular Emissions Br, Zn
Coal Burning Se
Industrial processes Ce, Co, Cr, Pb, Sb
Road dust Al, Ti, V
Soil dust Fe, Th
Biomass burning K
Marine aerosols Na, Cl
Mineral fly ash Sc, La
Sources of PM pollution in Vietnam as identified by NAA
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The principle of XRF and the typical XRF detection arrangement
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a. coarse
17%
13%
33%1%
36%Vehicular (S, Zn, Pb)
Soil tire-wear
S-fraction
Salt
Soil-cement mixture
Source apportionment of coarse (PM10-2.5) and fine (PM2.5) particulate matter in Metro Manila (XRF)
b. fine
17%
14%
21%8%1%
39%
Aged salt (Na, S)
Black carbon (BC, Br,Cl)Oil burning (BC, S. Ni)
Soil
2-stroke (BC, Zn, Pb)
Biomass burning (BC,K)
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Ion Beam Techniques of Analysis
PIXE- X-rays, Al to Pb
PIGE – -rays, F, Na, Al ..
PESA – Particle Elastic Scattering, H
RBS – Rutherford Backscatter, C, N, OGenerally analysed for over 20 elements using these 4 techniques simultaneously.
Multi-elemental analysis ideal for Principal Component Analysis (PCA),
Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF),
Source fingerprinting and apportionment
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PIGE
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
0 200 400 600
Energy (keV)
Co
un
ts /
3 µ
C
511 keV
F 197 keV
Na 440 keV
(21±2) µg/cm2
PESA
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
0 1000 2000 3000
Energy (keV)
Co
un
ts/
3 µ
C
H
5.4 µg/cm2
C,F
2.6 MeV protons
RBS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 1000 2000 3000
Energy (keV)
Co
un
ts/
3 µ
CO
C
F
2.6 MeV protons
Mascot, Sydney
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18X-ray Energy (keV)
Co
un
ts/ 3
µC
Data
Bkg
Fit
Al
Si
S Cl
KCa
Ti
Mn
Fe
Cu
ZnPb
Pb
Br
Spectra of the IBA Techniques
PIXE
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a. coarse
75%
11%
14%
Seasalt
Soil
Industry
b. fine
27%
20%28%
21%4%
Seasalt
Soil
Smoke
Industry
Bromine
Source apportionment of coarse and fine particulate matter from an urban site in the Wellington region (IBA)
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ConclusionsNATs (NAA, XRF, IBA) are reliable and precise analytical techniques for the determination of multiple elements
Various types of sources of particulate air pollutants are characterized by the
elemental composition of the particles
Knowledge of the elements in particles allows the identification of the origin of the
particles
Quantitative apportionment of the existing types of sources
Relatively high costs of the nuclear analytical instrumentation
NATs can also be used in other fields of environmental management and material
testing.