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Is bio evolution part of Cosmo

evolution?

Peter ZamarovskýČVUT FEL

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“What meaning has evolution of living creatures in the world described by thermodynamics, in the world of permanently increasing disorder?”

Ilya Prigogine, Isabelle Stengers 1984

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God had given enigmatic skill to the power of Nature to make it able to change itself without chaos to perfect cosmic system.   

Kant, I., 1755

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Evolution Evolution – “– “evolvere“ – develop itself, complex long lasting evolvere“ – develop itself, complex long lasting

process - movement of complex systems process - movement of complex systems directed to higher levels of organization, higher directed to higher levels of organization, higher aims, “creative development” aims, “creative development” (Bergson),(Bergson), “increase “increase of values” of values” (Teilhard de Chardin),(Teilhard de Chardin), process of progress process of progress

= “good” - axiological, teleological approach= “good” - axiological, teleological approach(typical in the case of living systems)(typical in the case of living systems)

? But: what is “higher”, “long lasting”, “progress”? ? But: what is “higher”, “long lasting”, “progress”? Values … for whom?Values … for whom?

Evolutionary changes are generally recognized as Evolutionary changes are generally recognized as producing progressively higher organization in producing progressively higher organization in the organic world. the organic world.

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Evolution which leads to creation and development of life Evolution which leads to creation and development of life on the Earth (or other place in the Universe), the on the Earth (or other place in the Universe), the “complex motion” of Universe“complex motion” of Universe

Evolution of Earth (geo-evolution) and evolution of whole Evolution of Earth (geo-evolution) and evolution of whole Universe (cosmo-evolution), „complex motion of Universe (cosmo-evolution), „complex motion of Universe“. Universe“.

Evolution is caused by interaction of movements on Evolution is caused by interaction of movements on two levels: microscopic and megascopictwo levels: microscopic and megascopic

Microscopic – thermal motion of micro particles (heat): Microscopic – thermal motion of micro particles (heat): quarks, subnuclear particles, atoms, ions, moleculesquarks, subnuclear particles, atoms, ions, molecules

Mesoskopic (macroscopic) motion – directly perceivable Mesoskopic (macroscopic) motion – directly perceivable motion of macroscopic objects: asteroids, planets, motion of macroscopic objects: asteroids, planets, stars(?) stars(?)

Megascopic global motion – rarefaction of universe, Megascopic global motion – rarefaction of universe, recession of galaxies, expansion of space, creation of recession of galaxies, expansion of space, creation of darkness darkness

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Cosmogony - Cosmo evolutionCosmogony - Cosmo evolution

Rarefaction of universe, expanasion of spaceRarefaction of universe, expanasion of space →→ cooling cooling of matter (stuff)of matter (stuff) →→ stru structuration, organizationcturation, organization

QuarkQuark-gluon plasma -gluon plasma →→ sub subnuclear particles nuclear particles →→ neutr neutralal atomatomss ( (hydrogenhydrogen) – ) – period of period of „re„reccombinaombinationtion““→→ dark dark periodperiod

Homogeneous Universe without Homogeneous Universe without strustructuresctures, , only only fluctuations of concentration (temperature, pressure) fluctuations of concentration (temperature, pressure)

Gravitational instabilities Gravitational instabilities →→ enlargement of fluctuations enlargement of fluctuations ((as as drops in overcooled vapordrops in overcooled vapor) → ) → creation of starscreation of stars → → strustructuration of the Universecturation of the Universe

End of dark periodEnd of dark periodstars + dark spacestars + dark space

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Cosmogony Cosmogony - thermodynamic (des) interpretation?- thermodynamic (des) interpretation?

Clausius and Darwin can not be both right.Clausius and Darwin can not be both right.Caillois, R., 1976 (1913-1978, French anthropologist)Caillois, R., 1976 (1913-1978, French anthropologist)

If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations — then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. If it is found to be contradicted by observation — well these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the second law of thermodynamics I can give you no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation.

Sir Arthur Stanley EddingtonGifford Lectures (1927), The Nature of the Physical World (1928), 74

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There is only one law of Nature — the second law of thermodynamics — which recognises a distinction between past and future more profound than the difference of plus and minus. It stands aloof from all the rest. ... It opens up a new province of knowledge, namely, the study of organisation; and it is in connection with organisation that a direction of time-flow and a distinction between doing and undoing appears for the first time.

Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington The Nature of the Physical World (1928), 67- 68

““The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum.” - This The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum.” - This statement is the best-known phrasing of the second law. Moreover, statement is the best-known phrasing of the second law. Moreover, owing to the general broadness of the terminology used here, e.g. owing to the general broadness of the terminology used here, e.g. universe, as well as lack of specific conditions, e.g. open, closed, universe, as well as lack of specific conditions, e.g. open, closed, or isolated, to which this statement applies, many people take this or isolated, to which this statement applies, many people take this simple statement to mean that the second law of thermodynamics simple statement to mean that the second law of thermodynamics applies virtually to every subject imaginable. This, of course, is not applies virtually to every subject imaginable. This, of course, is not true; this statement is only a simplified version of a more complex true; this statement is only a simplified version of a more complex description.description.

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The tendency for entropy to increase in isolated systems is The tendency for entropy to increase in isolated systems is expressed in the second law of thermodynamics — perhaps the expressed in the second law of thermodynamics — perhaps the most pessimistic and amoral formulation in all human thought.most pessimistic and amoral formulation in all human thought.

Gregory Hill and Kerry Thornley, Gregory Hill and Kerry Thornley, Principia DiscordiaPrincipia Discordia (1965) (1965)

But: But: 1. The second law is valid for closed system only. Earth, living 1. The second law is valid for closed system only. Earth, living

animal, plant, human are not in any case “closed systems”. Is the animal, plant, human are not in any case “closed systems”. Is the Universe “closed system”? Universe “closed system”?

2. The second law is valid in “human scale factor” (limits of 2. The second law is valid in “human scale factor” (limits of thermodynamics – Boltzmann, Poincaré)thermodynamics – Boltzmann, Poincaré)

Expansion of the Universe – global increase of entropy (?expansion Expansion of the Universe – global increase of entropy (?expansion to vacuum?) – local decrease of entropy (structuration, to vacuum?) – local decrease of entropy (structuration, organisation, design) dissipative processes – self organization organisation, design) dissipative processes – self organization (Kant) helps dissipate energy and circulate matter, self ordering, (Kant) helps dissipate energy and circulate matter, self ordering, being being → creation of new forms→ creation of new forms (things), design (things), design

(?Fritjof Capra: ordering non reducible, new principle – neovitalism?)(?Fritjof Capra: ordering non reducible, new principle – neovitalism?)

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Analogy with terrestrial processes (Belovousov Zhabotinski phenomenon, Benard cells – cellular structure on heated layer of liquid, grating of doors, violin, waves on sea…)

Iliya Prigogine and non equilibrium thermodynamics

Design features (patterns, rhythms, configurations, scaling rules) are present in all flow systems in nature. Dissipative structure (Life) is child of flow of energy

Heraclitus – river, flame…

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For a finite-size system to persist in time (to live) it must evolve in such a way that it provides easier access to the imposed currents that flow through it.

constructal law (Adrian Bejan 1996)

the principle of least action ?the principle of least action ?

Life is flow, all flow systems are live systems, the animate and Life is flow, all flow systems are live systems, the animate and the inanimate. the inanimate.

Design generation and evolution is a phenomenon of physics. Design generation and evolution is a phenomenon of physics.

Designs have the universal tendency to evolve in a certain Designs have the universal tendency to evolve in a certain direction in time.direction in time.

"Everything that moves is a flow system that evolves over time "Everything that moves is a flow system that evolves over time ... The changes we witness in animals, plants, and rivers ... The changes we witness in animals, plants, and rivers represent a clear improvement over the configuration that had represent a clear improvement over the configuration that had been flowing before."been flowing before."

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““Improvement” is not a word usually Improvement” is not a word usually associated with evolution. Harvard associated with evolution. Harvard professor (until his death in 2002) professor (until his death in 2002) Stephen J. Gould summed up most Stephen J. Gould summed up most biologists' view: biologists' view:

"The basic theory of natural selection talks "The basic theory of natural selection talks not about predictable universal progress, not about predictable universal progress, or any inherent direction of evolution."or any inherent direction of evolution."

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Thermodynamical interpretation:Live as dissipative process

Gap between physics (non equilibrium thermodynamics) and biology

(F. Capra, „The Web of Life“)

Living creatures can emerge if necessary conditions are fulfilled: surface of Earth and two billions of years.

Weizsäcker, C. F.

[1] Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (1912 - 2007) německý jaderný fyzik, filosof a veřejný činitel

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Behind is attempt to reduce biology to Behind is attempt to reduce biology to physicsphysics

Opposite approach: reduce physics to Opposite approach: reduce physics to biology, application of biological way of biology, application of biological way of consideration to universe (Anaxagoras – consideration to universe (Anaxagoras – biological reductionism?)biological reductionism?)

James Lovelock: Hypothesis GaiaJames Lovelock: Hypothesis Gaia Lee Smolin: The Life of the Cosmos Lee Smolin: The Life of the Cosmos

(1999): Black holes (1999): Black holes → new universes→ new universes

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ConclusionConclusion Global rarefaction (expansion) of universe – Global rarefaction (expansion) of universe –

motor of structuration, design, organization, motor of structuration, design, organization, evolution and life evolution and life

Is it also motor for creative development? Is it also motor for creative development? Life, organization, humans … do not need Life, organization, humans … do not need

energy (there was much more density of energy energy (there was much more density of energy in the past), but the flow of energy in the past), but the flow of energy →→ negative negative entropy.entropy.

Value = information, negative entropy? Value = information, negative entropy? (reduction of axiology to informatics and physics)(reduction of axiology to informatics and physics)

We need both: source of energy (Sun, approx. We need both: source of energy (Sun, approx. 6000 K) and sink of energy, source of “negative 6000 K) and sink of energy, source of “negative energy” – dark sky (approx. 3 K)energy” – dark sky (approx. 3 K)