156

A²ymbw 4

Bß-I-Y-I-fpsS ]mT-hn-i-I-e\w

I-¡mSp-IÄ¡n-S-bn Fsâ PohnXw: AXn-Po-h-\-

¯nsâ AS-bm-f-§Ä

hyh-Øm-]nX coXn-bnÂ\n¶v hgn-amdn kz´w Pohn-Xs¯ tcJ-

s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv {][m-\-ambpw kzImcy Ub-dn-¡p-dn-¸p-I-fn-emWv. Ah

]t£ s]mXp-hm-b-\-¡m-cn-te¡v km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn F¯m-\pÅ km[y-

X -hn-c-famWv. F¶m ]n¡m-e v kmlnXy- -þ cmjv{Sob þ kmwkv¡m-

cnI {]m[m\yw Xncn-¨-dnªv {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-h-bp-ap-v. Hcp]t£

Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ AwKo-Im-c-t¯msStbm, IrXn¡v ta hcp-t¯- amä-

§-tfm-sStbm Bbn-cn-¡nà CXv hmb-\-¡m-cn F¯p-¶Xv. AXm-bXv,

kzX-{´-amb AkvXn-Xzw Cu IrXn-I-fn IqSp-X-embn Btcm-]n-¡m-

sa¶v hnNmcn¡mw

Itó s]m¡p-Ssâ Bß-I-Ybpw hmb-\-¡m-cn-se- n-bXv Nne

bmZr-Ýn-I-X-I-fpsS e-am-b-mWv. Fgp- p-Im-c³ F¶ hnti-j-W- nÂ

\n¶pw amdn A£cw t]mepw \¶mbn Adn-bm¯ hyàn-bmWv AZvtZlw.

]cn-an-Xhpw AXp-t]mse hne-¡-s -«-Xp-am-bn-cp¶p s]m¡p-Ssâ Adn-hnsâ

aWvU-e-hpw Úm\mÀPnXkm[y-X-Ifpw. F¶m kzIm-cy-amb CS-§-

fn At±lw kÀKm-ßI hyàn-Xzw Bbn- o-cm-³ ISp¯ CÑ {]ISn-

¸n¨p F¶v ImWmw. AXnsâ Gähpw hyà-amb kqN-\-b-mWv

I-¡mSp-IÄ¡n-S-bn Fsâ PohnXw F¶ Bß-IY.

Acn-§-tf-b³ tKmhn-µ³ ]tdm-«n-bp-sSbpw Itó shf-f- n-bp-sSbpw

aq¶m-as¯ aI-\mbn I®qÀ PnÃbn Gtgmw ]©m-b-¯n FS-

¡o -d-bn 1937þ  Itó s]m¡p-S³ P\n- p. hfsc sNdp- - nte

157

CS-Xp-]£ cmjv{So-b- n BIr-jvS-\mbn IÀj-Iþ IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-emfn

kwL-S-\-I-fn {]hÀ¯n- p. \nc-h[n {]t£m- -§-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-\n-c-bnÂ

A±-l-hp-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p. kmaq-lnI hyh-Øn-Xnsb ]p\xkwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-hm³

Xo{h-ambn A`n-e-jn¨ At±lw 1968þ69 Â Gtgmw IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-emfn

ka-c- n ]s¦-Sp- v, P·n-bpsS Hcp hmS-I-s¡m-e-bmfn sImÃ-s -«-XnÂ

{]Xn-bmbn . ]n¶oSv Hfn-hnepw AXn-\p-tijw Pbn-en-ep-am-bn.

F-¶m cmjv{Sob {]hÀ -\-- n A[n-I-\mÄ XpS-cm³ At±-

l- n-\m-bn-Ã. Bi-b-]-chpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-ambn \nc- cw \hoI-cn-¡-

s -Sp¶ hyàn-Xz- n-\v, A\o-Xn-Isf tNmZyw sN¿p-¶Xn\v Hcp aSn-bp-

an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. Ct¸mÄ Hcp ]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ -I³ F¶ \nebv-¡mWv

Itó s]m¡p-Ssâ {]ikvXn. ‘I - Â’ s]m¡p-S³ F¶mbn amdn At±-

l- nsâ t]cv.

Nq«m¨n ]pg-Po-hn-I-sf-¡p-dn- p-ff s]m¡p-Ssâ HmÀ½-IÄ (2010), {]kn-

²o-I-c-W- n\v X¿m-dm-bn-cn-¡p¶ ‘Fsâ cmjv{Sob PohnXw’ F¶ Bß-

IY F¶n-h-bm-Wv I-Â s]m¡p-Ssâ kmlnXy kw`m-h-\-IÄ. AXn-ep-

ta-sd, X®oÀ -S-§-fpsS Hmc-§-fn-epw, ssI¸m-Sp-I-fn-epw, Bbn-c-¡-W-

¡n\v I-Âs¨-Sn-IÄ sh¨p-]n-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ s]m¡p-S-\mWv tIc-f-¯n-\v AI-

¯pw ]pd¯pw Adn-b-s -Sp-¶-Xv. Xm³ apdp-sI- n-Sn-¡p¶ BZÀi- n-\p-

th-n ImÀ¡-iy-t¯msS apt¶-dp¶ BIvän-hn-Ìm-Wv At±-lw.

PohnXw IS-¶p-t]mb hgn-I-fn-eqsS kq£vahpw hni-Z-hp-am-sbm-¶p-

aà s]m¡p-S³ bm{X-sN-¿p-¶Xv. hcpw-Im-e v Xsâ {KÙ- n-eqsS Hcp-

]mSv At\z-j-W-§Ä \S- p-¶-hsc {]Xo-£n-¡msX Hcp t\m«p-]p-kvX-

I- n Ipdn- p-sh- ASp¡pw Nn«-bp-an-Ãm¯ BJym-\-am-WnXv. amXr-Im-

]-c-ambn ktµ-i-§Ä {]t£-]n-¡m-\n-Ãm¯ Hcm-fpsS kl-P-amb hn\b-

hpw, kmaqln-I-amb Ac-£n-Xm-h-Ø-bp-sams¡ Cu Bß-I-Y-bpsS

158

A´À[m-c-bmbn \n¡p¶p. kmaqly \nco-£-Isâ kq£va-]m-Shw

{]ZÀin- n-¡p¶ kµÀ -§fpw CÃm-Xn-Ã.

ImÀjn-I-hr- n-bn GÀs¸« P\-X-bpsS kmaq-ln-I-\ne Gähpw

Xmtg-¯-«n-em-bn-cp¶p F¶v {]tXyIw ]d-tb-- -Xn-Ã-tÃm. hÀWhyh-

Ø-bv¡pw, ImÀjnI k¼Zvhyh-Ø-bv¡pw ]pd¯v \ne-\n¡p-hm³

hn[n-¡-s¸-«-h-cm-bn-cp¶p ChÀ. PmXn-þ-hÀK- ]-cn-I-ev]\ hni-I-e\ D]m-

[n-bmbn- o-cp¶ `uXn-I-k-µÀ -am-WnX.v Itó s]m¡p-Ssâ Bß-IY

Chsb khn-ti-j-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p.

Cu Bß-I-Ym-]p-kvXIw ]qÀW-amb AÀ°- n s]m¡p-S-tâ-

Xm-sW¶v tcJ-s -Sp- m-\m-hnÃ. Pohn-Xhpw, hnÚm-\-hpw, hni-I-e-\-

§-fpw, s]m¡p-S-s\-¡p-dn- p-ff d -d³kp-I-fp-saÃmw IqSnt¨À¶ hmMvab

LS-\-bmWv CXn-\p-f-fXv1. _lp-IÀ¯r-Xz-§-fpsS CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ km[y-

amb sshhn-[y-§-fpsS `qan-I-bmWv CXnsâ BJym-\-L-S-\. a-e-bm-f-

¯nse asämcp Bß-I-Y-bnepw -I-s--¯m-\m-hm¯ hn[w hnjb sshhn-

[y-§Ä Cu ]pkvXIw NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶p.

]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsS e`n¨ {]m[m\yw s]m-¡p-S-\nÂ

D-m-Ip-¶-Xn\v ap¼p-ffXmWv Cu {KÙ- nsâ cN-\sb¶v \ymb-ambpw

Icp-Xm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. 2000 \p ap¼p-Xs¶ am[y-a-§-fn-eqsS A-t±-l-¯nsâ

{]hÀ¯-\-§-sf-¸än \nc-h[n dnt¸mÀ-«p-Ifpw ^o¨-dp-Ifpw {]kn-²o-I-cn-

¡-s¸-«n-cp¶p2. CXv s]m¡p-Ssâ \njv¡-f-¦hpw {]Xn-^-te-Ñ-bn-Ãm¯

{]hÀ¯-\-§sfbpw hnh-cn-¡p-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. H«p-an-¡-t¸mgpw tIc-f-

¯nsâ ]cn-Øn-Xnsb sXmSp-Ibpw Df-fp-s]m-f-f-bmb hnI-k-\-¯n\v

FXncp \n¡p-¶-Xp-amb {]Xn-Ñm-b-bmWv CXn-eqsS krjvSn-¡-s -«-Xv.

Bß-IYmcN-\-bn kzm`m-hn-I-am-bpw, ]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ -I-\mb

s]m¡p-S\v IqSpX sXfn¨w In«n-bn-«p-v F¶ Imcy-¯n XÀ¡-an-Ã.

159

FUn-änwKv \nÀh-ln¨ Xml -am-Sm-bnbpw A\p-_-Ô-]-T\w sNbvX Pm^À

]m-tem«pw I-Âs¨Sn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-ff Hcp ]mT-]p-kvXI (Text book)am-

bmWv Cu {KÙs¯ hn`m-h\ sNbvX-sX¶v tXm¶n-t¸m-Ipw-hn-[-amWv

Cu {]m[m-\yw. F¶m Xsâ Pohn-Xs¯ hÀ -am-\-Im-e-t¯mSv kwh-

Zn-¡m-hp¶ hn[-¯n sh«n-sbm-Xp-t¡-n h¶Xv s]m¡p-S\v tbmPn-¸p-

ff Imcy-am-bn-cp-¶nà F¶v ]n¶o-Sp-ff {]hÀ -\-§fpw A`n-apJ kw`m-

j-W-§fpw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-v. Hcp ZenXvþk-ap-Zmb cmjv{Sob {]hÀ¯-

Isâ k¦oÀW-amb Pohn-X-hy-h-lm-c-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Xsâ Bß-I-Y-bnÂ

apJy-ambpw Bhn-jv¡-cn-t¡-sX¶v ]n¡m-e¯v At±-l-¯n\p tXm¶n.

AXpsIm-mWv c-m-a-sXmcp Bß-I-Y-IqSn At±lw Fgp-Xn-bXv3.

]IÀ¯n-sb-gp- v, FUn-än-Mv, XpS-§nb kmt¦-XnI hyh-lm-c-§Ä

F{]-Imcw Hcp IrXn-bpsS LS-\-sbbpw kz`m-h-s¯bpw \nÀW-bn-¡p¶p

F¶ auen-I-amb tNmZy-amWv ChnsS DbÀ¶p hcp-¶-Xv. bYmÀ°- nÂ

IrXn-bn {]Xn-^-en-¡p¶ cmjv{So-bhpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb

ho£Ww Bcp-tS-Xm-Wv? \nc-£-c-\mb Hcm-fpsS hmsamgn tcJ-I-fnÂ

kz´w XmÂ]-cy-§Ä Xncp-In-I-b-äm³ ]IÀ¯n-sb-gp- p-Im-c\v Ah-Im-

i-apt-m? AXm-b-Xv, Bß-I-Ym-c-N-\-bpsS auen-I-amb IÀ¯rXzw Bhn-

jv¡-cn-¡-s -Sp¶ Pohn-X- nsâ DS-a-bn \n¶v amän Øm]n-¡-p-¶Xv IrXn-

bpsS kXy-k-Ô-Xbv¡v t\sc shÃp-hnfn DbÀ¯p¶ntÃ? ae-bm-f- nÂ

kao-]-Im-e-¯mbn CXv kw_-Ôn¨v Nne NÀ¨-IÄ DbÀ¶p-h-¶n-«p--v.

tIs«-gp-Xp¶ Bß-I-Y-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v Hcp kwhmZw Xs¶ ae-bmf

kmln-Xy- n Ah-bv¡p-ff \nÀWm-bI Øm\s¯ AS-bm-fs- -Sp- p-

¶p-- v. Fgp-¯p-Im-c³/Imcn-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-ff IÀ¯r-Xz-]-c-amb ktµ-l-

§-fmWv Cu NÀ -I-fpsS tI{µ {]ta-bw. apJy-[m-c-bp-sS BJym-\-am-Xr-

I-IÄ¡pw s]mXp-t_m-[- n\pw ]pd¯p \n¡p¶ Cu IY-IÄ `mh-\-

160

sIm-v \ndw ]nSn-¸n-¡p¶ Bß-I-Y-I-sf-¡mÄ kXy-k-Ôhpw kpXm-cy-

hp-am-Wv. ]mÀiz-h¡-cn-¡-s¸« Pohn-X-§Ä Xpd¶p ]d-bp¶ Imcy-§Ä

htc-Wy-bp-àn¡v hg-§n-¡n-«-W-sa-¶n-Ã. ae-bm-f- n tIs«-gp- p-Im-sc-

¡p-dn- p-ff kwhm-Z-§Ä CXn-hr¯ _mly-amb Imcy-§Ä NÀ -sN-¿-p-

Ibpw Fgp-¯p-Imsc tI{µ-Øm-\¯v {]Xn-jvTn-¡-W-sa¶v AXn-bmb

imTyw ]peÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Fgp v F¶ htcWy Øm]\s¯

]p\x-{]-Xn-jvTn-¡p-I-sb¶ e£y-amWv Cu NÀ -IÄ D¶w sh¡p-¶-Xv.

_me-N-{µ³ hS-t¡-S v A`n-{]m-b-s -Sp-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv:

Bß-I-Y-bn htc--Xv Bß-I-Ym-Im-csâ hyàn-{]-`mhw X-

s¶-bm-Wv. kzbw mh\ sNbvXv Fgp-Xm³ Ign-bp-t¼m-gmWv Bß-

I-Ym-cq]w ]nd-¡p-¶-Xv. AXn\p Ign-bm-¯-hÀ `mh-\-bn-Ãm¯

]IÀs¸-gp-¯p-Im-c-psS ap¶n sN¶n-cp¶v sImSp-¡p-¶p. Bß-

IY Bcp-tSXv F¶ kwi-bhpw AXp--m-¡mw. Bß-I-Ysb

hn¸\ aqeyapff hkvXp-hm-¡p-I-bmWv tIs«-gp-Xp-¶-hÀ. PohnXw

F¶ hn\n-abs¯ ]IÀ¶p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ Cu GÀ¸mSv hmb-\sb

hgn-sX-än-¡p-¶ntà F¶ ktµ-lhpw F\n-¡p-v4.

‘hyàn{]`mhw’ F¶ ]qÀÆ-I-ev]n-X-amb k¦Â]-\-amWv Cu \nco-

£-W-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\w. tIs«-gp-X-s¸« Bß-I-Y-I-fn Bhn-jv¡-

cn-¡-s¸« Pohn-X-§-fm-hs« Cu k¦-ev]-\-¯n\v ]pd-¯m-Wv. ‘PohnXw’

Bß-I-Y-bpsS tI{µ-{]-ta-bam-sW¶v k½-Xn-¡p-t¼mgpw tIs«-gp-X-s¸«

Bß-I-Y-IÄ hmb-\sb hgn-sX-än-¡p¶p F¶v CXn ktµ-ln-¡p¶p.

Cu ‘hgn-sX-än-¡p¶’ Pohn-X-I-Y-IÄ GsXm-s¡-bm-sW¶v AXp-sIm-

- p -Xs¶ ]cn -tim -[n -t¡-n hcp -¶p.

adn-bm½ tNS¯n, abn-e-½, kn.-sI. Pm\p, kmhn{Xn Bcy³,

\ne-¼qÀ Abn-j, \fn\n Paoe XpS-§nb kv{XoI-fpsS Bß-I-Y-I-

161

fmWv ]IÀ¯n-sb-gp-X-s¸-«-h-bn {][m-\-s¸-«h. Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-I-sf¶

\nebv¡v khn-tij hyàn-Xztam {]`m-htam Df-f-h-scm-¶p-aà ChÀ.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy- nsâ ]qap-J- n-cn-¡m³ tbmKy-X-bp-f-f-htcm `mh-

\m-im-en-Itfm AÃn-hÀ. Hcp ]t£ X§-fpsS PohnXwsIms--gp-Xnb

ka-c-§-fpsS t]cn hcpw Ime¯v ChÀ HmÀan-¡-s -S-mw. Fgp- p-ImÀ

s]mXpsh BÀPn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ kzbw hn{K-l-am-Im³ hnk-½-Xn-¡p-¶-

hcmWv Ch-cn-te-sdbpw. {]mY-anI hnZym- ymkw t]mepw t\Sm-\p-ff kml-

Ncyw Ch-cn-emÀ¡pw D-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. sNdp-¸-Imew apX ]pkvX-I-§Ä

hmbn¨pw Fgp-¯p-Imsc AÛp-Xm-Z-c-§-tfmsS I-pw tZiob-hmZ/Iayq-

WnÌv {]Øm-\-§-fpsS kwL-SnX apt¶-ä-§-fn Bth-i-`-cn-X-cmbpw

Pohn-¨-h-cà ChÀ. AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶ Bß-IY Fgp-Xm-\p-ff an\naw

tbmKy-Xbv¡v ]pd- m-Wn-hÀ.

Pohn -Xm -\p -`h kmlnXyw Fsd hmbn -¡-s¸-Sp -¶p - v F¶

bmYmÀ°yw \ne \n¡p-t¼mgpw Ahbvs¡-X-n-scbp-f-f hnaÀi-\--§fpw

ià-amWv. ]IÀ¯n-sb-gp-¯n-eqsS ssItamiw hcp¶ kXy-k-Ô-X-

bmWv {][m-\-s¸« hnaÀi-\w. F¶m Fgp-X-s¸« Bß-I-Y-IÄ¡v

FXnscbpw Cu Btcm-]Ww DbÀ¶n-«p-v F¶-XmWv hkvXp-X. APn-

X-bpsS ‘HmÀ½-¡p-dn-¸p-’Isf sI.-thWp cmjv{So-b-ambn Xs¶ tNmZyw

sNbvX-XmWv. am[-hn-¡p-«n-bpsS ‘Fsâ IY’ apgp-h³ `mh-\m-kr-jvSn-bm-

sW¶v Fw. ]n.-\m-cm-b-W-]n-ff ]d-ªn-«p-- v v. ]n.--bpsS ‘Ihn-bpsS ImÂ]m-

Sp-I-fn-’em-hs« kz´w \nc-]-cm-[nXzw sXfn-bn-¡m³ Dg-dp¶ Ihnsb

ImWmw. Xnt¡m-Sn-bsâ Ac§p ImWm¯ \S³ Xnt¡m-Sn-b-\Ã Hcp

km¦-ev]nI IYm-]m-{X-am-sW¶pw hnaÀi\w DbÀ¶n-«p-v5. C§s\ H«p-

an¡ Bß-I-Y-IÄ¡p t\scbpw ‘kXy-k-ÔX’ F¶ ISp¯ Bbp[w

{]tbmKn-¡-s¸-«n-«p- v F¶v Ncn-{Xw.

162

F¶m ]p\Àc-N\ F¶ {]{In-b-bn-eqsS ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ Bß-

I-Y-IÄ hnc-f-amWv. Fgp-Xn-bXv Xncp- p-hm-\p-ff Ah-Imiw kzbw Gsä-

Sp-¡p-hm-\p-ff ss[cyw Im«n-b-hcpw Npcp-¡w. Fgp- n\pw hmb-\-bv¡p-

an-S-bn kw -hn-¡p¶ ]mT- n-\p-ta-ep-ff hyXn-bm-\-§Ä {]k-à-a-söv

Icp-Xp-¶Xp sIm-mhmw C§s\ kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]iv\-hÂIr-X-amb

CXn-hr-¯-§Ä¡v ta kzbw XoÀ¯ \ni-_vZ-X-bp-ambn Bß-I-Ym-

Ir-¯p-¡Ä injvS-Imew Pohn-¡p-¶p. `mh-\m-Xo-X-am-hWw Pohn-X-sa-

gp¯v F¶ \njvIÀj-bmWv {]iv\-§Ä¡v ASn-Øm\w. Xncp-¯p-hm-

\m-hm¯ hn[- n cmjv{Sob ]£-]m-Xn-Xz-§Ä {]I-Sn- n-¡p¶ Bß-

I-Y-I-sfbpw Cu hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸-Sp-¯mw.

BZys¯ Bß-IY ]cn-jv¡-cn¨v6 Fgp-Xp-hm-\p- -mb kml-Ncyw

\fn\n Paoe hnh-cn-¡p-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. : F´n-\m-Wn-§s\ ]cn-

jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xv? Hä-hm-¡n ]d-ªm GWn- -Sn-sbm-¶p-an-ÃmsX aq¶mw

\ne-bn-te¡v t\cn-s«- n-bXp t]mse-bmWv Ct¸m-gs¯ Bß-I-Y-bpsS

ØnXn. Rm³ Ib-dn-h¶ ]S-hp-I-sf- -änbpw AIvän-hn-Ìmhpw ap¼p-ff

Fsâ _e-§-sf- -än-bp-sams¡ IqSpXÂ hni-Z-ambn ]d-b-W-sa¶v F\n-

¡m-{Klw tXm¶n7. C{Xbpw \nco-£n- -tijw \fn\n Paoe ]dbp-¶Xv,

‘Hscmä Bß-I-Y-bn Hcm-fpsS FÃm HmÀ½-Ifpw D-m-hp-sa¶v {]Xo-

£n-¡-cp-sX-¶m-sW-\n¡v tXm¶p-¶Xv’ F¶mWv.

kmt¦-Xn-I-amb ]ng-hp-I-sf-¡mÄ \fn\n Pao-esb Ae-«n-bXv Xsâ

Pohn-Xs¯ {]Xn- -en- n-¡p-¶-Xn BZys¯ Bß-IY ]cm-P-b-s¸«p

F¶-XmWv. Gsd A[zm-\-sam¶pw CÃm-sX, hfsc efn-X-ambn Bhn-

jv¡-cn-t¡--Xà Xsâ A\p-`-h-§-sf¶v AhÀ¡v Dd-¸p- -m -bn-cp-¶p.

Itó s]m¡p-S\pw Bß-I-Y-bn Fgp-X-s -SmsX t]mb A\p- -h-§-

sf-¡p-dn¨v Jn¶-\m-bn-cp-¶p. ]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ¯-I³ F¶ {]Xn-Ñmb

163

efn-X-ambn NmÀ¯n-¡n-«nb H¶m-sW¶v AZv-tZlw Icp-Xn. ]cn-ØnXn

{]hÀ -\- n-te¡v F¯m-\p-ff \nc´c-amb t{]c-W-I-fm-bn-cp¶p Pohn-

Xs¯ \nÀW-bn- -Xv. AXn-te¡v F¯p-hm³ ]Xn¨p In«nb {]Xn-Ñmb

At±-ls¯ A\p-h-Zn- nà F¶-XmWv bmYmÀ°yw.

GW-n¸-Sn-I-fn-Ãm-sX, AYhm {][m-\-s¸« BJym-\-k-µÀ`-§Ä

Hgn-hm¡n cNn-¡-s¸« \fn\n Pao-e-bpsS IrXn-bpsS A\p-`hw Xs¶-

bmWv s]m¡p-Ssâ Bß-I-Ybpw t\cn-«Xv. hnti-jn¨pw Nne kw`m-j-

W-§-fpsSbpw eLp-Ip-dn- p-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-Øm-\- n X¿m-dm-¡-s -«-

XpsIm - mWv Cu A`mhw Gsd Zriy-am-b-Xv. NnX-dn-t¸mb HmÀ½-IÄ

ASp-¡n-sh v AXn\v A\p-_-Ô-ambn kmaq-ln-I-im-kv{Xw, kky-imkv{Xw

XpS-§nb sshÚm-\nI taJ-e-Isf ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-ff Ipdn- p-IÄ

Iq«ntN-À¯n-cn-¡p¶p. AXp-Iq-SmsX F³. {]`m-I-csâ hnkvXr-X-amb Ah-

Xm-cnI cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-lnI-hp-amb `n¶-]m-T-§Ä \nÀan v kwhmZ

km[y-X-IÄ Xpd-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p-- v.

Bß-IY Hcp kwhm-Z-]mTw

ZenXv Bß-I-Y-IÄ¡v ae-bm-f-¯n ]qÀÆ-am-Xr-I-IÄ CÃm-Xn-

cp¶ kµÀ`-¯n-emWv s]m¡p-Ssâ Bß-IY {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-

Xv. AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶ kwhm-Z-§-fpsS Zni-IÄ ]cn-ØnXn kw_-Ôn-

bmbn Npcp-§p-Ibpw Bß-I-Ybn D¶-bn-¡-s¸« CXc ]mT--§Ä¡v

sXfn¨w In«m-sXbpw h¶p. hnti-jn¨pw `qX-Im-em-\p-`-h-§-fpsS Ccp-

{]tZ-i-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm `n¶ hymJym-\-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-hp-

Itbm sNbvXp. \h-km-aq-ly {]Øm-\-§-fpsS hni-I-e-\-§Ä¡pw, ]cn-

ØnXn hmZ- nsâ hyh-Øm-]nX ssi-en-IÄ¡pw hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bm-

bn-cp¶p Cu ]pkvXIw F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xn AXn-i-tbm-àn-bn-Ã.

164

Iogmf/ZenXv ]T-\-§Ä¡v e`n¨ kzoIm-cy-Xbpw {]m[m-\yhpw

I-¡m-Sp-IÄ¡n-S-bn Fsâ Pohn-Xs¯ hyXy-kvX-ambn ImWp-hm³

H«-t\Iw t]sc t{]cn- n- p. cmjv{Sob Bß-I-Y-bv¡v apt¶m-Sn-bmbn sI.-

]n. djoZv \S- nb At\z-jWw \ne-\n¡p¶ ]T-\-§-fpsS ]cn-anXn

F´m-sW¶v Kuc-h-]qÀÆw hne-bn-cp- p¶p8.

kzXz-hm-Z -cm-jv{So-b- nsâ tZio-b-cq]w Im© sFe-¿-bpsS \nco-

£-W-§-fn \n¶v Is--Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p Ah-Xm-cn-Im-Im-c-\mb F³.

{]`m-I-c³. F¶m AXp-bÀ¯p¶ XmÂ]-cy-§-fpsS sshIm-cn-I-Xsb

kv]Àin-¨v, kmaq-lnI hni-I-e-\-¯nsâ coXn-imkv{Xw Ah-ew-_n-¡p-

I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

kmaq-lnI Pohn-X- nsâ Hmc-§-fn-te¡v amän-\nÀ -s -«-h-cpsS

AZr-iyX Ncn-{X- n-se-¼mSpw ImWm³ Ign-bpw-. Hcp ]pe-b\v Poh-N-cn-

{X-apt-m? F´v Poh-Ncn{Xw! FÃm-hcpw acn-¡p-Itbm A´-cn¨p t]mIp-

Itbm sN¿p-t¼mÄ N¯p-t]m-Ip¶ Nne P·-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v F´p ]d-

bm-\mWv F¶v NneÀ tNmZn-t¨-¡mw. Øncw kwim-bm-ep-¡-fm-b B

kplr-¯p-¡Ä¡v Rm³ ZoÀLm-bpÊv t\cp¶p9. Xsâ kmap-Zm-bn-I-

kzXzs¯ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-v N-cn-{X-¯nsâ kam-\hpw km[m-c-

W-hp-amb BJym-\-§sf hos--Sp-¡p-I-bmWv s]m¡p-S³. {]Y-an-I-ambn

Bß-I-Y-bpsS kwhm-Z-a-Þew shdpw km[m-cW a\p-jysc km¶n-[y-

ambn Dd-¸n-¡m-\p-ff {ia-am-sW¶v ]d-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

ImWp-¶o-tÃm-c-£-chpw

Fsâ hwi-s - än

ImWp-¶p- - -t\I hwi-¯n³

Ncn-{X-§Ä10

165

{]Xn-\n-[m-\-s -¡p-dn- p-ff Kuc-h-amb At\z-j-W-amWv Iogmf/

ZenXv/kv{Xo ]T-\-§sf kPo-h-am-¡p-¶Xv. Hcp hyàn, AsÃ-¦n kaqlw

BJym-\-§-fn Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s -Sp-¶-Xnsâ kz`mhw \nÀWm-b-I-amW.v

N¯pw sI«pw t]mIp-¶-h-cmbmWv htcWy BJym-\-§-fn Zen-XÀ Øm\-

s -Sp--¶-Xv. ASn-t¨Â]n-¡-s -Sp¶ PV-Xz-amWv Ch-bpsS s]mXp kz`m-

hw. -C- y³ PmXn-hy-hØ kzcq-]n¨ _lp-e-amb Ah-t_m-[-§Ä A[n-

Im-c-\n-jvT-amb LS-\sb t\cn-Sp-t¼m-gmWv C¯cw BJym-\-§Äv km[y-

amIp-¶-Xv. Cu hyh-lmcw Ncn{X kµÀ -§-fpsS krjvSn-bm-sW¶pw AXn-

eqsS Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv htc-Wy-cpsS BËm-Z-tem-I-§-fp-am-sW¶v

ImWmw. s]mbvI-bn A - sâ (1869þ1939) ap³]v kqNn- n¨ ]m«v CXn\v

hn]-co-X-amb A\p-`-h-a-Þ-es¯ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. Cu sshcp²yw

s]m¡p-S-sâ hm¡p-I-fn-eqsS ka-Im-enI cq]w BÀPn-¡p-¶p--v.

^yqU kmaq-ly-hy-h-Ø D¸m-Zn- n- , ]n¡m-e v Øm]\-

hÂIrX kz`mhw ssIh-cn¨ H¶mWv PmXn-hy-hØ F¶ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb

`uXnI hyJym-\t¯mSp hntbm-Pn-¡p-¶p--v ]e-L-«-¯nepw Cu Bß-I-

Y. A[n-Imc LS-\-bpsS ^yqUÂ kz`mhw am{X-aÃ, aX-]-chpw PmXo-b-hp-

amb am\-§fpw hni-I-e-\-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-¶p. F¶m ]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn XpS-

cp¶ sXmgn LS-\-bv¡pw Cf¡w X«p-¶p--v. P·n-þ-A-Sn-bm³ _Ô¯nsâ

hkvXp-Xm-]-c-amb kXy-§Ä am{X-aà Cu hn`m-K-§Ä¡n-S-bn D-m-bn-

cp¶ sshIm-cnI _Ô-§fpw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s -Sp-¶p.

Abn¯w F¶ kmaq-ln-Im-\p- hw ZenXv ]£- p-\n¶v t\m¡n-

¡m-Wp-¶-Xn adn-bm½ tNS¯n-bpsS Bß-I-Ym-J-Þhpw hf-sc-tbsd

apt¶m«p t]mIp-¶p-- v. PmXn-¡p-f-fnse B`y-´c hn`-P-\-§fpw Ah

X½n ]peÀ¯p¶ AI -bp-saÃmw C¡q-«- nÂs¸Spw. kmaq-lnI hn\n-

a-b-§-fpsS ASn- d PmXn-]-Z-hn-bp-ambn At`Zyw _Ô-s -«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Gä-

166

hpw Iogv\n-e-I-fn Pohn-¡p-t¼mgpw ]c-kv]-c-ap-ff CS-]m-Sp-IÄ B -cn-I-

ambn Npä-s¸« CS-§-fn am{X-am-bn-cn-¡pw. X§-fpsS apSn-sh-«n-bn-cp-¶Xv

kzk-ap-Zm-b-¡m-cm-bn-cp¶ kmw_-hÀ Bbn-cp-¶p-sh¶v adn-bm½ tNS¯n

HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-¶p-v. apSn sh«p-am-bn-cp-s¶¦nepw D¨-I-gn-ªm Ahsc

ho«n Ib-äp-am-bn-cp-¶nà F¶pw AhÀ tcJ-s -Sp- p-¶p. P·n X§-fpsS

IpSn-bm-·mÀ¡v hnti-jm-h-k-c-§-fn \ÂIp¶ B\p-Iq-ey-§-sf-¡p-dn v

hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv: ‘HmW-¯n\v c-v ]d-s\-Ãv, Hcp Ip¸n

shfn-s -®, \mgn D v, C{Xbpw P·n Xcpw. sI«n- p-hn« s]®n\pw k½m-\-

sam-- v. c-mw HmW-hm-Ip¼w P·o-sS-b-Sp¯v sNÃ-W¶m s\baw11’.

]qÀÆ-Im-e-¯nse {]Xm-]-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-ff Gäp-]-d-¨n-ep-IÄ Zen-

XÀ¡n-S-bn km[m-c-W-amWv. AXns\ km[q-I-cn-¡p-hm³ D]-bp-à-amb

IY-IÄ, an¯p-IÄ, Ncn-{X-I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä, \mS³]m«p-IÄ F¶n-h-sbÃmw

hym]-I-ambn {]N-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-v. F¶m ImÀjnI ASn-a-I-fnse `qcn-

]-£hpw ]pe-b-cm-bn-cp¶p F¶v \nco-£n-¡-s -Sp¶p12. s]m¡p-Ssâ HmÀa-

IÄ N-cn-{X-¯nsâ Adn-b-s¸-Sm¯ CS-§-fn-te¡v k©-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã.

Adnhpw A\p-`-hhpw ka-\z-bn-¸n-¡m-\p-ff {ia-¯n hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-

t¯mSv AXv kÔn-sN-¿p-¶p. Hcp ]t£ Xsâ Adn-hp-I-fpsS icn-I-sf-

¡p-dn- p-ff Zpxim-Tytam Ah-t_m-[tam Bhmw CXn\p Imc-Ww. \nÝ-e-

a-Ãm¯ Ncn-{X-amWv BJym-\- nsâ A´À[m-c.

aXw, cmjv{So-bw, ]cn-Øn-Xn, F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-s¨Ãmw kwh-Zn-¡p-

t¼m-gpw, Chsb Iogmf/ZenXv Pohn-X-t¯mSv _Ô-s -Sp- n-bp-ff Btem-

N-\-I-fmWv s]m¡p-S-tâ-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-§-fn-Ãm¯ Ncn-{X-L-«-§Ä C¯cw

BJym-\-§-fn-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶p. aX-]-cn-hÀ -\-s -¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-

t¼mÄ ssItdmWn A¨\pw S -td A¨\pw IS¶p hcp-¶p. Nnd-¡Â

]peb anj-s\-¡p-dn v kqNn- n v t]mIp-t¼mgpw AXn-eqsS Zen-XÀ¡n-S-bnÂ

167

D-mb Bß-hn-Im-khpw `uXn-I-am-ä-§-fp-amWv Bß-IY AS-bm-f-s -Sp-

¯p-¶-Xv. Xsâ IpSpw-_- n \n¶v {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn- -h-sc-¡p-dn v

]d-bp-t¼mÄ, `uXnI {]tem- -\-§-fp-ambn Zen-XÀ¡n-S-bn F¯p¶ anj-

W-dn-am-sc-¡p-dn v hnaÀi\cln-X-ambn tcJ-s -Sp- p-¶p. kwhm-Z-km-[y-X-

IÄ cq]-s -Sp- m³ C¯cw hnj-b-§-fn Bß-IY {ian-¡p-¶nà F¶-

XmWv {it²-bw. Zen-X-cpsS Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-§Ä kmaq-lnI Øm]-\-§-

tfmSv ]peÀ¯p¶ \nkw-K-X-bmWv ChnsS {][m-\-s¸« asämcp Imcyw.

tUm. {]Zo-]-³ ]m¼n-cn-¡p¶v ]pXn-b-Im-e- nsâ Bß-I-Ym-Jym-

\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ kmln-Xy-¯nsâ htc-Wy-aq-ey-

§Äs¡m¸w tNmZyw sN¿-s -Sp¶ ‘]cn-ip-²-amb Alw’. k¦-ev]-s¯bpw

hni-Zo-I-cn -¡p-¶p- v12. {]mam-Wn-I-§fpw Ncn-{X-h-gn-I-fn XpS-cp-¶-Xp-amb

Adn-hp-I-fpsS {]Jym-]-\-tc-J-I-fà Bß-I-Y-IÄ. AXv A\p- -h-§sf

Adn-hp-ambn ka-\z-bn- n-¡p¶ khn-tij aÞ-e-am-Wv. kmap-Zm-bn-Ihpw

Ncn-{X-km-l-Ncy§tfmSv _Ô-s¸«pw \nÀan-¡-s -Sp¶ LS-\-I-fm-Wv A\p-

-h-§sf hyXn-cn-à-am-¡p-¶Xv. F¶m Ah tcJ-s -Sp- p-¶-Xn ImWn-

¡p¶ sshhn-²y-§-fmWv ]pXnb Imes¯ Bß-I-Ym-JWvU-§-sf- khn-

ti-j-amb ]cn-K-W-\bv¡v AÀl-am-¡p-¶Xv F¶v ]d-bmw.

B[n-]-Xy-hy-h-Ø, AXns\ kwc-£n-¡p-hm³ X¿m-dm¡n \S- n-

em-¡p¶ AP---IÄ \nc-h-[n-bmWv. sImtfm-Wn-b iàn-IÄ am{X-a-

Ã, B`y- c sImtfm-Wn-b-en-Ìp-I-fmb htc-Wycpw X§-fpsS kmwkv¡m-

cn-I-þ-cm-jv{Sob Ip¯-Ibv-s¡-Xnsc Db-cp¶ sNdnb B{I-a-W§sf

t]mepw sNdp-¡p-¶-Xn Pm{KX ImWn- p. F¶m C´y-bnse Iogm-

fÀ AI-s¸« kµn-Kv[m-hØ Gsd Xo{h-am-bn-cp-¶p. kz´w kzmX-

{´ys¯ hne-a-Xn¨ {]t£m- -Im-cn-IÄ DbÀ¶ L«- n \ho-\-amb

Bßm-h-t_m-[- n-te¡v ChÀ {]th-in- p. CXv kw --hn- -Xv, kq£vahpw

168

Øqe-hp-amb \nc-h[n hn\n-a-b-§-sf AXn--Po-hn¨v kzbw Is- -Sp -¯X-p

sIm--mW.v kmwkv¡m-cnI k¦-cXzw (hybridity ) F¶ {]Xn-k-Ônsb

]qÀW-amb AÀ°-¯n adn-I-S-¡p-hm³ C´y-bnse Zen-XÀ C\nbpw

hfÀ¶n-«n-Ã.

{]mY-anI hnZym- ym-k-Im-e¯v shf-f-¡mÀ kv¡qfn hcp-t¼mÄ

henb BËm-Z-am-bn-cp¶p F¶m-Wv s]m¡p-S³ Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv. bYmÀ°-

¯n \mS³ khÀW-cpsS B`y- c lnwk-bm-bn-cp¶p Zen-XÀ t\cn«

Gähpw henb hn]-¯v. AXn-t\-¡mÄ kzoIm-cyhpw `uXnI hnIm-k-

¯n\v A\p-Kp-W-hp-amb Imcyw B[p-\nI hnZym- ym-k-am-bn-cp-¶p. C´y-

bn-se -Io-gm-fÀ¡pw, Zen-XÀ¡pw Ah-bn-te-¡p-ff {]th-i\w Zpjv¡-c-am-

bn-cp¶p F¶-Xt{X bmYmÀ°yw. kvIqfn t]mb-t¸mÄ D-mb amäw

s]m¡p-S³ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv :kvIqfn t]mhm¯ Ip«n-

IÄ Iq¼m-f-sIm-v \mWw ad-¨p. Nmf-bn-em-sW-¦n AXpw D-m-hmdn-

Ã. kvIqfn t]mhp-¶-tXm-Sp-IqSn hkv{X-[-m-c-W-¯nepw Pohn-X-¯n-ep-

sams¡ Hcp amäw A\p- -h-s¸«p XpS§n F¶p ]d-bmw. ]nd¶ \m«nÂ

A\y-cmbpw A[x-Ir-X-cmbpw Pohn-¡p-t¼mgpw FÃm a\p-jycpw Xpey-

cmWv F¶ t_m[w Iptd-sÈ-bmbn h¶p XpS-§p-¶Xv C¡m-e- mWv14.

B[p-\n-I-Xbpw ]mc-¼-cy-hpw, FÃm-¡m-e¯pw kwLÀjm-ß-

Iamhp-¶Xv H¶v \nÝ-e-X-tbbpw asäm¶v Ne-\m-ß-I-X-sbbpw {]Xn-\n-

[o-I-cn-¡p-¶Xp sIm-m-Wv. hntam-N\ IÀ¯r-Xz-§Ä cq]-s¸-Sp-¶, \nÀh-

lW iàn-bmbn amä-s -S-W-sa-¦n Hmtcm kap-Zm-bhpw B[p-\n-I-h-

Xv¡-c-W-¯n-te¡v {]th-in-t¡-- -Xp- - v. F¶m hn]-co-X-^-e-§Ä H¶p-

an-Ãm¯ Hcp {]{In-b-bmbn CXns\ ImtW--Xn-Ã. A[n-\n-th-i-t¯m-Sv

C´y-bnse Iogm-fcpw Zen-Xcpw ]peÀ¯p¶ ‘BSn¡-fn-¡p¶’ kao-]-\-

§Ä cq]-s -Sm³ {][m-\-s¸« Hcp Imc-Whpw Cu sshcp²yw Xs¶-

169

bmWv. Znen]v Fw. tat\m³ CtX-¡p-dn¨v \S- p¶ \nco-£Ww {it²-

b-am-Wv: ‘X§Ä¡v Iogmf ]Zhn am{X-a-\p-h-Zn-¡p¶ ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ

am[y-Ø- n-eqsS am{Xta AhÀ¡v A[n-\n-th-im-[p-\n-I-X-bn {]th-

i\w km[y-am-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p-f-fq. AtX-k-abw Xs¶, CtX B[p-\n-I-X-

bpsS klmbw sIm-mWv X§-fpsS A[x-Øn-X-Xz-¯nsâ Imc-W-§-

sf-¡p-dn-¨p-ff Adnhv AhÀ¡v Ic-K-X-am-hp-¶Xv15’. s]m¡p-S-\n hnZym-

`ymkw krjvSn-¡p¶ amä-§fpw Cu Bßm-h-t_m-[s¯ Dd-¸n-¡p-¶-

Xm-sW¶ Imcy-¯nepw Ccp-]-£-ap- -m-hn-Ã.

Cu Adnhpw A¡m-es¯ `uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-§Ä hne-bn-cp-¯p-

¶-Xn ImWn¨ kq£va-Xbpw s]m¡p-S-\nse cmjv{Sob t_m[hpw \ne-

]mSpw hnI-kn¸n¨p .kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw CÃm-¯-h-cpsS ]£w tNÀ¶

{]Øm-\-¯n AWn-tN-cp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p At±lw.F¦nepw Xsâ Df-

fn cq]-s¸« ktµ-l-§Ä hÀK-ho-£-W- nsâ hyh-Øm-]nX LS-\-

Isf AXn-ewLn¡p¶Xv ImWmw. CÃm-¯-hcpw Df-f-hcpw X½n-ep-ff

kacw F¶ hymJym\w A{]-k-à-am-¡p¶ CS-§-sf-¡p-dn- p-ff Bg-

¯n-ep-ff ]p\-cm-tem-N-\-I-fm-bn-cp¶p Ah. `qan¡v taep-ff Ah-Imiw

CÃm-Xm-b-Xv, A[n-Im-c- n \n¶v AIän \nÀ -s -«Xv XpS§n ASn-

Øm-\-]-c-amb {]iv\-§sf At±lw hni-I-e\w sNbvXp.

s]m¡p-S³ ]d-bmsX t]mb PohnXw tIc-fob kwhm-Z-¯nÂ

A{]-k-à-sa¶p s]mXpaÞew Icp-Xp¶ {]ta-b-amWv. PmXn-hy-h-

Øbpw AXnsâ hyh-lmcw aqe-ap--m-Ip¶ A]-am-\-ho-I-c-Whpw hyXy-

kvX-am-\-§-fp-ff lnwk-I-fp-am-WXv. Hcp ]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ -Isâ ImgvN-

¸m-Sn Npäp-]m-Sp-Isf hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn¡pw

kmap-Zm-bn-I-þ-cm-jv{Sob ho£-W- n-eqsS \S- -s -Sp¶ hni-I-e-\-§Ä.

PmXn-bpsS t]cn A\p-`-hn¨ ]oU-\-§Ä Gsd-bp- - v. AsXm¶pw

170

hnkvX-cn- p-]-d-bm³ Rm³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶n-Ã. s\dn-sI« Imew A§s\

Xs¶ t]mbva-d-bs«16. F¶m Xm³ ]d-bm³ hn«p-t]mb Imcy-§Ä

]n¡m-e¯v ià-ambn DbÀ¯n-¡m-«p-hm³ At±-l- n\p Ign-ªn-«p-

- v. kmaq-lnI _e-X-{´-§-fn kmap-Zm-bn-I-kzXzw \nÀWm-b-I-am-sW-

¶pw, AXn-Po-h-\- nsâ Hmtcm hgn-I-fnepw `oj-W-cq-]-t¯msS ]Xn-bn-

cn-¡p¶ AXnsâ hn\n-ab hyh-Ø-Isf A{]-k-à-ambn ImWm-\m-hn-

söpw At±lw Xncn- -dn-ªp.

tIc-f- nsâ hnI-k\ kwkv¡mcw Zen-Xp-I-fpsS Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-

I-fn G¸n-¡p¶ {]l-c-§Ä sNdp-X-Ã. km[m-cW P\-§Ä¡vtaÂ

\S- n-em-¡p¶ Cu \oXn-s¡-Xnsc ‘CÃm- -h’sâ ]£w- tNÀ¶v kwkm-cn-

¡p¶p-v s]m¡p-S³. AXn-ep-]cn Cc-I-fm-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-hÀ Zen-X-cm-sW-¶p-

ff hkvXp-Xbpw At±lw ad¨p-sh-¡p-¶nÃ17. I--Âs¨-Sn-IÄ sh¨p-]n-Sn-¸n-

¡m³ XpS-§n-bXp Xs¶ {Kma- nse sNdn-b-Ip-«n-I-fpsS kpc-£bv¡v th-n-

bm-sW¶ kqN-\- \ÂIp-¶p--v. AXm-bXv; {Kma-¯nsâ AXnÀ¯n-IÄ

kwc-£n-¡p¶ ]mcn-Øn-XnI e£y-t¯m-sSm¸w Xsâ Npd-dp-]m-Sp-I-fnse

a\p-jyÀ t\cn-Sp¶ {]Xn-k-Ôn-I-fmWv s]m¡p-S-\nse ]cn-Øn-Xn-hm-Znsb

\nÀan- -sX-¶À°w. hnI-k-\- nsâ \o¡p-t]m-¡n-Ãm¯ `c-W-IqS AP-

--Isf hnaÀin-¡p-t¼m-gpw AXn\v hnt[-b-cm-Ip-¶-h-cpsS {]Xn-k-Ôn-Isfbpw

s]m¡p-S³ e£yw sh¡p-¶p. a\p-jy\pw {]Ir-Xnbpw X½n-ep-ff A`n-

¶X Xs¶-bmWv \ne-\n-ev]nsâ ASn-Øm\w F¶ Xncn- -dn-hm-Wn-Xv.

A]-l-cn-¡-s¸« CS-§Ä

cmjv{So-bhpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb hyh-lm-c-a-Þ-ew, AXnsâ

Ccp- {]tZ-i§Ä F¶n-h-sbms¡ hn]p-e-amb AÀ°-¯n s]m¡p-

Ssâ Bß-I-Y-bn NÀ¨ sN¿-s -Sp-¶n-Ã. F¶m Ch-sb-¡p-dn- p-ff

]cm-aÀi-§Ä Ahn-S-hn-sS-bmbn ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. ‘PmXn’ AXnsâ hnhn-

171

[-cq-]-§-fn-eqsS hn\n-abw sN¿p¶ ktµ-iw Cu BJym\w Xncn- -dn-

bp¶p. X§-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ PohnXw Cu kmaqly Øm]-\- nsâ {`a-

W-]-Y- nsâ IWn-i-X-IÄ¡p-f-fn sRcn-ª-a-cp¶p F¶XmWv B

Xn-cn- -dn-hv.

kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Bß-I-Ym-Im-csâ Xnc-sª-Sp-¸pIÄ¡v taÂ

Fgp-Xm-\p-ff Ign-hn-Ãmbva hÃm-s¯mcp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bmbn ChnsS cq]-

s¸-Sp-¶p--v. Ae-¦m-c-c-ln-X-ambn Imcy-§Ä ]d-bp-¶-Xnsâ Imc-Whpw

asäm-¶-Ã. F¶m Hcp kq£va \nco-£-Isâ A\-\y-Xbpw kmaqln-I-

im-kv{X-Úsâ ss[j-Wn-I-Xbpw H¯p-tN-cp¶ kµÀ`§fpw CÃm-Xn-

Ã. asämcp Pohn-X-I-Y-sb-¡p-dn- p-ff Btem-N-\-I-fm ]n´n-cn- n-¡-s -«-

Xp-amImw BJym-\- nse hni-Zmw-i-§Ä. ]pXnb Ime- nsâ hntam-N-

\m-ß-I-amb Df-f-S-¡s¯ hyh-Øm-]nX kwhm-Z-§-fn \n¶v ASÀ¯n

AXns\ kzXzm-[n-jvTnXw B¡p-hm-\p-ff {iaw IqSn-bmbn CXns\ ImWm-

hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

tUm.]n.-sI.t]m¡À C{]-Im-c-sa-gp-Xn: PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-¯n-

sâbpw AXn-cp-IÄ¡-¸pdw k©-cn-¡m³ tamln-¡p¶ Hcp a\-ÊmWv

F¡m-e¯pw s]m¡p-S³ {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. F¶m PmXn-hy-h-Ø-

bpsS ]oUm-ßIhiw HmÀ¯p-sIm--mWv s]m¡p-S³ kz´w `qX-Im-e-

s¯-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. `qX-Im-e¯n X§Ä \S-¶p-\o-§nb

kmwkv¡m-cnI ]cn-kcw hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-sIm-v kzbw Xncn- -dn-bm-

\mWv kao-]-Im-e v kzXzm-t\z-j-W- n-teÀs¸« cN-bn-Xm-¡-sfÃmw {ian-

¡p-¶-sX¶pw ]n.-sI. t]m¡À hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p--v.

Bß-IY-m-km-l-nXyw thdn« AXnsâ BJym-\-§-fn-eqsS Øm]n-

¡p-¶Xv Fgp-¯p-Im-c-sâbpw AhÀ DÄs¸-Sp¶ kap-Zm-b-¯n-sâbpw

172

{]iv\-§-fm-sW¶mWvv CXnsâ AÀ°w. Ah-K-Wn-Xcpw N-cn-{X- nsâ

]pd-t¼m-¡p-I-fn Øm\-s¸-«-h-cp-am-bn-cp¶ X§Ä¡v shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-

hm³ Nne-Xp-v F¶ kqN-\-bmWv Ch \ÂIp-¶-Xv. kzbw \mhm-bn-

s¡m- v X§-sf -¡p -dn¨v ‘]d-b’ -s¸« IY-Isf A]-\nÀan-¡p-I-bmWv

CXnsâ e£yw. kuµ-cy-X-e-¯n IrXn-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v

AkzØ-X-bp- -m-¡p¶ C¯cw CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ {]Xn-\n-[m-\-¯nsâ

cmjv{Sobw sIm-v Ncn-{X-¯n km[q-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. sI.-sI. sIm¨nsâ

\nco-£-W- nÂ, Bß-I-Y-IÄ Xnc-kvIrX PohnXw \nhÀ¯nsh¨ q]-

S-§-fm-Ip-¶Xv Hcp N-cn{XL«-¯nsâ BJym-\-am-Ip-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv19.

s]m¡p-Ssâ cmjv{Sob Bß-I-Y-bpsS BJym-\-¯nsâ tI{µ-{]-tZiw

Ncn-{X-k-µÀ`-§-fpsS ]cn-W-m-a-§fpw AXv hyàn-]-chpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-

hp-amb _e-X-{´-§-fn CS-s]-Sp-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-am-Wv.

hÀK-kz-Xz- n \n¶pw kmap-Zm-bnI kzXz- n-te-¡p-ff ]cn-Wmaw

km[y-am-¡p¶ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hgn-IÄ Fs´m-s¡-bm-sW¶v ]cn-tim-[n-

t¡--n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. X§Ä ASn-bp-d¨p hniz-kn-¡p¶ {]Xy-b-imkv{X/

cmjv{Sob Øm]-\-§Ä¡v kw -hn¨ hyXn-bm-\-§Ä am{X-aà Cu amä-

¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\w. A\p-`h-§fpw BJym-\-]m-T-§fpw X½n \ne-

\n¡p¶ hn -P-\-§Ä DbÀ¯p¶ ktµ-l-§Ä CXn {][m-\-s -«-

Xm-Wv. uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-§Ä \ÂIp¶ XoÀ¸p-Isf AXn-ew-Ln-¡p-hm³

{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§Ä km[m-cW P\-§sf klm-bn-¡p-sa-¦nepw

hntamN\w B{K-ln-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v ap³]n \nc-h[n km[y-X-IÄ Xpd-¡-

s¸-Sp¶p-v. cmjv{Sob {]Øm-\-§-fn-ep-ff Ahn-iz-mk-s¯, kzXz-cm-

jv{So-b¯n-eq-sS-bpw, \h-km-aq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§-fn-eq-sSbpw adn-I-S-¡p-hm³

Zen-XÀ \S- p¶ ka-c-§Ä Cu AÀ°-¯n-emWv hmbn-¡-s¸-tS- - -Xv.

‘Fsâ cmjv{Sob PohnXw’ F¶ Bß-I-YmJym\¯n-eqsS s]m¡p-

173

S³ \S- p¶ k©m-c-§Ä hÀK-kz-Xz- n \n¶v hntam-Nn- n-¡s¸«

Zen-XÀ t\cn-Sp¶ {]Xn-k-Ôn-I-fmWv. tUm.-_n.-B-À.-Aw-t_-Zv¡À¡v Cu

]pkvXIw kaÀ¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS hyà-amWv At±l-¯n D-mb amä-

§Ä. ]cn-Øn-Xn-{]-hÀ -I-\mbn am{Xw Adn-b-s -Sm³ CjvS-s -Sm¯

Ct±-lw, P\m-[n-]-Xy-tI-c-f-¯nsâ Ac-\q-äm-v ]n¶n« Ncn{X¯nsâ

km£n-bmWv. A[n-Imcw ]e-X-c- n-ep-ff Poh-n-Xm-h-Im-i-§Ä Zen-XÀ¡v

\ÂIp-¶p-s--¦nepw ASn-Øm-\-]-c-amb amäw, C¶pw hnZqc¯m-sW¶

kXyw s]m¡p-S³ Dd-¸n¨v ]d-bp-¶p-- v.

s]m¡p-Ssâ kwLÀj- -cn-X-amb cmjv{Sob Poh-nXw Htc-k-abw

P·n-¯-t¯bpw apX-em-fn-¯t¯bpw FXnÀ¯p-sIm---m-bn-cp¶p apt¶-

dn-b-Xv. c-p-hn-[-¯n-ep-ff {]t£m-`-§Ä¡pw Zen-XÀ k¶-²-cm-tI--n -

bncp-¶p. ‘PmXn-’]-chpw ‘hÀK-’]-c-hp-amb Iogmbva F¶ Cc« ØnXn-hn-

tijw A\p-`hnt¡-n h¶-hÀ Zen-Xp-IÄ am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ

]mÀ«n-bpsS Bi-b-]-chpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb ]²-Xn-I-fn Ch c-n-

s\bpw s]mXp i{Xp-hm-¡p¶ Hcp \ne-]m-Sp-an-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. hÀK-]-Z-hn-bn-

ep- -m -Ip¶ amäw kmaq-ln-I-kz-Xz¯nepw hyXn-bm\w D-m-¡p-sa-¶m-

bn-cp¶p ssk²m-´nI \ne-]mSv. AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶ kmaq-lnI ]cn-

jv¡-c-W-s¯-¡mÄ Du¶Â cmjv{Sob hn¹-h-¯n-\m-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw

Iayq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ iTn- p. CXn \n¶v IpX-dn-am-dm³ \S- nb bXv\-§Ä

s]m¡p-S³ Xsâ Bß-I-Y-bn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p--v. cmjv{Sob t\Xr-

Xz-§-fp-am-bp-ff CS-¨n-ensâ XpS-¡-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p--v.

Gtgmw sIme-t¡-knsâ hnNm-c-W-¡m-e v Xe-tÈ-cn-bn sh v

\S¶ Hcp kw -h-amWv CXn {][m-\-s -«-Xv. PmXn-tb-X-c-ambn Nn´n-¡p-

¶-hÀ F¶v \Sn-¡p-¶-h-cnepw F§s\ hnth-N-\-§-sf-¡p-dn- p-ff kq£va

hn\n-a-b-§Ä ]pd- p-h-cp¶p F¶v shfns¸Sp¯p¶-XmWv kµÀ`w.

174

‘Imªn-c\pw s]m¡p-S\pw B dqan InS-t¶ms«’ F¶v XÀ½-

e¸ ]d-ªp. ‘AsX´m At¸«m A§s\ ]d-ª-Xv, R§Ä¡v \n§-

fpsS IqsS InS-¶q-sS?. R§Ä thsd Xs¶ InS-¡-tWm? Rm\-bmsf

tNmZyw sNbvXp. AXn-\mcpw adp-]Sn ]d-ªnÃ.

‘hm kJm-th, \ap-¡v B dqan-te¡v t]mImw’ F¶p ]dª Rm³

Imªn-ct\bpw Iq«n Cd-§n.

‘\½Ä c-p-t]-c-tÃ-bp-f-fq, \osb-´n\m sImf-fn-hm¡v ]d-ª-Xv’?

Imªn-c³ Fsâ hm¡n-t\m-Sp-ff CjvS-t¡Sv Xpd¶p ]d-ªp.

t\Xm-¡fpw Rm\p-am-bp-ff BZys¯ CSÀ¨ ChnsS XpS-§p¶p20.

Xpey-X-sb-¡p-dn -¨p -ff Nn´-IÄ¡-¸pdw {]mtbm-Kn -I-ambn

]peÀ¯p¶ AI -IÄ Cu A\p- -h-t¯m-SpIqSn s]m¡p-S³ Xncn- -

dn-bp-I-bm-Wv. AXn-\p-ap¼v kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb hyàn-Xz-§sf P³an¯

hyh-Ø-tbmSv tNÀ v AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p¶ {KÙ-Im-c³ Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-

tbmSpw PmXnsb ASp-¸n¨v \nÀ¯p-¶p. kmap-Zm-bn-I-amb AkvXn-Xzw,

`uXn-Im-kv]-Z-§-fpsS ]n³_-e- n CÃm-Xm-Ip-sa¶ {]Xo-£-bv¡mWv

Ct¸mÄ Xncn- Sn t\cn-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A{]-[m\ KW-am-bn, kmÀh-eu-In-

I-Xsb iI-eo-I-cn-¡p¶ {]Xn-`m-k-ambn PmXnsb AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯nb

Nn´m-]-c-amb hg-¡-§Ä Hcp {]Xn-k-Ôn-bmbn s]m¡p-S-\n cq]-s -«p.

Cu cmjv{Sob Bß-I-Ysb ap³t]m«pw ]nt¶m«pw Ne-\m-ß-I-am-¡p¶

tI{µ-{]-tZ-i-ambn Cu kµn-Kv[m-hØ amdp-I-bm-Wv.

‘I-¡m-Sp -IÄ¡n-S --bn Fsâ PohnXw’, ioÀjIw kqNn- n-¡p--

¶-Xp-t]mse {]Ir-Xnbn \n¶v A`n-¶-\m-Ip¶ s]m¡p-Ss\ Bhn-jv¡-

cn-¡p-¶p. B {]ta-b- n\v ]n¶nÂ, HmÀa-I--fpsS AScp-IÄ¡p-f-fn Hgn-

hm-¡m-\m-hm¯ km¶n-[y-§-fmbn Zen-X-cpsS a\p-jym-\p- -h-§Ä IS-¶p-

175

h-cp-¶p--v. F³.{]`m-I-c³ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse, temIs¯ t\À¡p-

t\sc kao-]n-¡p-hm\pw {]Ir-Xn-bnse sNdp-Xp-I-sf-sbÃmw kvt\ln-¡p-

hm\pw BZ-cn-¡p-hm\pw hmb-\-¡msc t{]cn- n-¡p¶ Hcm- -cnI ssNX\yw

Cu IrXn -¡p - v21. F¶m {]t£m- -Im-cn-bpsS hyXykvX apJ-§Ä, \ne-

]m-Sp-IÄ F¶nh cmjv{Sob Bß-I-Y-bn CSw t\Sp-¶p. amdn-h-cp¶ ae-

bm-fn- `mhp-I-Xz- nsâ Znim-kq-Nn-bmbn CXns\ hne-bn-cp- m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

apJy-[mcm cmjv{Sob ]mÀ«n-IÄ¡v ]pd-¯p-ff At\z-j-W-§Ä,

XoÀ¨bmbpw ]p-Xnb kmaq-ln-Im-\p- -h-§-fpsS ]n³_-e- n-em-bn-cn¡pw

hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xv. At\Iw hn -P-\-§Ä t]dp¶ hyàn-bpsS Bhn-jv¡m-

c-§fpw A\p- -h-§-fn \n¶v ap-à-am-bn-cn-¡n-Ã. H«-\--h[n t]mcm-«-§Ä¡v

t\XrXzw \ÂInb Iayq-WnÌv {]-Øm-\- nsâ Cuän-Ã-amb I®q-cnÂ

\n¶v Xs¶-bmWv s]m¡p-S³ hnaÀi\w DbÀ¯p-¶Xv F¶-XmWv {it²-

bw. CS-Xp-]-£hpw AXn-\p-tijw Xo{h CS-Xp-]-£hpw \nÀan¨ kmaq-

ln-I-a-Þ-e- n AZr-iy-h¡-cn-¡-s¸« kmap-Zm-bnI AkvXn-Xz-§sf

hos--Sp-¡p-¶ {]{Inb IqSn-bmWo hnaÀi-\w. khn-ti-j-Xbpw A\-\y-

Xbpw kzXz¯nsâ \nÀW-b-t\m-]m[n BIp-¶-Xp-t]m-se, PmXn F¶

km-aq-ly-Øm--]-\-s¯bpw Cu Bß-IY ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶p.

ZenXv Bß-I-Y-I-fpsS Gähpw \Ã amXr-I-bmbn ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-

J-c³ Itó s]m¡p-Ssâ Bß-I-Ysb tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p--v. AXn\v

Nne Imc-W-§Ä IqSn-bp-s-¶v At±lw Nq-n -¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p; ‘Bß-

IY F¶ D-]cnhÀK kmln-Xy-cq-]s¯ Iogm-f-\mb s]m¡p-S³ Xsâ

A\p- h \nth-Z-\- n-\mbn kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw Zen-Xsâ kmaq-ln-I-Øm-

\hpw cN-\m-Øm-\hpw ]p\À\nÀh-Nn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p’22. F¶mÂ

`mjm-]-chpw BJym-\-]-c-hp-amb hyXn-cn-à-X-bmWv Cu ]pkvX-Is¯

ZenXv kmln-Xy- nsâ anI¨ DZm-l-c-W-am-¡p-¶-sX¶pw At±lw \nco-

176

£n-¡p-¶p--v. ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ AhXm-cn-Im-Im-c\pw ]¦p-sh-¡p¶ KpW-

§-fn {][m-\-s¸«Xv `mjm-]-c-amb hyXy-kvX-bm-sW¶pw ImtW---

X p - - v . ‘A¨Sn `mj-bpsS Nn«-IÄ¡pw an\p-k-s -Sp- -ep-IÄ¡pw ]qÀW-

ambn hg-§n-s¡m-Sp- n-cp¶ H¶-Ãm- , PmXn-bp-sSbpw {]tZ-i- n-sâbpw

ap{Z-IÄ \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w am\-I- m-j-tbmSv ASp¸w ]peÀ¯p-

I-IqSn sN¿p¶ hyXn-cn-à-amb tNcph’ F¶m-Wv F³.-{]- m-I-c³ CXns\

hnebn-cp-¯p-¶-Xv.

{]mà-\-hpw s]mXp-[m-c-bn \n¶v thdn-«-Xp-amWv ZenXv kzXzhpw

`mjbpw F¶Xv \ne-\n¡p¶ {]_-e-amb k¦-ev]-am-Wv. AXn\v

]n³_-e-ta-Ip¶ ]T-\-§-fpw ZenXv ]£¯p \n¶p- -m -bn-«p- - v . Ihn-

bqÀ apc-fn-bpsS ZenXv `mj (1999), ZenXv kmlnXyw (2001) XpS-§nb

IrXn-IÄ ]¦p-sh¡p-¶Xv Cu \ne-]m-SmWv. `mjbv¡v AXnsâ kmap-

Zm-bnI/Ncn{X AkvXn-Xz-ap-s-¶v ]d-bp-t¼mgpw AXnsâ Ne-\m-ß-I-

Xbpw hnIm-khpw BÀ¡pw Ah-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. F¶m ZenXv kmln-

Xyw auen-I-ambn D]-PmXn/ PmXn `mjm-t`-Z-§ÄsIm-v Bhn-jv¡-cn-

¡-s -«-Xm-bn-cn-¡Ww F¶ imTyw ]peÀ¯p-hm³ Ign-bn-Ã. Xf¨n« CS-

§-fn \n¶p-ff hntam-N-\-amWv ZenXv kmln-Xy- nsâ e£yw.

{]ta-b- n am{X-aà Bhn-jv¡mc ssien-bnepw AXv kzoI-cn-

¡p¶ `mjbnepw hntamN\mßIamb LS-I-§Ä D-m-h-W-sa¶v B{K-

ln-¡p-¶p. Ime-t¯mSv kwh-Zn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXnsâ {]mà-\-amb hyXn-

cn-àX `mj-bn-ep--m-h-W-sa¶v \njvIÀjn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. ZenXv Bß-I-

Y-I-fn-eqsS temI-t¯mSv kwh-Zn- hÀ Npäp-]m-Sp-ap-ff amä-§Ä¡v hnt[-

-b-cm-Wv. AhÀ amdnb temIt_m[s¯ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw B[p-

\nI bpàn-t_m[w kzmb-¯-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cm-Wv. Nne-cm-h-s«,

D¶X hnZym- ymkw t\Sn, kmaq-ln-I-ambn DbÀ¶-]-Z-hn-bn-se- n-b-h-cp-

177

am-Wv. C¡m-c-W-§ÄsIm-p Xs¶ `mjm-h-t_m[w Ah-cn \nÀan-¡p-

¶Xv B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS `mhp-I-Xz-am-Wv. khÀW/a[y-hÀK hmb-\-¡msc

Cu am\-I-ssien ( standard style) Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶n-Ãm-bn-cn-¡mw.

ZenXv Bß-I-Y-IÄ \nÀan¨ C¯cw Bhn-jv¡mc {]Xn-k-Ôn-

IÄ \ho-\-amb kwhm-Z-§Ä kmwkv¡m-cnI/kmlnXy ]T-\-§-fnÂ

krjvSn-¨n«p-s-¶ Imcy-¯n XÀ¡-an-Ã. F¶m Ne-\m-ß-I-am-hm-\p-

ff km[y-X-Isf H«msI \ntj-[n -¡p¶ kao-]\w Zpcq -l-amb

kmwkv¡mcnI ka-ky-IÄ DbÀ¯n-hn-Sp-¶p. ]mc-¼-cy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p-

t]m-cp¶ kwkmc ssien-IÄ, {]mtZ-in-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶ ]Z-§Ä

F¶n-h-sbÃmw C¯cw BJym-\-§-fn kar-²-ambn ImWmw. AXv thdn«

Pohn-X-hy-h-Ø-tb-bpw, A\p-`-h-J-Þ-§-sfbpw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

F¶m FÃm-¡m-e-t¯¡pw Xp-S--cm-hp¶ Hcp ssien-bmbn Zen-XÀ Chsb

kzoI-cn¡Wsa¶pw anI-hnsâ am\-ZÞw CXm-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶pw, Dff

hnaÀi-\- k-ao-]-\w, apJy-[m-c--bn \n¶v Zen-Xsc IqSp-X AIän \nÀ¯p-

¶-Xnt\ {]tbm-P-\-s -Sq.

Xsâ kzXzs¯ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯m-\p-ff \nc-´-c-{i-a§fpsS Pb

]cm-P-b-§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw hyà-amb kqN-\-IÄ Bß-

I-Y- \ÂIp-¶p--v. ss{]a-dn-kvIqÄ Pohn-Xw, P·n-bpsS Iogn-ep-ff ]Wn-

b-\p-`-h-§Ä, ss{IkvXhaX-h¡-c-W-t¯mSv ]peÀ¯nb \nÀaa-X,

]mÀ«n cmjv{So-b- n-\p-f-fn krjvSn¨ Iem-]-§Ä, kmap-Zm-bnI {]hÀ -

\-§-fpsS PoÀW-X-bvs¡-Xnsc kzoI--cn¨ \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ, HSp-hn ]cn-

ØnXn {]hÀ -\-§-fn-eqsS \nÀan¨ Iogmf {]Ir-Xn-b-h-t_m[w F¶n-

§s\ hyXykvX aÞ-e-§-fn Xsâ PohnXw F§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-

¶mWv s]m¡p-S³ CXn hc- n-Sp-¶-Xv. hntbm-Pn- p-I-fpsS I\- - mcw

t]dnb At±-l-¯nsâ ]cm-P-b-§fpw Xpd¶p ]d-bp-¶p. apJy-[mcm

178

cmjv{Sob {]Øm-\-§-tfmSv ]peÀ¯nb AI¨ F{]--Imcw Xsâ {]hÀ-

¯-\-§sf {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n¨p F¶pw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p-- v.

tIc-f- nse ZenXv kwhm-Z-§Ä apJy-[mcm km¶n-[y-ambn amdnb

kml-N-cy- n-emWv s]m¡p-Ssâ kzXzm-Jym\w ]pd- p-h-¶Xv F¶Xv {it²-

b-am-Wv. AXp-hsc t\m«p-_p-¡n NnX-dn-¡n-S¶ A£-c-§Ä ]pkvX-I-cq-]-

¯n-se- n-¡p-¶-Xv, ]pXnb kml-N-cy- nsâ IqSn krjvSn-bm-sW¶v Icp-

Xm-hp-¶-Xnsâ \ymbo-IcWam-Wn-Xv. kmaq-ly-k-µÀ -§-tfmSv A\p-tbm-Py-

amb hn[- n {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-hm³ tIc-f- nse Zen-XÀ {]m]vXcm-sW¶

kqN-\bpw CXv \ÂIp-¶p. ]n.-sI.-cm-P-ti-J-c³ C¡mcyw Nq-n-¡m-Wn- n-

«p--v. hmkvX-h- n ZenXv Bß-I-Y-I-fpsS \nÀanXn C¯cw KpW-]-c-

amb kml-N-cy-§-fpsS IqSn krjvSn-bmWv F¶v ImWmw.

‘I-¡m-Sp -IÄ¡n-S -bn Fsâ PohnXw’ {]ta-b-tI-{µ-sa¶

\nebv¡v Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p¶ ]cn-ØnXn {]hÀ¯\w At±-l-¯nsâ

Gähpw hÀ -am\Ime apJ-am-Wv. AXm-b-Xv, Bß-IY qX-Im-e- nsâ

BJym-\-amIp-t¼mgpw kwth-Z-\k-µÀ`w e£yw sh¡p-¶Xv hÀ -am-

\-Im-e-s¯-bmWv F¶À°w. ka-Im-en-I-Xsb Dd-¸n-¡p-hm³ HmÀa-I-

fpsS ]pcm-ti-J-cs¯ D]m-[n-bm-¡p-¶p. s]m-¡p-S³ F¶ ]cnØnXnhm-

Zn-sb, HmÀa-I-fn-eqsS krjvSn-¡p-t¼mÄ A\n-hm-cy-amb kµÀ`§-fmWv

]g-a-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-ff tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄ FÃmw Xs¶.

Im© sF-e-¿-bpsS Rm³ F´p-sIm-v Hcp lnµp-hà (Why I am

not a Hindu ) F¶ ]pkvX-Is¯ hne-bn-cp- p¶ kµÀ`¯nÂ, Zen-X-

cpsS kzXz-Øm-]-\-amWv s]mXpsh Bß-I-Ym-]-c-amb IrXn-IÄ e£yw-

sh-¡p-¶-sX¶v Fw.-F-kv.-F-kv ]mÞy³ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p-v23. PmXn-bn-eq-

sS, PmXn-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fn Du¶p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv CXv km[y-am-Ip-

¶-sX¶pw At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. s]m¡p-Ssâ Bß-I-Ybpw kzXz-Øm-]-\-

179

¯n\v D]m-[n-bm-¡p¶ Bhn-jv¡mc coXnbpw CXn \n¶v hn`n-¶-a-Ã.

F¶mÂ, PmXn ]pe-b-cp-sSþ Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-Isf kqNn- n-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah-

cpsS ]mc-¼-cy-s¯bpw AtXm-sSm¸w B[p-\n-I-X-tbbpw tcJ-s -Sp- m-\p-

ff {iaw ImWmw. CXn-\À°w, kzXzw \nÀan-¡- -Sp¶ Ncn-{XkµÀ -§-

tfmSv \oXn- ]p-eÀ¯p-hm³ bXv\n-¡p-¶p-v F¶m-Wv. ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-tbmSv

Bi-¦-IÄ ]¦p-sh-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w `qX-Imew AhÀ¡v ta \S- p¶

kmwkv¡m-cnI hn\n-a-b-§-f-¡p-dn¨pw {KÙ-Im-c³ t_m[-hm-\m-Wv.

Bß-I-Y-bpsS hyh-Øm-]nX cq]-§-fpw, AXv cNn-¡p-¶-bm-fpsS

kmaq-lnI ]Z-hnsb kw-_-Ôn- p-ap-ff [mc-W-Ifpw XInSw adn-¡p-hm³

s]m¡p-Ssâ Bß-I-Ybv¡v Ign-bp-¶p-.v AXm-bmXv Bß-I-Y-I-fpsS Xs¶

Hcp A]-c-ambn Cu {KÙs¯ ImWmw. kIew AYhm ka-{KX F¶

cq]- n \n¶v iIew F¶ Bhn-jv¡m-c-- n CXv Nph-Sp-d- n-¡p-¶p.

‘Bß-I-Y-bnse `qX-I-Y-\-§Ä {ian-¡p-¶Xv IÀ¯m-hn-s\bpw IÀ¯r-Xz-

s -bp-sams¡ kw_-Ôn¨ \½psS \nÀh-N-\-§sf ]n³]-äm-\-Ã, adn v

XInSw adn-¡m-\mWv’24 F¶ \nco-£Ww {]k-à-am-Ip¶ kµÀ -an-Xm-Wv.

A\p- -h-§Ä, am{X-aà Adn-hp-Ifpw ]¦p-sh-¡p¶ am[y-a-ambn Xsâ

Pohn-X-I-Ysb s]m¡p-S³ I-p F¶-XmWv bmYmÀ°yw. Xm³ {]Xn-\n-

[m\w sN¿p¶ kmaq--ln-I-hn- m-K-§-fpsS Adn-hp-IÄ¡v s]mXp k½-Xn-

bp--m-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶nà C¯cw B-Jym-\-§-fn-eqsS At±lw Dt±-in-¨-

Xv. \ne-\n¡p¶ kwth-Z\ aÞe-s¯ ]nfÀ¯p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p e£yw.

‘kaq-l- nsâ ASn- -«n Pohn-¡p-¶-hÀ hm¡p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn v XpS-

§p-t¼mÄ Adn-hn-sâbpw A\p- -h- n-sâbpw ]pXp-tem-I- n-eqsS’ hmb-

\-¡mÀ IS-¶p-t]m-Ipw F¶mWv At±-l- nsâ {]Xo-£. hm-¡p-IÄ¡v

kaq-l- nsâ ta krjvSn-¡m-\m-hp¶ A]-cn-ta-b-amb iàn-sb-¡p-dn-

¨pf ZrV-amb hnizm-k-amWv CXn\v ]n¶n-ep-f-f-Xv.

180

Bß-I-Ym-]m-T-¯n-eq-sS, kmaq-ln-I-þ-cm-jv{Sob hnaÀi-\-¯nsâ

km[y-X-I-fn-te¡v A[n-Isam¶pw s]m¡p-S³ {]th-in-¡p-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ

hos- -Sp -¡-s¸-tS- Nne CS-§-fp-s-¶v Pm{K-X-tbmsS tIc-fob kaq-

ls¯ t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¡p-¶p--v AXv. \K-c-h¡-c-W-¯nsâ

B{Ia-tWmÂkpIamb ]m¨n-en-\n-S-bn ]nfÀ¶p t]mIp¶ a®n--s\-

¡p-dn¨v AXv thh-em-Xn-s¸-Sp-¶p. BZÀ-ihpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-hp-sa¶

\nebv¡v Iayq-Wn-k- nsâ s]mXp-k-½-Xn-sb-¡p-d-n v kwibw {]I-Sn- n-

¡p-¶p. PmXn-kz-Xz-s -¡p-dn v ]d-bp¶ GXp-hm¡pw kmwkv¡m-cn-I- a-

Þ-es¯ aen-\-am¡pw F¶ B[n-]-Xy-[m-c-Wsb ss[cy-]qÀÆw AXv

tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p. ‘B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS XpS-¡- n ASÀ¶p-t]mb Nne

{]tZ-i-§sf hos--Sp¡p-hm-\p-ff {ia-amWv CsX¶ Fw.-_n. at\m-Pnsâ

\n-co-£Ww25 AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p¶ hkvXp-Xbpw asäm-¶Ã.

ae-bm-f- nse ZenXv Bß-I-Y-I-fpsS s]mXp-{]-ta-b-ambn \jvS-

s¸«p t]mIp¶ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Xmf-`w-K-§Ä IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p--v. Hcp ]t£

`qc-ln-X-cm-sW-¦nepw `qan-bpsS ssP--h-hyhØ-bp-ambn Gähpw ASp¸w

]peÀ¯p¶ kmaq-lnI hn`m-K-am-WtÃm Zen-XÀ. Ah-cpsS ssZ\w-Zn\

Nn -Ifpw temI-t_m-[hpw CXn \n¶v- `n¶-ambn \ne-\n¡p-¶n-Ã.

kz´w lrZ-b-Xmfw t]mse Bkzm-Zy-hpw, Bi-¦-s -Sp- p-¶-Xp-ambn qan-

sb-¡p-dn- p-ff ]d- n-ep-IÄ Bß-I-Y-I-fn Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s -Sp-¶p.

F¶m hn`-hm-[n-Im-c-¯nsâ Imen-I-amb ]cn-t{]-£y-§sf

DÄs¡m-f-fp-hm³ Ch- Im-Wn-¡p¶ Pm{K-X-I-fmWv {][m-\w. `qk-a-c-§-

fpsS cmjv{So-bs¯ DbÀ¯n--s¡m-p hcp-¶-Xn \nÀWm-bI ]¦p-h-ln-

¡m³ Bß-I-Y-I-fn-eqsS cq]-s¸« kwhm-Z-§-Ä klm-bn-¨n«-p-s-¶ Imcy-

¯n kwi-bn-t¡-- -Xn-Ã. Ah-Ø-I-fpsS ØnXn-hn-h-c-¡-W-¡p-IÄ

181

t]mse {][m-\-am-WtÃm A\p- -h-§-fpsS cmjv{So-b-hpw. kzXz-cm-jv{So-b-

¯n-sâ, hn]p-e-amb k¦-ev]\-§-fn H¶mb {]mXn-\n-[yw, hn -hm-[n-Im-

c-hp-ambn At -Zy-ambn _Ô-s -«n-cn-¡p-¶p. tIc-f- n ‘`qan’ Hcp kwhm-

Z-tI-{µ-am-Ip¶ ]Ým- -e- n ]pXn-b-hm-b-\-IÄ¡v km[yX \ÂIp¶

IrXn-I-fn-sem-¶mWv I-¡m-Sp-IÄ¡n-S-bn Fsâ Pohn-Xw. AXv Ncn-

{X- nsâ ]nfÀ¸p-I-sfbpw Zbm-cm-ln-Xy-s¯bpw hnNm-c-W-sN-¿p-hm-\p-ff

t{]cW \ÂIp-¶p--v. asäm-¶v, Im¸-\nIXbn \n¶v hntamNn¸n¨v

]cn-Øn-Xn-hm-Zs¯ a®n Dd- n¨p \nÀ¯p-hm-\p-ff ià-amb ZenXv

CS-s]-S-embn Cu IrXnsb ]cn-K-Wn-¡mhp-¶-Xm-Wv. s]m¡p-S³ Fgp-Xn-b-

t]mse hm¡p-IÄ¡v ] -a-®n-sâbpw ] -ao-\n-sâbpw ]pXps\Ãn-sâbpw

aWw hcp-t¼mÄ AXv F{X-ta hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn¡pw F¶ Xncn- -dnhv

\ÂIm³ Cu Bß-I-Y-bv¡m-hp-¶p.

Fsâ cmjv{Sob PohnXw (A--{]-Im-in-Xw), Nq«m¨n , ]pg-Po-hn-I-sf-

¡p-dn- p-ff s]m¡p-Ssâ HmÀ½-IÄ (2010) F¶o {KÙ-§-sfms¡ At±-l-

¯nsâ kmwkv¡m-cnI CS-s]-S-ep-Isf IqSpXÂ Kuc-h-t¯msS At\z-

jn-¡m³ t{]cn- n-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. ao³ aW-¡p¶ ]pkvXIw F¶v Nq«m- n-

bpsS FUn-ä-dmb B\-µ³ ]n. Fgp-Xp-t¼mÄ, kmln-Xy- n kw -hn¨

kwth-Z-\-]-c-amb ]nfÀ¸p-I-sfbpw AXv kqNn- n-¡p-¶p. ZenXv kuµ-cy-

imkv{Xw krjvSn-¡p¶ \ho-\X AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p-¶-tXm-sSm- w, {]Xn-

\n-[m-\-¯nsâ cmjv{So-bhpw hnI-kn-¡p¶p F¶mWv Cu amä-¯nsâ

AÀ°w.

182

Pm\p: \h kmaq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§Ä \ho\ IÀ¯rXz§Ä

B[p-\n-IXm hnaÀi\w cq]-s¸-Sp-¯nb {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-amb

kµnKv[XIÄ kmaq-lnI {]Øm-\-§Ä¡v hyXy-kvXhpw \ho-\-hp-amb

apJw \ÂIn. apJy-[mcm {]Øm-\-§-tfm-Sp--mb Ahn-izmkw am{X-am-

bn-cp-¶n-Ã Cusbmcp {]{In-b¡v B¡w Iq«n-b-Xv. kmÀh-eu-In-I-ambn

tkmjy-enÌv Bi-b-§Ä¡pw `c-W-Iq-S-hy-h-Øbv¡pw D-mb inYn-

eo-I-cWw tIc-f- nepw Gsd {]Xn- -e-\-§Ä krjvSn- p. ss[j-Wn-I-

ambn CS-Xp-]-£-¯n-\p--m-bn-cp¶ taÂt¡mbva \ne-\n¡p-t¼mgpw

Ahbv¡v ]gb coXn-bn XpS-cm-\m-hn-sö AhØ h¶p. CXns\

apJy-ambpw adn-I-S-¡p-hm³ ]pXnb kwhmZ hnj-b-§Ä krjvSn-¨p-sIm-v

km[y-am-Ip-sa¶v CS-Xp-]-£s¯ Hcp hn`mKw Icp-Xn. F¶m adp-]-

£-am-Is« IqSp-XÂ Pm{K--X-tbm-sS, ‘]mc-¼cy aqey-§sf’ cmjv{Sob

Nn -bn Dd- n¨p \nÀ -W-sa¶ hmZw DbÀ¯pI-bmWv sNbvXXv26.

Fgp-]X-p-I-tfmsS tIc-f- n DbÀ¶p h¶ ]mÀiz-hÂIr-X-cpsS

hyXy-kvX-amb ka-c-§Ä¡v kzXzm-[n-jvTnX aqey-a-Þ-e-§-fp--m-bn-cp-

¶p. `uXn-Im-kv]-Z-§-fmb Bh-iy-§Ä apt¶m-«p-sh-¨p-sIm--mWv Ch

hnI-kn- -sX-¦n-epw, Ahbv¡v ]n¶nse t{]c-W-IÄ hn`n¶ kmaq-lnI

hn`m-K-§Ä¡n-S-bn cq]-s¸« Akz-Ø-X-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. CXv tIc-f- nse

s]mXp-[mcm {]Øm-\-§Ä Ah-K-Wn- p. k¯m-hm-Z-]-c-amb Npcp-s¡-gp-

¯p-I-fn-eqsS ssk²m-´n-I-amb hnL-Sn-¸p-Isf t\cn-Sm-s\¶ hymtP-\-

bmWv CS-Xp-]£w Cu {]iv\-§sf t\cn-«-Xv. kmln-Xy-a-Þ-e-¯nÂ

\ho\ hnj-bn-IÄ {]th-in-¡p-t¼mÄ ]peÀ-¯nb Bi-¦-I-fpsS

BhÀ¯-\-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. BZn-hmkn `qan-{]iv\w, aÕy-s¯m-gn-em-fn-

I-fpsS khn-ti-j-amb Bh-iy-§Ä, {]Ir-Xn-Nq-j-W-¯n\pw hnI-k-\-

hym-tam-l-§Ä¡pw FXnsc ]cn-ØnXn hmZn-IÄ DbÀ¯nb ka-c-§Ä,

183

kv{Xohm-Zn-IÄ apt¶m-«p-sh¨ khn-ti-j-amb kzXzm-[n-jvTnX apt¶-ä-

§Ä FÃmw ISp¯ FXnÀ¸ns\ t\cn-«p. ChcpsS Bh-iy-§Ä¡v

]n¶n \ne-\n¡p¶ hkvXp-\njvT bmYmÀ°y-§sf ]qÀW-ambpw

Ah-K-Wn- p. Imcy-\nÀh-lW tijn-bn-Ãm¯ hn`m-K-§-sf¶v ap{Z-Ip- n-

b-hsc DÄs¡m-f-fm-\m-hm¯ hn[w Cu bmYm-Øn-Xn-IX hfÀ¶p. Cu

kµÀ - n \ho\ At\z-j-W-§-fpsS kam- -c-h-gn-IÄ tIc-f- nÂ

hnI-kn-¨p-sIm- - n -cp -¶p.

Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ Cu kml-N-cy-s -¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xp-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-

amWv: ]p¯³ kmaq-lnI {]Øm-\-§-fpsS Bi-b-tem-I v \n¶v DuÀPw

kw`-cn-¨p-sIm-v knhn kaq-l-¯nsâ aÞe-¯n \n¶v DbÀ¶p-

h¶ c-v ka-c-[m-c-I-fmWv aÕy-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw BZn-hm-kn-I-

fp-sSbpw {]t£m- -§Ä. \ne-\n¸nsâ uXn-Ihpw ss\Xn-I-hp-amb {]Xn-

k-Ôn-I-fmWv Cu {]Øm-\-§Ä¡v ]ndhn \ÂIn-bXv27. k¼-Zvim-kv{X-

]-c-ambn tIc-f-hn-I-k-\- am-Xr-Ibv¡v ]pd v \n¡p-¶-h-cmWv Ch-sc¶pw

At±lw ]d-bp-¶p.

tIc--f-¯nse BZn-hmkn `qk-acw Gähpw Xo{h-amb L«-¯nÂ

AXns\ \bn¨ t\Xm-hmWv kn.-sI. Pm\p. ]e-t¸mgpw \nÀh-lm-I-Xz-

¯nsâ A`m-h-¯m BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS ap³\n-c-bn CXc {]Øm-\-

§fpw hyàn-Xz-§-fp-sam-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶-XmWv N-cn{Xw. khn-ti-

j-amb BJym-\-cq-]-am-bn-cp¶p BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡v Fgp- p-ImÀ \ÂIn-

bn-cp-¶-Xv.- \n-jv¡-f-¦cpw, BÀ¡pw Ffp¸w hnt[-b-s¸-Sp¶ Adn-hn-Ãm-

¯-h-cpw, {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn ]W-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-h-cp-ambn AhÀ AS-bm-f-

s -«p. F¶m ChÀ Xt±-in-b-cm-sW¶pw bYmÀ° `qan-bpsS DS-a-I-fm-

sW¶pw CS-X-S-hn-ÃmsX DZvtLm-jn-¡-s -«p. Úm-\-]-chpw {]mtbm-Kn-

I-hp-ambn B[n-]Xyw t\Snb hn`m-K-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Dd-¸n-s¨-Sp¯ Cu

184

k¦-ev]-\-§-fpsS {]Nm-c-IÀ.

BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡v FÃm B]- p-Ifpw hcp- n-sh- Xv \njv¡-f-

¦-X-bm-Wv. FhnsSbpapff BZnhmknIfpsS Ncn{Xw I]-S-tem-I- n-em-

ßmÀ°-amb Hcp lrZ-b-ap- -m-b-Xp-sIm-v ]cm-P-b-s¸«p t]mb-h-cpsS

Ncn-{X-am-sW¶v28hsc ]d-ªp-sh¨p BJym-\-§Ä. X§fn-ep-ff kzm`m-

hnI ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ¡v kzbw sImSp-t¡-n h¶ hne-bmWv Zpcn-X-]qÀ®-

amb BZn-hmkn PohnXw F¶mWv CXnsâ AÀ°w. \nÀtZm-jhpw BZn-

hm-kn-I-fpsS D¶-a-\hpw Bbn-cp¶p Cu BJym-\-§Ä¡v ]n¶n-se-¦nepw

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Hcp IÀ¯rXz-ambn Chsc k¦-ev]n-¡m-\m-hm-¯-Xnsâ

CÑ-IÄ CXn ImWmw. X§-fpsS ‘]cn-K-W-\’bv¡pw ‘kvt\l-’¯n\pw

hnt[-b-s¸-tS- -h-cmWv ChÀ.- A-Xp-sIm- -p -Xs¶ BZn-hmkn {]iv\w

X§-fp-tS-Xp-Iq-Sn-bm-sW¶v Icp-Xp-¶-h-cpsS Hcp \nc DbÀ¶p h¶p.

s]mXp-t_m-[-¯n Dd-¨p-t]mb C¯cw k¦-ev]-\-§sf AXn-

hÀ¯n-¡p¶ kzXz-{]-Jym-]-\-§Ä cq]-s -Sm³ ]ns¶bpw Ime-sa-Sp- p.

kmaqly {]hÀ¯-I-cp-sSbpw k¶-²-kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw hnf-\n-e-amb

hb-\m-«n BZn-hmkn Pohn-X-¯nsâ {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ am{Xw cq£-am-

bn. 1960 IfpsS HSp-hnÂ, kmbp[ hn¹hw kz]v\w I- \Ivk-sse-äp-

IÄ hÀKo-knsâ t\Xr-Xz- n kwL-Sn- -Xn-\p-tijw hb-\m-«nse BZn-

hm-kn-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ, cmjv{So-b--amb DWÀhp-IÄ A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-cp-¶p.

ASn-a-th-ebpw \nÀZ-b-amb ]oU-\-§fpw BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡n-S-bn cq£-

am-b-t¸mÄ BWv hÀKokv {]iv\- n CS-s]-«-Xv. I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n

A[n-Im-c- n-en-cp-¶n«pw hb-\m-«nse BZn-hmkn hf-fn-bqÀ¡m-hnse DÂk-

h-]-d-¼n ASn-a-bmbn ssIamäw sN¿-s -Sp-Ibpw Iqen-In-«msX \c-In-

¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶ -A-hØ29bmbn-cp¶p \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. F¶m `c-

W-Iq-S- nsâ ià-amb ASn- -aÀ -en-eqsS Cu apt¶-ä-§Ä XI-cp-I-

185

bpw, ]n¶oSv \Ivk-sseäv {]Øm\w Xs¶ inYn-e-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k- n-s\-Xn-sc-bp-ff sNdp¯p \nev]v apXÂ, B[n-

]-Xy-k-aq-l-¯nsâ CÑ-IÄ¡v hnt[-b-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cm-bn-cp¶p hb-\m-«nse

BZn-hm-kn-IÄ. B[p-\nI P\m-[n-]Xy tIc-f- n-em-h-s«, \nc- -c-ambn

XpS-cp¶ IpSn-tb-ä-§-fn-eqsS kz´w a®-nÂ\n¶pw Bhmk hyh-Ø-

bn \n¶pw A\y-h¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cmbn ChÀ amdn. `c-W-Iq-S-§-

fpsS \nÀZm-£n-Wy-amb Ah-K-W-\-IÄ, ho-pw Hcp DbnÀs¯-gp-t¶Â]n-

\p-ff km[yX \ÂIn. apJy-[mcm cmjv{Sob {]Øm-\-§-tfmSv hntbm-Pn-

¨p-sIm--p-Xs¶ X§-fpsS Bh-iy-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m-\p-ff {]m]vXn

BZn-hmkn t\Sn-sb-Sp¯p. F¦nepw Nqj-W- nsâ Xocm-ap-J-§Ä hns«m-

gn-bp-¶-Xnsâ e£-W-§-sfm¶pw ImWm-\m-hp-¶n-Ã.

kq£vahpw Øqe-hp-amb \nc-h[n {]t£m-`-§Ä BZn-hm-kn-I-

fpsS Ncn-{X- n ImWm-\m-hp-sa-¦nepw kzXz-t_m-[- n A[n-jvTn-X-

amb apt¶äw kn.-sI. Pm\p-hnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-f-f-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. ka-c-cq-

]-§-fn \nÀan¨ ]pXpa am{X-am-bn-cp-¶nà ChcpsS apt¶ä-§sf hyXy-

kvX-am-¡n-b-Xv. B[p-\nI P\m-[n-]Xy LS\-tbmSv FXnÀ¯pw kÔn-

sNbvXpw D -b-hy-h-Ø-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Cu {]t£m- -§-f-{Xbpw apt¶m«v

t]mb-Xv.

{]t£m-`-§-fn-eqsS BÀPn¨ {]Xn-Ñm-bbpw tIc-f-¯nse apJy-

[m-cm-k-aq-l-¯nsâ ]n´p-W-bpw, e`n-¨-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv kn.-sI. Pm\p-

hnsâ Bß-I-Y-bpsS ]nd-hn. CXv kqNn- n-¡p-¶-Xv, hmb-\m-k-aq-l- nsâ

kzoIm-cyX F¶Xv Pm\p-hn\pw _m[-I-amWv F¶mWv. aebm-f- nse

{][m-\-s¸« {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fn H¶mb `mjm-t]m-jn-Wn-bn A¨-

Sn¨v hcn-Ibpw30 ]n¶oSv ]pkvX-I-cq-]-¯n-em-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

186

‘BZn-hmkn’ {]Xn-Ñm-bbpw bmYmÀ°yhpw

am[ya \nÀanX {]Xn-NvOm-bIfneqsS, kmaq-ln-I-amb Ne-\m-ß-

I-Xbv¡v thKw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-t¼mgpw Ah-bn-eqsS krjvSn-¡-s¸«

hyànsb tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-¡p-¶Xv ]Xn-hm-Wv. kzm`mhn-I-ambn Dd-

¸n-¡-s¸« AkvXnXz¯n \n¶pw ASÀ¯n-am-ä-s¸«v \nc-h[n KpW-§-

fp-ff Bf-Xz-ambn hyàn amdp-t¼m-gmWv CXv kw -hn-¡p-¶-Xv. ChnsS

s]mXp-t_m-[- nsâ A`n-cp-Nn-IÄ¡pw DZm-c-X-IÄ¡pw hnt[-b-amWv Cu

hyàn. AhÀ¡v ta NmÀ¯p¶ Ae-¦m-c-§Ä s]mXp-t_m-[-ambn Dd-

¸n-¡-s -«-Xnsâ BhÀ -\-ambn amdp-¶Xpw bmZr-NvOnI-a-Ã.

‘\njv¡-f-¦-X’, ‘\nc-£-c-Xzw’ XpS-§nb KpW-§Ä BZn-hm-knsb

kw_-Ôn-¨v, KpW-aq-ey-am-Ip-¶-Xnsâ ck-hn-Zy-bmWv ]cn-tim-[n-¡-s¸-tS-

--Xv. tN¡m«v Icn-b³ Pm\p F¶ kn.-sI.-Pm-\p-hnsâ am[y-a-\nÀanX

hyànXzw Cu KpW-§sf Af-hnÃmsX ]pI-gv -s -«-Xn\v ZrjvSm- -am-

Wv. A¡m-es¯ am[y-a-\nÀanX ]cn-em-f-\-IÄ, C¯cw KpW-§sf s]cp-

¸n¨p ImWn-¡p-¶-Xn Pm{KX ImWn-¨p. _u²n-I-tijn s]mXpsh

AwKo-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ, BZn-hm-kn-¡v, AXv ]nt¶m-«-Sn- n-¡p¶ LS-I-ambn

amdp-¶p. F¶m Cu {]Nm-c-W-§Ä¡v ]n¶nse khÀW A`n-cp-Nn-

Isf adn-I-S-¡p-hm³ kn.-sI. Pm\p-hn\p Ign-ªp. AXnsâ {]Xy-£-]m-

T-amWv Pm\p-hnsâ sNdp-sX-¦nepw kwhm-Z-ti-jn-bp-ff Bß-I-Y.

Adn-hnsâ (knowledge) ]c-¼-cm-KX \nÀh-N\w, \nc-h[n kmaq-

ly-þ-kmw-kv¡m-cnI LS-I-§Ä DÄt¨À¶ Úm\-k-ap-¨b-am-Wv.

temIs¯ amän adn-¡p¶ Nme-I-i-àn-bmbn ]cn-hÀ¯n-¡-m-\p-ff hn[zw-

k-IX kzbw Hfn-¸n¨p sh¨ {]mtbm-KnI aÞ-e-hp-am-W-Xv. Adnhpw

A\p- -hhpw ka-\z-bn- n-¡p¶ CSw F¶v hnti-jn- n¡mw CXn-s\. ae-

bm-f-¯nse ZenXv Bß-I-Y-I-fn C¯cw Adn-hn-sâbpw A\p-`-h-¯n-

sâbpw ka-\z-b-]m-T-§Ä Is--¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

187

IÀ¡-i-ambn XpS-cp¶ kmaq-ly-hn-e-¡p-IÄ, hn«p-am-dm¯ A]-

IÀj-X-IÄ, IpSn-tb-ä-¡m-cp-sSbpw A[o-ihn`mK-§-fp-sSbpw lnwk-IÄ,

hnZym- ym-k-an-Ãm-bva, sXmgnÂ]-c-amb ASn-a¯w XpS§n BZn-hm-kn-IÄ

C¶pw Xo£vW-amb A\p- -h-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv IS¶p t]mIp-¶-Xv. a\p-

jy-cm-bn-t¸mepw Ahsc ]cn-K-Wn-¡m³ aSn-Im-«p-¶-XmWv B[p-\n-I-k-

aq-l- nsâ \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ. ]cn-jvIrX P\-X-bpsS ap³hn-[n-IÄ lo\cpw

Ign-hn-Ãm-¯-h-cp-ambn BZn-hm-kn-Isf AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. BÀPn-X-

amb Adn-hp-IÄ¡pw A\p- -h-§Ä¡p-an-S-bn {]Ir-Xn-bn \n¶p-ff

]mT-§Ä A{]-k-à-am-Wv. ]pXn-b-Im-es¯ k¦-ev]-\-§Ä¡v ]cp-h-

s¸-Sm¯ PohnX ho£-W-§Ä AhÀ¡p-ap- - v.

tIc-f-¯nse BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-

ambn Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ff hkvXp-X-IÄ {]m[m\yw AÀln-¡p-¶p.

Hcp kmaq-lnI hn`mKw F¶ \nebv¡v AhÀ BÀPn-s¨-Sp -t¡-

sFIyhpw cmjv{So-b-amb iànbpw CÃm-Xm-¡p-hm³ ]cym-]vX-amWv Cu

]cn-an-Xn-IÄ.

1991 se sk³kkv {]Imcw tIc-f- nse BZn-hmkn P\-kwJy

1.03 iX-am\w BWv, AXm-bXv 320967. Ch-Xs¶ ap -Xn¸cw tKm{X-

§-fmbn hn`-Pn-¡-s¸« Ah-Ø-bn-em-Wv. Gähpw henb tKm{X-hn-`m-K-

amb ]Wnb kap-Zm-b- n t]mepw BsI Fgp-]-Xn-\m-bncw t]tc-bp-

f-fq. Nne-h-bpsS kwJym_ew Bbn-c-¯n Xmgtb-bp-ffq F¶pw Nq-n-

¡m-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p31. Hmtcm tKm{X-hn- m-K-§fpw H¯p-tNÀ¶p-ff Bhm--

k-hy-h-Ø-bà krjvSn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-f-f-Xv. Ah tIc-f-¯nsâ ]e `mK-§-fn-

te¡v NnX-dn-¡-s -«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu {[pho-I-cWw cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-ln-

I-hp-amb apt¶-ä-§sf Akm-[y-am-¡p¶ kwKXn-bm-Wv.

188

hkvXp-Xm-hn-h-c-§Ä, A{]-k-à-am-sW-¦nepw BZn-hmkn PohnXw

sshhn-²yhpw kmwkv¡m-cn-I-ambn thdn«p \n¡p¶ A\p- -h- q-]-S-hp-

am-Wv. F¶m A[oi kwkv¡m-c- m \nÀh-Nn-¡-s -Sp¶ GsXmcp

Iogmf aÞ-e-¯n-sâbpw ]cn-anXn CXn-\p-ap-- v. ]e-t¸mgpw hyXn-cn-à-

amb kzXz-t_m[w {]I-Sn-¸n-¨v, apt¶-dm³ Ign-bm-¯-Xn\v Imc-Whpw

B[n-]-Xy-hn-`m-K-§-fpsS lnwkm-ß-I-X-bm-Wv.

{]t£m-`-§-fpsS I-Ybv¡v ]pd¯v

BZn-hmkn `qk-acw tIc-f- n ià-amb kµÀ - n-emWv kn.-

sI. Pm\p-hnsâ ‘Pohn-X-IY’ hmbn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. F¶m A¡m-e-¯n\v

A\n-hm-cy-amb {]iv\-ta-J-e-I-fn \n¶v ]men-¡p¶ \ni-_vZ-X-bn-eq-sS-

bmhpw Cu BßIY {it²-b-am-hp-¶-Xv. `c-W-Iq-Shpw apJy-[mcm

cmjv{Sob {]Øm-\-§fpw XpS-cp¶ h©-\m-]-c-amb BZn-hmkn hncp-²-

X-bvs¡-Xn-sc-bm-bn-cp-¶tÃm BZn-hmkn {]t£m`w cq]-s -«-Xv. F¶mÂ

Xnc¡v \ndª {]t£m-`-Po-hnXw Bß-I-Y-bn Akm-¶n-[y-ambn

amdp¶p. CXmWv Cu Pohn-X-]p-kvX-Is¯ kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-

hm³ t{]cn- n-¡p¶ kwK-Xn.

Pohn-Xw, `qX-Im-e-ambn Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw

kw`-hn-¡p¶ ]cn-an-Xn-bmbn ImtW---Xnà Cu A`m-hw. HmÀa-I-fn-eq-sS-

bp-ff {ZpXk©mc-§Ä¡n-S-bn X¸n-sb-Sp¯ A\p- -h-§-fpsS kzm`m-

hn-I-X-bmWv CXnsâ khn-ti-j-X. t_m[-]qÀhw krjvSn-¡p¶ amXrIm

PohnXw BJym-\- n \n¶v AIew ]men-¡p-¶p. ChnsS {it²-b-amb

asämcp hkvXp-X, cmjv{Sob kzXz- n-\p-ta Xsâ kmaq-ln-I-kzXzw Dd-

¸n-¡-W-sa¶ B{Klw kn.-sI. Pm\p-hn\v Ds-¶p Xs¶-bm-Wv.

tIc-fob s]mXp-a-Þ-e-¯m BtLm-jn-¡-s¸« hyàn-bm-bn-

cp¶p kn.-sI. Pm\p32. ]uc-k-aq-l-hpw hyh-Øm-]nX cmjv{Sob-t¯mSv

189

hnap-J-X- ]p-eÀ¯n-b-hcpw Gsd ]n´p-W¨ hyàn-Xzw. kaqlw BZn-

hm-kn-I-tfmSv ]peÀ¯p-¶ {Iqchpw \nµy-hp-amb {]hrÀ¯n-Ifn hntbm-

Pn-¸p-ff hen-sbmcp hn`m-Kw kn.-sI.-Pm-\p-hnsâ {]t£m-`-§sf {]Xo-

£-tbm-sS-bmWv I--Xv. tIc-fob kaqlw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¡-cn-¡-s¸-

Sp-¶-Xnsâ XpS-¡-ambn CXv amdp-sa¶v AhÀ {]Xym-in- p. hn -hm-[n-Im-

c-¯n\p th-n-bp-ff {]t£m-`-§-fmbn ZenXv Fgp-¯p-ImÀ Chsb

I-Xv {]iv\-¯n\v ssk²´nI-am\w \ÂIp-¶-Xn klm-bn-¨p. Ncn-

{X- n-te-¡p-ff _ln-jvIr-X-cpsS Xncn- p-h-c-hm-bmWv kn.-sI.-Pm-\p-hnsâ

t\Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-ff sk{I-«-dn-tb-än\p ap¶n 47 Znhkw \o-p-\n¶

‘IpSnÂsI«n’ kacw AS-bm-f-s¸-«Xv33.

Pm\p-hnsâ Bß-I-Ym-]m-Tw, Gsd NÀ -sN-¿p-¶-Xn \n¶pw BtLm-

jm-ß-I-amb hyànXzw XSÊw sNbvXp F¶v Icp-Xm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. asämcp

Imcyw, {]t£m- -Im-cn-bmb Hcp Pm\p-hns\ am{Xw `mh\ sN¿p¶ kaqlw

\ne-\n-¶n-cp¶p F¶-Xm-Wv. Ahsc Xr]vXn-s -Sp- m-hp¶ BJy-\-X-{ -

§Ä Pohn-X-I-Y-bn hn\y-kn-¡p-¶-Xn Bß-I-Ym-Imcn ]cm-P-b-s -«p.

kmaq-ly-amb {]Xo-£-Isf k -e-am-¡m³ ]cym-]vX-amb IYm-hn-Im-k-

¯n \n¶pw Pm\p-hnsâ ]d- n-ep-IÄ apJw Xncn-¡p-¶p.

`mkv¡-c-\m ]IÀ¯n-sb-Sp¯ Pohn-X-I-Y-bpsS hymh-lm-cnI

Xew BZn-hmkn Pohn-X-¯nsâ hyXy-kvX-I-fn IpSp-§n-¡n-S-¡p-¶p.

{]t£m`Im-cn-bpsS hyànXzw AXn-\p-f-fn ]cn-an-X-s -Sp- p-t¼m-gpw,

]IÀ¯n-sb-gp-¯p-Im-csâ ho£W§Ä IqSn {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶p- - v .

IÀ¯r-Xz-]-c-ambn DbnÀs -gp-t¶Â¡p¶ kmaq-ln-I-hn- m-K- nsâ t\Xr-

Xz-¯n-ep-ff Hcm-sf¶ \nebv-¡Ã Pm\p-hnsâ PohnXw hc-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

F¶m ]IÀ¯n-sb-gp-¯p-Im-csâ BapJ Ipdn¸v AXnsâ kqN\

\ÂIp-¶p-ap-- v. tIc-fob kaq-l-¯nsâ s]mXp-[m-c-bn-te¡v {]th-in-

190

¡m-\p-ff Xo£vW-amb ka-c-iàn Pm\p-hn-ep-s-¶v `mkv¡-c³ Xncn-

-dn-bp-¶p. ]\-h-Ãn-bn kn.-sI. Pm\p-hnsâ hoSn-cn-¡p-¶Xv It¿ä `qan-

bn-em-Wv. `mkv¡-c³ Fgp-Xp¶p: AXv tIc-f-¯nsâ cmjv{Sob iàn-

¡p-ta Hcp BZn-hmkn kv{Xo \S- nb It¿äw IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p. Pm\p

Ct¸m-Ä Xm-akn¡p¶Xv Hcp It¿ä `qan-bn-em-Wv. ]\-h-Ãn-bnse Ip¶v,

AsX It¿-dnb Ip¶v34.

ae-bmf kmln-Xy- m-h-\bv¡v ta Pm\p-hnsâ Bß-IY \S- p¶

‘It¿-ä’- n-sâ kqN-\-IqSn Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bn \n¶v hmbn-s -Sp-¡m-

hp-¶-XmWv. Bß-I-Ym-]mTw Htc kabw IÀ¯m-hnsâ Bhn-jv¡m-c-am-

hp-t¼mÄ Xs¶ hmb-\-¡m-c-\n-te¡pw AXv hnhn[ ]mT-§Ä hn\n-abw

sN¿p-¶p--v. CXv kq£va-ambn hni-I-e\w sN¿p-t¼mÄ kmaq-ln-I-hn-

aÀi-\- nsâ cq]w {]m]n-¡p-¶p.

_ln-jvIr-X-cmb kmaq-lnI hn`m-K-§Ä X§-fpsS kzXz-{]-Jym-

]-\-¯n-eqsS \S-¯p-¶Xpw s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯nsâ A[o-i-Xz-¯n\v taep-

ff It¿äw Xs¶-bmWv. hkvXp-h¡cn¡-s¸-«Xpw aäp-f-f-h-cnÂ

IuXpIw DWÀ¯p-¶-Xp-amb BZn-hmkn kzXzw A{]-Xy£-am-bn-cn-

¡p¶p. ImÂ]\n-I-hpw `mh-\m-\nÀ½n-X-hp-amb A¯cw BJym\ hyh-

lm-c-§sf {]Xn-k-Ôn-bn-em-¡p-hm³, \ho\ Ah-t_m-[-¯n-eqsS cq]-

s¸« BZn-hmkn kzXz- n\v Ign-bp-¶p. hyh-Øm-]nX cmjv{Sob I£n-

I-fp-sS, CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡n-S-bn KpW-]-c-ambn kzm[o-\n-

¨-sX¶pw Pm\p-hnsâ Bß-IY shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-- v.

AXnPoh\¯nsâ lcnXZÀi\w

{]Ir-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-ff hn\-bm-\zn-X-amb Adn-hp-IÄ ]¦p-sh-¡p¶

Cu Bß-I-Y, X§-fpsS AXn-Po-h-\-¯nsâ D]m-[n-Isf hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-

¶p. Ch-bn Gähpw {][m\w A[n-hm-k-hyh-Ø-bp-ambn BZn-hm-kn-

191

IÄ ]peÀ¯p¶ AKm-[-amb ASp¸w Xs¶-bm-Wv. hnI-knX a\p-jy-k-

aq-l- n \n¶pw n¶-ambn qan-tbbpw {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw ImWp¶ {]mà-

\-amb \njv¡-f-¦-X-bmWv CXnsâ ASn- -d. Nqj-tWm-]m-[n-bn \n¶pw

hyXy-kvX-ambn Poh-t\m-]m-[n-bmbn `qan-sb-¡m-Wp¶ lcn-X-ZÀi-\-am-

Wn-Xv. {]mNo\ tKm{X-Po-hnXw {]Ir-Xnsb ‘Adn-bp-I-’bm-bn-cp-¶p. ‘A\p-

`-hn-¡p-I’-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

Ata-cn- y³ hwi-P-\mb knbm-än aq¸sâ (1780þ1866) {]Jym-]n-

X-amb {]kwKw (amÀ¨v 11, 1854) Cu ZÀi-\- nsâ thcp-I-fn-te-¡p-ff

ZrV-amb Nph-Sp-sh- p-I-fm-sW¶v ImWmw. A[n-\n-thi iàn-IÄs¡-

Xn-sc-bp-ff {]Xn-tcm-[- nsâ mj F{X Xo£vWhpw AKm-[-hp-am-sW¶v

Cu hm¡p-IÄ shfn-s -Sp- p¶p: \n§-fpsS Im¡o-gnse Cu s]mSn-

a®v R§-fpsS ]mZ-kv]Ài-\- n\v \ÂIp¶ kvt\lw AXn \n¶v

\n§Ä¡v e`n-¡n-Ã. ImcWw AXv R§-fpsS ]qÀhn-I-cpsS NnXm- kvaw

Xs¶-bmWv. AXnsâ BÀ{Z-X-sb-¸än t_m[-ap-f-f-h-bmWv R§-fpsS

]mZ-§Ä. A{Xam-{X-amWv Cu a®v R§-fpsS hÀK-¯nsâ Poh³sIm-v

k¼-¶-am-¡-s -«n-«p-f-fXv35. Cu ASp¸w imkv{Xo-b-bp-àn-bp-tStbm kmt¦-

XnI hnÚm-\- n-sâtbm `mK-aÃ. a\p-jy-m\p- -h-§-fpsS kq£va-X-I-

fn \n¶p-ff Xncn-¨-dn-hp-I-fm-Wv.

Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-Ifpw Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-bp-am-bp-ff ]mckv]cyw

krjvSn-¡p¶ {]Ir-Xn-ZÀi\w ssPhn-I-am-Wv. AXn \n¶v IrXn-a-Xz-

¯nsâ `ojW cq]-§Ä AI¶p \n¡p-¶p. Pm\p-hnsâ Bß-IY

hn\n-abw sN¿p¶ {]IrXn ZÀi-\w, a\p-jy-kw-kv¡m-c-§Ä X½n-ep-ff

hn`n-¶-X-I-sfbpw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p--v. ]pkvX-I-§-fn \n¶v a\p-

jyÀ ]Tn-¡p¶ Adn-hp-I-tfmSv Chbv¡v _Ô-an-Ã. AXnsâ kqN-\-IÄ

Cu Bß-I-Ym-]m-T- nsâ Nne kµÀ -§-fn \n¶v e`y-am-Wv.

192

hfsc sNdp- - n Pm\p ho«p-tPm-en¡v \n¡p-¶-XmWv BJym-

\ -k-µÀ`w. IpSn-I-fn \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-amb A\p- -h-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p-htÃm

Ahn-sS. AXp-hsc I-n-«p-f-f-Xn sh¨v Gähpw henb sI«nSw AXn-c-

¼pg ]f-fn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. B ]f-fn-bn {]th-in¨p F¦nepw AXn-t\m-sSm¶pw

B`n-apJyw ]peÀ¯m-\m-hm¯ hn[w a\Êv AI-se-bm-bn-cp¶p. ]n¶o-

SmWv ho«p-S-a-bmb So -dpsS A\n-b¯n Pm\p-hns\ hmbn- p tIĸn-¡p-

¶-Xv. B ]pkvX-I-§-fn-sems¡ Ipsd-b-[nIw ]S-§fpw D-m-bn-cp-¶p.

Hcp \à IY kmen hmbn v tIĸn- n-cp-¶p. AXv Im«nse arK§fpsS

IYbmbncp¶p. AXnse arK-§Ä¡v hÀ -am\w ]d-bm³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-

¶p. \½fv Im«nse A§-\s¯ arK-§sf I-n-«n-Ãm-bn-cp¶p36. Fgp v/

kmlnXyw Xs¶ tNmZyw sN¿-s -Sp-¶Xv ChnsS A\p- -h-§fpsS ]n³_-

e- n-emWv. At¶-hsc A]-cn-Nn-X-amb Imcy-§Ä \njv¡-f-¦-amb Hcp

tNmZy- n-eqsS ]cn-l-cn-¡-s -SpI km[y-aÃ. Pm\p F¶ s]¬Ip«n ktµ-

ln-bm-Ip-hm³ XpS-§p¶ L«w IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p AXv.

kzXz-]-c-amb hyXn-cn-à-X, kmaqlnIm-\p-`-h-§sf kzmwio-I-cn-

¡m³ ImWn-¡p¶ hnap-J-X-IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-¨p-sIm--m-hWw hne-bn-cp-t¯-

--Xv. hnI-k\ kz]v\-§Ä¡v XSÊw \n¡p-¶-h-cmbn BZn-hm-kn-Isf

ASbm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-hÀ Ah-cpsS khn-ti-j-amb {]Ir-Xn-ho-£-W-§sf

apJ-hn-e-s¡-Sp-¡p-¶n-Ã. Adn-hnsâ B[n-Im-cn-I-amb [mÀjvSy-amWv ChnsS

‘]cn-jvIr-X-’a-\p-jysâ \ne-]m-Snsâ ASn- d. AXnsâ hn\n-a-b-§-fnÂ

AXn-cp-I-fn-Ãm¯ em`w am{X-am-Wv e£yw sh¡p-¶Xv. Bhmk hyh-

Ø-bpsS kq£va-tIm-i-§Ä¡v kw -hn-¡p¶ ]cn-¡p-IÄ Ch-cpsS ]cn-

K-W-\-bnte CÃ.

C´y-bnse tKm{X-P-\-X-IÄ¡v amXr-`q-an-sb-¶Xv Hcp ]mgv kz-

]v\-a-Ã. AhÀ ]mÀ¡p¶ qan (A-h-cpsS ]cn-Øn-Xn) ssZh-Z- -am-sW¶pw

193

AXn-t·-ep-ff GsXmcp ssItb-ähpw sNdp-¡-s¸-tS---Xm-sW¶pw AhÀ

hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS Ducv AhÀ¡v Dbn-cm-Wv. `qan-sb-¶m AhÀ

]pe-cp¶ a®pw AhÀ cm]-IÂ _Ô-s -Sp¶ ac-§fpw sNSn-Ifpw Cu

`qan apgp-h-\p-amWv37.

{]mNo\ Pohn-Xw, AXnsâ Bhm-kssi-en-IÄ {][m-\-ambpw sNdp-

¯p-\n¸p-I-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. qan-bnse ]oUn-X-cpsS AXn-Po-h-\- nsâ mj-

bmWv Cu {]Xn-tcm-[-§Ä¡v ]n¶n-ep-f-f-Xv. kmlnXyw ]gb kuµ-cy-

im-kv{X-]-²-Xn-I-fn \n¶v hntam-Nn-¡-s¸«v {]Xn-tcm-[-¯nsâ aqeyw

IqSn DÄs¡m-f-fp¶ H¶mbn C¶v ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p--v. hnti-jn¨v

t]mÌv sImtfm-Wn-b ]T-\-§Ä Chbv¡v \ÂIp¶ {]m[m\yw hfsc

hep-Xm-Wv.

{]Xn-\n-[m-\-]-c-amb kwLÀj-§-fn \n¶mWv A\-ew-Ir-X-hpw,

]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä¡v FXncv \n¡p-¶-Xp-amb BZn-hmkn kzXzw \nÀ½n-

¡-s -Sp-¶-Xv. B[p-\nI PohnXw apt¶m«p sh¡p¶ Nqj-W-§Ä¡pw

A\n-b-{´n-X-amb {]IrXn \io-I-c-W- n\pw A]-c-ambn BZn-hm-kn-bpsS

\njv¡-f-¦X Øm]n-¡-s -Sp-¶p. F¶m ImgvN-¡m-csâ ]¦v ChnsS

hnkva-cn-¡-s -Sp-¶Xv {it²-b-a-s{X. bYmÀ°- n B[p-\nI hyàn-

hm-Z-¯nsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sn \n¶v cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸« BZn-hmkn Nn{X-§-

fn \n¶v `n¶-am-sbm¶pw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯n krjvSn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-

¶n-Ã. khÀW DZm-c-X-bpsS hnf-\n-e-§-fmbn BZn-hm-kn-bpsS Pohn-X- q-

]-S-§sf ]p\x-kr-jvSn-¡p¶ {]{In-b-bm-bn-cp¶p CXv.

iIvX-amb sNdp- p-\n¸p-I-sfm¶pw t\cn-SmsX BZn-hm-kn-Isf

Iogvs¸-Sp-¯m³ C´y-bnse PmXn-{Iaw A[n-\n-th-i-Isc klm-bn-¨p.

]e--t¸mgpw BZn-hmkn ]p\-cp-²m-c-W- nsâ t]cn-em-bn-cp¶p Cu AXn-

{I-a-§Ä \S-¶Xv F¶-XmWv hkvXp-X. kz -ambn Bi-b-ZmÀVy-tam,

194

{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-hn-Im-ktam kwL-Sn-X-ti-jntbm ssIh-cn-¡m¯ BZn-

hm-kn-IÄ \ni-_vZ-cm-hp-Itbm HmSn-t¸m-hp-Itbm sNbvXp.

B[p-\nI a\p-jy-\nÀ½n-Xn-IÄ, Ah-bn kl-P-amb Ir{Xn-a-Xz-

§Ä Ch Xncn- -dn-bm-\m-hm- -Xnsâ kµn-Kv[-X-IÄ FÃmw BZn-hmkn

kaq-ls¯ F¡m-e¯pw ]n´p-SÀ¶n-«p- - v. `qan Hcn-¡epw kzImcy

kz¯mbn ChÀ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶nÃ. sImtfmWn-b A[n-\n-th-i- nsâ

`mK-am-bmWv ssIamä hkvXp-hmbn `qan amdp-¶-Xv. bqtdm]y³ Bi-b-

§-fpsS kzm[o-\-amWv `qansb kzIm-cym-h-iy-¯n\pw AXnsâ ]c-am-

h[n D]-t`m-K- n\pw D]-bp-à-amb H¶mbn ImWm³ t{]cn- n- -sX¶pw

hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]n.-sI. {]Imiv C{]-Im-c-sa-gp-Xp¶p: tIc-f-¯nse

BZn-hm-kn-IÄ FÃm-co-Xn-bnepw h\s¯ B{i-bn- m-bn-cp¶p Pohn- n-cp-

¶-Xv. Blm-cw, acp-¶v, hoSv \nÀ½m-W- n-\p-ff ac-§fpw apf-Ifpw FÃmw

AhÀ¡v h\- n \n¶pw e`n- p. Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Hcp kmaq-ln-I-þ-km-

¼-¯nI hyhØ F¶p hnfn-¡m-hp¶ H¶v. \qäm--p-I-fmbn C§s\

AhÀ h\- n Ignªp t]m¶p38.

X§-fpsS ImgvN- m-Sp-I-fnepw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw ]peÀ¯nb hyXy-

kvX-X, apJy-[mc F¶v hyh-l-cn-¡p¶ s]mXp-a-Þ-e- n \n¶v BZn-

hm-kn-Isf A\y-h¡-cn-¨p. `uXn-I-amb hnIm-k-¯n XpS§n

kmwkv¡m-cnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn hsc Cu Hgn-hm-¡Â Zriy-am-Wv. A²z-

m\-iàn `qhp-S-a-IÄ¡v hn¡p¶ AXn-Po-h-\- nsâ {]Xo-I-§-fmbn

BZn-hm-kn-IÄ amdn--bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ImSnsâ a¡-fm-bn-cp¶ ChÀ, ImSnsâ

AIm -e -a -c -W-¯n\v km£n -bm -tI - - n -hcp¶p. ka -Im -en -I -ambn

BZnhmknIÄ t\cn-Sp¶ Gähpw henb hn]-¯p-I-fmbn Nq-n-¡m-Wn-

¡-s -Sp-¶Xv Cu A[nhmkhyh-Ø-bpsS I\¯ XIÀ -bmWv39. Pm\p-

hnsâ Pohn-X-I-Y-bpsS {]tZ-ihpw Cu h\-am-Wv. hnI-k-\-cm-jv{So-bhpw

195

B[p-\nI kaq-l- nsâ It¿ä lnwkbpw XIÀs -dnª `q]-S-amWv

AsX¶v \nco-£n-¡-s -Sp¶p40. `qan¡v taep-ff Ah-Imiw/ A[n-Imcw

BÀs¡¶ auen-I-amb tNmZys¯ t\cn-Sp-¶, BZn-hm-kn-IÄ tNÀ¯p

]nSn-¡p-¶ kz´w a®n-s\-bmWv Pm\p hc- n-Sp-¶-Xv.

Xsâ HmÀ½-IÄ¡v qan (h-\w)-bp-am-bp-ff _Ôw Pm\p hc- n-Sp-¶Xv

{it²bamWv: “\½sf BÄ¡mÀ¡v ImSns\ Ado-¶-t]mse BÀ¡pw ImSns\

Adn-bn-Ã. ImSv \½¡v A½-sb-t¸m-se-bm-Wv. ImSv Ft§m«pw t]mIm- -Xp-

sIm-v A½-sb-¡m-fp-am-Wv”. “ag s]¿pt¼m ImSpw BIm-ihpw Hcp-t]mse

shfp- n-cn¡pw ag s]-¿pt¼m Im«nse henb henb ac-§-sfÃmw Ip\nªv

XmWv Ipªp-§sf t]mse-bmhpw”41.

ssPh-]-c-amb kqN-\-I-fmWv ChnsS D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

‘A½’ ‘kv{Xo’ XpS-§nb cq]-I§-fn-eqsS ImSn-s\bpw {]Ir-Xn-sbbpw

hc- n-Sp-¶p. F¶m ‘kl\w’, ‘kvt\lw’, ‘Zb’ XpS-§nb KpW-§-fn-

eqsS {]Ir-Xnsb kw_-Ôn¨ BZn-a-k-¦-ev]--§-fmWv ]¦p-sh-bv¡-s¸-Sp-

¶-Xv. CXv hyh-Øm-]nX aqey-§sf kwc--£n-¡p-hm-\-Ã. adn¨v AXnÂ

\n¶v IpX-dn-am-dm-\mWv D]-tbm-Kn¡-s¸Sp¶Xv F¶ bmYmÀ°yw ImWm-

Xn-cp¶p IqSm. kvss{XWm-h-t_m[w hntam-N-\- nsâ Df-f-S-¡-ambn Cu

BJym-\- n hnI-kn-¡p¶p. tUm. Fw.-_n.-a-t\mPv C{]-Im-c-sa-gp-Xp¶p:

s]mXp-k-aq-l- nsâ hyh-lmcw ]pcp-js\ ASn-abpw Ae-

k\pw A\y-\p-am-¡p-t¼mÄ s]®-ns\ Xncn-¨-dn-hnsâ hgn-bn-te-

¡mWv sIm-p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. BZn-hmkn kv{Xo kwLÀj-s¸-Sp-¶Xv

s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯nsâ ]oU-\-t¯mSpw B`y-´c ]pcp-j-k-aq-l-

¯nsâ A\y-X-tbm-Sp-amWv. ]pcp-j³ ImWm-\m-hmsX t]mhp¶

Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v thZ-\-IÄ, DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v Ip«n-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-

196

ff k¦Â]w, ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X- nse km¼- nI ]cm-[o-\-X,

imco-cn-I-am-bp-ff Iogvs¸-SÂ, tKm{X-aq-ey-§-tfm-Sp-ff {]Xn-]¯n

XpS-§n-b-h-tbm-tcm¶pw Xncn- -dn-hm-Ip-¶Xv kv{XoIÄ¡mWv42.

BZn-hmkn Pohn-X- nsâ A]-c-tem-I-ambn AS-bm-f-s -Sp¶ \mK-

co-Im-\p- -h-§Ä Cu Bß-I-Y-bn {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶p--v. bm{X-IÄ, Hu]-

Nm-cnI hnZym- ym-kw, cmjv{So-b-k-a-c-§Ä, tlmÌ Pohn-Xw, hyh-Øm-

]nX cmjv{Sob I£n-IÄ F¶n-h-sbÃmw BZn-hmkn Pohn-X- nsâ FXn-

cn-S-ambn \ne-\n¡p-¶p. Ah-bn-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xnsâ kµn-Kv[-X-

IÄ {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p Pm\p-hnsâ Cu hm¡p-IÄ “]pd¯v tlmÌ-en-

sems¡ \n¶v ]Tn-¡p¶ Ipªp-Ip-«n-I-fpsS mjbpw coXn-Ifpw \tÃmWw

amdp-¶p-- v. A§-\s¯ coXn-Ifv \Ã-Xnt\m F¶-doe”43.

ImSn-s\-¡p-dn- p-ff kvarXn-IÄ Pohn-X- nsâ tI{µ-{]-tZiw I¿-

S-¡p-¶-Xn\v {][m-\-s¸« ImcWw `qX-Im-e- n\v ImSp-am-bp-ff A`n-¶-

X-bm-Wv. hkvXp-h¡cn-¡-s¸« H¶m-bà Pm\p-hnsâ HmÀa-I-fnÂ

ImSnsâ cq]w. \nc- cw Ne-\m-ß-Ihpw, mhm-ßI kz`m-h-§Ä {]ZÀin-

¸n¨v a\p-jy-Po-hn-X- n \n¶v AIew ]men-¡m¯ Pohn-Xh-pw ImSn-

\p-- v. A\-\yhpw kq£va-hp-amb \nco-£-W-§-fm kar-²-amWv Pm\p-

hnsâ Pohn-X-sa¶v Adn-bp-hm³ Cu hm¡p-IÄ am{Xw aXn.

]pXnb a®n\v Xo ]nSn-¡p-t¼mÄ hÃm¯ Hcp aWw hcpw. Poh-

t\msS Np«p-I-cn-¡p¶ aWw. Ip¶p-IÄ¡v Xo ]nSn-¡p-¶Xv I-mÂ

t]Sn-bm-Ipw. cm{Xn t\m¡p-t¼mÄ Bfns\ Xobn-Sp-¶-t]mse tXm¶pw.

Ipsd Znhkw I¯n-b-aÀ¶pw ]pIªpw Nne s]m«-temsS A§s\

InS-¡pw. ag-h-¶m apSn-ap-dn¨ s]®n-s\-t¸mse tXm¶pw, ae-sh-ffw

197

sNa¶v sN-a¶v tNmc-t]mse Ip¯n-sbm-en¡pw44.

`qX-Im-e-¯n\v kzXz-hp-am-bp-ff At`-Zy-X, hÀ¯-am-\-Ime

kwLÀj-§sf hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xn \n¶pw Pm\p-hns\ hne-¡p-¶p--v. Nne

kmµÀ`n-I-amb ]cm-aÀi-sam-gn-¨m ka-Im-en-I-X-tbmSv kwh-Zn-¡m-\p-

ff D]m-[n-bmbn ChnsS kz´w Pohn-Xs¯ amäp-¶n-Ã. HmÀa-I-fn-eq-sS-

bp-ff k©mcw Gsä-Sp-¡p¶ {][m-\-s¸« \ntbm-Kw, \jvS-s¸«p t]mIp¶

kwkv¡m-cs¯ Xncn¨p ]nSn-¡pI F¶p-f--f-XmWv. F¶m Krlm-Xp-c-

amb HmÀ½-I-fà ZenXv Bß-I-Y-I-fn hn\y-kn-¡-s -Sp-¶-Xv. apdn-hp-I-

fpsS \nc- -c-amb km¶n-[y--§-fm ]oUn-X-amb ico-c-amWv AXv Bhn-

jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. CXv {]Ir-Xn-bm-hmw, Nne-t¸mÄ kmaq-lnI _Ô-§-fm-

hmw. F¶n-cp-¶mepw HmÀa-IÄ¡v ta Bh-cWw t]mse ImSnsâ ]qÀÆ-

Ime kar²n Zriy-am-Ip-¶p-- v.

tUm.-]n.-sI.-t]m--¡À CXv hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv {it²-b-amWv: Im«nse

_mey-Im-e-amWv \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS ]oU-\-s -¡mÄ AhÄ¡v Ct¸mgpw

{]nb-s -«-Xmbn HmÀ¡m-\p-f-fXv. ChnsS HcmÄ kz´w kw-kv¡m-cs¯

AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p-¶Xv AhÄ¡v/Ah\v FXn-cmbpw i{Xphmbpw amdnb

asäm-cm-fpsS km¶n-[ys¯ AS-bm-f-s -Sp- m-\mWv. Ah-cpsS PohnX

]cn-k-c-amb ImSv A]-l-cn-¡p-Ibpw I¿n sh¡p-Ibpw sNbvX iàn-

I-fmWv BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS i{Xp-¡-fmbn amdn-bXv45.

{]Ir-Xnbpw a\p-jy\pw X½n-ep-ff kq£va kwhm-Z-§-fpsS Xew

Cu Pohn-X-I-Ysb cmjv{Sob BJym-\-am¡n amäp-¶p. DZm-c-amb {]Ir-

Xn-ZÀi-\-tam, AXnsâ ssZh-im-kv{Xtam H¶pw ChnsS ]cn-K-W-\m-hn-

j-bta AÃ. `àn-km-ln-Xy-¯n XpS-§n, B[p-\nI bpàn-t_m-[-

¯n hsc \ne-\n¡p-¶Xv a\p-jy-tI-{µn-X-amb {]Ir-Xn-ZÀi-\-amWv.

198

Hcp ssZ-hnI ]²-Xn-bm-bn-t¸mepw {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{Xs¯ ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-

Sp¶ hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e¯v46, Pm\p-hnsâ Bß-I-Y--bpsS hmb\ A[n-I-

Ku-chw AÀln-¡p-¶p-- v. Xncn-¨p-]n-Sn-¡m-\p-ff CS-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-ff

cmjv{So-b-amb Pm{K-X-I-fmWv Pm\p ImSn-s\-¡p-dn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ImWp-

¶Xv. AXp-sIm--p-Xs¶ hn`h cmjv{So-b-¯nsâ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-am-\-

§Ä Ahbv¡v ssIh-cp-¶p. kn.-sI. Pm\p-hnsâ A\p- -h- n km-£-

c-X-sb-¶m {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Df-fp-WÀhv IqSn-bmWv47 F¶v C.-

hn. cma-Ir-jvW³ \nco-£n- Xv {]k-à-am-Wv.

Bß-I-Ym-Jym-\- nsâ kam- -c-ambn hn\y-kn-¡-s¸« Nn{X-§Ä

\ÂIp¶ kqN-\-Ifpw CtXmSv tNÀ¯p sht¡-- -Xp- - v . kmwkv¡m-

cnI sshhn-[y-§Ä tcJ-s -Sp- n-b, BZn-hmkn Pohn-X- nsâ t\À]-

IÀ¸p IqSn-bmWv Nn{X-Im-c³ IqSn-bmb `mkv¡-c³ krjvSn- n-cn-¡p-¶-

Xv. IY-]-d-¨n-ensâ BJym-\-am-Xr-I-IÄ amdnb Ime¯v kwh-Zn-¡p-¶-

Xnsâ hn`n¶ coXn-I-fn H¶mbn CXns\ ImWmw. \nhÀ¯n-sh¨ Pohn-

X-`q-]-S-am-W-Xv. Pohn-X-I-Y-bpsS Cw¥ojv ]Xn-¸nepw48 Hcp Ahn-`mPy

LS-I-ambn Cu Nn{X-§-sf {Ia-c-ln-X-ambn \ne-\nÀ¯n-bn-«p-v F¶p-f-

fXv {it²-b-am-Wv.

BZn-hmkn kzXz- nsâ hyh-Øm-]nX \nÀh-N\w A[o-i-L-S-\-

I-fpsS DZm-c-X-I-fm \nÀan-¡-s -«-Xm-bn-cp-¶p-htÃm. Ah tIc-fob kwth-

Z-\-¯n krjvSn¨ hmÀ¸pcq]-§Ä hfsc¡me-t¯¡v \ne-\n¶p.

htcWy kaqlw Dd- n-s -Sp¯ BZn-hmkn \ni-_vZ\pw \nÊw-K\pw Bbn-

cp¶p. F¶m Ignª c-v Zi-I-§-fpsS tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw, DbÀs -gp-

t¶Â¡p-¶-h-cmbn BZn-hmkn ZenXv hn m-K-§Ä amdp-¶-Xnsâ Zriy-§ÄIqSn

AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p-¶p. c-W-IqSw DbÀ¯p¶ A[n-Imc ka-ky-I-tfmSv kwh-

199

Zn-¡m-\p-ff mj AhÀ Xncn¨p ]nSn- p. AXnsâ Gähpw ià-amb \mhmbn

kn.-sI. Pm\p amdn.

tIc-f-¯nse atä-sXmcp BZn-hm-knþ ZenXv t\Xm-hn-s\-¡mfpw

am[ya ]cn-K-W-\bpw {]i-kvXnbpw kn.-sI. Pm\p-hn\v D-m-bn-cp¶p

F¶ Imcyw hnaÀi-IÀ t]mepw k½-Xn-¡p¶ Imcy-amWv49. CXv ]t£,

s]s«-¶p--mb am[y-a-\-b-§-fpsS hyXn-bm\w aqe-ap-f-f-X-söpw hkvXp-

X-bm-Wv. C´y³ am[y-a-§-fpsS ZenXv hncp-²-\-b-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-ff \nco-

£-W-¯n IuXp-I-I-ctam hnIr-X-am-¡-s¸-«tXm Bb kw`-h-§fpw

{]Xn-\n-[m-\-§-fp-amWv C´y³ a[yhÀKw Zen-X-cn \n¶v Bh-iy-s -

Sp-¶-sX¶v tdm_n³ sP{^n ]d-bp¶p50. A{I-am-k-à-\mb BZn-hm-kn,

`c-W-Iq-S- nsâ t\À¡v {]Xn-tj-[n-¡p-¶-hÀ, XpS-§nb {]Xn-Ñm-b-IÄ

tIc-fob kaq-l- n\pw kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cusbmcp IuXp-I-I-c-amb

t\m«w IqSn-bmWv Pm\p-hnsâ Pohn-X-hm-b-\-bpsS hnim-e-amb km[y-X-

IÄ Xpd-¶n-«-Xv.

PohnXw Fgp-Xp-¶-Xn-eqsS `mh\mcln-X-amb hyàn-{]- m-h-amWv

BJym\w sNt¿---sX-¶mWv s]mXp-hmb A`n-{]m-bw. F¶m kÀKm-

ß-I-X-bn-Ãm- -hÀ Cu tPmen ]IÀ¯n-sb-gp- p-Imsc G¸n-¡p-¶p.

Ah-cpsS kzX-{´-hpw, IWn-i-X-bn-Ãm-¯-Xp-amb XmÂ]-cy--§fpw coXn-

Ifpw IrXnsb hfsc kzm[o--\n-¡p-¶p-ap-- v. IÀ¯r-Xz-]-c-amb A[n-Imcw

Fgp- p-Im-c³/Imcn F¶ Hcp hy-àn-bn-te¡v Npcp-§msX hntI-{µo-I-

cn-¡-s -Sp-¶p. Fgp- p-Im-c³ F¶ k¦ev]\w Xs¶ tNmZyw sN¿-s -

Sp-I-bpw, kam-lr-X-amb Hcp ]mTw F¶ \nebv¡v Bß-I-Y-IÄ hmbn-

¡-s -Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. F¶m hyh-Øm--]n-X-t_m-[- n Bß-I-Ym-

Ir¯p-¡Ä hyàn-{]- m-h-ap-f-f-h-cm-bn-cn-¡-Wsa¶ \ne-]m-Sns\ Cu ]pXnb

hyh-lmcw d±m-¡p-¶p.

200

tUm. DaÀ Xd-ta-ensâ \nco-£Ww CXn\v ià-amb ]n³_ew

\ÂIp-¶-XmWv. At±lw Fgp-Xp¶p: Bß-I-Y, HcmÄ Abm-fpsS IY-

sb-gp-Xp-¶-XmWv F¶v hmZn-¡m-sa-¦nepw Ah GI-IÀ¯r-I-am-sW¶v

]d-bm-\m-hnÃ. Imc-Ww, BJym\w \nc-h[n kmaq-lnI \nÀan-Xn-I-fp-tS-

Xm-Wv. BJym-\-¯n\v AXnsâ hyh-lm-cnI {]{-In-b-bn GI-am{X

IÀ¯m-hns\ Dt]-£n-t¡-n hcpw. Hcp {]tXyI kµÀ`-¯nÂ

bmYmÀ°ys¯ BZÀi-h¡-cn¨pw BZÀis¯ bmYmÀ°y-h¡-

cn¨pw am{Xta ]mT- nsâ apJy-[m-c-bn {][m\ I®n-bmbn AbmÄ¡v/

AhÄ¡v Øm\w t\Sm-\m-hp-I-bp-ffq51. \ho-\-hn-j-bn-IÄ Bß-I-Y-bpsS

hyh-lm-c-a-Þ-e- n-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶Xv kmaq-ln-I-amb {]Xn-\n-[m-

\-§Ä F¶ \ne-bv¡m-Wv.

Fgp- nsâ hn-hn-[-L-«-§-fn cq]-s -Sp- m-hp¶ BZÀi-tem-Iw,

AXn-\p-f-fn hyhlcn¡mhp¶ hyànXzw F¶nhsbÃmw AI¶p

\n¡p¶ kml-Ncyw ]IÀ¯n-sb-gp-Xp¶ Bß-I-Y-I-fn km[m-c-W-

am-Wv. GI-tI-{µn-X-a-Ãm¯ {]{In-b-bmbn Fgp¯p amdp-¶-Xnsâ ^ew

IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. ]e-t¸mgpw kw`-h-§-fpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-§-fn anXXzw

]pe-cpI kzm`m-hn-Iw. AXn-hm-Nm-e-a-Ãm¯ Bß-I-Y-I-fmbn ]pXnb

cN\mX{´w kzbw amdp-hm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-¡-s -Sp-¶p. F¶m Chn-sSbpw

A]-I-S-km-[y-X-IÄ hf-sc-bm-Wv. A\p-`-h-§-fpsS B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbv¡v

tas¼mSn tNÀ¡m-\p-ff ]IÀ¯n-sb-gp- p-Im-csâ Zpxkzm-X-{´yhpw ]cn-

K -Wn -t¡-n hcpw.

F¶m ‘\mb-I’cpw ‘henb a\p-jy’cpw CÃm¯ kmaq-ln-I-Im-

h-Ø-I-fp-sS -{]-Xn-\n-[m-\-§-fmWv \ho-\-amb Bß-I-Ym-Ir- p-¡Ä F¶-

XmWv khn-ti-j-X. kmln-Xy- nsâ htc-Wy-aq-ey-§sf tNmZyw sNbvXv

Fgp-¯p-Im-csâ ]cn-ip-²-amb Alw k¦Â]s¯ AhÀ Ncn-{X-]-c-

201

amb {]Xn-k-Ôn-bn-em-¡n. B[p-\nI IÀ¯r-cq-]-§-fpsS inYn-eo-I-c-W-

amWv C¯cw kmlnXy cN-\-Isf hyXy-kvX-am-¡p-¶Xv F¶pw \nco-

£n-¡-s¸«p52. kmln-Xy- nsâ emh-Wy-aq-ey-aà C¯cw Bß-I-Y-Isf

]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ {]Ya ]cn-K-W\m hnj-b-am-tI---Xv. adn¨v Ah

DbÀ¯p¶ kmaq-lnI {]iv\-§-fpsS Bg-hpw, kzXz-]-c-ambn t\Sn-sb-

Sp¯ Xncn-¨-dn-hp--I-fp-am-Wv.

I½yq-Wnk-s -¡p-dn- p-ff Adnthm cmjv{Sob hnÚm-\tam H¶pw

Aà X§sf I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bn-te¡v ASp- n- -sX¶v kn.-sI.-Pm\p

Hc-`n -ap -J-¯n ]d-bp-¶p- v53. Iqen¡v th-n kacw sN¿p¶ ]mÀ«n

F¶ \nebv-¡mWv AXv kzoIm-cy-am-b-Xv. CXv hn`n-¶-am-\-§-fp-ff

kmaqlym\p- hw BsW-¶mWv Pm\p-hnsâ Bß-IY ]d-bp-¶-Xv. tIc-

f- nse ZenXv ]£w DbÀ¯p¶ \nÀWm-b-I-amb Hcp hnaÀi\w IqSn

Cu \ne-]m-Sn AS-§n-bn-«p-- v. Adnhpw A\p-`-hhpw X½n-ep-ff AIew

IqSn-bmWv ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡-s -Sp-¶-Xv. Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n t\Xm-hm-

bn-cp¶ sI.sI A®\pw kam-\-amb Bi-b-§Ä ]¦p-sh-¡p-¶p-- v.

BZn-hm-kn-I-fn D-m-bn-cn-¡p¶ DWÀhv ‘PmXo-b’-amWv F¶ hn¹-h-

]mÀ«n-I-fpsS \ne-]mSv hnh-c-t¡Sv BsW-¶mWv At±-l-¯nsâ A`n-

{]mbw54. B-Zn-hm-kn-I-tfmSv kzoI-cn¨ kao-]-\- neqsS Iayq-WnÌv {]Xy-

b-im-kv{X-¯n\v hn]p-e-amb Bi-b-kzm-[o\w t\Sn-s¡m-Sp-¡m-\m-bn-Ã.

F¦nepw X§sf Nqj-W--¯n \n¶pw P·n-þ-Ip-Sn-tbä hn`m-K-§-fpsS

AXn-{I-a-§-fn \n¶pw hntam-Nn-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp {]Øm-\-ambn BZn-hm-

kn-IÄ Chsb I-n -cp¶p.

s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯n-sâ, tIc-fob P\m-[n-]-Xy-a-Þ-e-¯nsâ A[o-

i-`m-h-\-I-fn Ft¸mgpw A]-c-h¡-c-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-Ip-¶-h-cmWv

BZn-hm-kn-IÄ. \njv¡-f-¦cpw aäp-f-f-hcp-sS X{ -§Ä¡v Ffp¸w hgn-

202

s¸-Sp-¶-h-cp-ambn kz`mhh¡-cn-¡p¶ BZn-hm-kn-I-fn \n¶v thdn«

Hcp ssien am[y-a-§fpw s]mXp kaq-lhpw hyh-Øm-]nX cmjv{Sob

I£n-Ifpw {]Xo-£n-¡p¶nÃ. CXn\v hncp-²-amb kµÀ`w cq]-s -Sp-t¼mÄ

Xs¶ BZnhmkn¯¯n\p ]n¶n Nne iànIsf k¦-ev]n-¡p-¶-

Xn hym]r-X-cm-hp¶p ChÀ. kzbw \nÀW-b-\-ti-jn-bp-ff hn`m-K-ambn

Chsc ImWp-hm³ {]Xy-b-imkv{X `n¶-X-IÄ ad-¶p-sIm-v s]mXp-k-

aqlw X¿m-dm-hp-¶-Xnsâ \nc-h[n Zriy-§Ä ImWmw. kn.-Fkv sh¦n-

tS-iz-csâ ‘I®m-Sn-I-fn ImWm-Xmhp-¶-hÀ {]Xn-\n-[m\w Akm-²y-am-

hp¶ BZn-hm-kn-IÄ’ F¶ ]T\w55 Cu kao-]-\-§sf IWn-i-ambn

hnNm-cW sN¿p-¶p-- v. Hcp DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v s^{_p-hcn 21, 2003þÂ

]pWy-`qan Zn\--]{Xw kn.-sI.-Pm-\p-hns\ BZn-hmkn dmWn Na-bp-¶-h-

fmbn hnti-jn- n-¡p-¶p. \njv¡-f-¦-bmb Im\-\ I\y-I-bmbn Cu hn-i-

I-e-\-¯n Xs¶ Pm\p ho-pw hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. Ch c-pw

sshcp-²y-§Ä kzbw t]dp¶p F¶v ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. H¶n Im]Syw

Dd- n-¡p-t¼mÄ asäm-¶n \njv¡-f-¦X NmÀ -s -Sp-¶p. BZn-hm-kn-I-

tfm-Sp-ff s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯nsâ D]-cn-¹-h-amb D`-b-ho-£-W-§-fmWv Cu

Ae-¦m-c-§-fn {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶-Xv.

Pn. cho-{µ³ aW-¡mSv F¶ hmb-\¡mc³ 2001 \hw-_À 30 \v

am[yaw BgvN-¸-Xn-¸n\v Fgp-Xnb I¯n C{]-Imcw ImWmw. Pm\p

\mfs¯ Ah-Xm-c-am-hp-w. Znhy-]-cn-thjw t]mepw \ÂIn AhÀ [o-c-h-

\n-X-bp-am-hpw. Ignª A³]Xp hÀjs¯ hnI-k\ {]{In-b-bpsS cà

km£n-I-fm-hp¶ BZn-hm-kn-IÄ ho-pw i{Xp Bsc-¶-dn-bmsX Ccp-

«n X-¸p¶ AhØ \o-p t]mIpw56. ‘BZnhmkn’ F¶ \nebv¡pw

‘kv{Xo’ F¶ \nebv¡pw Akv]r-iy-X-bpsS Cc« cq]-§Ä t\cn-tS--n-

h-cp-¶-h-cmWv ZenXv kv{XoIÄ. F¶m ]tcm-£-ambn Cu c - v KW -

203

§-sfbpw A]-l-kn-¡p¶ {_mÒ-Wy-bpàn Cu \nco-£-W- n ka-

\z-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

‘\½fpw’ ‘Ahcpw’ F¶ hncp² Zzµw s]mXp kaqlw ]peÀ¯p-

¶Xv Cu {]Xn-I-c-W-§-fn \n¶v Xncn-¨-dnbmw. Pm\p-hnsâ IY-]-d-

¨nepw ]n´p-S-cp¶ kmaq-lnI hni-I-e\ bpàn CXp Xs¶-bmWvv. AXv

‘s]mXp-sh’¶pw ‘Xpey-X’-sb¶pw hn`m-h\ sN¿-s¸-Sp¶ aq-ey-a-Þ--e-

t¯m-Sp-ff Ahn-izm-k- nsâ mKw IqSn-bm-Wv. F¶m B`y- c sshcp-

²y-§sf A{]-k-à-am-¡p-¶-XmWv Pm\p-hnsâ ‘\½fv’ {]tbm-Kw. Hcn-

¡epw Ah-bpsS hn -Pn-XmÀ°w {]I-S-am-Ip-¶nà F¶v am{X-aÃ, AXv

IqSp-XÂ sFIys¯ {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p¶ kwhÀK-ambn amdp-¶p--v.

Pm\p-hnsâ Bß-I-Y, s]mXpaÞ-e-¯n-te-¡p-ff Zen-X-cp-sSbpw

BZnhmknI-fp-sSbpw {]th-i-\-¯n-sâbpw kzXz-]-c-amb Xncn-¨-dn-hp-I-

fp-sSbpw kqN-\-I-fm kar-²-am-Wv. kmaq-ly-ambn NmÀ¯n-¡n-«nb {]Xn-

Ñm-b-Isf ewLn-¡m-\p-ff A\-\y-amb DÄ¡-cp¯v CXv {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-

¶p. apJy-[mcm kaq-l- nsâ kwkv¡m-cs¯ kzmwio-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ

{]mcw` kq-N-I-ambn ]uc-k-aqlw (civil society) F¶ ]Zw Pm\p-hnsâ

\nL - ph n (vocabulary) hn\n-abw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-sX¶v \nco-£n-¡-

s¸ - « n - « p - v57. Htc kabw ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-bpsS B[p-\nI hyh-Ø-bn-te-¡p-

ff {]th-i-\-¯n DXvI--WvT-s¸-Sp-Ibpw, s]mXp aÞ-e-¯n Nph-Sp-d-

¸n-¡m³ \nÀ-_Ôn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bp-amWv ChnsS Pm\p. kzXz-]-c-amb

kwLÀj-§fpsS ASn-Øm\w kz´w Ncn-{Xs¯ apdpsI ]nSn-¡-Wtam

AtXm kzbw ]pXnb Ncn-{X-sa-gp-X-Wtam F¶ kµn-Kv[m-h-Ø-bnÂ

F¯p¶p F¶p Npcp¡w.

hyàn-]-c-amb PohnXw Fgp-Xp-¶-Xn-eqsS ka-Im-en-IX-bp-ambn

kwh-Zn-¡m³ km[y-amb B-ib-a-Þ-e-§Ä Xpd-¡-s¸-tS- - -Xp- v. kn.-

204

sI. Pm\p-hnsâ Pohn-X-sa-gp-¯n A¯cw km[y-X-IÄ \nc-h-[n-bp-

s-¶p ImWmw. `ua-cm-jv{Sobw (land politics), lcn-X-cm-jv{Sobw(eco

politics)XpS§n tIc-fob kaq-l-¯nsâ DXvI-WvT-Isf Xr]vXn-s¸-Sp-

¯m³ Bh-iy-amb Úm\ hn -h-§-fm kar-²-amWv Cu BJym-\w.

hn`h hnX-c-W-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« \nc-h[n an¯p-Isf CXv tNmZyw sN¿p-

¶p-- v. hÀtK-X-c-ambn kwL-Sn-¡m-\p-ff BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS {ia-§sf

hÀKo-b-ambn ap{Z-Ip-¯m-\p-ff CS-Xp-]-£-¯nsâ XmÂ]-cy-§sf {]Xn-

tcm-[n -¡p-hm-\p-ff BÀP-hhpw CXn ImWmw. hyh-Øn-Xnsb

FXnÀ¡p¶ A[xØnX apt¶-ä-§-sfbpw hyh-Øn-Xnsb \ne-\nÀ¯m³

{ian-¡p¶ khÀW kwL-S-\-I-sf-bpw, Hcp-t]mse ImWp-¶-h-cmWv

]ptcm-K-a\ hmZn-IÄ F¶ \nco-£Ww58 {]k-à-am-Ip-¶Xv Cu kµÀ-`-

¯n-em-Wv.

ka-ImenI Bß-I-Y-I-fpsS kwhmZ hnj-b-§Ä hn]p-e-am-Wv.

AXv hyàn-tI-{µnX al-Xz-§-fpsS Be-¦m-cnI Bhn-jv¡m-c-a-Ã. P\m-

[n-]-Xy-]-c-ambn kmwkv¡m-cnI kwhmZaÞ-e-- n CS-s]-Sm-\p-ff {ia-

§-fm-Wv. kwth-Z\ CS-§sf ]p\x-{I-ao-I-cn-¡p-hm-\pw, cmjv{So-b-ambn

]cn-hÀ¯n- n-¡m\pw Ch {ian-¡p-¶p. F¶m C¯cw {]{In-b-I-fpsS

hnaÀi-IÀ DbÀ¯p-¶-Xv, X§-fp--m-¡nb kmwkv¡m-cnI Øe-§Ä

‘aen-\-’s¸-Sp -sa¶ hmZw apt¶m-«p -sh¨p sIm-mWv. \msf-bpsS

kmlnXyw Hcp ‘thiy’bp-sS t]cn-em-bn-cn¡pw Adn-b-s -SpI F¶ hnaÀi-

\- n Akv]r-iy-X-bpsS `qX-Im-es¯ Bth-i-t¯msS ]p\-cm-\-bn-

¡m-\p-ff {iaw ImWmw. tIc-f- n \ne-\n¡p-¶- {_m-ÒWyw Xsâ

Bß-IYm ]pkvX-I- nsâ hmb-\sb XS-Ê-s -Sp¯n F¶ \fn\n Pao-

e-bpsS hnaÀi\w59 {]k-à-am-Ip-¶Xv Bß-IYm hyh-lm-c-§-fpsS

hnaÀi\ kµÀ`-¯n-em-Wv.

205

Hcp Pohn-X-{I-a- nsâ Bhn-jv¡mcw km[y-am-¡p¶ {]{Inb am{X-

am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã Pm\p Bß-IYm ]d- n-en-eqsS e£yw sh -Xv. kzXzm-[n-

jvTnX cmjv{So-b- nsâ tIc-fob ]cn-kcw t\cn-Sp¶ hnaÀi-\-§Ä¡p-

ff adp-]Sn IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. _rl-Zm-Jym-\-§fpw alm-{]-Øm-\-§fpw

krjvSn¨ kwhm-Z-§sf A]-\nÀan-¡p¶ IS-a- IqSn CXn DÄt¨À¶n-

cn-¡p-¶p. CS-Xp-]£ {]Øm-\-§-fpsS hnt[-b-Xz-ap-ff A\p-bm-bn-I-fmbn

AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-t¯- Pohn-X-¯n \n¶pw IpXdn amdp-¶Xv \ap-¡n-XnÂ

ImWmw. Adn-hnsâ kzmwio-I-cWw BZn-hmkn Pohn-Xs¯ amän-a-dn-¡p-

sa¶ DXvI-WvTbv-s¡m-¸w, kn.sI Pm\p-hns\ \nÀ½n¨ `uXnI ]cn-

kcw hnZym- ym-k-am-sW¶ ]mTw IqSn Cu Pohn-X-IY shfn-s -Sp- p-

¶p. ‘Imen-¨-´-bnev Imen-Ifv \n¡p¶ amXncn’ \n¶ Pm\p F¶

ASn-bm- n-bn \n¶v kn.-sI. Pm\p-hmbn Db-cp-¶-Xn-te-¡p-ff Zqc-amWv

Cu Pohn-Xm-Jym\w Xm-p -¶-Xv.

B[p-\n-Ihpw ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-hp-amb kmaq-ly-Øm-]-\-§Ä BZn-

hm-kn -I-fpsS Pohn -X-¯n\v ta D-m -¡nb KpW-]-c -amb Imcy-

§Äs¡m¸w Ah cq]-s¸-Sp-¯nb {]Xym-Lm-X-§fpw Pm\p Nq-n-¡m-

Wn-¡p-¶p--v. hnim-e-amb q{]-tZ-i-§Ä AXncv sI«n-¯n-cn-¡p¶p. ImSp-

I-sfms¡ ‘t^md-Ìm-bn’ amä-s¸-Sp-¶p. kzm`m-hn-I-hpw Pohn-X-¯n\v A\n-

hm-cy-hp-amb `t£ym¸m-Z-\-¯n\p ]Icw \mWy-hnf Irjn-IÄ D-m-

¡p--¶-XmWv asämcp amäw. Ch- Iq-SmsX P·n-am-cpsS ]p-Xp-ap--d-¡mÀ hn-Zym-

`ymkw t\Sn hntZ-i-§-fn-te¡v sXmgn-em--fn-I-fmbn t]mIp-t¼mÄ Xcn-in-

Sp¶ `qan-bpsS hnkvXrXn hn]p-e-am-Ip-¶p.

ImÀjnI {][m-\-amb kmaq-ln-Im-hØ amdn, B[p-\n-Ihpw

sXmgn tI{µn-X-hp-amb kml-N-cy-§-fn-te¡v khÀWÀ ]cn-hÀ¯-\-

s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶m Cu amä-§Ä X§-fp-sS-þ-B-Zn-hm-kn-I-fp-sSþ Pohn-X-

206

¯n Hcp Xc-¯nepw KpW-]-c-ambn kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶nà F¶pw Pm\p

]d-bp-¶p. kmaqly ]cn-jvIm-c-§Ä hnZym- ymk ]²-Xn-I-fn-eqsS \nÀtZ-

in-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv \ot{Km Fgp-¯p-Im-cp-sSbpw ZenXv Fgp-¯p-Im-cp-sSbpw

Ignª \qäm--n Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-¯o-cm³ {ian-¨-h-cpsSbpw Bß-

I-Ym-Jym-\-§-fn \n¶v a\-Ên-em¡mw F¶v C.hn. cma-Ir-jvW³ \nco-

£n-¡p-¶Xv60 ChnsS {]k-à-am-Wv. Pm\p-hnsâ Pohn-Xm-Jym-\-¯n\p

]n¶n km£-cXm {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡p- -m -bn -cp¶ {]m[m-\ys¯

BÀ¡pw Ah-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. AXm-b-Xv, ZenXv Iogmf hn`m-K-§sf

kw_-Ôn- n-S-t¯mfw PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS \nb-a-§-fn \n¶p-ff AXn-

ew-L-\-§-fmWv ]pXnb ]mT-\nÀan-XnbpsS km[y-X-bp--m-¡p-¶X.v kam-

lr-X-amb HmÀ½-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-ff shdpw \S-¯-§-fm-Im-sX, Ah-t_m-[-

cq-]o-I-c-W- nsâ kmaqly kµÀ -§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ ZenXv Bß-

I-Y-IÄ aSn-Im-Wn-¡m- -Xnsâ Imc-Whpw CXp-X-s¶.

207

Icp¡v: apffpIfpsS ]pcmtiJcw

1958þ ^mÌn-\m-tacn F¶ ]ma ]pXp-]«n {Kma-¯n P\n-¨p.

sX¡³ Xan-gv\m-«nse hncp-Zp-\-KÀ PnÃ-bn-emWv Cu {Kmaw. IrXn-I-fpsS

hnhÀ -\- n-eqsS hym]-I-amb AwKo-Im-cw BZy-ambn t\Snb ZenXv

kv{XobmWv ChÀ. Xan-gn Fgp-X-s¸« BßIY Icp¡v (1992), kwKXn

(1994), h³a³ (2003) F¶o c-v t\mh-ep-Ifpw sNdp-I-Y-I-fpsS kam-lm-

c-amb Inkp-¼-¡m-c³ (1996) XpS-§n-b-h-bpam-Wv ]ma-bpsS IrXn-IÄ.

Nqj-Ww, A]-am -\ -ho -I -c -Ww, ASn -¨ -aÀ¯Â, kl\w

F¶nhbmWv ]ma-bpsS IrXn-I-fnse ap-Jy-{]-ta-b-§Ä. A\-\y-amb A\p-

-h-§fpw AXv Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m-\p-ff thdn« ssien-bp-amWv ]ma-bpsS

IrXn--Isf hym]-I-{i-²-bm-IÀjn- -Xv. AXp-hsc Xan-gn tcJ-s -Sp- nb

a\p-jym-\p-`-h-§-fnÂ\n¶v ]pXn-b-sXm¶v Is--Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p ]ma-

bpsS Bß-I-Ym-t\m-hÂ. ‘Icp¡v’ Hcp ZenXv kv{XobpsS bYmÀ°

A\p-`-h-I-Y-\-amWv. Xan-gnse BZys¯ ZenXv IrXn-bmWv ‘Icp¡v’.

{Kmaw, IpSpw-_w, hnZym- ym-kw, ]f-fn, ]ptcm-ln-X³ XpS§n hyXykvX

kmaq-lnI Øm]-\-§-fpsS CS-bnÂs]«p \c-In-¡p¶61 ZenXv kv{XobpsS

Pohn-X-km--l-N-cy -§-fp - - -XnÂ.

A-Xn-Po-h-\-¯nsâ `mK-ambn, {]kn-²o-I--cn-¡-s¸-Sp-sa¶v hnNm-cn-

¡msX kzIm-cy-ambn Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv Icp-¡v. CXv Xsâ Bß-I-Y-X-s¶-

bm-sW¶v ]ma Xpd¶p k½-Xn-¡p-¶p-v62 . ‘Rm³’ F¶ kzXzw, Xs¶

am{Xw {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡msX apgp-h³ ZenXv kv{XoI-sfbpw DÄs¡m-f-fp¶

IÀ¯r-Xz-amWv. hyXykvX A\p-`-h-§sf tI{µ-I-Ym-]m{Xw DÄs¡m-

ffp¶p F¶v tXm¶n- n-¡p-t¼mgpw {]Ñ-¶-Xsb shdp-¡p¶ kXy-k-ÔX

AhÀ {]I-Sn- n-¡p-¶p. Bß-IY F¶ kmln-Xy-cq]w ]e-t¸mgpw hnaÀi-

\-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-¶Xv Cu kXy-k-Ô-X-bn-Ãm-bva-bpsS t]cn-emWv. H-fn- p-sh-

208

¡-s¸« Xsâ bYmÀ° Pohn-Xs¯ HmÀ v ]ma Cu Bß-I-Y-bnÂ

eÖn -¡p¶p - - v .

I\ymkv{Xo aT-¯n Zen-Xp-Isf AXoh \nIr-jvS-cm-bn-«mWv I-n-

cp-¶Xv. Ah-sc-¡p-dn- p-ff ]cm-aÀi-§Ä t]mepw shdp- n-sâbpw Ah-

Ú-bp-sSbpw ]n´p-W-tbm-sS-bm-bn-cn¡pw \S- -s -Sm-dv. tbmKy-X-bn-Ãm-

sX, s]mXp-k-aq-l- nsâ Zbm-Zm-£n-Wy-§-tfäv ‘kpJn¨p’ Pohn-¡p-¶-

h-cmWv Zen-X-sc¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv I\ym-kv{Xo-I-fn-e-[n-I-hpw. Cu

kµÀ - n Xsâ Zen-XvkzXzw ]e--t¸mgpw ad-¨p-sh-¡m-dp- -m-bn-cp¶p

F¶v ]ma Xpd-s¶-gp-Xp¶p:

hr¯n-lo-\-amb tami-s¸« F´n-s\-sb-¦nepw Ipdn¨p ]d-bp-¶-

Xn\p ]Icw Ifn-bm¡n ‘lcn-P³’ F¶p ]dbpw. C{X Zpjn¨ a\-Êp-f-

f-hÀs¡-§s\ kaql tkh sN¿m³ Ign-bpw? CsXms¡ I-pw tI«pw

A\p- -hn¨pw Rm³ taÂPmXn Iq«v I-gn-ªXv a\-Ên-\p-f-fn hÃm- -

Ip-ä-t_m-[-ap- -m -¡n-bn-cp¶p62.

Bi-b-cq-]o-I-cW {]{In-b-bn kzm[o-\n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ \nc-h[n CS-

§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]ma Fgp-Xp-¶p--v. PmXn-_² kaq-l-¯nsâ ImÀ¡-iy-

§-fnÂ\n¶v Ch-sbm¶pw apà-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. {Kma- nsâ CS-h-gn-I-fnÂþ-

{Kmaw -{]-tXy-I- Pm-Xn-¡mÀ¡mbn hn -Pn-¡-s -«n-cp-¶tÃm þ XpS§n kvIqÄ,

tImtf-Pv, ]n¶oSv ØnXn-k-aXzw Ds-¶p hnNm-cn¨ I\ym-kv{Xo-a-Tw

F¶p-th- FÃm-bn-S-§-fnÂ\n¶pw PmXn-bpsS t]cn AhÀ A]-am-\-

§Ä t\cn-«p -sIm- -n -cp -¶p.

Xsâ kzXzw s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯n shfn-s¸-Sp-t¯- kµÀ`-§Ä

\nÀ_-Ôn-X-ambn krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv. ]e-t¸m-gpw hnZym-`ym-k-Im-e-

L-«- n-emWv \nc- -c-ambn Ah-a-Xn-¡-s -Sp¶ A¯cw kml-N-cy-§Ä

209

D-m-b-Xv. ]T-\-¯n anIhv ]peÀ¯n FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw AwKo-Im-c-§Ä

t\Sp--t¼mgpw ‘PmXn-kzXzw’ AhÀ¡v CIgv¯m-\p-ff ImcWambn amdp-

¶p. CXc kmaq-lnI hn`m-K-§Ä¡v X§-fpsS PmXn ]Zhn A`n-am-\-

¯n-\p-ff hI-bm-hp-t¼mÄ ]mabv¡v Ah-tl-f-\- nsâ A[n-I- mcw Npa-

¡m-\pf-f- D-]m-[n-bmbn amdp¶p AXv.

s]mXpØe-§Ä-þ-kvIqÄ-, I-fn-Ø-ew, _kv, hym]m-c-tI-{µ-§Ä,

{KÙ-im-eþ Ch-sbm-s¡bpw Nne {]tXyI hn`m-K-§sf AZr-iy-ambn

XS-bp -¶p- v . AXv ]e--t¸mgpw \nb-a-hn-t[-b-a-Ãm- , kmaq-lnI hne-¡p-

-I-fpsS ]n³_-e- n-emWv \S- m-¡-s -Sp-¶-Xv. ]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn XpS-cp¶

hg-¡-§Ä CXn {]m[m\yw AÀln-¡p-¶p--v. AXnsâ ZrV-hy-h-Ø-

Isf At_m-[-¯n t]mepw D¶-X-Pm-Xn-IÄ sIm-p \S-¡p-¶p. an¡-

t¸mgpw XmakØew, GXp tNcn-sb¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-t¼m-gmWv CXv

^Ww hncn¨v ]pd¯p NmSp-¶-Xv. hÃm¯ Ak-ly-Xbpw Ak-ln-jvWp-

Xbpw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ kµÀ`w IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. \m«n Ah-[n-¡v

t]mIpt¼mÄ _kn Fâ-Sp-¡Â \mbv¡À kv{XoI-fn-cn-¡pw. Ft¶mSv

GXv Øew, FXp sXcp-sh-¶p-sams¡ tNmZn¡pw. tNcn-s -cn-sh¶p

]d-ªm aXn Fgp-t¶äv thsd koänÂt]mIpw63.

{Kma-þ-\-Kc hyXym-k-§-fn-Ãm¯ PmXn-t_m-[- nsâ k©m-c-]-Y-

§-fmWv ChnsS Zriy-am-hp-¶-Xv. kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Im-k- n-tem, imkv{Xo-

bm-h-t_m-[- nsâ hym]-\- ntem AXn\v sXÃpw \yq\-X- kw- --hn-¡p-

¶n-Ã. F¶m AXnsâ hyh-lmc \nb-a-§Ä¡v amäw kw`-hn-¡p-¶p-

-v. {Kmao-W-L-S-\-bn ]c-¼-cm-KX hnizm-k-§-fm Ch kwc-£n-¡-

s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ \mK-cn-Im-\p-`-h-§-fn sadn-än-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-ff kwhm-Z-§-fn-

emhpw CXv {]Xy-£-s¸-SpI64.

PmXn-hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsS kq£va-tem-I-§Ä AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p¶

210

hkvXp-X-IÄ ]ma ‘Icp-¡nÂ’ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-- v. kÀh-km-¶n-[y-ambn

\n¡p¶ hyàn-b-[n-jvTnX PmXn (individual caste) F¶ k¦Â -\-

amWv ChnsS ASn-Øm-\w. Hcp kmaq-ln-I-Øm-]\w F¶ \nebv¡v

PmXn Gsd ZpÀ_-e-s¸-«n-«p-s--¦nepw hyàn-bn B´-cn-I-ambn IqSp-

XÂ ZrU-X-tbm-sS, AXv ]nSn-ap-dp-¡p-¶p. Bß-IYm cN-\-I-fnÂ, Bg-

¯n hni-Zo-I-cn-¡-s¸« Cu bmYmÀ°y- n\v IqSp-X angnhv e`n- Xv

Zen-XÀ Fgp-Xn-¯p-S-§n-b-t¸m-gm-Wv. ka-`m-h-\-bpsS aqeya-Þ-e-¯nÂ

\n¶pw IpX-dnamdp¶ kzXz-amWv C¯cw BJym-\-§-fn {]Xy-£-s -

Sp-¶-Xv. ‘Icp¡v’ AXnsâ Gähpw ià-amb kwhm-Z-§Ä kr-jvSn- Xpw

Cu IpX-dn-am-d-en IqSn-bm-Wv.

kmaq-ln-Ihpw hyàn-b-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb PmXn-bpsS AXnÀ¯n-IÄ

Ime-L-«-¯n\v A\p-k-cn¨v amä-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-sW¶v hne-bn-cp-¯-

s¸-Sp-¶p--v. F.-Fw.-jm-bpsS ]T-\-¯n hyXy-kvX-§-fmb \mep LS-

I-§Ä PmXn-hy-hØ ZpÀ_-e-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-ff Imc-W-ambn Nq-n-¡m-

Wn--¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. (1) `£-Ww, shffw F¶n-h-bpsS ssIam-ä-¯n \ne-

\n-¶n-cp¶ hne-¡p-IÄ A{]-Xy-£-am-bn. hnti-jn¨pw \K-c-§-fnÂ. CXv

ip²m-ip-²n-sb-¡p-dn- p-ff sslµh k¦-ev]-§sf Cf-¡n-am-än. (2) Hmtcm

hn`m-K-§Ä¡pw {]tXy-I-ambn, D-m-bn-cp¶ BNm-c-{I-a-§Ä, `mj, h-

kv{X-[m-c-W-coXn F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw amäw kw`-hn-¨p. CXv kw-kv-Ir-X-

h¡-c-W- n-sâbpw (sanskritisation) ]mÝm-Xy-h¡-c-W- n-sâbpw

(westernisation) ^e-am-bn-cp-¶p. Zen-X-cnse hnhml coXn-IÄ DbÀ¶

PmXn-I-fpsS coXn-I-fp-ambn kam-\-X- ]p-eÀ¯p-¶p. {Kma-§-fnse s]¬Ip-

«n-IÄ t]mepw Po³kv [cn-¡p-¶p. CXv hkv{X-[m-cW-¯n-ep--mb amä-

amWv ImWn-¡p-¶-Xv. (3) PmXnbpw sXmgnepw X½n-ep--m-bn-cp¶ ]c-¼-

cm-K-X-_Ôw XIÀ¶n-«p-- v. ]e-PmXn hn`m-K-§fpw hyXy-kvX -tPm-en-I-

211

fn-emWv C¶v GÀs -Sp-¶-Xv. (4) PmXn ]©m-b- p-IÄ ( caste panchayat)

PmXn kwc-£n-¡p-¶Xn\v hln¨ ]¦v \nÀWm-b-I-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ

]pXnb P\m-[n-]Xyh¡-c-W-¯nsâ `mK-ambn Ch-bpsS LS-\bv¡v

amäw kw`-hn-¨n-«p-- v. AXpw PmXn ZpÀ_-e-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-ff {][m-\-s¸«

Imc-W-amWv65.

Bßm-`n-am-\-¯n A[n-jvTn-X-hpw, kz´w Ign-hp-I-fn hnizm-

khpw D-m-¡p¶ kzXz-{]-Jym-]-\-§-fmWv ]pXn-b-L-«-¯n Zen-Xp-

IÄ¡n-S-bn cq]-s -Sp-¶-Xv. {]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£-hp-amb lnwk-bn-eq-

sS-bmWv Cu Ah-t_m-[s¯ CÃm-Xm-¡p-hm³ PmXn-ln-µp-¡Ä {ian-¡p-

¶-Xv. ]ma-bpsS ktlm-Z-c³ sse{_-dn -c-Pn-Ì-dn kz´w t]cn-s\m¸w

Fw.-F.- _n-cpZw Iq«n-t¨À¡p-¶Xv CXnsâ `mK-am-Wv. kmaq-ln-Iþ

kmwkv¡m-cnI aqe-[\w X§fpw BÀ-Pn-¨-h-cm-sW¶ Xpd¶ {]Jym-

]\w D - -X nÂ.

Xan-gv\m-«n Zen-XÀ¡v t\sc-bp--m-Ip¶ AXn-{I-a-§Ä¡v ]n¶nÂ

Bßm-`n-am\ {]Jym-]-\-¯nsâ DÖe-amb Xe-amWv Df-f-Xv. D¶-X-hn-

Zym-`ymkw t\Sp-¶-h-cnÂ\n¶v s]mXp-t_m[w {]Xo-£n-¡p¶ hn\bw

CÃm-Xm-Ip-t¼mÄ D-m-Ip¶ kz`m-hn-I-amb {]{Inb am{X-aà CXv. \qäm-

-p -I-fmbn XpS-cp¶ kmaq-lnI hyh-Ø-bpsS Ccp- - -{]tZ-i-§sf De-

bv¡p-¶-XmWv B[n-]-Xy-hn-`m-K-§sf sNmSn-¸n-¡pI. AXv Nne-t¸mÄ

{]mY-anI a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§Ä¡pth-n Zen-XÀ \S-¯p¶ CS-s]-S-ep-I-

fpsS `mK-am-Wv. t£{X-§-fn {]th-in-¡m-t\m, s]mXpInW-änse shf-

f-sa-Sp-¡m-t\m, DÕ-h-§-fn \n¶v amän \nÀ¯p-¶-Xn {]Xn-tj-[n-¨-

Xp-sImt-m Hs¡ Bhmw Cu AXn-{I-a-§Ä66. ]ma-bpsS Pohn-X- nse

\nÀWm-bI kw -h-§-fn H¶mbn Hcp AXn-{I-a-s¯, ‘Icp-¡n’ Bhn-

jv¡-cn -¡p -¶p - - v .

212

Hcp skan-t¯-cn-bpsS DS-a-Øm-h-Im-is¯ sNmÃn-bp-ff XÀ¡-

amWv Nmen-b-·mcpw ]d-b-·mcpw X½n-ep-ff kwLÀj- nsâ ASn-Øm-

\w. AXv hnI--kn¨v ,]d-b-hn- m-K- nÂs¸« Nn¶- s\ Nmen-b-s -cp-hn-

en«v Ip¯n ]cn-t¡Â¸n- Xv {]iv\w hj-fm-¡n. {Kma- n-ep-ff ]pcp-j-

·mÀ¡v tIm]w AS-¡m-\m-bn-Ã. X§-fpsS Bßm- n-am-\- n\v Gä apdn-

hm-bmWv Cu kw -hs¯ AhÀ Gsä-Sp- X.v Nmen-b-·mcpw ]d-b-·m-cp-

am-bp-ff kwLÀj- nÂ, \nb-a-]-c-amb AÚX ]d-bÀ¡v FXn-cm-bn

kw`-hs¯ sIms- -¯n-¨p. Nmen-b-·mÀ sImSp¯ If-f-t¡-knÂ

t]meokv CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw ]d-b- hn- m-K-§Ä¡v t\sc ISp¯ AXn-{I-a-

§Ä D-m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. BXy-´n-I-ambn Zen-XÀ¡v A\pIq-e-am-

th- Hcp a\p-jym-h-Imi {]iv\w Ah-cpsS kmaq-ln-I-\n-esb IqSp-

XÂ Ac-£n-X-am-¡p-I-bm-Wp- -m --b-Xv. ]ma kw`-h-¯nsâ Xo{hX hc-

ªn-Sp-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv:

sshIp-t¶-c-am-bn«pw sXcp-hnse Ic- nepw _l-fhpw \ne- n-Ã. sXcphv

aqIhpw hnP-\hpw Bbn-cp-¶p. Hä ]pcp-j-s\bpw ImWm-\n-Ã. kv{XoIÄ

am{Xw Ahn-S-hnsS IqSn \n¶v cl-ky-ambn Fs´ms¡tbm ]d-bp-¶p.

F\n-s¡m¶pw a\-Ên-em-bnà .Fsâ ho«nepw Bcpw an-p-¶n-Ã. CS-

bv¡nsS Cc-«-¡p-«n-I-fpsS Ic- n am{Xw tIÄ¡pw. AhÀ Ic-bm³ XpS-

§p-t¼m-tg¡pw i_vZw ]pd¯p tIÄ¡p-sa¶v `b¶v HmSn-s¨¶v sXm«n-

em-«pw. {Kmaw apgp-h³ \ni-_vZ-am-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Cu Ip«n-I-fpsS Ic-

¨n tI«m t]Sn tXm¶n¡pw67.

Zen-X-cpsS Xpd-s¶-gp-¯p-I-fn \nc-´cw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡s¸-Sp¶

Hcp JÞamWv C¯cw AXn-{I-a-§-fp-tSXv. {KmaoWPohn-Xw, AhÀ¡v

ta ]peÀ¯p¶ \oXn B[n-]Xy kaq-l-¯n-tâXv am{X-amWv. Un.-

BÀ.-\m-K-cmPv CXv hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv: Ipä-Ir-Xy-¯nsâ

hym]vXn hni-I-e\w sN¿p-hm³ ]c-¼-cm-KX {KmaoW kaq-l- n\v \mfn-

213

Xp-h-scbpw Hcp am\-Z-Þhpw D-m-bn-«n-Ã. a\p-jy-Xz-¯n\v \nc-¡p¶

coXn-bn A- -S-¡hpw \nb-a-hm-gvNbpw GÀs -Sp-- m-\p-ff Imcy-ti-jn-

bn-Ãm¯ H¶mWv ]c-¼-cm-K-X- {Km-aoW kaq-lw. AXn-ep-tasd lrZ-b-an-

Ãm¯ Hcp hyh-Ø-bp-am-W-Xv. lrZbanÃm-bva-bp-sSbpw Imcy-ti-jn-bn-

Ãm-bva-bp-sSbpw ^e-amWv Zen-XÀs¡-Xnsc \nc-´cw hÀ²n¨p hcp¶

AXn-{I-a-§Ä68.

`c-W-IqSw ]peÀ¯p¶ \njv]-£-cm-lnXyw {]iv\-§sf IqSp-XÂ

hj-fm-¡m-dp--v. `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb \nb-a-§Ä khÀW\nb-a-§Ä¡v

Iogvs -«p-\n¡p-¶Xpw C¯cw kµÀ -§-fn {]I-S-am-Wv. \oXn-]o-T-§Ä

ap³hn-[n-tbmsS Zen-XÀs¡-Xn-sc-bp-ff AXn-{I-a-§sf kao-]n-¡p-¶Xpw

]Xn-hm-Wv. s]mXp-t_m[w F¶v hnh-£n-¡m-hp-¶-X-c- n-ep-ff A`n-{]m-

b-{]-I-S-\-§Ä¡v DZm-l-c-W-amWv cmP-Øm-\nse `³hmcn tZhn--bpsS Ncn-

{Xw. khÀ-W-cm Iq«-_-em-ÕwKw sN¿-s¸« Ah-cpsS tIkv ]cn-K-W-

\bv¡p h¶-t¸mÄ, khÀWÀ¡v ta Btcm-]n-¡-s¸« Ipäw \ne-\n¡p-

¶-X-söv tImSXn Is--¯n. `³hm-cn-sbt¸msebp-ff Hcp IogvPm-Xn-

¡m-cnsb \mÂ]X-p hb-Ên-\p-ta {]mbw sN¶-hcpw hyXykvX PmXn-I-

fnÂs]-«-h-cp-amb {KmaoW C´y-bnse ]pcp-j-·mÀ kwLw tNÀ¶v

_emÂkwKw sN¿-¯-¡-hn-[-¯n C´y³ kwkv¡mcw/ {KmaoW

kwkv¡mcw A[x-]-Xn- p-sh¶v hniz-kn-¡m-\m-hp-¶nà F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p

PUvPn-bpsS \nco-£Ww69. {KmaoW C´y If-¦-c-ln-X-amb CS-am-sW¶

s]mXp-t_m-[- nsâ krjvSn-bm-Wn-Xv. asäm¶v Akv]r-iy-X ]peÀ¯p-

hm³ Pm{KX ImWn-¡p¶ khÀWsc Ipä-hm-fn-I-fm-¡p-hm³ \ymbo-I-c-

W-an-sö \oXn-]o-T-¯nsâ ap³hn-[n-bm-Wv. Ch c-pw B[n-]-Xy-hn-`m-K-

§-fpsS Bi-b-hy-h-Ø-Isf km[qI-cn-¡p-¶p.

214

]pcp-j-·mÀ Hfnhn t]mb-t¸mÄ kz´w Pohn-X-s¯ Xmdp-am-dm-

¡m-t\m, Ac-£n-Xm-h-Ø-sb-¡p--dn¨v hne-]n-¡mt\m X¿m-dm-hm¯ ZenXv

kv{XoIsf-bmWv ImWp-¶-Xv. PohnXw sas\-sª-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn kzbw

hym]rX-cm-W-hÀ. X§-fn-ep-ff A²zm\-ti-jn-sb-¡p-dn¨pff Bß-hn-

izm-k-amWv Ch-cpsS ssIap-XÂ. ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm¸w ImÀjn-I-hr¯n-bnÂ

GÀs¸«v kzbw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯nb Adn-hp-I-fpsS ]n³_-e-amWv Cu

Icp¯nsâ ASn- -d. ‘BWp-§-fpsS k¼m-Zy-an-ÃmsX Xs¶ kv{XoIÄ

`wKnbmbn Imcy-§Ä \S¯n h¶p’ F¶mWv ]ma Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv.

Zen-Xv-þ-_-lp-P³ kwkv¡m-c-¯nsâ hyXn-cnà[mcsb {]Xn-\n-

[m\w sN¿p-¶-Xn kv{XoIÄ hln-¡p¶ ]¦v AS-bm-f-s¸-«n-«p--v. A²zm-

\-¯nsâ alXzw Ip«n-Isf ]Tn--¸n-¡p-¶-Xn AXo-h-{i-²m-ep-¡-fm-W-

hÀ. ]Wn-Ø-e-§-fn-te¡v X§-tfm-sSm¸w Ip«n-Isf sIm-p t]mhp-

Ibpw Ip«n-IÄ¡v sNdnb tPmenIÄ G¸n¨p sImSp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶Xv ]Xn-hm-bn-cp¶p70. X§-fpsS {]iv\-§Ä Xpd¶p ]d-bp¶ A½-am-

cmWv km[m-c-Ww. `À¯m-¡-·m-tcmSv kz´w \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ Xpd-¶p-]-d-

bm³ AhÀ¡v aSn-bn-Ã. ‘hoSv Htc-k-abw B\-µ-¯n-sâbpw thZ-\-bp-

sSbpw CS-amWv’ F¶mWv Im© sFe¿ ]d-bp--¶-Xv.

kl--Phpw kmaq-ln-I- hn-\n-a-b-§-fpsS A[o-i-Xz-¯n\p hnt[-b-

hp-amb kz`m-h- k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv kv{Xo¡v ]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn \ÂIn-

t]m-cp-¶-Xv. hn\-bw, amXr-Xzw, kvt\lw, Z-b, {]Xn-I-cn-¡m-\p-ff tijn-

bn-Ãmbva F¶o ‘KpW’-§-fm k¼-¶-bm-b-hÄ bYmÀ°-kv{Xo-bmbn

hmgv¯-s¸-«p. `mh-ip-²n-bp-ff Ch-cn-eq-sS-bmWv kwkv¡m-c-¯nsâ X\n-

a-IÄ kwc-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶sX¶pw ‘]pcpj Fgp-¯p-ImÀ’ -\nc-´cw

BhÀ¯n- p. hmkvX-h- n kv{XoXzw F¶Xv Nmcn{Xy kwc-£Ww

F¶ IÀ -hys¯ IqSp-XÂ hnip-²o-I-cn-¡p¶ ]Z-hn-bm-bmWv Icp-X-

215

s -«n-cp-¶sX¶v CXnÂ\n¶v hyà-am-Wv. ]mXn-{h-Xy- n-sâbpw Nmcn-{X¯n-

sâbpw \nb-a-§Ä sXän-¡p-Itbm sXän- -Xmbn Btcm-]n-¡-s -Sp-Itbm

sN¿p¶ kv{XoIsf {_mÒW aqey-§Ä Hcn-¡epw shdpsX hnSm-dnÃ71

F¶ \nco-£-Ww, Ncn-{Xs¯ t\cn A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-hm-\p-f-f, AX-

nsâ PmXob-am-\-§Ä Xncn- -dn-bm-\p-ff hnthIw {]I-Sn- n-¡p-¶p.

B[n-]-Xy-k-aqlw \ne-\nÀ¯n-t]m¶ k¦-ev]-\-§Ä¡p-f-fn Ip-

cp-§n-¡nS¡phm³ hnk-½-Xn-¡p-¶-h-cm-bn-cp¶p ZenXv kv{XoIÄ. Nqjn-

Xcpw ]oUn-X-cp-amb Ah-cpsS A\p- -h-§Ä IpSpw-_-hn-aÀi-\-tam, ]pcp-

jm-[n-]-Xys¯ IS-¶m-{I-an-¡p-¶-htbm Bbn ]cn-an-X-s -Sp- n-b-Xnsâ

Imc-Whpw asäm-¶Ã . ]ma-bpsS Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fnse kv{XoI-fpsS PohnX

Nn{X-§Ä CXv km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶p- - v.

Iem-]-¯n ]s¦-Sp¯v t]meokv AXn-{I-a-§Ä¡v Cc-I-fmb

]pcp-j-·m-cpsS Hfn-k-t¦-X- n sN¶v, AhÀ¡m-h-iyapff `£-Whpw

aäp-k-lm-b-§fpw sN¿p-hm³ kv{XoIÄ A]m-c-amb ss[cyw ImWn- p.

t]meo-knsâ IÀ¡-i-amb \nco-£-W- nepw XpSÀ -bm-bp-ff t`Zyw sN¿-

enepw AhÀ ]XdnbnÃ. ‘BWp-§-fn-sÃ--¦nepw Ch-fp-amcv ]Wn-sb-Sp¯v

IpSp-w_w t\m¡p-¶p- -tÃm’ F¶v t]meokp Xs¶ AÛp-X-t¯mSpw

tZjy-t¯mSpw IqSn ]d-bm³ XpS-§n. hnhn-[-X-c-¯n-ep-ff {]Xn-k-Ôn-

IÄ Gdn-h-cp-t¼mÄ AXns\ AXn-Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv ZenXv kv{XoIÄ

F¶v ]ma hc- p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p.

acn- p-t]mb Hcp ]¯p-h-b-kp-Im-cs\ hnhm-Z- q-an-bmb skan--t¯cn-

bn AS-¡p-¶-Xn\v kv{XoIÄ am{X-amWv t\XrXzw hln- -Xv. \m«n-se-

¼mSpw AXv henb NÀ¨m-hn-j-b-am-bn. acn¨ Ip«n-bpsS Aѳ kv{Xoth-

jw-[-cn- m-Wt{X ih-kw-kv¡m-c- n ]s¦-Sp- -Xv. Cu kw`hw kzbw

A`n-am-\n-¡m³ hI-\ÂIp-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. s]®p-§-fm-bn-«p-t]mepw F{X

216

emL-h-t¯mSpw kmaÀ°y-t¯m-Sp-amWv Imcy-§Ä km[n-¡m³ Ign-

ª-Xv. A[oi s]mXp-t_m-[s¯ De-bv¡p-hm³ ]cym-]vX-amWv Cu kw -

h-§Ä. ]cn-[nbpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Akm-[m-c-W-amb BÀP-h-t¯msS adn-

I-S-¡p¶ {]mtbm-KnI Bhn-jv¡m-c-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Ch.

PmXn-ln-µp-¡Ä Zen-XÀs¡-Xnsc \S¯p¶ AXn-{I-a-§Ä am{X-

aà Fgp- p-Im-cn-bpsS {]ta-bw. B`y- c sshcp²y§fm inYn-eo-I-

cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Zen-X-cpsS Ah-Øbpw hnaÀi\ hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶p--v. GIo-

I-cn-¡-s -SmsX Xpd¶ t]mc-Sn-¡p¶ hn`m-K-§-fmbn ]e-t¸mgpw ChÀ

amdp-¶p. ]f-fcpw ]d-bcpw X½n XpS-cp¶ kwLÀj-§Ä kap-Zm-b-

¯n-\p-ffnse hn`-P-\-§sf amän hc-bv¡p-¶p-v.

Xm¡m-en-I-ambn cq]-s -Sp¶ kwLÀj-§Ä am{X-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã

Ch. kmaq-lnI ]Z-hn-bpsS amä-¯n\p th-n-bp-ff A\p-kyq-X-amb CS-

s]-S-ep-I-fmWv Nn-et¸msg¦nepw CXv. A[oi \nÀanX LS-\-bn-te¡v

kzmwio-I-cn-¡s¸Sp-hm³ CÑn-¡p¶ kmap-Zm-bn-I-kz-Xz-§Ä, ]pXnb ]Z-

hn-IÄ¡pw AXp-aqew e`n-¡m-hp¶ HutZym-KnI AwKo-Im-c-§Ä¡pw

{]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶p. Xpd¶ Ie-m]§Ä¡pw At\Iw ASn- -aÀ -ep-

IÄ¡pw Imc-W-am-Ip¶ {]t£m-`-§Ä ‘AJ-Þ-tZ-io-bX’ k¦-ev]-

\s¯ ]nfÀ¯p-Itbm \yq\o-I-cn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶p-s-¶v \nco-£n-

¡-s -Sp¶p72. F¶m Ch \mK-cnI/B[p-\nI ]uc-t_m-[- nsâ ià-

amb CS-s]-S-ep--I-fn cq]o-I-cn--¡-s¸«v {KmaoW C´y-bn-te¡v ]S-cp-¶-h-

bm-Wv.

kzXz-{]-Jym-]-\-§Ä GsX-¦nepw kmaq-lnI hn`mKs¯ {]Xy-

£-ambn _m[n-¡p¶ kml-N-cy-§fpw CÃm-XnÃ. sP.-tZ-h-Ip-amÀ \S-

¯nb Zen-XÀs¡-Xn-sc-bp-ff AXn-{I-a-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-f-f ]T\w kqNn¸n-

217

¡p-¶X,v km¼-¯n-I -_-Ô-§-fn-ep--m-Ip¶ amä-§Ä \nÀWm-bI ]¦p

hln-¡p-¶p -s - -¶mWv73. hnZym- ymkw t\Sn, kwh-cW ]cn-c-£-bn-eqsS

Zen-XÀ DbÀ¶p hcp-t¼mÄ AhÀ km¼- nI kzm{in-XXzw t\Sp¶p.

Cu amäw {Kmao-W-L-S-\-bnse PmXn-_-Ô-§sf kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ hn[-

¯n amdp-t¼mÄ AXn-{I-a-§Ä hÀ²n-¡p-¶p. AtXm-sSm- w, s]mXp-C-

S-§-fn Øm]n-¡-s¸« Zen-X-cpsS Bßm-`n-am\w DWÀ¯p¶ {]Xo--

I§sf ({]-Xn-a-IÄ) Ah-tl-fn-¡p-¶--Xn \n¶pw H«-\-h[n Iem-]-§Ä

krjvSn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p--v. X§-fpsS A´-Ên-t\ä £X-§sf \nÊm-c-ambn

Xf-fn-¡-f-bm³ Zen-X-cnse \ho\ Ah-t_m[w hnk-½-Xn-¡p-¶-XmWv

asämcp Imc-Ww.

]ma-bpsS _meyw t\cn« A\p-`-h-§-fnse Xo£vW-ap-J-§Ä

C´y³ {Kma-§-fpsS ]Xnhv ImgvN-I-fm-Wv. t{iWo-_-²-amb kmaq-ly-

L-S\ AXnsâ ‘ssPhn-I-’amb A[n-Im-c-§sf \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn-\p-ff

Pm{K-X-I-fmWv Cu AXn-{I-a-§-fpsS ASn-¯-d. De-¨n X«m-¯-hn[w

]cn-c-£n-t¡---XmWv ImemXn-hÀ¯n-bmb aqey-§Ä F¶v hniz-kn¡p-

¶-h-cmWv hyh-Ø-bpsS kwc-£-IÀ . AhÀ \ho\ hnj-bn-Isf

sXÃpw ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶n-Ã.

A²zm\w F¶ ‘hn`hw’Zen-XÀ¡v X§-fpsS Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-bpsS

kzm`m-hnI DÂ -¶-am-bn-cp¶p. B[p-\nI PohnX kuI-cy-§-fpsS A`mhw

hfsc sNdp- - nte IqSp-XÂ ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡m-\p-ff t{]c-W-bm-bn. shffw

tImcp-I, hndIv tiJ-cn-¡p-I, Cf-b-Ip-«n-Isf ]cn-N-cn-¡p-I, hoSv hr¯n-

bm-¡pI XpS§n A\-h[n D -c-hm-Zn-Xz-§Ä G¸n-¡-s -«-Xm-Wv Hmtcm

sNdp Pohn-X-hpw. A\-\y-amb Iq«m-bva-IÄ cq]-s -Sp-¶Xpw ]Wn-bn-S-§-fn-

em-Wv. hfsc sNdp-- - nte imco-cnI Nqj-W-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-Im-\p-ff

kml-N-cyhpw D-m-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm-v Xs¶ Ip«n-I-fpsS N§m-¯§-

218

Ä¡v {]Xn-tcm-[-¯nsâ AZr-iy-amb iàn-Iq-Sn-bp--m-bn-cp-¶p F¶v ]d-

bmw. imco-cn-I-amb AXn-{I-a-§sf sNdp¯p \n¡m-\p-ff A\n-hm-cy-

amb kwhn-[m-\-§-fmWv C¯cw Iq«m-bva-I-sf¶v ]ma kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p--v.

]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn XpS-cp¶ sXmgnÂL-S-\, `qan-bpsS taep-ff A[n-

Im-c-an-Ãmbva F¶n-h-bmWv Zen-X-cpsS kmaq-ln-Im-h-Øsb amä-an-ÃmsX

\ne-\nÀ- p-¶-Xv. hn`h ]¦m-fn- ¯n-\p-ff apd--hn-fn-IÄ ]mÀiz-hÂIr-

XÀ¡v ]pXnb cmjv{So-bs¯ {]Zm\w sNbvXn-«p-v74. PmXn-L-S-\-bpsS

ZrV-Xsb Cf-¡p¶ Cu apt¶-ä-§-fpsS kqN-\-IÄ C´y-bn-se-¼mSpw

Zriy-am-Wv. Bß-I-Y-IÄ CXv Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶Xv Hcp sshb-ànI

hnj-b-am-bà F¶p-f-fXpw {it²-b-a-s{X. tNcn-IÄ F¶v hnfn-¡-s -Sp¶

CS-§Ä X§Ä¡mbn \o¡n-sh-¡-s -«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv B[n-]-Xy-k-aq-lhpw

`c-W-Iq-S-§fpw XpS-cp¶ \oXn-\n-tj-[- nsâ IqSn ^e-am-sW¶v ChÀ

Xncn- -dn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. ‘`qan-bpsS `qcn- m-Khpw \mbv¡-·m-cpsS ssII-fn-

emW.v R§-fpsS PmXn-¡mÀ AhÀ¡p-th-n ]mc-¼-cy-ambn ASn-a-¸Wn

sN¿p-I-bmWv’ ]ma Fgp-Xp-¶p.

IpSpw-_w, sXmgn-en-S-§Ä, XpS-§nb hy-h-lm-c-ta-J-e-I-fn \ne-

\n¡p¶ enwK-hn-th-N\w AXn-cq-£-am-Wv. CXn\v ]n³_ew \ÂIp¶

bpàn F´m-sW¶v C\nbpw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡-s -«n-«n-Ã. hÀK-L-S-\-¡p-ffnse

hÀKo-I-cWw F¶n-Xns\ hnti-jn- n-¡mw. ASp-¡-f-bn-te¡v B¬Ip-«n-

IÄ¡v F¯n-t\m-t¡-n hcp-¶n-Ã. s]¬Ip-«n-I-fm-hs« Xosc sNdp-¸-

¯nÂXs¶ X§-fpsS {]m]vXn-¡-¸p-d-¯p-ff IpSpw--_-`mcw Gsä-Sp-¡p-

¶p. B[p-\nI kv{XohmZw ]cn-K-W-n-¡m¯ \nc-h[n CS-§-fn-sem-¶mWv

Cu A-h-Ø.

kmaq-ly-hy-h-Ø, Zen-Xsc kw_-Ôn¨v \nc- cw {]Xn-k-Ôn-I-

fpsS aÞ-e-am-Wv. \ne-\n¡p¶ cq]s¯ {KmaoW Pohn-X- n \n¶pw

219

ASÀ¯n-am-äm³ Gsd ]mSp-s]-tS--n-h-cpw. ho«nse Zmcn-{Zyhpw Ac-£n-Xm-

h-Øbpw ]mc-¼cy sXm-gn-en-te¡v kzbw Cd-§p-hm³ Hmtcm-cp- -scbpw

\nÀ_-Ôn-¨p-sIm--n-cn-¡pw. X§-fpsS kz]v\-§Ät¡m mhn--sb-¡p-dn v cq]-

s -Sp- nb Nn{X-§Ät¡m AhnsS Øm\-an-Ã. A²zm-\-aqeyw hnebv-¡p-

hm-§phm³ kZm X¿m-dmbn \n¡p¶ DS-a-hÀK-§Ä¡v Iogvs -«p-t]m-

Ip-¶-h-cmWv Ch-cn-te-sd-bpw. ZenXv Bß-I-Y-IÄ DbÀ¯p¶ kmaq-lnI

hnaÀi\w Htc kabw ]mc-¼-cy-s¯m-gn-ensâ \ntj-[-hpw, AXnsâ Xs¶

kzoImcy-X-bp-am-Wv.

kmaq-lnI hnaÀi-\w, hyàn-bpsS ImgvN- m-Sn Du¶n \S- p-hm-

\p-ff hn]p-e-amb kzmX{´yw Bß-I-Y-I-fn \ne-\n¡p-¶p--v. Xsâ

hn\n-ab aWvU-e-s -¡p-dn- p-ff hnaÀi-\m-ßI-amb Xncnªpt\m«w IqSn-

bm-WtÃm Bß-I-Y. AXv Xnc-sª-Sp- nsâ hnI-e-amb km[y-X-IÄ IqSn

DÄh-ln-¡p-¶p-- v. Ip¼-km-c]cw (Confessional ) F¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ hnaÀi-

\m-ßI ]mT-§-fmWv Ct¸mÄ D¸m-Zn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. knÌÀ sPkvan-bpsS

‘Bta³’ F¶ Bß-IY75 \nÀh-ln¨ ZuXyw Gsd hnhm-Z-am-b-Xn\p

]n¶n Xnc-sª-Sp-¸n kw`-hn¨ hne-£-W-X-IÄ B-bn-cp-¶p.

Xm\pÄs¸« kmaq-ln-I-Øm-]\w (I-\ym-kv{Xo-a-Tw) F§s\ hyàn-kzm-

X-{´ys¯ CÃm-Xm¡n F¶-XmWv Cu Bß-I-Y-bpsS apJy-{]-ta-bw.

F¶m AXv AaqÀ¯amb Xe- n Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m-\mWv Fgp- p-

Imcn {ian- -Xv. kXy-k-ÔX F¶ hnj-b-a-Ã, CXn hnaÀin-¡-s -«-Xv.

adn v Xsâ Xnc-sª-Sp- p-IÄ apgp-h³ ssZh-\n-tbm-K-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v

Øm]n-¡m-\p-ff hrYm-{]-b-Xv\-amWv hmb-\-¡mÀ¡v Akzo-Im-cy-am-bXv76.

kam-\-amb Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-§-fpsS JÞ-§Ä ]ma Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-

¶Xv XnI¨pw hyXy-kvX-am-bmWv. hyàn-]-c-amb CjvSm-\n-jvS§Ä AÃ

220

ChnsS hnaÀi-\-hn-t[--b-am-Ip-¶Xv. Xm\pÄs -Sp¶ kmaq-ln-I-hn- m-Kw,

t\cn-Sp¶ {]Xn-k-Ôn-I-fmWv kz´w A\p- -h-§Ä¡v ASn-Øm\w F¶-

hÀ IcpXn. AXp-sIm-v Xsâ hnaÀi-\s¯ kmaq-ln-I-\n-c-t]-£-ambn

Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m³ ]mabv¡v Ign-bn-Ã. IqSmsX AXv Úm\-]-c-amb CS-

s]-S-em-hm³ AhÀ ]peÀ¯p¶ Pm{KXbpw {it²-b-a-s{X. Ak-aXzw

F¶ bmYmÀ°ys¯ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-§ÄsIm-v s]mXn-ªp-sh-¡p-

¶Xn-ep-ff ss\Xn-I-cm-lnXyw BWv {][m-\-s¸« hnaÀi-\w.

I\ym-kv{Xo-aTw

ss{IkvXh ZÀi-\- nsâ A]-c-temIw

ss{IkvXh PohnXw ka-`m-h-\-bpsS hnim-e-X-Isf Bhn-jv¡-cn-

¡p¶ {]mtbm-Kn-I -C-S-am-sW¶ hnizm-k- n\v Cf¡w X«p-¶Xv A{X

hnc-f-a-Ã. Bi-b-kw-LÀj-§sf arKo-b-ambn AXn-{I-an v Iogvs -Sp- p¶

ImgvN Ncn-{X-¯n [mcm-f-ap-- v. kmaq-ln-Im-\p-`-h-§sf sshb-àn-I-

am-¡p¶ Bß-I-Y-I-fnÂ, C¯cw bmYmÀ°y-§Ä¡v angn-th-dpw. Akv]r-

iyX F¶ Ncn{X/ kmaq-ln-Im-\p- -hw, hnizm-k-tem-I¯p \n¶pw AIew

]men-¡p-¶p-v F¶ bmYmÀ°yhpw ]ma Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶p.

hoSv, IpSpw-_w XpS-§nbh hyàn-]-c-ambn kzmX-{´y- n-sâbpw

AtX kabw XS-¦-en-sâbpw A\p- h ka-\z-b-amW.v kmaq-lnI \nb-a-

§-fm kzbw \nb-{´n-¡-s¸-tS---h-cmWv IpSpw-_-¯nse Hmtcm AwK-

§-fpw. hoSv Hcp Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-bm-sW-¦n IpSpw_w ‘]hn-{Xhpw’

‘k\m-X--\-hp-amb’ Nne aqey-§-fpsS aÞ-e-am-Wv. B[n-]-Xy-hn-`m-K-§-

fp-sSbpw B¬tIm-bva-bp-sSbpw Cf¡w X«m¯ \oXn-bpsS hmgvN-bmWv

AhnsS ]pe-cp-¶-Xv. F¶m CXns\ AXn-ew-Ln-¡m-\p-ff {ia-§Ä¡v

hfsc ]g-¡-ap-s-¶v Da N{I-hÀ¯n \nco-£n¡p¶p. KmÀlnI IS-a-

221

IÄ¡p ]pd¯v Hcp kzXzw BÀPn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hp-IÄ _u²-{K-

Ù-§-fn BWv Is- -¯p-¶Xv77.

hnizm-kw, Hcp Bßo-b-hy-hØ F¶-Xn-ep-]cn hntam-N-\- nsâ

CSw IqSn-bm-sW¶ Xncn- -dnhv C´y-bnse Iogmf/ZenXv hn`m-K-§Ä¡p-

-m-bn-cp-¶p. sslµh kmaq-lnI {Iaw ZrVs¸Sp-¯nb hyh-Ø-Isf

ewLn-¡p-hm³ ss{IkvX-h-aXw klm-b-I-am-sW¶ ho£Ww {]_-e-

am-bn-cp-¶p. sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k- nsâ A[n-Im-c-hn-\n-a-b-§Ä Cu ImgvN-

¸m-Sns\ {]tbm-K-h¡-cn-¡p¶Xn \nÀWm-bI ]¦p-h--ln- p. Xt±-iob

kaq-l-¯nse A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ euIn-I-k-a-ky-IÄ ]cn-l-cn--¡p-hm³

th-n anj-Wdn {]hÀ¯-\-§sf D]-tbm-Kn¨p F¶ hne-bn-cp-¯Â78

{]k-à-am-Wv.

kmaq-ln-I-hn`-P-\-§Ä A{]-k-à-am-¡m-\p-ff {InkvXy³ anj-

W-dn-am-cpsS \S-]-Sn-IÄ e£yw ImWmsX ]cm-P-b-s¸-«-Xn\v [mcmfw

DZm-l-c-W-§-fp-- v. PmXn F¶ kmaq-lnI KWw AXn-\p-f-fn Xs¶

krjvSn-¡p¶ \oXn-im-kv{X-§sf hnaÀin-¡m-\p-ff sIÂ]n-Ãm-bva-bmWv

CXn {]I-S-am-Ip-¶-Xv. ss{IkvXh ZÀi\w Xpey-X-sb-¡p--dn¨v ]d-bp-

t¼m-gpw, Ak-aXzw CÃm-Xm-¡m³ hnizm-k-{]-am-W-§Ä-¡m-hnà F¶

bmYmÀ°yw \ne-\n¡p¶p. tdma³ Im -enIv k -Ifpw s{]m«Ìvâ v

anj-W-dn-amcpw Abn¯w CÃmXm¡phm³ hyXy-kvX-§-fmb coXn-IÄ

]co-£n-¡p-¶p-- v. Ata-cn-¡³ a[p-c-an-j³ Akv]riy-tcm-sSm¸w Hcp

I¸v Nmb IpSn-¡-W-sa¶ \nÀt±iw sh -t¸mÄ, D]-tZ-i-IÀ DÄs¸sS

72 hnizm-kn-IÄ Xncp-h- mg tai-bn \n¶v ]pd- m-¡-s¸« kw`hw

CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. Cu kw`hw \S-¡p-¶Xv 1847emWv. 1848 Â a{Zmkv

anj-Wdn kt½-f-\-¯n kv\m\-s¸« hnizm-kn-I-fm-hm³ ]d-b-hn-`m-K-

¯nÂs¸«-bmÄ X¿m-dm-¡nb `£Ww Ign-¡-W-sa¶v \njvIÀjn¨p79.

222

F¶m C¯cw \o¡-§-tfmSv D¶-X-Pm-Xn-IÄ FXnÀ¸p {]I-Sn- n-¡p-

Ibpw X§-fpsS PmXn-kzXzw, ss{IkvX-h-hn-izm-k-¯n-\p-f-fn kwc-£n-

¡-s¸-S-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]oUn-X-cmb Zen-XÀ Bßo-b-kzm-X{´yw Bbn-cp-¶nà apJy-ambpw

ss{IkvXh hnizmkw kzoI-cn-¨-XneqsS A`n-e-jn-¨-Xv. `uXn-I-Po-hn-X-

¯n t\cn« A]-am-\-ho-I-c-W-§sf eLq-I-cn-¡p-hm³ hnizm-ks¯

D]m-[n-bm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Ah-À. F¶m Xan-gv\m-«n {Iqc-amb hn -P-

\-§Ä ss{IkvX-hÀ¡n-S-bn cq£-ambn \ne-\n¡p-¶p-s-¶v ImWmw.

khÀW-ss{I-kvX-hÀ¡pw ZenXv ss{IkvX-hÀ¡pw {]tXyIw ]f-fn-IÄ,

ivaim-\-§Ä, kvIqfp-IÄ F¶n-h-sbÃmw ]Xn-hm-Wv. lnµp-¡-tfm,

{InkvXym-\nItfm X½n Ømbn-bmb i{Xp-Xtbm Ie-l-§tfm CÃ.

F¶m Htc aX- nÂs¸« {]tXyI Pm-Xn-hn- m-K-§Ä X½n X½nÂ

B{I-an-¡p-¶p. sIme-]m-X-Ihpw sImf-fn-sh¸pw \S-¯p¶p. A-Sn-Øm-\-

]-c-ambn hnizm-k-§-fpsS kwLÀj-aà Chbv¡v \nZm-\-sa¶p ImWmw.

{Kmao-W-P-\-X-bpsS Bi-bm-`n-em-j-§Ä {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ

]cm-P-b--s¸-Sp¶ hnizm-k-¯n-te-¡mWv ]mabpw BIr-jvS-bm-bXv. Xan-

gv\m-«nse PmXn kzXz- n-\p-ta ss{IkvXh aXw AXnsâ kzm[o\w

Dd- n-¡p-¶-Xn ]nt¶m«p t]mbn . A[o-i-k-w-kv¡mcw A\p-im-kn-¡p¶

hgn-I-fn \n¶v thdn-«p-am-dm³ AXn\p Ign-ªn-Ã. DbÀ¶ PmXn-bnÂs¸«

It¯m-en-¡-sâbpw Xmgv¶ PmXn-bnÂs¸« It¯m-en-¡-sâbpw arX-tZ-

l-§Ä¡v X½n ]pgp-¡Ä t]mepw hyXykvXX Iev]n-¡p-¶n-Ã.

F¶m Pohn- n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ R§sf hnth-N\w hgn amän \nÀ¯p-

¶p. R§-fpsS arX-tZ-l-§Ä¡pw hyXym-k-anÃ80. F¶ Zen-X-cpsS

Iq«mb Ah-t_m[w {]I-Sn- n-¡p¶ bmYmÀ°yw asä- mWv? Xpey-X-

bpsS hymP FSp-¸p-I-fm aqSn-sh-¡-s¸-Sp-¶nà Cu hkvXp-X-I-sfm-¶pw.

223

tNmÀ¶p t]mIp¶ Bßo-b-ssN-X\yw am{X-ambn Cu Zpc-hØsb hne-

bn-cp-¯p-¶Xv `mKn-I-am-Wv. C´y-\-h-Ø-bpsS ka-{K-Xbpw sshhn-²y-

hp-am-bn-cn-¡Ww ChnsS hni-I-e-\- nsâ am\-Z-Þw.

GIm- -hpw, IÀi-\-hn-e-¡p-I--fp-tS-Xp-amWv apXnÀ¶ s]¬Ip-«n-I-fpsS

temIw. s]mXp-hmb hnt\m-Z-§Ä, Ifn, kn\na- C-h-sbms¡ AhÀ¡v \njn-

²-am-W-t{X. enwK-th-N\w cq£-amb kµÀ - n kz´w Pohn-X- n-te¡v

Xncn-ªp-t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ kw -hn-¡p¶ CÑm- w-K-§Ä ]ma-bn hfÀ¶n-cp-

¶p. Nn -bpsS N{I-hm-f-§Ä AhÀ¡v sshb-àn-I-Xsb AXn-ew-Ln-¡p-

hm³ t{]cW \ÂIn. ss{IkvX-h-hn-izmkw am{Xw t]mcm tkh\ k¶-²-

amb Hcp Bßob Pohn-X- nsâ k -e-X-IqSn X\n-¡p--m-I-W-sa¶v AhÀ

B{K-ln- p. Bß-c-N-\-bpsS tI{µ hnaÀi- n-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-t¼mÄ

I-p-ap-«p¶ A\p- -h-a-Þ-ew, ]¦p-sh-¡p-¶Xv IqSp-XÂ ITn\am-b, Zen-Xv-

þkv{Xo temI-§-fm-Wv.

kmaq-lnI Øm]\w F¶ \nebv¡v k` ]peÀ¯p¶ CSp-¡-

§Ä kz´w Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fn \n¶v Adn-bm³ ]mabv¡v sNdp- - nte

Ah-kcw e`n- n-cp-¶p. ]utcm-lnXyw XpS-cp¶ \nÀZ-b-amb hnth-N-\-§-

fpsS Zriy-§-fm kar-²-amWv B Pohn-X-J-Þw. ]mh-s -«-h-cn \n¶v

hnip-²-Zn-h-k-§-fn k½m-\-§fpw CXc t\«-§fpw kzoI-cn-¡p-¶--XnÂ

]ptcm-ln-XÀ hnap-JX ImWn-¡p-¶nÃ. F¶m X§Ä¡v Npäp-ap-ff Zen-

Xsc Xp-ey-cmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-hm³ AhÀ¡v Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. uXn-I-amb Nqj-

W-§Ä¡v Zen-Xsc AhÀ hnt[-b-cm-¡p-¶p.

Bß-h¯-bpsS \njv¡f-¦-amb shfn-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-I-fmWv Bß-

I-Y-IÄ. HmÀ½-I-fn-te¡v \ofp¶ hgn-IÄ, ]nÂ-¡m-es¯ Nn -I-fpsS

ASn-Øm-\- n Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s -Sp-I-bmWv CXnÂ. \áhpw Xo£vW-

hp-amb A\p- h BJym-\-§Ä t]mepw Cusbmcp {]{In-bbv¡v hnt[-b-

224

amWv. Fkv. imc-Z-¡p«n C{]-Im-c-sa-gp-Xp-¶p:

Kpcp-X-c-amb FÃm kmaq-lnI {]iv\-§-sfbpw ]pÑn¨pw \nÊm-c-

h¡-cn¨pw \ap¡v F-Ãm-¯cw D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-§-sfbpw adn-I-S-¡m-sa-

s¶mcp ]mTw-IqSn Bß-I-Y-IÄ ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p--v. kzXzm-t\z-jW thf-

bnse kwLÀj-§Ä \nc-h-[n-bmWv. s]mXpsh A]-I-S-c-ln-X-amb

_mlym-\p- -h-§sf sIm«n-tLm-jn-¡p-Ibpw a\-Ênsâ A]-ISw ]nSn¨

At[m-tem-I--§sf Xa-kv¡-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-v Fgp-X-s¸« Bß-

I-Y-I-sfm¶pw Xs¶ bYmÀ° Bß-I-Y-I-f-söv ]d-tb--n-hcpw81

hyàn-]-c-amb CjvS-§fpw A\n-jvS-§fpw BJym-\s¯ \nÀWm-

b-I-ambn kzm[o-\n-¡p¶p F¶-XmWv Cu \nco-£-W- nsâ ASn-Øm-

\w. Bß-IYm]mT-§Ä, kzbw kzo-I-cn-¡p¶ BJym\ ]cn-an-Xn-bm-

WnX.v kmaq-ln-Im-\p-`-h-§-fn IYm-Im-ct\m IYm-Imcnt¡m Dff

bYmÀ°-amb ]¦Ã tcJ-s -Sp- p-¶-Xv. adn- v, ]n¡m-e¯v B A\p-

`-h-§fpw BJym-Xmhv BÀPn¨ Adn-hp-Ifpw ka-\z-bn-¸n-¨mWv c-N\

km[y-am-Ip-¶-Xv. CXp-aqew Hcp kw`-h-¯nsâ hn`n¶ hymJym-\-§Ä

cq]-s¸-Sp¶p82. hf-s¨m-Sn-¡-s¸-«tXm A]qÀWtam F¶v hne-bn--cp-¯m-

\mhpw hn[w k¦oÀWhpw hnhmZ\nÀ -c-hp-am-bn-cn¡pw AXv.

XoÀ -bm-bpw, ZenXv Bß-I-YIfpw A\p- -h-§-fpsS XncsªSp v

ka-ky-I-fn \n¶pw apà-a-Ã. Ahbv¡v Bg-¯n-ep-ff apdn-hp-IÄ

krjvSn¨ hnt£m-`-I-c-amb `mj-Iq-Sn-bp-s-¶ Imcyw AwKo-I-cn-t¡-

-n-h-cpw. Xpd¶ hm¡p-IÄ¡v aqSn-sh-¡m³ H¶p-an-Ã. ISp¯ A\p-`-h-

§-fn \n¶v ]pd-¯p-h-cp¶ Cu hm¡p-IÄ ]e-scbpw apdn-s¸-Sp-¯p-

Ibpw {]tIm-]n-X-cm-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. ZenXv Bß-I-Y-IÄ kmaq-ln-I-

hn-aÀi-\-¯n-sâbpw B´-cnI hnaÀi-\-¯n-sâbpw ISa Htc kabw

225

GsäSp¡p¶-XpsIm-v {]Xym-Lm-X-§-fpsS Xo{hX hÀ²n-¡p-¶p. Icp¡v

Fgp-Xn-b-tijw kz´w {Kma- n-te¡v Ggp-am-k-t¯mfw ]mabv¡v {]th-

i\w \ntj-[n-¡-s -«n-cp¶p83. F¶m \ho\ Ah-t_m[w t\Snb sNdp-

-¡m-cpsS Xe-apd Gsd {]Xo-£-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv C¯cw IrXn-Isf

I - n - c p -¶ -X v .

I\ymkv{Xo aT- nse Ggp-hÀjs¯ PohnXw Ah-km-\n- -t¸mÄ

D-mb iq\yX \nI-¯p-hm-\mWv ]ma Icp¡v FgpXn XpS-§n-b-Xv.

F¶m hnkvXr-Xhpw Npäp-]m-Sp-ff CXc a\p-jy-cn-te¡pw BJym\w

hfÀ¶p. BJym-Xm-hnsâ e£yw, I\ym-kv{Xo-bpsS A\p- -h-temIw Bhn-

jv¡-cn-¡pI F¶p-f-f-Xm-bn-cp¶p F¦nepw Hcp IrXn-sb¶ \nebv¡v

AXv kzbw ]cn--an-X-s -Sp- p-sa¶v Fgp- p-Imcn IcpXn. CXnsâ IqSn

^e-am-bn-cp¶p Icp¡v.

kmaq-ln-I-tk-h\w F¶ e£y-t¯msS I\ymkv{Xo aT-¯nÂ

tNÀ¶ ]ma, Ak-a-Xz-¯nsâ ]pXnb cq]-§Ä I-p. kp`n-£-X-bpsS

ta¨n ]pd--§-fm-bmWv aT-§sf AhÀ tcJ-s -Sp- p-¶Xv. Zmcn-{Zyhpw

Ah-tl-f-\hpw Pohn-X-¯n kzbw hcn-¡p-¶-hÀ bYmÀ° Pohn-X-

¯n kaq-l- nse Zcn-{Z-scbpw Zen-Xp-I-sfbpw Ah-tl-fn-¡p-¶-XnÂ

Pm{K-X-bp-f-f-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. I\ym-kv{Xo-I-fpsS ‘khÀW-kzXzw’ kmaq-

ln-I- m-h-\-bnse Xpey-X-bpsS aÞ-es¯ Xnc-kv¡cn¡phm³ ]masb

]Tn-¸n-¨p. ]pdw ImgvN-bn \n¶v AIw temI-t¯-¡p-ff {]th-i\w

Bß-I-Ym-Im-cn-bpsS Pohn-X-ho-£-W-§sf A¸msS amän.

Zmcn-{Zyw, PmXn XpS§n I\ym-kv{Xo-a-T-§-fn \ne-\n¡p¶ LS-

\sb kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶h \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. k -bpsS hnhn[ A[n-Im-c-Øm-\-

§Ä ssIbS-¡p-¶Xv Ft¸mgpw k¼-¶-X-d-hm-Sp-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«

hyàn-I-fmW.v hnhn[ k -Isf \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶Xpw Ah-bv¡mbn Atlm-

226

cm{Xw ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶Xpw kaq-l- nsâ Gähpw Xmtgbv¡n-S-bn-ep-ff

Zcn-{Z-P-\-hn- m-K-§-fmWv . AhÀ, k -bpsS hnizm-k-{]-am-W-§-fn Xpey-

cmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s -Sp-¶p. F¶m {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn AI-än-\nÀ¯s -Sp-

Ibpw Ah-tl-fn-¡s -Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

sshcp-²y-§-fp-tS-Xmb A\p-`-h-a-Þew Iogm-bva-I-fpsS A\-h[n

Xe-§Ä DÄs¡m-f-fp-¶p--v. Ah-bn \n¶p-ff hntam-N\w A{]m-tbm-

Kn-I-am-sW¶v Xncn¨dnª Hcm-fpsS Bßm-t\z-j-W-§-fn kw`-hn¨

\nÀWm-bI hyXn-bm-\-am-bn-cp¶p I\ymkv{Xo aT- n \n¶p-ff ]ma-

bpsS ]n³hm--§Â. kap-Zm-b- n\pf-fn P-\-§Ä¡n-S-bn-epff Ah-Ø-

sb-¡mÄ tami-am-Wv Xncp-k- -bv¡-I- p-f-f-Xv. kz´w Øm\-§fpw kmaq-

ln-I-]-Z-hn-Ifpw Dd-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ^e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp¶ Cc-

IÄ am{X-amWv ]ptcm-ln-X-·msc kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Zen-XÀ. ]ma

Fgp-Xp-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv:

Xncp-k- -bpsS kz¯pw kpJhpw A\p- -hn-¡p-¶Xv taÂPm-Xn-¡m-

cmb {InkvXo-b-cm-Wv. A¨·mcpw I\ym-kv{Xo-I-fp-amb taÂPmXn

{InkvXym-\n-I-fmWv hey-h-ey-]-Z-hn-IÄ AS-¡n-hm-gp-¶-Xv. I\ym-kv{Xotbm

]mXn-cntbm Zen-X-\m-sW-¦n Ahsc Hcp aqe-bv¡n-cp- n-bnt« _m¡n

Imcy-ap-ffq. AXp-sIm-v Fs¶t¸mepff Zen-XÀ k¶ym-k k-aq-l-

¯n D-m-h-W-sa-¶m-{K-ln-¨mepw \ap-¡-hnsS AÀl-amb Øm\w e`n-

¡p-IbnÃ85.

kzbw DÄh-en-bp-hm³ hnk-½-Xn-¡p¶ ]ma-bpsS sNdp-¸-¯n-ep-

ff kzXz-t_m[w ASp-¯-L-«-¯n-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-I-bm-Wv. {]Xn-k-

Ôn-Isf AXn-Po-hn¨v \o§m-\p-ff DÄ¡-cp- nsâ IqSpXÂ hnI-kn¨

cq]w. CÃm-bva-I-fn tJZn-¡p-¶, B[n-]-Xy-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-s -Sp¶ kzXz-

aà ChnsS {]Im-in-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. B[p-\n-Im-h-t_m[w t\Sp-hm³

227

X§sf {]m]vX-cm-¡nb Aw-t_-Zv¡-dpsS Blzm-\wþ hnZym- ymkw t\SpI,

kacw sN-¿pI, kwL-Sn-¡pI (Educate, Agitate, Organise ) hn\-bm-\zn-

X-ambn kzo-I-cn-¡p¶ Fgp-¯p-Im-cnsb ChnsS ImWmw. Xan-gv\m-«nÂ

s]mXpsh hnI-kn-X-amb ZenXv cm-jv{Sob-¯nsâ IqSn ^e-am-bn-cp¶p

Cu kzXz-\nÀan-Xn.

Df-fn cq]-s¸« iq\yX kma-qly-hn-aÀi-\- n-\p-ff D]m-[n-bm¡n

amäp-hm--\mWv ]ma FgpXn XpS-§n-b-sX-¦nepw ‘Icp¡v’ Fgp- p-Im-cn-bpsS

e£y-§sf AXn-hÀ¯n-¡p--¶-Xmbn ImWmw. Hcn¡epw Cu Bß-IY

Ip¼-km-c- nsâ mj- kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶n-Ã. ‘Rm³’hn\-bm-\zn-X-bm-hp-¶-Xn\p

]Icw kmaq-lnI A-\o-Xn-Isf hnaÀin-¡p¶ IÀ¯r-Xz-ambn cq]-s -Sp-I-

bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. BJym-\- n DS-\ofw Cu Icp v {]I-S-am-Wv.

kmln-Xy-¯nse ap³cq--]-§sf B{i-bn-¡m¯ \ho-\-amb Hcp

LS\ Xsâ cN-\-I-fn cq]-s¸-Sp-¯m³ ]mabv¡v Ign-ªn-«p-- v. asämcp

hm¡n ]d-ªm Fgp- nse ]qÀÆ k¦-ev]-§sf A]-\nÀ½n-¡p¶

Hcp {]{In-b-bm-Wn-Xv. Bß-I-Y-IÄ tZi-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw {]Øm-

-\-§-fpsS hfÀ¨-bp-sSbpw Ie-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw Ncn{Xw

]d-bp-¶-Xmbn k¦-ev]n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ]Ým-¯-e-¯n CXv thdn« coXn

Xs¶-bmWv. hfsc kq£va temI-§-fn-te-¡v, Adn-b-s -Sm¯ A\p- -h-

§-fn-te-¡v, hc-bv¡-s -Sm¯ tZi-§-fn-te¡v \nk-t¦mNw bm{XsN¿p¶

BJym-Xm-hmWv ZenXv Bß-I-Y-I-fn-ep-f-f-Xv.

BJym-\-coXn, Ime- nsâ {Ia-amb Nn«-s -Sp- Â, ka-b-t_m[w

F¶n-h-sbm¶pw ]c-¼-cm-KX coXn-bn ]men-¡-s -Sm¯ Icp-¡v, hyh-

Øm-]nX ssien-bn Hcp Bß-I-Y-b-Ã. EPp-hmb tcJ-bn-eà CXnÂ

IY-bpsS hnImkw. Nne - kw -` -h -§-fpsS Imem -\p - {I -a -amb

228

Bhnjv¡mc¯n\pw A¸p-dw, hnizm-kw, hnZym- ym-kw, Ifn-IÄ, tPmen

F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-¨v hyXy-kvX-am-\-§-fn-ep-ff \nco-£-W-§Ä Ah-X-cn-

¸n-¡p¶p86. hyàn-\n-jvT-amb hyh-lm-c-§-fpsS `mK-am-bà Ch-sbm¶pw

]ma hne-bn-cp- p-¶Xv. kmaq-lnI hn\n-a-b-§-fn Zen-X-cpsS A]-am-\-

ho-I-c-W-¯nsâ hyXy-kvX-X-e-§sf F§-s\-sbÃmw Ch {]Xn-\n-[o-I-

cn-¡p¶p F-¶-XmWv BJym-Xm-hnsâ ]cn-K-W-\m-hn-j-bw.

apJ-[mcm Bß-I-Y-IÄ {]mtZ-in--Ihpw tZio-b-hp-amb hy-h-lm-c-

§-fpsS kaÀ°-amb an{i-W-¯n-eqsS A-\mbm-k-ambn hmb-\m-hn-`-h-

am-Ip¶p. Fgp-¯p-Im-c-sâ(-Im-cn-bp-sS) kmaq-ln-I-]-Z-hn-bn A[n-jvTn-

X-am-Wv Chbv¡p-ff kzoImcyX. ]e-t¸mgpw kzbw \jvS-s -Sp- n-s¡m-

-mWv Bß-I-Y-I-fn-eqsS Fgp-¯p-ImÀ Ncn-{X-\nÀanXn km[y-am-¡p-¶Xv.

kmaq-Zm-bn-I-kzXzw ssIsbmgn¡p¶-Xn-eqsS tZio-b-kz-Xz-¯n-te¡v

DÄt¨-cp¶p. hyàn-]-c-amb kw`-h-§Ä hni-I-e\w sN¿m-sX, cmjv-

{Sob hyàn-Xz-ambn hnI-kn- v, cmjv{Sob Ncn-{X- nsâ Bhnjv¡À¯m-

¡-fmbn NneÀ amdp¶p. F¶m C-¯cw Bß-IYm coXn-Isf De-

bv¡p-hm³ ZenXv Bß-I-Y-I-fpsS thdn« km¶n-²y-§Ä¡v Ign-ªn-«p-

s -¶v \nco-£n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p87 AXm-hs«, BJym-\-¯nse ‘hen¸’s¯

Xnc-kv¡-cn¨v ]e-abpw kq£va-X-Ifpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xp-- sIm - - m -W v .

h³hn-P-b-§-fpsS {]IoÀ -\-§-fmbn amdp¶ Bß-I-Y\ coXn-

I-sf ZenXv/kv{Xo cN-\-IÄ ]nfÀ¯p-¶-Xmbn KoX \nco-£n-¡-p¶p-v88.

]cm-P-b-§-fpsS t\cnb kqN-\-IÄ t]mepw an¡-t¸mgpw Bß-I-Y-IÄ

\ÂIm-dnÃ. tZiob \thm-°m\ {]Øm-\-§-fp-ambn _Ôs¸« Bß-

I-Y-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n¨v ‘amXr-Im-]p-cp-j-·m-cpsS hnP-b-Km-Y’-I-fmbn AhÀ

hne-bn-cp-¯p¶p. Cu alm-Jym-\-§-fn \jvS-s¸-Sp¶ kq£va-tem-I-

§Ä, A\p-`-h-§Ä, Xnc-kv¡m-c-§Ä F¶nh F{Xtbm hn]p-e-am-Wv.

229

Ah-bn-te-s¡m¶pw t\m«-a-b-¡p-hm³ k¶-²-cà A¡m-es¯ Bß-I-

Ym-Ir-¯p-¡Ä F¶p-f-fXpw {]m[m-\y-ap-ff kwK-Xn-bm-Wv.

]ma-bpsS Bß-IY ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ, \ne-\n¡p-¶Xpw tZio-

b-X-bpsS {]mXn-\n[yw Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-amb cN-\-I-fn \n¶v AXn-

\p-ff hyXy-kvXX ImWm³ Ign-bpw. ChnsS kmap-Zm-bnI kzXzw asä-

Ãm-¯-n \n¶pw DbÀ¶p -\n¡p-¶p. apJy-[m-c-bpsS ]cn-em-f\

G¡p¶ A\p- -h-tem-I-§Ä ]cn-Nn-X-a-Ãm- -h-cpsS BJym-\-am-WnXv.

Ah-cpsS `uXn-I-hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsS ASn- d {Kmahpw AXnsâ ]cn-an-X-

amb kml-N-cy-§-fp-amWv. AXnsâ k¦oÀWhpw \oXn-c-ln-X-hp-amb

_Ô-§-fn ]cm-Pn-Xcpw Jn¶-cp-amWv Ch-cn qcn-]-£-am-fp-Ifpw. {Kmao-

W-\o-Xn, ChÀ¡v \ÂIp¶ Ak-a-Xzhpw a\p-jym-h-Imi \ntj-[-§-fp-

amWv BJym-\s¯ apt¶m«v \bn-¡p¶ apJy-{]-ta-bw.

Bß-I-Ym-c-N-\bv¡p-ff AÀlX ]e-hn-[- nepw tNmZyw sN¿-

s -Sp¶ L«- nÂ, BJym-\- nsâ kzbw km[q-I-c-W-hp-am-bmWv ZenXv

Bß-I-Y-IÄ \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp- an-I¨ hnZymÀ°n, Ign-hpä A²ym-

]n-I, temI-sa§pw Adn-b-s -Sp¶ tkh-\-k-¶-²-bmb I\ymkv{Xo Ch-

cn \ns¶ms¡ hnP-b-Km-Y-I-fmb Bß-I-Y-IÄ {]Xo-£n¡mw. F¶mÂ

]ma Ch aq¶pw Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ah-tl-f-\-§-fpsS, Xnc-kv¡m-c- nsâ

hyYn-X-ap-{Z-Ifpw t]dn-bm-bn-cp¶p AhcpsS k©m-c-§-f-{Xbpw. F¶mÂ

X\n¡pw kwkm-cn-¡m³ hnj-b-§-fp-s-¶pw CXv Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡m-\p-

ff `mj Ds-¶pw AhÀ Icp-Xn. AXv kwkv¡m-c-k-¼-¶-cp-sStbm

kvt\l-k-¼-¶-cp-sStbm apJy-[m-c-bpsS \nb-a-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-a-sÃt¶m

Dff Nn´-sbm¶pw Ahsc Ae-«n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]d-bm-\p-f-fXv tcJ-s¸-Sp-

¯m-\p-ff am[yaw Fgp-- m-sW¶v AhÀ Xncn- -dn-ªp.

230

Bß-IY Fgp-Xm-\p-ff tbmKyX kw_-Ôn¨v ap³]v \S- nb

hni-I-e-\-§Ä \ÂIp¶ kqN-\-b-\p-k-cn v A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-amb Hcp Xocp-

am-\-am-bn-cp¶p ]ma-bp-tS-sX¶v ]d-bmw. Fgp-¯n-s\-¡p-dn-¨p-ff B[n-Im-

cn-IXm k¦-ev]-\§Ä s]mfn-s -dn-b-s¸« kµÀ - nÂ, Cu \nco-£-W-

¯n\v ASn-Øm--\-anÃ. F¶m bYmÀ° PohnXw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-

Xn\v Xnc-sª-Sp¯ amÀKw, Fgp-¯m-sW-¶p-f-f-XmWv {][m-\w.

bmYmÀ°yw Xs¶ Hcp \nÀan-Xn-bm-sW¶v s]mXpsh AwKo-I-cn-¡-s -«n-

cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv Bß-I-Y-bnse bmYmÀ°y-s - -än-bp-ff [mcW \ne-

\n¡p-¶-Xv. kzXzm-hn-jv¡m-c--§-fpsS anYym-S-\-`q-an-Ibm-hp¶ Bß-I-

Y-Ifpw Ipd-h-Ã. Xs¶-¯s¶ Øm]n-¡m-\p-ff hy{K-X-I-fmWv C¯cw

Bß-I-Y-I-fn ap¶n-«p-\n¡p-¶-Xv.

kmaq-ln-I-kzXzw At\Iw \nÀan-Xn-I-fpsS k©-b-amWv .

DÄt¨À¡epw ]pd -f-fepw Ah-bpsS kmaq-lnI ]cn-Wm-a-§fpw FÃmw

]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ \nc-h[n CS-§-fn H¶m-W-Xv. Hcp hyàn kmaq-

lnI-Po-hn-bm-sW¶v Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn Ah-cn \neo-\-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ [mc-

W-I-fpwþ hnti-jn¨v F§-s\-bmWv kaqlw \nÀan-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xvþ

khn-ti-j-amb A\p-`-hm-h-Ø-Ifpw \nÀWm-b-I-amb ]¦p hln-¡p-

¶ p - v89. kmam-\ym-h-Ø-I-fn \n¶v hnti-j-s¸« H¶n-te-¡p-ff {]tNm-

Z-\-hkvXp am{X-aà Bß-I-Y. AXv kmaq-lnI AkvXn-Xzs¯ Xpd¶v

{]Jym-]n-¡p-I-bpw, hyXn-cn-à-X-bpsS ]n¶n {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ A[n-Im-

c-_-Ô-§sf B{I-an-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw.

Hmtcm IrXn-Isfbpw km[y-am-¡nb kmaqly _Ô-§-sfbpw

A[n-Imc {]tbm-K-§-sfbpw kv]Àin-¡m¯ hni-I-e-\-coXn Nne IrXn-

I-sfbpw Iem-hkvXp-¡-sfbpw al-Xz-h¡-cn-¡mt\ CS-bm¡q F¶v

\nco-£n-¡-s¸-«n -«p - v90 . ZenXv Bß-I-Y-IÄ¡v FXnsc DbÀ¶p-h-cp¶

231

hnaÀi-\-§Ä¡v ]n¶nse {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw Cu \nco-£-W- n AS-

§n-bn-«p-- v. B[n-]-Xyþ hn-t[-b-Xz-_-Ô-§Ä AtX-]Sn \ne-\n¡-W-

sa¶v B{K-ln-¡p--¶-h-cmWv Cu hnaÀi-\-§Ä D¶-bn-¡p-¶Xv F¶-XmWv

{it²-bw.

sskv{XWm\p-`-h-§-fpsS kam-\-X-IÄ hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶-Xnepw

{][m\w Ah-cn cq]-s¸-Sp¶ IÀ¯r-\n-jvT-amb Ah-t_m-[-¯nsâ

hym]vXn ]-cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-XmWv . ]ma-bpsS Bß-IY sskv{X-Wm-\p- -h-

§fpw Iogm-f- hpw ka-\z-bn-¡p¶ CS-§-fn-te¡v I®v ]mbn-¡p-¶p.

AXv ]c-¼-cm-KX LS-\-I-fn-te¡v Npcp-§m-sX, hntam-N-\m-ß-I-amb DuÀPw

D¸m-Zn- n-¡p-¶-h-cpsS IqSn-t -c-embn amdp-¶p. kmap-Zm-bn-Ihpw B¬tIm-

bvam-]-c-hp-amb FÃm- cw A[o-i-Xz-§-sfbpw ZpÀ_-e-s -Sp- m-\p-ff I-

cp v t\Sp-¶p.

A]qÀWhpw £Xw ]än-b-Xp-amb kzXz-amWv kv{Xo, ZenXv Pohn-

X-§Ä¡p-f-f-Xv. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpw B¬tImbvabpw cq]s¸Sp¯nb A]-

c-kz-Xz-t_m-[-hp-am-bn-«mWv Ah-cpsS PohnXw \nÀan-¡-s -Sp-¶-Xv. C¯cw

Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-§-fpsS BJym-\-§-fmWv Ah-cpsS Bß-I-Y-IÄ. Ah-

bn Xnc-kv¡m-chpw ]oUbpw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw A\p- -h-s -Sp¶p91. kzm`m-

hn-I-amb Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-IÄ¡v t\sc-bp-ff {]Xn-tcm-[-aà ZenXv Bß-

I-Y-IÄ DbÀ¯p-¶-Xv. kz`m-hn-IX Xs¶ {]iv\-h¡-cn-¡-s¸-tS-- -

Xm-sW-¶pw, kmaq-lnI \nÀan-Xn-IÄ¡v ]n¶nse e£y-§-fmWv hnNm-c-

W-sN-¿-s¸-tS-- -sX¶pw Zen-XÀ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.

Cu {]Xn-tcm-[-§Ä kmaq-lnI hyh-lm-c-§-fpsS hn`n-¶-Ø-e-

§sf {]iv\-h¡-cn-¡p-¶p. khÀW -a[yhÀK kv{XoIÄ X§-fpsS

Bß-I-Ym-c-N-\-I-fpsS {]mcw-`-L-«-¯n ho«-I-§sf kzXzm-tLm-j-§-

232

fpsS {]tZ-i-§fm¡n amän. F¶m ]n¡m-e- v, s^an-\nÌv kn²m-

-§-fpsS hàm-¡Ä hoSp-Isf Xs¶ kwi-bn¡p-Ibpw AXv B[n-]-

Xy-tem-I-¯nsâ ]pcp-j-cq-]-am-sW¶v \nÀh-Nn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu

ho£Ww kmwkv¡m-cn-I-am-sbmcp cmjv{So-b- nsâ Xe- n Bß-I-

Ysb `qX-Ime kw -h-§-fpsS kw--Úmimkv{X-am-¡p¶ ]mc-¼-cys¯

kwi-b-t¯msS ho£n-¡m³ CS-h-cp¯n F¶pw hne-bn-cp- -s¸«p92.

Icp¡v AIw/]pdw hyhlmc§Ä ]peÀ¯p¶

PmXnb[njvTnXhpw enwKm[n]Xy]chpamb kz`mhs¯bmWv

{]iv\h¡cn¡p¶Xv. AXv C´y³ kmaqlnI hyhØbpsS

hnaÀi\ambn amdp¶p. H¸w ]pcpjm[n]Xy¯n\v FXnscbpff

{]Xntcm[ambpw hnIkn¡p¶p.

233

A¡Àamin: kzXz\ntj[¯nsâ HmÀabpw cmjv{Sobhpw

ZenXv Bß-I-Y-I-fpsS BJym\ hnkvt^m-S-\-¯n\v km£yw

hln¨ adm¯n kmln-Xy-¯n Gähpw {it²-b-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p¶

IrXn-bmWv ic¬Ip-amÀ enw_m-se-bpsS A¡Àamin (1984). Ccp-]- n-

b©v hbÊp hsc-bp-ff Xsâ A\p- -h-§-fn-eqsS enw_mse \S- nb

k©m-c-amWv CXnsâ {]ta-bw. adm¯n kmln-Xy- nse Xs¶ {it²-

b-\mb Fgp- p-Im-c-\mWv enw_m-se. hnhÀ -\-§-fn-eqsS hnhn[ temI

`mj-I-fnepw ae-bmfw DÄs¸sSbp-ff C´y³ `mj-I-fnepw Xsâ

km¶n[yw Dd- n¨p Ignªp Ct±-lw. ae-bmfn hmb-\m-k-aq-l- n\pw

enw_mse A]-cn-Nn-X-\-Ã. A¡Àamin (2005), lnµp (t\m-hÂ, 2005)

F¶o IrXn-IÄ ae-bm-f-¯n-te¡v ]cn-`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-- v. IqSmsX

At±-l- nsâ {]`m-j-W-§Ä, ss[j-Wn-tImÀPw {]k-cn- n-¡p¶ {]_-

Ô-§Ä, A`n-ap-J-§Ä F¶n-h-sbÃmw ae-bm-f-¯nse apJy-[m-cm-km-

lnXy kwhm-Z-§-fpsS KXn-am-äm³ klm-bn- n-«p-f-f-h-bm-Wv.

1956 PqWn alm-cm-jv{S-bnse tjmem- qÀ PnÃ-bn l¶qÀ F¶

{Kma-¯n P\n¨ enw_mse 22 Hmfw kzX-{´-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS IÀ¯m-

hmWv. Ihn-X, t\mhÂ, sNdp-I-Y, Bß-I-Y, kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi\w

DÄs¸sS _lp-hn-[-ta-J-e-I-fn-emWv At±-l- nsâ kÀKm-ßI hyh-

lmc§Ä. C´y³ PmXn-hy-hØ F¶ kmaq-ly-Øm-]-\-¯n-sâ -Xn-

à-amb A\p- -h-§Ä t]dp¶ Ct±-l- nsâ cN-\-IÄ Bß-hn-aÀi\w

DbÀ¯p-¶-Xnepw hnap-JX {]I-Sn- n-¡m-dn-Ã.

Bß-I-Y-sb-gp-Xn-bmWv ic¬Ip-amÀ enw_mse Xsâ kÀKm-ß-

I-Po-hnXw Bcw- n- -Xv. BJym-\- nse hyh-Øm-]nX ssien-tbm, mjm-

]-c-amb s]mXp-kzo-Im-cyXtbm ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-sX-bm-bn-cp¶p XpS-¡- nÂ

234

At±-l- nsâ Fgp¯v. {]mtZ-in-I-X-bpsS Bßmhv XpSn- p-\n¶ hm¡p-

IÄ Bbn-cp¶p At±-l- nsâ Bbp-[w. ChnsS {it²-b-am-sbmcp Imcyw,

Cw¥o-jn-te¡v Xsâ ]pkvXIw ]cn- m-j-s -Sp- p-t¼mÄ hnhÀ -I-\mb

kt´mjv qwI-dn-t\mSv Nne amä§Ä At±lw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p-v F¶p-

f-f-XmWv. AXv `mj-bn hcp-t¯- hyXnbm\§sf Ipdn-¨p-f-f-Xm-bn-

cp-¶p. hnhÀ¯-\-¯nsâ H¶mw ]Xn-¸nepw c-mw ]Xn-¸nepw amä-§Ä

Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw A¡Àamin ho-pw (Akkarmashi again-1999)

F¶ aq¶mw ]Xn-t¸m-sS-bmWv Cu Bh-iy-§Ä D¶-bn-¡-s -«-sX¶pw

At±lw ]d-bp¶p93 . Xsâ {KÙw mjm-]-c-amb {]mtZ-in-I-X-bn \n¶v

\ne-hm-c-s¸« `mj-bn-te¡v (standard language) amäWw F¶m-bn-cp¶p

enw_mse B{K-ln- -Xv.

Bß-I-Ym-Ir-¯nsâ s]mXp-kzo-Im-cy-Xbn Du¶n, Fgp-¯p-Im-

c³ F¶ IÀ¯r-Xz-w BJym-\- n \S- p¶ Nm©m-«-§-fmWv ChnsS

shfn-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. F¶m {]ta-b-¯n amä-§Ä hcp-¯m³ At±lw

{ian-¡p-¶n-Ã. A\p-`h§sf amän-h-c-¡m-\mhn-Ã-tÃm. Bß-I-Ym-]mTw

{]ta-b- n Ønc-kz- mhw ]peÀ¯p-t¼mÄ BJym-\-ssi-en-bn \nc-

´cw Agn- p-]Wn \S- p--¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

A¡Àamin (impure, incomplete, an illegitimate child) XpS§n

hyXykvX AÀ°-§-fp-ff t]cmWv. ae-bm-f- n AÀ[-Pm-Xn, ]nXm-hn-

\m Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡-s¸«, kmaq-lymw-Ko-Im-c-an-Ãm¯ Ip«n F¶n-§s\

hni-Zo-I-cn¡mw kmaq-lnI-\nÀan-X-amb kzXzw \nc-h[n `uXn-I-L-S-I-

§sf B{i-bn¨v hnkvXr-X-am-hp-Ibpw Npcp-§p-Ibpw sN¿pw. C´y-\-h-

Ø-bn PmXn, aXw, hÀKw, enwKw, hwiw F¶o kwhÀK-§-fm Npä-

s¸«v \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p CXv. \nc-´cw kzbw ]p\x-kr-jvSn-¡p¶ LS-I-

§Ä Cu \nÀan-Xn¡v ]n¶n-ep-s-¶p hni-Zo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p- v94. AXnÂ

235

{][m-\-s -«Xv PmXn-]-Z-hn-bn-eqsS t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ kmaq-lymw-Ko-Im-chpw

AXnsâ hn\n-ab LS-I-§-fp-am-Wv. F¶m A¡Àamin NÀ -sN-¿p-¶-

Xv, Cu AwKo-Imcw Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡-s¸« hyàn-bpsS kwLÀj-§-fm-Wv.

alÀkv{Xobn enwKm-b¯v hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸« ]pcp-j-\p-mb ]p{X-

\mWv enw_m-se. PmXn/hÀK-]-Z-hn-bn Hu¶Xyw D-m-bn«pw s]mXp-k-

aq-l- n Xsâ ]p{X-\mWv enw_mse F¶v k½-Xn-¡m³ ]nXm-hn\v

Bhp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. {Kma-ap-Jy-\v-þ-]m-«oÂþ ]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn In«p¶ Ah-

Imiw t]mse-bm-bn-cp¶p ZenXv kv{XoIÄ¡v tase-bp-ff ssew-KnI

‘\oXn’. AXv ]c-ky-amb cl-ky-am-bn-cp-¶p. P·s¯ kw_-Ôn¨ kµn-

Kv[-X-bm-bn-cp-¶nÃ, Pohn-X- n-se-¼mSpw ]n´p-S-cp¶ kzXz-kw-LÀj-§-

fm-bn-cp¶p enw_m-sesb Bß-I-Y-sb-gp-Xp-hm³ t{]cn- n- -Xv.

kzXz-]-c-amb kwLÀj- n \n¶mWv Hmtcm Bß-I-Ybpw ]nd-

hn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. Rm³ BcmWv F¶ tNmZyw {]Xn-k-Ôn-bmbn Df-fnÂ

cq]-s -Sp-t¼mÄ AXv Bhn-jv¡m-c- n-te¡v hnI-kn-¡p-¶p. A¡Àam-

in-bpsS ]n¶nse t{]c-W-Ifpw CXnÂ\n¶v `n¶-a-Ã. Bap-J-¯nÂ

enw_mse Fgp-Xp-¶Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv:

‘Rms\-´p-sIm- v khÀWÀ¡v Abn-¯-¡m-c-\mbn’ ‘Rm\m-

cmWv? F¶ tNmZy-§-fn \n¶mWv Cu Bß-IY ]qÀW-am-b-Xv. Rm³

A¡Àamin (AÀ[-Pm-Xn) F¶ \ne-bnÂ, Rm³ ‘Abn- -¡m-c³’ F¶

\nebnÂ, GXp Pohn-X-amtWm Pohn- Xv AtX Pohn-X-s -bmWv hm¡p-

I-fn tcJ-s -Sp- n-bXv95.

alm-cm-jv{S-bn Zen-X-cpsS t\Xr-Xz- n \nch[n apt¶-ä-§Ä

D-m-bn -«p -s - -¦nepw ic¬IpamÀ enw_m-se-bpsS sNdp-¸-Imew B

{]t£m- -§-sf-¡p-dn¨v AÚ-X-bn Bbn-cp-¶p. alÀhm-U-bnse Xsâ

236

PohnXw F{Xtbm Zpcn-X-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v A¡Àam-in-bpsS Hmtcm ]pdhpw

shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p--v. F¶m X\n¡v e`n¨ hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-eqsS kmaq-

lnI hnImkw t\Sm³ bXv\n-¡p-¶ hyàn-bm-bn-cp¶p enw_m-se. At±-

l- nsâ t\mh ‘lnµp’--hmIs« ka-Im-eo\ cmjv{So-b-]-c-nWm-a-§-fpsS

]Ým-¯-e-¯n ZenXv kwL-S-\m-{]-hÀ¯-\s¯ AXn-kq-£va-ambn

hnaÀin-¡p¶ IrXn-bm-Wv.

alÀkw-kv¡mcw alm-cm-jv{S-bn Ah-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hm¯ km¶n-

[y-am-sW-¦nepw ]qÀW-amb AÀ°- n kmaq-lnI IÀ¯r-Xz- n-te¡v

Db-cm³ Ign-ªn-«n-sö hkvXpX A¡Àam-in-bn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-

-v. H«-\-h[n Zpcn-X-§Ä am{Xw \ÂIp-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p A½-bn-eqsS Dd-

¸n-¡-s¸« kmap-Zm-bnI AkvXn-Xz-sa¶v enw_mse Icp-Xp-¶p-. F-¶mÂ

Aѳ \S- nb _e-{]-tbm-Ks¯ Xsâ sshb-ànI {]Xn-k-Ôn-bmbn

am{Xw At±lw ImWp-¶n-Ã. C´y³ kwkv¡m-c- nsâ lnwkm-ß-I-X-

bpsS Gähpw Xo£vW-amb apJ-am-W-Xv. Htc kabw khÀWm-[n-]-Xy-

¯n-sâbpw ]pcp-jm-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw kwK-a-Ø-e-ambn C¯cw _e-

{]-tbm-K-§Ä amdp-¶p.

kmwkv¡m-cnI apt¶-ä-§Ä

alm-cm-jv{S-bnse alÀ kap-Zm-b- nsâ `uXn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-

amb hnIm-k-¯n\v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb \nc-h[n hgn-I-fp--v. {_n«ojv sImtfm-

Wn-b-en-k-¯n\pw ]n¶n-te¡v AXv \ofp-t¼mgpw ]s¯m³]-Xv, Ccp-

]Xv \qäm--p-I-fn-emWv Gähpw hn¹-h-I-c-amb amä-§Ä kw`-hn-¨-Xv. \nc-

h[n kvIqfp-IÄ, Bi-b-{]-Nm-c-W-am-[y-a-§Ä, Iem-þ-kmw-kv¡m-cnI cwK-

¯p--mb hnIm-kw, {]hn-iym- `-c-W-k-an-Xn-bn-te¡v kap-Zm-bmw-K-§Ä

Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv XpS§n kÀÆ-Xe kv]Àin-bm-b -hn-Im-k-am-bn-

cp¶p AXv96. ]c-¼-cm-KX sXmgn-enÂ\n¶v sNdnb hn`m-K- n-s\-¦nepw

237

hntam-Nn- n¡-s -Sm-\m-bXv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-ho-£-W- n Xs¶ hyXn-

bm -\ -ap - - m -¡n.

A[n-Im-c-¯n CS-s]-tS-- -Xnsâ A\nhm-cyX t_m[y-s¸« Zen-

XÀ¡v ]t£, GXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS hn]p-e-amb \ncsb t\cn-tS-n h¶p.

CXn Gähpw {][m-\-s -«Xv lnµp alm-k- -bm-bn-cp-¶p. sslµh PmXn-

{I-as¯ ImÀ¡-iyt¯msS kwc-£n-¡p-hm³ ]nd-hn-sIm- B kwLS\

apJy FXn-cm-fn-bm-hp-¶-Xv kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. {Kmao-W-\oXn Ab-hn-ÃmsX

\S-¸n-em-t¡---Xm-sW¶ ]c-¼-cm-KX k¦-ev]s¯ C´y³ kaq-l-¯nÂ

Du«n-bp-d- n-¡m³ ChÀ hln¨ ]¦v sNdp-X-Ã. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-¡p-ff ]n´p-

Wbpw ico-c-_-e-¯n-ep-ff Du¶epw lnµp-kw-kv¡m-cs¯ anen-äâ v

iàn-bm¡n amänb tKmÄhm-¡-dnsâ Nn´-bnep- -m -bn -cp -¶p-sh¶v

tPymXnÀab iÀ½ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p- v97. CXn\v At±-l-¯n-\p-ff IS-

¸mSv kzman hnth-Im-\-µ-t\m-Sm-sW¶pw iÀ½ ]d-bp-¶p.

khÀWi-ànsb t\cn-Sp-¶-Xn Imbn-I-amb Du¶-en\p ]Icw

Úm\mÀPn-X-amb Xncn- -dn-hp-I-fn-eqsS apt¶m«p t]mIp-hm-\mWv Zen-X-

cpsS t\Xr-Xz-§Ä B{K-ln-¨-Xv. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm--nsâ {]Y-a-Z-i-I-§Ä

\ÂIp¶ kqN-\bpw asäm-¶-Ã. 1920 Â tUm. _n.-BÀ Awt_-Zv¡À

aqI-\m-bIv F¶ ]{Xw Øm]n-¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ A\-\y-amb [nj-

Wm-i-ànbpw Akm-am-\y-amb kwL-S-\m-]m-Shpw alÀk-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ

khn-ti-j-amb DWÀhp--m-¡n. AXv ]n¶oSv C´y-ap-gp-h³ ]SÀ¶v, FÃm

Akv]r-iy-cp-sSbpw mK-t[-b-§sf \nÀW-bn- p. H«-\-h[n {]t£m- -§Ä

cà-cq-£n-X-am-hm-Xn-cn-¡m-\p-ff Imc-Ww, ZenXv t\Xr-Xz-§-fpsS X{ -

]-c-amb \o¡p-t]m-¡p-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. kmwkv¡mcnI hn -h-§Ä \nÀan-¡p-

¶-Xn-em-bn-cp¶p Xncn-¨-Sn-I-sf-¡mÄ Zen-XÀ {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-bXv

F¶mWv CXnÂ\n¶pw hyà-am-Ip-¶-Xv.

238

alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Zen-X-cpsS kmwkv¡m-cnI apt¶-ä-§Ä¡v kmln-

Xy-{]-Øm-\-§-fpambpÅ A`n-¶X BÀ¡pw \ntj-[n-¡m-\m-hn-Ã.

X§Ä¡v kzm`m-hn-Ihpw Xo£vW-hp-amb kzXzw (vibrant identity)

Ds-¶v Zen-XÀ Xncn-¨-dn-ªXv kmlnXy CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsSbmWv98.

B[n-]Xy hn`m-K-§Ä¡v FXn-sc-bp-ff hnaÀi-\m-ßI iàn-bmbn kzbw

\nÀW-bn-¡p-hm\pw CX-hsc klm-bn- p. kmwkv¡m-cnI sshhn-[y-§Ä

]-p-Imew apXÂt¡ kz´-am-bp- -m-bn-cp¶ hn`m-K-am-bn-cp¶p Zen-XÀ

F¶v tKm]mÂKpcp hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-v99.

]m«pw, khn-ti-j-amb \r¯-cq-]-§fpw, IY-]-d-bp¶ coXn-Ifpw

FÃmw C¡q-«- nÂs -Spw. tImtem- n-IÄ ]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn \S- p¶

\r¯w- k-aqlw apgp-h³ BtLmjn¡pIbpw kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-

¶p. IntjmÀ im´m-_mbv Imte-bpsS Bß-IY ‘Rm³ AXn-Po-hn¨

Aán-]-co-£-IÄ’ Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p¶ {]ta-bhpw CXp-X-s¶-bm-Wv. AXm-

b-Xv, kmwkv¡m-cn-I-amb apt¶-ä-§Ä¡v klm-b-I-amb hn[-¯n-ep-ff

hn`h-§Ä alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Zen-XÀ¡n-S-bn F¡m-e¯pw D-m-bn-cp¶p.

AXv Hmtcm Ncn-{X-k-µÀ -§-fnepw Xo£vW-ambn Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s -Sp-

Ibpw s]mXp-k-aq-l- n khn-ti-j-amb CSw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

ic¬Ip-amÀ enw_m-se-bpsS ‘lnµp’ F¶ t\mh ‘PÂk’

F¶ Iem-cq-]-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-ambn ]d-bp-¶p-- v. alÀhm-U-bpsS

BtLm-j-§Äþ]-Iepw cm{Xnbpw \ofp-¶-Xv þ PÂk-bp-ambn _Ô-s -

«-XmWv. kmaq-ln-Ihpw Bßo-b-hp-amb hnaÀi-\-§Ä¡p-ff am[y-a-ambn

Cu Iem-cq]s¯ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp- - v. PÂk F¶ Iem-cq-]-¯nsâ

BNm-cy-\mb XmXym- Imw-s»-bpsS sIme-]m-XIw apJy-{]-ta-b-amb Cu

t\mh-enÂ, khÀWsc PÂk-bn-eqsS {]tIm-]n- n-¡p-¶-XmWv Cu sIme-

]m-X-I- nsâ ASn-Øm-\-sa¶pw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p. XmXym Imws»-bpsS

239

PÂk h¶-tXmsS Bfp-IÄ¡v tZho-tZ-h-·m-cn hnizm-k-an-Ãm-Xmbn

Ignªp F¶-XmWv {Kma- nse hnjvWp ]qPm-cn-bpsS ]Ibv¡v Imc-

W-sa¶v t\mh shfn-s -Sp- p¶p100. al-dp-IfpsS kmwkv¡m-cnI D]m-

[n-Isf A[o-i-k-aqlw `b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wn-Xv.

ka-Im-enI ZenXv kwkv¡mc/kmln-Xy-]-T\w adm- n-bn t\cn-

Sp¶ {][m-\-s¸« shÃp-hn-fn-sb-¡p-dn¨v tKm]mÂKpcp hne-bn-cp- p-¶p-

-v. AXn-sem-¶v, ZenXv kmln-Xys¯ am{Xw Ah-cpsS cmjv{So-b-þ-kmw-

kv¡m-cnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fpsS tI{µ-{]-ta-b-ambn ]cn-an-X-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-

Wv. CXc kmwkv¡m-cnI cq]-§sf Kuc-h-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶n-Ã. Zen-

X-cpsS kmwkv¡m-cnI hyh-lm-c-§-fn B[n-]Xyw hln-¡p-¶Xv kmln-

Xy-am-Wv. F¶m P\-Io-b-þ-Io-gm-f-[m-c-IÄ apJy-[mcm cmjv{Sob hn\n-a-

b-§-fn AZr-iy-amsW¶pw At±lw Nq-n-¡m-Wn-¡p¶p101.

asämcp {][m-\-s¸« Imcyw kv{XoIÄ¡n-S-bn cq]-s¸« hntam-

N\ Nn -Ifpw AXn\v A\p-_-Ô-ambn hnI-kn¨ {]hÀ -\-§-fp-amWv.

apJy-[m-c-bn CSs]« \nc-h[n kv{XoIÄ Awt_-Zv¡À aqhvsaâp-I-fnÂ

Xs¶ kPo-h-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v ao\m-£n-aqWpw DuÀ½nf ]hmdpw tcJ-

s¸-Sp -¯n -bn -«p - v102. \nc-£-c-cm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw Awt_-Zv¡À {]kn-²-

s¸-Sp-¯nb _ln-jvIrX `mc-Xv, aqI-\m-b-Iv, P\-X, {]_p-²-`m-cXv XpS-

§nb amkn-I-I-fpsS hcn-¡m-cm-bn-cp¶ kv{XoI-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Cu ]T\w

shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

F¶m adm¯n ZenXv kmln-Xyw, Zen-Xv ]m- À {]Øm-\- nsâ

am{Xw DÂ]-¶-ambn hmbn-¨-Sp-¡m-\p-ff {iaw, Ncn{Xw I- hyXykvX

CS-s]-S-ep-Isf Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. tPymXn-dmhp ^qse-

bpsS ]Xv\n kmhn-{Xn- mbv ^qse-bm-Wv kv{Xo CS-s]-S-ep-I-fnse BZy-]-

YnI F¶pw hne-bn-cp- -s -Sp-¶p. im´m-_mbv Zm\n, im´m-_mbv Imw-

240

s», t__n sIm-n_ Imws», DuÀ½nf ]hmÀ, IpapZv ]mhvsU, kptcJ

`KXv F¶n-h-scms¡ ZenXv Fgp- n-sâbpw CS-s]-S-ep-I-fp-sSbpw BZy-X-

e-ap-d-bnÂs -Sp-¶-h-cm-Wv. ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bn {]Zv\y ]hmÀ, BimeXm-

Imw-s», Dj Awt_m-d, imcZm \mhvse F¶n-hcpw ià-amb km¶n-[y-

ambn Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.

Zen-Xp-I-fn \nÀan-¡-s¸« PmXn tI{µnX kzXz-t_m[w A\n-hm-

cy-am-sW¶v hnizn-kn-¡p¶ Fgp- p-Im-cn-bmWv DuÀ½nf ]hmÀ. ImcWw

PohnX kml-N-cy-§sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ, X§Ä kzXz-kw-LÀj-

¯nÂs]-Sp-¶p. lnµp-aXw \nÀan¨p sh¨ kzXzk-¦-ev]-¯n \n¶pw

thdn« Hc-t\z-j-W- n\v Cu kwLÀj-§Ä R§sf \nÀ_-Ôn-¡p¶p

F¶-hÀ ]d-bp¶p103. hyXykvX [mc-Isf tI{µo-I-cn-¨p-ff ]T-\-§Ä

adm¯n ZenXv kmln-Xy- n A\n-hm-cy-sa¶ ]mT-amWv kv{XoI-fpsS

ià-amb CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.

_u²-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn adm-¯n-bnse ZenXv kmln-Xy-¯n-\p--m-bn-

cp¶ _Ôw H«p-an¡ At\z-j-Icpw hne-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p-- v. _m_p-dmhp

_mKp-fn-s\-bpw, Zbm-]-hm-dn-s\bpw Geo-\À skeo-äv, _u² Fgp- p-

ImÀ (Buddhist writers ) F¶mWv hnti-jn- n-¡p-¶Xv104. ZenXv kmln-

Xy-{]-Øm\w AXnsâ XpS-¡- n cq]-s¸« Bi-b-kw-hm-Z-§Ä tI{µ-

am-¡n-bXpw _u²-km-lnXyw F¶-dn-b-s -S-W-sa¶v A`n-{]m-b- n-t·em-

bn-cp-¶p. F¶m amÀIvkn-k-t¯mSv A\p- mhw ]peÀ¯n-b-hÀ C¡m-

cys¯ FXnÀ¯p. 1972 \S¶ {]Øm-\¯nsâ BZys¯ ]nfÀ¸pw

Cu XÀ¡- nsâ ASn-Øm-\- n-em-bn-cp¶p F¶pw N-cn{Xw ]d-bp-¶p.

Zen-X-cp-sS, kmwkv¡m-cn-I-þ-cm-jv{Sob DWÀhnsâ ]Ým- -e- nÂ,

ic¬Ip-amÀ enw_m-se-bpsS A¡Àam-insb hne-bn-cp- p-¶-XmWv DNn-

241

X-amb coXn. Ncn-{X-hp-ambn At -Zy-_Ôw ]peÀ¯p-¶-Xn Bß-I-Y-

IÄ {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶nsænepw, sshb-àn-Im-\p-`-h-§Ä¡v Ah

\ÂIp¶ ]n³_ew {it²-b-amWv. A¡Àam-in-bpsS hn]p-e-amb `mKw

Ncn-{X-¯nsâ hyXykvX AS-cp-Isf AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶nà F¶Xpw

bmYmÀ°y-am-Wv.

sNdp-{]m-b- n sslµh hnizm-k- n A[n-jvTn-X-ambn Pohn-

¡m³ t{]cn-¸n-¡-s¸« hyàn-bm-bn-cp¶p ic¬Ip-amÀ enw_m-se.

kvIqfn ]Tn-¡p-t¼mÄ lnµp hnip-²-{K-Ù-§-fpsS hmb-\-¡m-c-\m-bn-

cp-¶p. tZho tZh-·mÀ¡v ap¼n \nc- cw {]mÀ°n-¡p-hm³ enw_mse

kabw Is-¯n. F¶m t_mÀUnwMv kvIqfn-te¡pw ]n¶oSv tImtf-

Pn-te¡pw ]T\w amän-b-t¸mÄ ØnXn-K-Xn-IÄ BsI amdn. A¡m-e¯v

_m_m-km-tl_v tUm. Awt_-Zv¡-dn-\m {]tNm-Zn-X-cmb H«-\-h[n sNdp-

¸-¡mÀ tImtfPv hnZym-`ym-k--¯n kPo-h-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-cp-am-bp-ff

k¼À¡w bYmÀ° Xncn- -dn-hp-I-fn-te¡v Xs¶ \bn¨p F¶v enw_mse

HmÀan -¡p -¶p - - v .

ZenXv ]m´À aqhvsasâ v {]t£m- -cw-K¯v kPoh km¶n-[y-am-b-

t¸mÄ BWv ic¬Ip-amÀ enw_mse AXn-te¡v BIÀjn-¡-s -Sp-¶-

Xv. adm-¯m-hmUm bqWn-th-gvkn--än¡v tUm. _m_mkm-tl_v Awt_-

Zv¡À F¶ t]cv amän-bn-S-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸« ka-c-amWv kµÀ`w.

AtemIv apJÀPn-bp-am-bp-ff A`n-apJ kw`m-j-W-¯n ic¬Ip-amÀ

enw_mse Xpd¶p ]d-bp-¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. Rm³ Fsâ bmYmÀ°

kzXzs¯ Xncn- -dn-ªXv Cu {]Øm-\- n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. AsÃ-¦n Rm³

Ct¸mgpw {]W-b-I-hn-X-IÄ am{X-sa-gp-Xp¶ Hcmfm-bn-cn¡pw105. GI-tZiw

]Xn-\-t©mfw Is¿-gp¯p {]Xn-IÄ I¯n¨p If-bp-¶-Xmbn At±lw

hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. `mh\ Ip¯n-\n-d¨ Akw-_-Ô-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Ah. Fsâ

242

bYmÀY-kzXzw Ah-bn CÃm-bn-cp-¶p .bYmÀ° tNmZy-§tfm Ah-

bn CÃm-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-se-Ãm-ap-]cn Fsâ {]Øm\w AXn H«p-ta-bn-

Ãm-bn-cp¶p F¶pw At±lw Xpd¶p k½-Xn-¡p-¶p.

Abn¯w, hni- v, {]Wbw

km[m-cW Hcp C´y³ {Kmaw ]n´p-S-cp¶ ss\XnI aqey-§Ä,

DÄs¡m-Åm\pw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn AIän \nÀ¯m\pw {ian-¡p¶ hn\n-

a-b-§-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. sIm¨pIp«nbmbn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ kmaq-ly-{I-a-

¯nsâ IWn-i-amb hgn-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn-¡p-hm³ enw_m-sebpw

\nÀ_Ôn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p.Zen-XÀ¡v kzX-{´-ambn {]th-i-\-an-Ãm¯

kvIqfn \n¶v XpS-§p¶p hnth-N-\-¯nsâ BZy-]m-T-§Ä . CXnÂ

hnZym-k-¼-¶-cmb A²ym-]-IÀ AhÀW-cmb hnZymÀ°n-I-tfmSv

]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶- A-bn- m-Nmcw s]mXpsh tNmZyw sN¿-s -«n-cp-¶n-Ã.

¢mkv apdn-I-fn \ne\n¶ncp¶ hn -P-\-§Ä AZr-iy-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. A]-

Ir-jvS-amb `mj-bn ZenXv hnZymÀ°nIsf A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp-

sIm-v kvIqfnse ipNo-I-c-W-sXm-gn-ep-IÄ Chsc G¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-

cp¶p ]Xn-hv. Cu A\p-`hw, Hmw{]-Imiv hmÂao-In-bpsS Bß-I-Y-

bmb ‘PqTm-\n’epw hnh-cn -¡p-¶p- - v .106

ImÀ¡-iy-t¯msS \S-¸m-¡nb PmXn-\n-b-a-§Ä FÃmhy-h-lm-c-

§-fnepw ]cn-jv¡mccln-X-ambn \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. AXnsâ cq]hpw

`mjbpw amä- n\v hnt[-b-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXv \S- m-¡p-¶-h-cpsS [À½-

\o-Xn-IÄ A[n-Im-c- m hebw sN¿- -«p. ]c-¼-cm-K-X-ambn XpScp¶

\nb-a-§Ä¡v ssZh-\o-Xn-bpsS ]n³_-e-hp-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p.

Zmcn{Zyw \ndª Pohn-Xw sIm-v \nc-´cw A]-am-\-ho-I-cn-¡-s¸-

Sp-¶-h-cmbn Zen-XÀ amdp¶-Xmbn enw_mse Fgp-Xp-¶p. At±-l- nsâ

243

IpSpw-_- n-epÅ k´m-ambn (hey-½), akm-am-bn(-A-½), ZmZ (h-fÀ -

ѳ) ktlm-Z-cn-amÀ FÃmw ISp- - Zm-cn-{Zy-t¯mSv Ft¸mgpw s]mcp-Xp-

¶-h-cm-Wv. X§Ä¡n-S-bnse sIm¨p-sIm-¨p- I-f-hp-IÄ apgp-¸-«n-Wn-I-fmÂ

\ymbo-I-cn-¡-s¸-tS-- -Xm-sW¶v At±lw Icp-Xp¶p. Znh-k-§-tfmfw

`£Ww Ign-¡m¯ Ah-Ø, km³amÀKn-Iþ kmaq-lnI hyh-lm-c-§sf

AXn-ew-Ln-¡p-hm-\pÅ t{]cW \ÂIp-¶p.

{Kma- n-eqsS Xe§pw hne§pw hni- -S¡n B[ntbmsS Pohn-¡p-

¶-h-cpsS ZpcnX Nn{X§fm kar-²-amWv A¡Àam-in F¶ BßIY.

hni v F¶ tI{µ{]tabw hÀK/ hÀW hyh-Ø-I-fpsS krjvSn-bm-sW¶v

Xpd¶p ImWn-¡p-¶p- v Cu {KÙw. NmW-I- n \n¶v In«p¶ [m\y-a-

Wn-IÄ sIm-v `m{In-bp--m-¡p¶ AhØ CXn-sem-¶m-Wv. IpSpw-_mw-K-

§Ä X½n `£-W-¯n\p th-n \S-¯p-¶ Iel-§Ä, Ip«n-I-fpsS

hni- n-s\-Xnsc apXnÀ¶-hÀ \S- p¶ im]-hm-¡p-IÄ¡v ]n¶n Hfn- n-

cn-¡p¶ \nÊ-lm-b-X, hni-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v t\sc khÀWÀ ]peÀ¯p¶ ]cn-

lm-k-§fpw ASn- -aÀ -ep-Ifpw XpS§n Nn -IÄ¡v AXo-X-amb {]ta-

b-ambn hni v Cu Bß-I-Y-bn am-dp-¶p- v.

ZenXv BßI-Y-IÄs¡-Xnsc {][m-\-ambpw D¶-bn-¡-s¸-Sp¶

hnaÀi\w, kz´w A\p-`-h-§sf AXn-i-tbm-àn-]-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-

¡p¶p F¶-XmWv. a[y-h-ÀK-hm-b-\-¡msc ap¶n I-v t_m[-]qÀhw

\S-¯p¶ CS-s]-S-embn Cu coXnsb ImWp-¶-h-cp-ap- - v. F¶m Cu

hnaÀi-\- nsâ km[q-I-c-Ws¯ Zen-sX-gp- p-ImÀ \nÀ -b-ambn tNmZyw

sN¿p-¶-Xv, A\p-`-h-§Ä Bhn-jv¡-cn¨p sIm-p-X-s¶-bmWv F¶-Xt{X

bmYmÀ°yw. A¡Àamin AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p¶ Pohn-X- nsâ ZpcnX Nn{X-

244

§Ä hÃm-s¯mcp BLm-X-ambn hmb-\-¡m-cn \ndbpw F¶ Imcy-

¯nepw c-p -]-£-ap- -m -hn-Ã. Hcp-Zm-l-cWw {i²n-¡p-I:

HSp-hn R§Ä KnÀam-ey-bpsS Irjn-bn-S- n-se¯n s]mXn Xpd-

¶p. AXn N¸m- n-¡-jvW-§-fpw, t]mfn, _Ön, eÍp, apdp¡v

XpS-§nb ]e-Xcw ]e-lm-c-§-fpsS DÑn-jvS-§fpw D-m-bn-cp¶p.

Ah-bn \n¶v sImXn-¸n-¡p¶ aWw Db-cp-¶p--m-bn-cp-¶p. R§Ä

FÃm-hcpw h«- n-en-cp¶p . BÀ¯n-tbmsS In«n-b-sXms¡ hmcn-

¯n¶p. C{X-\à `£Ww kzmZp-t\m-¡m³ R§Ä¡v CXn-\p-ap-

s¼m-cn-¡epw In«n-bn-«n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-. -R-§-sf-Ãm-hcpw BÀ¯n-]-

-m-c-§Ä Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. ]n¨-¡m-cpsS k©n-IÄt]mse R§-

fpsS hb-dp-IÄ Ft¸mgpw sImXn-aq¯v BÀ¯n-Xo-cmsX InS-¡p-

I-bm-bn-cp¶p107.

A¡Àamin Imhym-ß-I- m-j-bn Fgp-X-s¸« IrXn-bmbn hne-bn-

cp-¯-s¸-Sm-dp-- v. ZenXv A\p-`-h-§sf AXnsâ ]cp-¡³ `mj-bn \n¶v

hntam-Nn- n-¡m-\p-ff \ho\ {ia-ambpw CXns\ hmbn-s -Sp-¡mw. alÀhm-

U-bnse {]Wbw t]mep-ff A²ym-b-§Ä Cu ssien¡v anI¨ DZm-l-

c-W-am-Wv. Ah-fpsS I®-pIÄ Hcp ]ip-hnsâ I®-pIÄt]mse BÀ{Z-

am-bn-cp¶p F¶pw ]pg-sh-f-f-s -¡mÄ hnip-²-am-bn-cp¶p Ah-fpsS I®p-

IÄ F¶pw enw_mse Fgp-Xp-¶p.

{]Wbw kzIm-cyhpw Gsd hyXy-kvX-hp-amb A\p- -h-am-sW-¶n-

cn-s¡, AXnsâ kmaq-lnI Df-f-S-¡s¯ Xpd¶p Im«m-\p-ff kµÀ`-

ambmWv ic¬Ip-amÀ enw_mse D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. AÀ[-Pm-Xn-¡m-c\pw

alÀs]¬Ip«nbpw X½n-ep-ff kvt\lw kmaq-ln-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-¡-

s¸-Sn-Ã. PmXn-hy-hØ krjvSn-¡p¶ ip²w/A-ip²w ]cn-I-ev]-\-I-fnÂ

kzPmXn hnhmlw Gsd hne-a-Xn-¡-s -SpIbpw {]tbm-K-h¡-cn-¡-s -

245

Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. X§-fpsS ‘Ipe-a-lna’ kwc-£n-¡p-hm³ DX-Ip¶

am[yaw am{X-amWv ChnsS kzPmXn hnhm-lw. kmaq-ln-I-amb ASn-¨-

aÀ¯-en-eq-sSbpw A[n-Im-c-{]-tbm-K-¯n-eq-sS-bp-amWv hyh-Øsb kwc-

£n¨p \nÀ¯p¶ Cu hyh-lm-c-§Ä \S- m-¡-s -Sp-¶-Xv. kzX-{ -amb

CjvSm-\n-jvS-§Ä ]cn-K-Wn-¡msX \nÀ_-Ôn-X-amb H¯p XoÀ¸n-te¡v

hyàn Iog-S-§p-I-bm-Wv.

F¶m \nb-a-_m-ly-amb _e-{]-tbm-K-§Ä km[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p.

khÀWÀ X§-fpsS Ah-Im-iw- t]mse ZenXv kv{XoIÄ¡v ta CXv

\S- m¡n. sNdp¯p \n¸n-\p-t]mepw CS-\ÂIm-sX, X§-fpsS IpSpw_/

Ipe-a-ln-a-IÄ¡v tIm«w X«msX \S- p¶ C¯cw thgvN-I-fn-sem-¶mWv

Xsâ P\-\-¯n\pw Imc-W-sa¶v enw_mse Fgp-Xp-¶p--v.

Fsâ P\\w ]m«oensâ Xdhm«palnasb ]nSn¨pIpep¡n

bn«p-mhWw. Fsâ BZy \nizmkw temI¯nsâkZmNmc\oXn¡v

`ojWnbmbn¯oÀ¶ncn¡Ww. Fsâ BZy \nehnfntI«v ChnSps¯

Hmtcm Ip´oamXmhnsâbpw apeIÄ Npc¶n«p-mhWw16.

hnhml¯neqsS PmXnIÄ¡pffnse B´chnip²nbpw

]pcpjm[n]Xyhpw \ne\nÀ¯p¶Xns\¡pdn¨v Da N{IhÀ¯n

hniIe\w sN¿p¶Xv C{]ImcamWv:

{]Xyp¸mZn¸n¡pI F¶XmWv hnhml¯nsâ ISa

F¶ncns¡, A¯c¯nepff \nbam\pkyX hnhml§fnÂ

]nd¶ a¡fmWv kmaqlyhyhØsb \ne\nÀ¯p¶Xpw

]p\cpXv]mZn¸n¡p¶Xpw. PmXnbpsS t{iWo_Ô§fpw

]pcpj]c¼cbpsSbpw ]qÀhnIcpsSbpw A\izcXbpw

hnhmlcoXnIsf B{ibn¨v \ne\n¡p¶hbmWv. A§ns\

PmXnbpw cà_Ôhpw hn`Pn¡m\mhm¯hbmbn hwi§Ä/

246

]c¼cIÄ¡nSbn a²yØw hln¡p¶hbmbn hnhml§Ä.

A§ns\ PmXn ]ZhnIfpsS hn]peamsbmcp LS\¡I¯v

PmXnIfpsS B´cip²n \ne\nÀ¯p¶hbpambn Ah17.

hnhml _mly_Ô-§Ä kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bpsS {Z-X¡v Cf¡w X«n-

¡p-¶p. hyàn-]-c-amb CjvS-§Ä¡v ]Icw kmaq-ly-\n-b-a-§-fpsS imiz-X-

h¡-c-W-amWv kzPm-Xn-hn-hml¯neqsS kw -hn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu hyh-lm-c-

¯n\p shfn-bn \S- p¶ kzmX{´y {]Jym-]-\-§Ä \nb-a-hn-cp-²-am-Ip-

¶p. C¯cw Imcy-§-fn ]mc-¼cyw F¶v hnh-£n-¡p-¶Xv k-hÀWm-[n-

Im-c- nsâ {]Xy-b-imkv{X {]-tbm-K-am-Wv. AXv \S¸n-em-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS k\m-

X-\-Xzhpw P³am-h--Im-i-§fpw kwc-£n-¡-s -Sp-¶p. ic¬Ip-amÀ enw_mse

kmaq-ln-I-amb s]mXp-k-½-Xn¡v ]pd¯v P\n-¡p-Ibpw Pohn-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p¶ hyàn-bm-Wv. A¡Àamin Fgp-Xp-hm-\p--mb kµÀ`hpw Cu kzXz-

k-¦oÀW-X-bm-sW¶v At±lw Fgp-Xp-¶p--v.

enw_mse Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p¶ alÀhmUm PohnXw Ab-hp-f-fXpw

B[n-]-Xy-kz-`mhw CÃm-¯-Xp-am-Wv. Aѳ, A½, hey-½, hey-ѳ,

ktlm-Z-c-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-scÃmw _Ô-§-fnse I®n-I-fm-hp-t¼mgpw

ChÀ¡v Hmtcm-cp- À¡pw kzX-{´hpw [oc-hp-amb \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ kzoI-

cn-¡m³ Bhp-¶p--v. F¶m enwK-]-c-amb A[n-Im-c-k-a-ky-IÄ CÃm-

Xm-sb¶v CXn-\À°-an-Ã. kv{Xoþ ]pcp-j-_-Ô-¯nsâ FÃm aÞ-

e¯nepw ]pcp-jm[n-]Xy kz`mhw {]I-S-am-bn-cp-¶p.

kmaq-lnI _ln-jv¡-cWw \nc-´cw t\cn-tS-n hcp¶hcmWv

Zen-XÀ. Øe-]-c-ambn Xs¶ Ah-cpsS PohnXw Hcp Xpcp- n HXp-¡-

s -Sp-¶p. {KmaoW \oXn Chbv¡v DZm-c-amb ]n³_ew \ÂIp-¶-Xm-bn-

cp-¶p. Cu thdn-S kz´w kap-Zm-b-¯nepw A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ kµÀ`-

§Ä A¡Àamin Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶p- - v.

247

alÀhm-Ubpw N -bp-ambn Npä-s -«-þ-a-l-dp-I-fp-sS-þ-enw-_m-se-bpsS

PohnXw khÀW-cpsS Pohn-X-hy-h-Ø-Isf Hfn- p-]nSn-¡m-\m-hm¯ Xcw

`oXn-tbm-sS-bm-bn-cp¶p I-n-cp-¶-Xv. Xsâ ]nXm-hn-sâþ ]m«o-en-sâ-þhoSv

Hcn¡epw enw_m-te¡v Is--¯m-\m-hp-¶n-Ã. cm{Xn-bn IpSn-ep-I-fn-

te¡v ]Xp§n hcp¶ cq]-§Ä am{X-am-bn-cp¶p At±-l- n\v khÀW-

k-m-ao-]y-§Ä. Ah-cpsS t`mKm-k-àn¡v Iogn \ni-_vZ-cmbn hnt[-b-

s -Sp¶ A½-am-scbpw ktlm-Z-cn-am-sc-bp-amWv Bß-IY hc- n-Sp-¶-Xv.

Abn- w, {]W-bw, thÀ]m-Sv, hni- v, Zen-Xsâ Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-I-

fpsS t\cm--Jym-\-ambn A¡Àamin amdp-¶p-- v. ZenXv Bß-I-Y-I-sf-¡p-

-dn¨v sI.-kn. ]pcp-tjm- -a³ \S- p¶ {it²-b-amb \nco-£Ww Cu

kµÀ`-¯n {]k-à-am-Wv.

adm-¯n-bnepw aäv C´y³ `mj-I-fnepw Dff ZenXv cN-\-I-fnÂ

s]mXp-hn ImWp¶ {]tabw PmXn-k-{¼-Zm-b-t¯m-Sp-ff FXnÀ¸v, PmXn-

bpsS t]cn-ep-ff ]oU-\-§-tfm-Sp-ff AaÀjw, ZenXv P\-X-bpsS kmaq-

lnI kaXzw Bßm-`n-am\w F¶n-h-bm-Wv. Zen-X-cpsS kmaq-lnI

kmwkv¡m-cnI cmjv{So-bm-h-Im-i-§Ä Øm]n-¡m-\p-ff {ia-§Ä Ah-

cn \n¶p-Xs¶ Bcw- n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p110.

Abn- - nsâ A\p- -h-§Ä Cu Bß-I-Y-bpsS ASn- -d-bmbn

hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. B[p-\nI Pohn-X- nsâ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-k-¦-ev]-§Ä¡v amän-

¯oÀ¡m-\m-hm¯ hn[w ZrV-am-bn-cp¶p {Kmao-W-L-S-\-bn Abn-¯-

¯nsâ thcp-IÄ. alÀhm-U-b-n \n¶v t_mws_bnte¡v c£-s -Sp¶

sNdp-¸-¡m-sc-¡p-dn¨v A¡Àamin kqN-\-IÄ \evIp-¶p--v. \nc-h[n Bfp-

IÄ X§-fpsS {Kmao-W-Po-hn-X-s¯ Ad-t¸mSpw \nµ-tbmSpw IqSn ImWp-

¶p. \nb-a-þ-\o-Xn-hy-h-Ø-IÄ Akv]r-iy-Xsb Dd-¸n-¡p-hm³ klm-b-I-

am-bn- o-cp-¶p- F¶v enw_mse Fgp-Xp-¶p. shf-fhpw Blm-chpw hoSpw

248

hkv{X-§fpw ivaim-\-§fpw Nmb-¡S--Ifpw ssZh-hpw aX-hpw a\p-

jy³t]mepw R§Ä sXmSp-t¼mÄ Aip-²-am-Im³ X¡-h®w F´p

{]tXy-I-X-bm-Wmthm R§-fpsS kv]Ài-\-¯n-\p-f-fXv111.

Hfn- n- p-sh¨ kzXzw

tImtfPv hnZym-`ym-k-Im-e-¯mWv kz´w kmaq-lnI AkvXn-Xz-

s -¡p-dn- p-ff hnNm-c-§-fn enw_mse hym]r-X-\m-b-Xv. ZenXv kap-

Zm-b- nÂs¸«-hÀ am{Xw Xma-k-n¨n-cp¶ tlmÌ {]t£m- -Nn- -I-fpsS

hn¯p-]mIn. tUm. _n.-BÀ.-Aw-t_-Zv¡-dpsS kmaq-ln-I-P-\m-[n-]-Xyhpw

ka-Xz-k-¦ev]-§fpw, kmtlm-Z--cy-hp-saÃmw ]c-kv]cw hn\n-abw sN¿-

s¸-«p-sIm- -n -cp-¶p. kmaq-lnI hn¹-h-Im-cn-bm-hm³ th- kµÀ`-§Ä

Xo{h-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw FÃm-änÂ\n¶pw DÄ-h-en-bp¶ kz`mhw enw_m-

se-bn {]I-S-am-bn-cp-¶p. A-¡Àamin (AÀ[-PmXn,b-YmÀ°- n kz´w

]nXm-hn-\m Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡-s -«-h³)-bmWv Xms\¶ Nn´ an¡-t¸mgpw

At±-ls¯ ]n´p-SÀ¶n-cp-¶p.

hnZym- ym-k-Øm-]-\- nÂ, kmaq-lnI hn\n-a-b-§-fnÂ, hnhm-lm-

tem-N-\-I-fnÂ, kwL-S-\m-{]-hÀ -\-§-fn FÃmw Xsâ inYne kzXzw

enw_m-se-sb apdn-th¸n-¨p-sIm--n-cp-¶p.BßmÀ°-amb kulr-Z-§-

fn \n¶p-t]mepw AÀ[-Pm-Xn-¡m-c³ F¶ ]cn-lmkw t\cn-tS--n-h-

¶p. Ipe-a-ln-a¡v B[m-c-amb \nb-am-\p-krX _-Ô- n\v ]pd- m-bn-cp-

¶tÃm At±-l- nsâ AkvXnXzw \ne-\n-¶n-cp--¶-Xv. FÃm-bn-S¯pw Ah-

tl-fn-¡-s -Sp-¶-h-\mbn enw_mse amdn. \nc- cw BhÀ¯n-¡p¶ Cu

Xnc-kv¡m-c-§Ä kz´w hyàn-Xzs¯ H-fn-¨p-sh-¡m³ enw_m-sesb

t{]cn- n¨p F¶v ImWmw.

249

Adnhv BÀPn¨v {]t£m- -§-fnepw, ZenXv ]m´À {]Øm-\- nÂ

Bi-b-]-c-amb sFIyw Øm]n- -Xn-\p-ti-jhpw Cu Hfn-¨p-Ifn XpS-tc-n

h¶-Xmbn Bß-I-Y-bn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p--v.-km-aq-lnI ]Z-hn-sb-¡p-

dn-¨p-ff k¦-ev]-\-§-f-Ã, adn¨v efn--Xhpw Xm¡m-en-I-hp-amb AXn-Po-

h-\-§-fm-bn-cp¶p ChnsS ap-Jy-hn-j-bw. \mK-cn-I-Po-hnXw {Kmao-W-Po-hn-

X-¯nsâ ImÀ¡-iy-X-bn \n¶pw ]qÀW-ambpw hnap-à-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

AXnsâ Af-hnepw kz`m-h-¯nepw hyXn-bm-\-§Ä It--¡m-sa-¦nepw

Zen-XÀs¡-Xnsc ]peÀ¯p¶ hnth-N-\-§Ä auen-I-ambn Xs¶ \ne-\n-

¶n-cp-¶p. hmS-Ibv¡v Hcp hoSv e`n-¡p-¶-Xn XpS-§p¶p {]Xn-kÔn.

Zen-XÀ BsW¶v Xncn- -dn-ªm Nne {]tXyI Øe-§-fn {]th-i-

\w-t]mepw \ntj-[n-¡-s -Sp-a-t{X. Xan-gnse {]ikvX Fgp- p-Im-cnbpw

apJy-a{´n Icp-Wm-\n-[n-bpsS aI-fp-amb I\n-samgn hsc Cu {]iv\w

tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn -«p - v112.

P·n-bpw khÀW-\p-amb ho«p-S-a-Ø\v ap¼n enwKm-b¯v PmXn-

¡m-c-\mbn Pohn-¡p-I-bmWv enw_mse sNbvX-Xv. AsÃ-¦n X\n¡pw

IpSpw-_-¯n\pw Xma-kn--¡p-hm³ Hcp hoSv e`n-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶nà F¶v

At±lw ]d-bp-¶p. Xsâ s]«n-¡p-f-fn kq£n- n-cp¶ tUm. Awt_-

Zv¡-dpsS t^mt«m FSp¯v Hfn¨psh- p. t_m[-]qÀÆw hn.-F-kv. JtÞ-

¡-dpsS IrXn-Ifpw UnäIvSohv t\mh-ep-Ifpw hmbn- p. X\n¡v Is -gp-

Xp¶ kplr- p-¡-tfmSv Pbv`ow F¶ A`n-hmZy coXn Fgp-X-cp-sX¶v

\njv¡Àjn- p. FXnsc hcp¶ kplr- p--¡-tfmSv a\¸qÀÆw A]-cn-Nn-

XXzw \Sn-¡m\pw enw_mse ]cn-io--en- p.

kmaq-ln-I -km-l-N-cy-§-fm krjvSn-¡-s -Sp¶ A]-IÀjX-bÃ

ChnsS {]ta-bw. adn¨v kzbw FSp- -Wn-bp¶ {]Ñ-¶X kl-{km-_vZ-

§-fmbn ]n´p-S-cp¶ \oXn-im-kv{X-§Ä cq]s¸Sp¯n-b-XmWv. AXn-s\-

250

Xnsc t]mcm-Sm-\p-ff CÑm-iàn {]I-Sn- n-¡m³ kz´w Pohn-X- nsâ

Ac-£n-Xm-h-Ø k½-Xn-¡m-dnà F¶-Xt{X bmYmÀ°yw. em¯q-cn-te-

¡v Øew amäw e`n- -t¸mÄ Al-½-Zv]q-cn \n¶pw hvXykvX-amb A\p-

`-h-amWv enw_m-se¡v t\cn-tS-nh-¶-Xv. al-dp-IÄ¡pw apÉow-§Ä¡pw

AhnsS hmS-I-hoSv e`n-¡m-td-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. hr¯nbpw shSn-¸p-ap-ff

Akv]r-iy-s\¡mÄ hr¯n-lo-\-\mb khÀW\v AhnsS BZ-chv e`n-

¨p. khÀWX {]Jym-]n-¡p¶ NnÓ-§Ä ico-c- n AWn-ªp-sIm-

-m-bn-cp¶p kmaq-lnI PohnXw apt¶m«v t]mb-Xv. AXnsâ hyh-Øm-

]-chpw aqey-]-c-hp-amb KpW-t`m-àm-¡Ä, F¡m-e¯pw ]n´p-S-tc-

[mÀ½nI hyh-Ø-bmbn CXns\ ]p\x-kr-jvSn-¨psIm-n-cp-¶p. Cu \Kcw

PmXn-¡q-«-§Ä sIm-mWv \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv. \K-c-¯nse {]tZ-i-

§Ä t]mepw PmXn-t -cn-emWv Adn-b-s -«n-cp-¶-Xv. enw-_mse Fgp-Xp¶p113.

kmaq-lnI k½ÀZ-§Ä Zen-Xsc k¦oÀW-amb Nn -I-fn-te¡pw

AXnsâ ^e-ambn A]-Iz-amb {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-te¡pw \bn-¡pw.

Ft¸mgpw _m[y-X-bm-hp¶ `mc-ambn PmXn Zen-Xsc ]n´p-S-cp-¶p. Xsâ

kzXz-{]-Jym-]-\-§Ä¡v FXnÀ \n¡p¶ LS-I-ambn `qX-Imew ]n´p-

S-cp-¶-Xmbn A¡Àam-in-bn hnh-cn-¡p-¶p--v. A`n-am-\-I-c-amb bmsXm¶pw

\ÂIm¯ B Ime-¯n-te-¡p-ff \S¯w Ncn-{Xs¯ hos--Sp-¡p¶

{]{Inb IqSn-bm-Wv. kz´w ]Z-hn-sb-¡p-dn- p-ff Xncn- -dn-hv, kmaq-lnI

hnIm-k- n\v D]m-[n-bm¡n amäp-I-bmWv Bß-I-Ym-Im-c³ sN¿p-¶-Xv.

AXn apdn-th¸n-¡p¶ A\-h[n \nan-j-§Äs¡m¸w sNdnb kt´m-

j-§fpw hnh-cn-¡-s -Sp-¶p. {]W-b-hpw cXn-bpw ac-Whpw FÃmw IqSn-¡p-

g-bp¶ Pohn-X- nsâ Ccpfpw shfn- hpw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡-s -Sp-¶p.

B[p-\n-I-h¡-c-W-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-I-þ-km-¼-¯nI LS-\-bn-

te¡v {]th-in-¡p¶ Zen-X-cpsS kzXz-k-¦oÀWX-IÄ \nc-h[n Bß-I-

251

Y-I-fn {]ta-b-am-Wv. ^qse-þ-Aw--t_-Zv¡À Nn´-I-fn \n¶v ss[j-

WnI DuÀPw kw -cn v B[p-\nI hyànXzw t\Sp¶ (becoming a modrn

individual ) Bfmbn DuÀan-f ]-hm-dns\ jÀanf sdsK hne-bn-cp- p¶p114

AXm-bXv B[p-\nI kzXz-\nÀan-Xn-bn-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xnsâ km£y-

s¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄ IqSn-bmWv ZenXv Bß-I-Y-IÄ.

F¶mÂ, A¡Àam-in-bn ic¬Ip-amÀ enw_mse hnh-cn-¡p-t¼m-

se, Cu a[y-hÀK- n kzXz-]c--amb Nm©m-«-§fpw {]I-S-am-bn-cp¶p.

‘A`n-cpNn amäw sIm-v {_mÒ-W-\mb Hcp Zen-X-\m-bn-cp¶p Rm³,

F¦nepw D¶X PmXo-bÀ Ah-cpsS D½-d-hm-Xn¡ \n¡m³ t]mepw

Fs¶ A\p-h-Zn- nÃ’ F¶pw At±lw Fgp-Xp-¶p. 1970 Ifn alm-cm-

jv{S-bn DbÀ¶p-h¶ a[y-hÀK-Z-en-XÀ {][m-\-ambpw kmaq-lnI t£a-

¯n Du¶nb Kh¬saâ v ]²-Xn-I-fpsS D -¶§-fm-bn-cp¶p. F¶mÂ

Cu a[y-hÀKw Zzn-ap-J-amb A\y-h¡-c-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-ambn. H¶v,

kz´w kaq-l-¯nse ASn-¯«v hn`m-K-§-fnÂ\n-¶v, c-v, D¶-X- Pm-Xn-þ-

hÀK-k-aq-l- n cqVa-q--e-amb PmXn-bpsS km¶n-[y-§Ä Ah-cnÂ\n¶v

Zen-Xsc AI-än. {Xni¦p-hn Xq§n-bm-Sp¶ AhØ F¶mWv ambm-]-

Þnäv CXns\ hn-ti-jn- n-¡p-¶Xv115.

A¡Àam-in-bpsS BJym\w hnI-kn-¡p-¶Xv a[y-hÀKPo-hnXw

]peÀ¯p¶ Bi-¦-I-fn-te-¡m-sW¶v ImWmw. \nc- cw {]Ñ-¶-cq-]-§Ä

Bth-n hcp-¶-h-cmWv C´y-bnse Zen-XÀ. B[p-\nI P\m-[n-]-Xy- hy-

hØ A\p-h-Zn¨p \ÂIp¶ DZm-c-C-S-§Ä t]mepw kzmb- -am-¡p-hm³

Hcp-]mSv XS-Ê-§sf AXn-Po-hn-t¡-n hcp-¶p- v ChÀ¡v. A[n-Imc

hntI-{µo-I-cWw t]mep-ff `c-W-]-c-amb \S--]-Sn-IÄ¡v t]mepw {KmaoW

PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Aen-JnX \nb-a-§sf adn-I-S-¡m-\m-hnÃ. Cusbmcp

bm-YmÀ°yw IqSn A¡Àamin Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶p-- v.

252

I¶-S-bnse BZys¯ ZenXv Bß-I-Y-bmb s{]m^. Ac-hnµv

ame-Km-«n-bpsS Kh¬saâ v {_mÒW (1994) B[p-\n-I-hÂIrX kaq-l-

¯n Zen-Xsâ Øm\w AS-bm-f-s -Sp- m-\p-ff {ia-am-Wv. P\m--[n-]Xy

{Ia- n\v ap³]v kmaq-lnI ]cn-c£ \nÀtem`w A\p- -hn¨ D¶X PmXn-

IÄ, `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb Ah-Im-i-§Ä t\Sn B[p-\nI aÞ-e--¯n-

te¡v Zen-XÀ {]th-in-¡p-t¼mÄ ]cn-lm-k-]qÀÆw hnfn-¡p-¶-XmWv

Kh¬saâ v {_mÒW F¶Xv116. PmXn \nb-a-§-fpsS IÀ¡-i-amb AXn-

cp-IÄ t`Zn-¨p-sIm-p am{Xta HcmÄ¡v B[p-\nI IÀ¯r-Xz-aÞe-

¯n-te¡v {]th-in-¡m³ Ignbq. F¶m D¶-X-Pm-Xn-IÄ, ]qÀh-Im-

e¯v X§Ä A\p-`-hn¨ {]tXyI Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡v ta Zen-Xp-IÄ

\S-¯p¶ CS-s]-S-ep-Isf Ak-ln-jvWpXm]qÀÆw Hcp ]Sn-I-S¶v ]cn-

lm-k-]qÀÆw ho£n-¡p-¶-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wn-Xv.

kzbw \nÀW-b- nsâ ]p¯³ `qan-Ibn-te-¡p-ff Nph-Sp-sh-bv]p-

I-fmWv C´y-bnse Hmtcm Zen-X-sâbpw Pohn-Xw. AXv hnI-kn- n-¡p-¶-

Xm-Is« kzXzm-[n-jvTnX hn\n-a-b-§-fpsS {]m[m-\y-s¯-bp-am-Wv. B[n-]-

Xy-kw-kv¡m-c- m \nÀh-Nn-¡s -« kmaq-lnI ]Z-hn-bn \n¶v kzbw

\nÀh-Nn-¡p-¶-Xn-te¡v Zen-XÀ amdp-¶-XmWv ka-Im-en\ A\p-`hw.

AXnsâ kmaq-ly-tc-J-I-fmbn Hmtcm Bß-I-Y-Ifpw Øm\-s¸-Sp-¶p.

A¡Àam-i-n-sb-¡p-dn¨v sI. k¨n-Zm-\-µ³ \S- p¶ \nco-£Ww ZenXv

kmln-Xy- n B IrXn-¡p-ff Øm\w hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv:

A¡Àamin ØnX-hy-h-Ø-bpsS ASn- -d-Isf Xs¶ ]nSn- p-Ip-

ep¡n \s½ AkzØ-cm-¡p-Ibpw Nn´n- n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Hcm-

Jym-bn-I-bpsS IY-\-NSpe-Xbpw Hcp {]_-Ô-¯nsâ hnNm-c-]-c-

253

Xbpw Hcp I-hn-X-bpsS mh-\m-`w-Knbpw kt½-fn-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm--mWv

Cu IrXn ka-Im-eo\ ZenXv kmln-Xy- nse Hcp ¢mÊn¡v F¶v

hmgv¯-s¸-Sp-¶Xv117.

enw_mse Xsâ A\p- -hm-Jym-\s¯ hyàn-]-c-am-¡p-t¼m-gpw, B

IrXn DbÀ¯p¶ kmaq-ln-Im-\p-`-h-s¯bpw DXvI-WvT-I-sfbpw Ah-K-

Wn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. C´y-bnse Hmtcm km[m-cW Zen-X-sâbpw apg-¡-ap-ff

i_vZ-ambn A¡Àamin amdp-¶p. N-cn-{X-t¯mSv IW¡p XoÀ¯v, Ncn-

{Xs¯ Xncn¨p ]nSn-¡p-I-bmWv Cu IrXn F¶v hne-bn-cp-¯n-bmepw

sXäm--hn-Ã.

254

Ipdn-¸p-IÄ

1. ]g-b-§m-Sn-bnse aoUnb amPn¡v BWv I-¡m-Sp-IÄ¡n-S-bn Fsâ

PohnXw 2002þÂ BZy-ambn {]kn-²o-I-cn- -Xv. ]n¶oSv 2005þÂ Un.-kn.

_pIvkv ]p\x-{]-kn-²o-I-cn¨p. c-v FUn-j-\p-I-fn-embn kam-´c {]kn-

²o-I-c-W- nÂ\n¶v tIcf- nse Gähpw henb {]km-[-I-cn-te¡v Cu

IrXn k©-cn- -Xv, A¡m-e¯v DbÀ¶p-h¶ ZenXv kwhm-Z-§-fpsS IqSn

]cn-W-Xn-bm-sW¶v ImWmw. ]cnØnXn kac§fpw ap¯§bn BZn-

hm-kn-IÄ DÄs -sS-bp-f-f-h-cpsS {]t£m- -§fpw NÀ -I-fp-amWv ChnsS

kqNn-Xw.

2. 1995 apX ae-bm-f- nepw Cw¥o-jn-ep-ap-ff {][-m-\-s¸« ]{X-§-fnepw

hmcn-I-I-fnepw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« dnt¸mÀ«pIÄ hnh-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-- v.

I-¡m-Sp-IÄ¡n-S-bn Fsâ Pohn-Xw, ]pdw, 113.

3. D-S³ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡p¶ ‘Fsâ cmjv{So-b-Po-hnXw’ BZys¯ Bß-I-Y-

bn {]m[m\yw e`n-¡m¯ PohnX JÞ-amWv Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Fgp-Xp-hm³ klm-bn- Bsf¶ \nebv¡v {ioPn¯v ss]X-te-b³ Cu

Bß-I-Y-sb-¡p-dn v ]d-bp-¶Xv {it²-b-am-Wv. ‘Bß-I-Y-sb¶ t]cnÂ

BZy-an-d-§nb ]pkvX-I-t¯m-Sp-ff tIh-e \ntj-[tam FXnÀhm-Ztam AÃ

Fsâ ]pkvX-Iw. B Bß-IY h¶-Xp-sIm--Ã CsX-gp-Xn-bXv. t\cs¯

B{K-l-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p. C{Xbpw Imew AXn-\p-ff Xbm--sd-Sp- p-IÄ \S-

¯p-¶p--m-bn-cp-¶p. am[yaw BgvN-¸-Xn-¸v, 2009 BKÌv 24.

4. _me-N-{µ³ hS-t¡-S- v, tIs«-gp- nsâ Bghpw Bg-¡p-dhpw am[yaw

BgvN- -Xn- v, 2008 Unkw-_À 8.

5. sI.-Fw. sjdo v Bß-I-Y-bnse IY, am[yaw BgvN- -Xn- v, 2003 HIvtSm-

_À 3.

6. Hcp -ssew-Kn-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-bpsS Bß-IY (2005) F¶-t]-cn sF. tKm]n-

\mYv X¿m-dm-¡nb ]pkvX-I-am-bn-cp¶p BZyw ]pd- p-h-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ

]n¶oSv kplr- p-¡-fpsS klm-b-t¯msS c-p-hÀj- n-\p-tijw ‘Rm³

ssewKn-I-s¯m-gn-emfn’ F¶ t]cn ]pkvXIw Agn¨p ]Wn-bp-I-bm-bn-

cp-¶p. Cu ]pkvX-I-amWv Ct¸mÄ s]mXp- NÀ -IÄ¡v hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶Xv.

7. \fn\n Pao-e, Rm³ ssewKn-I-s¯m-gn-emfn \fn\n Pao-e-bp-sS Bß-I-Y,

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8. sI.-]n. djo-Zv, A]-l-cn-¡-s¸« Bß-I-Y-bnse _m¡n- m-K-§Ä, am[yaw

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9. I-¡m-Sp-IÄ¡n-S-bn Fsâ Pohn-Xw, ]pdw 25

10. hn.-hn.-kzm-an, C. hn.-A-\nÂ, s]mbvI-bn A - sâ ]m«p-IÄ (1905þ1939)

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11. amWn¡w s]®v, `mjm-t]m-jnWn P\p-hcn, 2003. s]m¡p-S³ P·n¯

hyh-Ø-bn-Â Zen-X-cpsS hnhm-l-¯nsâ {]m[m\yw hnh-cn-¡p-¶p-v.

IeymWw Ign-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc CS-§gn s\ÃmWv Iqen. AXn IqSnà Ieym-

W-¸n-tä¶p sXm«v c--c-tkdv s\ÃpIn«pw. IeymWw Ign-s¨¦n am{Xta

CXv In«p F¶pw ]d-tb-- -Xp- - v. Ieym-W-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Hcp hmey-¡m-

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Hcp {]mbhpw Xchpw t\m¡n s]®v sI«pw. A{X -Xs¶. a§-e- n\v

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25. Fw.-_n. at\m-Pv, s]®v, ZenXv Bß-cN\I-fpsS kzXzw, am[yaw BgvN-

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26. Fw.-]n. ]c-ta-iz-csâ \memw-temIw F¶ ]pkvX-I-s -¡p-dn- p-ff hmZ-

{]-Xn-hm-Z-§Ä, Fw.-F³. hnP-bsâ ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy- n Cd-§nb ‘]mTw’amknI DbÀ¯nb hnhm-Z-§Ä FÃmw CS-Xp-]£ kwhm-Z-§Ä¡p-f-fnse

{[phoIcW§-Ä t_m[y-s -Sp- p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. ]mc-¼-cyhpw B[p-\n-

I-X-bpw, X½n-ep--mb kwLÀjs¯ HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p¶p Cu kwhm-Z-§Ä.

asämcp {][m-\-s¸« hn-jbw Cc-I-fpsS am\n-s^tÌm (sI.-C.-F³) F¶

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em-ßI hymJym-\- n-te¡v CXc kmaq-lnI KW-§Ä IS-¶p-h-cp-¶Xns\

XS-bpI F¶ ZuXy-amWv \nÀh-ln- Xv.

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30. ssI-hn« a®v hnfn- -t¸mÄ kn.-sI. Pm\p, `mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, Unkw_À

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]mT-§Ä ]Tn-¡m-\mbn kv¡qfn tNÀ¶-t¸m-gp--mb H¶m-bn-cp-¶nà Pm\p-

hnsâ Cu C\n-jyÂ. ]Xn-t\gv hb--kp-f-f-t¸mÄ, km£-cXm ]T-\-Im-e-

¯mWv Pm\p-hn\v C\n-jy e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. s]mXpkaq-l- nsâ apJy-h-gn-

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264

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Fsâ hnizm-kw. ]t£, hmS-Ibv¡v Hcp hoSv At\z-jn v \S-¶-t¸m-gmWv

PmXn-hn-tZz-j-¯n\v F´p-am{Xw AI-e-§Ä Ds--¶-dn-ª-Xv. I\n-sam-gn,

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