#1 entrepreneurial self-efficacy scale (ese)€¦ · entrepreneurial self-efficacy scale (ese) ......
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#1
EntrepreneurialSelf-EfficacyScale(ESE)InstrumentTitle EntrepreneurialSelf-EfficacySuggestedUse,ifnoted
Determiningentrepreneurialtendencyincollegestudentsand,possibly,thoseintheworkforce
ConceptualFramework,ifany
Bandura,Self-Efficacy
Factors/constructsassessed
ENTREPRENEURIALSELF-EFFICACYRisk-TakingInnovationManagementFinancialControlMarketing
Reliability Cronbachalphaall>0.72;TotalEntrepreneurialSE(onedimension)=0.89Validity Itemswerederivedusingmanagersandentrepreneurs.Comments ArticlecomparespredictivevalidityofLocusofControl(Rotter)toSelf-
Efficacy(Bandura).EntrepreneurialSelf-Efficacywasabetterandmorerefinedpredictor(Locusofcontroldistilledinto2factorsonly).Risk-takingwasmostpredictiveofdifferencesbetweenentrepreneursandmanagers,followedbyInnovation.
Availability C.Chen,P.Greene,A.Crick(1998)DoesEntrepreneurialSelf-EfficacyDistinguishEntrepreneursfromManagers?JournalofBusinessVenturingv13,295-316
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#2
EMAttitudeOrientation(EA)Scale,Revised
InstrumentTitle EntrepreneurialAttitudeOrientation(EAO)Scale(Revised)SuggestedUse,ifnoted
DevelopingvalidityevidencefortheEAOscale(themethodologicalapproachesdiscussedcanbeusedforothersurveys).Targetedatundergrads.Sample:firstyearstudentsfromengineeringandmanagementcourses.
ConceptualFramework,ifany
AdaptsandbuildsRobinsonetal.’sEAOsurvey
Factors/constructsassessed
Fourprimarydimensions:1. Achievement2. Innovation3. Personalcontrol4. Self-esteem
Reliability ReliabilityoftheEAOsurveyrangedfromCronbachalpha=0.7to0.9acrosssubscalesandcomponents).ConfirmatoryFactorAnalysis(CFA)revealedpoormodelfitforthemodifiedEAOinstrument.
Validity BasedonCFAandEFAresultstheauthorsstatethat:“acompleteandsupportablecaseforthevalidityofthisinstrumentinthisformcollectingdataonthispopulationdoesnotexist.”
Comments Resultsoftheexploratoryfactoranalysis(EFA)revealthatthesubscalesappeartobeblurring,crossingorinterdependent.ThearticlereiteratesstatementsbyPurzer,that“therearesignificantrisksinreassessingthepsychometricbasis,subscales,andconstructswithinaninstrumentwhenapplyingittoanewpopulation.”Furthermoretheblendingofthepersonalcontrolandinnovationsubscalesmaybeduetothembothcapturingadifferentconstructsuchas“risktolerance”or“riskunderstanding.”Overall,thearticlestressesthedifficultyofadaptinginstrumentsformonepopulation(professional)toanother(student).
Availability Fernandez,T.M.,SlivaCoutinho,G.,Wilson,M.D.,&Hoffmann,S.R.(2015).DevelopmentofEntrepreneurialAttitudesAssessmentInstrumentforFreshmanStudents.
Reviewer ThemaMonroe-White
#3
Hermanetal.2010,ToleranceforAmbiguity(Revised)
InstrumentTitle ToleranceforAmbiguity[TA]InstrumentSuggestedUse,ifnoted
Testedprimarilyforuseincross-culturalcontexts
ConceptualFramework,ifany
Toleranceforambiguity[TA]is‘‘thetendencytoperceiveambiguoussituationsasdesirable’’(Budner,1962,p.29).Theauthor’suseBudner’sconceptualizationandmeasureofTAasafoundationthattheythenrefine.
Factors/constructsassessed
Fourprimarydimensions:5. Valuingdiverseothers6. Change7. ChallengingPerspectives8. Unfamiliarity
Reliability PatternMatrixresultsrevealedthateachitemloadedontooneandonlyonefactor:
1. Valuingdiverseothers(alpha:0.58)2. Change(alpha:0.51)3. ChallengingPerspectives(alpha:0.56)4. Unfamiliarity(alpha:0.53)
ParticipantresponseswerecollectedonBudner’soriginal16itemsaswellas5newlygenerateditems,allratedona5-pointLikertscaleanchoredwith1=‘‘StronglyDisagree’’to5=‘‘StronglyAgree’.’
Validity Comments Bydevelopingameasurewithimprovedpsychometricanalyses,the
authorsseektoestablishaconceptuallyclear,internallyconsistentassessmenttool.Sample:2351participantsfrommultipleworldregionsandwithvaryingdemographicbackgrounds.NorthAmericaprovided56%ofsubjects,Asiaprovided26%,andEuropeprovided11%,withtheremaining7%fromcountriesinLatinAmerica,AfricaandtheMiddleEast.ThesurveywascompletedinEnglishby84%ofparticipants,andtranslated/back-translatedintoJapanesefortheother16%.
Availability Herman,J.L.,Stevens,M.J.,Bird,A.,Mendenhall,M.,&Oddou,G.(2010).Thetoleranceforambiguityscale:Towardsamorerefinedmeasureforinternationalmanagementresearch.InternationalJournalofInterculturalRelations,34(1),58-65.
Reviewer ThemaMonroe-White
#4
EMSymposiumSuggestedAssessmentInstrument
InstrumentTitle CuriosityandExplorationInventorySuggestedUse,ifnoted
Notdiscussed.
ConceptualFramework,ifany
Factorswerederivedfromresearchliteratureoncuriosity.
Factors/constructsassessed
Stretching(motivationtoseeknewknowledge&experiences)Embracing(willingnesstoembracenovel,unpredictable,anduncertainsituationsineverydaylife)
Reliability Cronbachalphaforeachscaleisabout0.77;fortheunidimensionalmeasure(combined),alpha=0.83.
Validity Instrumentwascrossedwithseveral(existing)psychometricinstruments(withprovenproperties)assessingdimensionsofemotion,includingPositive&NegativeAffectSchedule,SubjectiveHappinessScale,PsychologicalWell-Being,SocialWell-Being,andEmotionalDistress.Criterionvalidity(extenttowhichthosewhoscorehighoncuriosityare,infact,morecurious)wasnotexplored.
Comments Curiosityisafar-rangingvariable,comprisedofandoverlappingwithseveralconstructs.InterestingthatthismeasurecameupasareferencerelatedtoEM.Itwouldbeinterestingtoseecorrelationsbetweenthistrait-likeconstructandvariousfacetsofEM(e.g.,innovativeness,risktolerance,etc.).
Availability Kashdan, Todd B; Gallagher, Matthew W; Silvia, Paul J; Winterstein, Beate P; Breen, William E; Terhar, Daniel; Steger, Michael F. (2009). The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics. Journal of Research in Personality, V43, n6, pp. 987-998.
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#5
I-Corps™forLearning:EntrepreneurialPerformanceAssessment(EPA)
InstrumentTitle I-Corps™LEntrepreneurialPerformanceAssessment(EPA)SuggestedUse,ifnoted
Thisisintendedtobeateam-levelassessmentconductedbyI-Corps™Lfacultybasedontheirobservationsofteamsduringthecourse.Theassessmentratestheextenttowhichcourseparticipantsdemonstratecoreentrepreneurialbehaviorspromotedinthecourseona5-pointscale(1=lowperforming,3=adequate,5=highperforming).Theinstrumentisalsointendedtobeameansofaligninginstructionandcontinuityacrossfacultyandcoursesregardingthedefinitionoflow,average,andhighperformanceinthecourse.
ConceptualFramework,ifany
DerivedempiricallythroughinterviewswithI-CorpsandI-CorpsLfaculty.
Factors/constructsassessed
1.EmbracesCustomerDiscovery2.EmbracestheBMC3,AdoptsaCustomer-Focusedvs.Feature-Focusedperspective4.Strategicallyidentifiesusers,buyers,anddecision-makersduringcustomerdiscovery.5.Strategicallyquestionspotentialusers,buyers,anddecision-makers6.Recognizesopportunitiesandiswillingtopivot7.Displayssharedleadership;cooperativeteamdynamic8.Displayssuccinct,well-targetedpresentationskills
Reliability Theitemsontheinstrumentconstituteasinglefactorthathashighinternalconsistency,withalpha=0.91.However,facultyinter-raterreliabilitywaspoor,meaningthatratingsoftwoormorefacultyofasingleteamvariedwidely,duetothefactthatfacultydidnotagreeonwhatconstitutes“adequateperformance.”Facultycalibrationwouldberequiredtoimprovereliability.
Validity Conceptsassessedwerederivedfrominterviewsandconsensus-buildingamongteachingteamfacultyregardingcoreoutcomesofI-CorpsLinstruction.
Comments Facultyrateeachteambasedonarubric(1=LowPerforming;3=AdequatePerformance,5=HighPerforming),whichwasvalidatedbyI-CorpsandI-CorpsLteachingteams.Instrumentiscourse-specificandcannotbeexpectedtogeneralizebeyondICL,except,perhaps,toI-Corps.Instrumentisunusualinbeingathird-party(faculty)assessment,ratherthanparticipantself-report.
Availability Lichtenstein,G.,Simon,C.,Sheppard,S.D.(2016).I-Corps™LExternalEvaluationReport:July-August2016.TechnicalreportsubmittedonDecember22,2016.Bluff,UT:QualityEvaluationDesigns.ContactGaryLichtenstein([email protected]).
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#6TheEngineeringEntrepreneurshipSurvey
InstrumentTitle TheEngineeringEntrepreneurshipSurveySuggestedUse,ifnoted
Assessingundergraduateengrstudents’(esp.seniors’)attitudestowards,competencein,efficacywith,involvementwith,andperceptionsoffacultyperceptionsofentrepreneurship.
ConceptualFramework,ifany
Mostscalesderivedfromafew,previouslyvalidatedinstruments;authorscreatedsomenewlyinventedscales.
Factors/constructsassessed
BEHAVIORS--ExtentofparticipationinEntrepreneurshipactivities--Post-graduatecareerplans--Intentiontostartabusiness--Type(s)ofbusinessventuresstudentsdesiretocreateATTITUDES--ExtenttowhichE-shipisaddressedinengrdegreeprogram--Student’sinterestinE-ship--ReasonsforinterestinE-ship--ReasonsfornotbeinginterestedinE-shipKNOWLEDGE(familiaritywithE-shiprelatedtermsandconcepts)--Engineering--Gen’lE-ship--Gen’lbusiness--Marketing--Finance--ProfessionalSkillsSELF-EFFICACY--Student’sperceptionoftechnologyventuringandE-ship-relatedabilities--PerceptionofE-shiprelatedskills--PerceptionofE-shipabilityoverall--Perceptionofabilitytostartabusinessimmediately
Reliability RangeofCronbachalphawas0.74(SKILLS)-0.96(EFFICACYandFAMILIARITYW/E-SHIPCONCEPTS&TERMS.MedianC-alphafor7scales=0.92.
Validity Contentvaliditywasbasedonpriorresearchliteratureandstudies,aswellasapanelof20experts(engineeringandentrepreneurshipfaculty,externaladvisoryboard,assessmentexperts).Expertperspectiveswereintegratedthroughoutinstrumentdevelopment.Think-aloudprotocolsandroomforcommentsonsurveysensuredfacevalidity.Criterionvaliditywasassessedusingexpertsinthefieldandcomparingresultsofstudentswhopursuedentrepreneurshipwiththosewhodidn’t.
Comments Note:allitemsareself-report.Surveyisslantedtowardbusiness/tech-focusedentrepreneurship;socialE-shipnotmentioned.
Availability NatalieDuval-Couetil,TeriReed-Rhoads,&ShivaHaghighi(2011).Theengineeringentrepreneurshipsurvey:Anassessmentinstrumenttoexamineengineeringstudentinvolvementinentrepreneurshipeducation.TheJournalofEngineeringEntrepreneurship,v2,n2,pp.35-56.http://jeenonline.org/Vol2/Num2/Vol2No2P3.pdf
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#7
EntrepreneurialAttitudeOrientation
InstrumentTitle EntrepreneurialAttitudeOrientation(EAO)ScaleSuggestedUse,ifnoted
Assessingentrepreneurialattitudes,scaledevelopment,reliabilityandvaliditytesting,surveyitemconstruction(completescaleattached).
ConceptualFramework,ifany
AttitudeTheory,inwhichthereare3typesofreactiontoeverything:affective,cognitive,andbehavior(conation)
Factors/constructsassessed
Fourattitudesubscalesconsistingofthreecomponents(e.g.,affect,cognitionorconation):1.Achievementinbusiness,referringtoconcreteresultsassociatedwiththestart-upandgrowthofabusinessventure.2.Innovationinbusiness,relatingtoperceivingandactinguponbusinessactivitiesinnewanduniqueways.3.Perceivedpersonalcontrolofbusinessoutcomes,concerningtheindividual'sperceptionofcontrolandinfluenceoverhisorherbusiness.4.Perceivedself-esteeminbusiness,pertainingtotheself-confidenceandperceivedcompetencyofanindividualinconjunctionwithhisorherbusinessaffairs.
Reliability Cronbach’salpha’sforthe75-itemscaleincludedSub-scales:Innovation:.90;Achievement:.84;Self-esteem:.73Personalcontrol:.70.Components:Affect:.84;Cognition:.84;Conation(behavior):.84
Validity Definitionofentrepreneur:“anindividualwhohasstartedmorethanonebusiness,thelastonebeingwithinfiveyears,usingsometypeofinnovation.”Knownentrepreneurs(n=54)andnon-entrepreneurs(n=57)validatedtheEAO.Therewasrelativelyhighcorrelationsbetweenfactors.MANOVAfoundsignificantdifferencesbetweennon-entrepreneursandentrepreneurs.Discriminantanalysisrevealedthat77%ofcases(entrepreneurornon-entrepreneur)werecorrectlyclassified.
Comments Availability Robinson,P.B.,Stimpson,D.V.,Huefner,J.C.,&Hunt,H.K.(1991).An
attitudeapproachtothepredictionofentrepreneurship.Entrepreneurshiptheoryandpractice,15(4),13-31.
Reviewer ThemaMonroe-White
#8
EMBehaviorInventory
InstrumentTitle EntrepreneurialBehaviorInventorySuggestedUse,ifnoted
IdentifyEM(profitgeneration)amongundergraduates
ConceptualFramework,ifany
KEEN,andRodriguez,Chen,Sheppard,Jin2014AERA
Factors/constructsassessed
ProblemSolving,LogicalThinking,EngagingStakeholders,ValueCreation/RiskManagement,GainEntrepreneurialMindset,AnalyzeMarketConditions,AbilitytoAnticipateTechnicalDevelopments,IntrinsicCuriosity.
Reliability Alphaforabovefactorsrangesfrom0.63-0.84;median=0.78.Validity Itemswerereviewedforrelevancetoentrepreneurialmindsetbya
panelofexpertspriortosurveydeployment.Comments Thisisaninstrumentthatisin-process.It’sinterestingbecauseitbegan
asameansofassessingthe3Cs.Mostanticipatedfactorsdidnotpanout,butnewonesdid.2ofthe3Cs(shownabove)haddecentreliability.
Availability Li,C.Q.,&Harichandran,R.S.,&Carnasciali,M.,&Erdil,N.O.,&Nocito-Gobel,J.(2016,June),DevelopmentofanInstrumenttoMeasuretheEntrepreneurialMindsetofEngineeringStudentsPaperpresentedat2016ASEEAnnualConference&Exposition,NewOrleans,Louisiana.10.18260/p.26819
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#9Stauffer.2015.InnovatorMindset
InstrumentTitle InnovatorMindsetSuggestedUse,ifnoted
MeansofassessingpersonalinnovativenessusinganInnovativenessIndex.
ConceptualFramework,ifany
ValuableNoveltyTheoryofInnovation;innovativenessisdefinedas“thecapacitytoproducevaluablenovelty.”AlsousesDweck’sdefinitionofmindset.
Factors/constructsassessed
Twelvedimensionsaretheproductsofthree“profiles”andfour“phases”pervaluenoveltytheory.
Profile PhaseIdea Action Reality Feedback
Cognitive - - - -Values - - - -Behavior - - - -Sample:managersandleadersfromfiveorganizations;70%participationrate(n=257);45%femaleparticipation.
Reliability Raschanalysiswasusedtoconductpersonreliabilityanditemreliability.AccordingtoStauffer,allreliabilitiesweresufficienttocategorizepeopleintotwolevels(more/lessinnovativeorlinear/iterativebyphase)withtheexceptionofFeedbackBehaviordimension.Itemlevelreliabilityscoresacrossall12dimensionswereatoraboveCronbachalpha=0.95.Ofthe159individualitemsattempted,77wereretainedafterreliabilitytesting.
Validity Comments Accordingtotheauthor:“thegoalherewastocreateauniversalmetric
thatcouldbereplicatedandusedtocomparedegreesofinnovativenessbetweenindividuals,groups,organizationsandperhapsevencultures…aninnovativenessthermometer.”
Availability Theory:Stauffer,D.A.(2015).Valuablenovelty:aproposedgeneraltheoryofinnovationandinnovativeness.InternationalJournalofInnovationScience,7(3),169-182.Reliability:Stauffer,D.A.(2015).Evaluatingmindsetasameansofmeasuringpersonalinnovativeness.InternationalJournalofInnovationScience,7(4),233-248.Validity:Stauffer,D.(2016).Personalinnovativenessasapredictorofentrepreneurialvaluecreation.InternationalJournalofInnovationScience,8(1),4-26.
Reviewer ThemaMonroe-White
#10
ENTREMETRICQuotientAssessment
InstrumentTitle EntreMetricQuotientAssessment(EQA)
Author(s)
SuggestedUse,ifnoted
Self-assessmentofentrepreneurialmindsetstrengthsandweaknesses;assessmentofteamEMstrengthsandweaknesses.
ConceptualFramework,ifany
Itemswerebrainstormedinitiallybydevelopersandentrepreneurs.Factorswerederivedempiricallythroughexploratoryfactoranalysis.
Factors/constructsassessed
1.Perseverance,problemsolving,abilitytotroubleshoot.
2.Focus,goal-setting,goal-directedness,leadership,decision-making.
3.Riskwillingness/riskaversion.
4.Businessacumen—basicbusinessknowledgeandterms.
5.Aneurocognitiveassessmentofattitudestowardsentrepreneurship.
Reliability Thecompanyreportsthateachfactorhashighreliability.
Validity High;itemswerederivedbasedonfeedbackfrom400entrepreneurs.Individualscoresarereferencedagainstthemeansofentrepreneurswhohavecompletedtheinstrument.
Comments Instrumentisproprietary.DevelopersareassociatedwiththeKEENnetworkatBucknell.Individualresultsoneachfactorarecomparedtomeanresultsoftheentrepreneurreferencegroup.Thisscoringtechniqueisuniqueandincreasestheinstrument’svalidityandcredibility.
Availability AuthoredbyseveralontheEntremetricTeam.Instrumentisproprietaryandcan’tbepreviewed.Infocanbefoundat:www.entremetric.com.
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#11
EMSymposiumSuggestedAssessmentInstrument
InstrumentTitle IndividualEntrepreneurialOrientation
SuggestedUse,ifnoted
Assessinghighereducationstudents“andotherindividuals”forentrepreneurialorientation.Instrumentwasadaptedfromabusinessfirm-levelmeasure.
ConceptualFramework,ifany
BasedonextensivereviewoftheliteraturebyRauch,whichshowed5dimensionsofentrepreneurialorientationattheorganizationallevel(2009).
Factors/constructsassessed
Risk,Innovativeness,Pro-activeness
Reliability Cronbachalphaforall3>0.70
Validity Constructvalidityisbasedoncorrelationsbetweentheinstrumentandentrepreneurialpropensityinstrument.
Comments Note,all3scalesweresignificantlyinter-correlated,suggestingthatthisisaunidimensionalconstruct.Itemswereconvertedfromafirm/organizationalmeasurementtoanindividualone.
Availability Bolton,D.L.&Lane,M.D.(2012).Individualentrepreneurialorientation:Developmentofameasurementinstrument.Education&Training54(2/3),pp.219-233.
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#12
GrowthvsFixedMindsetInstrumentforAssessingEMinFreshmen
InstrumentTitle GrowthvsFixedMindsetAuthor(s) CarolDweck,citedinReid&Ferguson:SuggestedUse,ifnoted
UsedbyReidandFergusontoidentifyentrepreneurialgrowthamongfirstyearengineeringstudents:“Entrepreneurialmindsetinourstudyisoperationallydefinedasamoregrowth-orientedmindsetvsamorefixed-orientedmindset”p.FD-1
ConceptualFramework,ifany
Dweck,growthvs.fixedmindset
Factors/constructsassessed
Growthvs.Fixedmindset
Reliability ProveninpriorstudiesValidity NotmentionedComments Availability Reid,K.J.,&Ferguson,D.M.(2011).EnhancingtheEntrepreneurialMindsetof
FreshmenEngineers.SessionF2D.41stIEEEconference,RapidCityIOWA.https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/241b/775d5c2c73ce6416b7a6bb29022cfda4931e.pdfDweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L., “A Social Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality, Psychological Review, 95(2), 1988, 256-273.
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#13
EntrepreneurialMindsetProfile
InstrumentTitle EntrepreneurialMindsetProfile(EMP)SuggestedUse,ifnoted
Forwould-beentrepreneurstoassessstrengthsandweaknesses.Alsofororganizationsinterestedinassessingtheentrepreneurialcharacteristicsofemployees.Inacademia,forstudentself-knowledgeandpre/postprogramassessments.
ConceptualFramework,ifany
Literature,FiveFactorModel,loosely.
Factors/con-structsassessed
Traits(stable) Skills(malleable)Independence FutureFocusLimitedStructure IdeaGenerationNon-conformity ExecutionRiskacceptance Self-ConfidenceActionorientation OptimismPassion PerseveranceNeedtoAchieve InterpersonalSensitivity
Reliability Factorsrangedfromalpha.67-.83;medianTRAITS=0.71;medianSKILLS=0.80Validity Basedonliteratureandinterviewsw/entrepreneurs,askingthemwhat
characteristicsdistinguishedthemfromnon-entrepreneurs.Mostlyminimalcorrelationsbetweenfactors.MeasurewasreferencedagainsttheFiveFactorModel(FFM)whichhasconsistentlyidentifiedentrepreneursashighonConscientiousnessandOpenness,andlowonNeuroticism(Unstableemotions)andAgreeableness.TheEMPhadsimilarresults.
Comments Traitswereastrongerpredictorofentrepreneursthanskillsamongactualentrepreneurs,butnotforstudent(whoself-reportedEntrepreneursvsnot-Entrepreneurs,forwhomtraitsandskillscontributedequallytotheoutcomes.Studentswhoself-identifiedasEntrepreneursevidencedsignificantdifferenceson13/14scalescomparedtoNon-Es.Articleincludedatestofsocialdesirabilitysurveyresponseandfoundnorelationshipamongtraits,butmodestrelationshipwithsomeskills.
Availability Davis,MH.,Hall,JA.,Mayer,PS(2015)Developinganewmeasureofentrepreneurialmindset;reliability,validity,andimplicationsforpractitioners.ConsultingPsychologyJournal:PracticeandResearch,68(1),21-48
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#14
EMSymposiumSuggestedAssessmentInstrument
InstrumentTitle EntrepreneurialAttitudeOrientation(EAO)ScaleSuggestedUse,ifnoted
Measurementofentrepreneurialtraitsamongundergraduates.Sample:277first-yearorgraduatingstudents(72%werefemale;76%first-year;97%bachelor’sstudents,7%withpreviousentrepreneurialexperience).
ConceptualFramework,ifany
AdaptsandbuildsonCovinandSlevin’s(1989)EOmeasurementscaleforapplicabilityintheuniversitycontextandforastudentpopulation.
Factors/constructsassessed
Sixdimensions:1.Entrepreneurialdesire2.Innovativeness3.Pro-activeness4.Risk-taking5.Networking6.Confrontationtolerance
Reliability AfterPCA(Principalcomponentanalysis)Chronbach’salpha’srangedfrom.70to.79.Dimensions:Entrepreneurialdesire(n=2,.79);Innovativeness(n=5;.78);Risk-taking(n=6;.75);Pro-activeness(n=3;.69);Networking(n=2;.70)andconfrontationtolerance(n=2;.70)
Validity Independentsamplest-testrevealedthatthereweresignificantdifferencesbetweenstudentwithandwithoutentrepreneurialexperienceonfiveoutofsixvariables(allbutconfrontationtolerance).
Comments ThisinstrumentwasoriginallycreatedbyCovin&Slevin(1989)toassesstheentrepreneurialclimatewithinanorganization.IthasbeenadaptedbyTaatila&Down.Twofactors(NetworkingandConfrontationTolerancewereaddedbyTaatilaandDown,andEntrepreneurialOrientationintheoriginalinstrumentwaschangedtoEntrepreneurialDesire.Moderatedifferenceswerefoundbetween1)malesandfemalesonentrepreneurialdesire,risk-takingandpro-activeness;and2)studentswithandwithoutworkexperiencefortheinnovativenessandpro-activenessdimensions.
Availability Taatila,V.,&Down,S.(2012).Measuringentrepreneurialorientationofuniversitystudents.EducationandTraining,54(8/9),744-760.Covin,J.G.,&Slevin,D.P.(1989).Strategicmanagementofsmallfirmsinhostileandbenignenvironments.Strategicmanagementjournal,10(1),75-87.
Reviewer ThemaMonroe-White
#15
EntrepreneurshipKnowledgeInventory(EKI)
InstrumentTitle EntrepreneurshipKnowledgeInventory(EKI)SuggestedUse,ifnoted
Assessentrepreneurialknowledgeofengineeringundergrads(esp.1styearvs.seniors)
ConceptualFramework,ifany
BasedonNCIIA(VentureWell)InstitutionalizingEntrepreneurshipatPrimarilyUndergraduateInstitutions(PUIE-shipProject,2005)
Factors/constructsassessed
(Self-Assessed)EntrepreneurialKnowledgeabout:1)Becoming&BeinganEntrepreneur,2)Finance&Accounting,3)People&HumanResources,4)Sales&Marketing,5)ProductIdeationandDevelopment
Reliability Cronbachalphawasn’tusedbecauseitemswerenotdimensionsofaconstruct,buttopicareas,withitemsfallingwithineacharea.Thepurposewastoassessrespondents’knowledgeofitemsineachsection.Unlikewithconstructs,consistentresponsesacrossitemswasnotsoughtnorassumed.Reliabilitywasensuredduetothespecific,behaviorally-orientedresponseoptions(seeComments).
Validity SeniorswereidentifiedashavinghighvslowEntrepreneurshipexperience.HighE-shipstudentsscoredsignificantlyhigherthanlowE-shipstudents.
Comments ThisisoneoftwotoolsdevelopedbytheauthorstoassessEM(alsosee#22).ThestudyisunusualinthatitcomparedresultsofstudentswithE-shipexperiencetothosewithout,providingcriterionvalidity.Also,theresponseoptionsaremorespecificthanmanyself-reportmeasures:Neverheardofit(theterm/concept);Heardofitbutnotsurewhatitmeans;Canexplainitpartially;Canexplainindepthbutnotsurehowtoapplyit;Canexplainindepthandapplyit.Theseresponseoptionsimprovereliabilityandvalidity.
Availability Besterfield-Sacre, M., Ozaltin, N. O., Robinson, A., Shuman, L., Shartrand, A., & Weilerstein, P. (2013). Factors related to entrepreneurial knowledge in the engineering curriculum. The Journal of Engineering Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 31-38.
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#16
GallupEntrepreneurialProfile(10)
InstrumentTitle EP10SuggestedUse,ifnoted EntrepreneurialtalentdetectoranddevelopmenttoolConceptualFramework,ifany
Basedonapriormeasure,theCliftonStrengthsFinder,theEP10isanonlineassessmentthat“helpspeoplediscoveranddeveloptheirbusiness-buildingtalents.”
Factors/constructsassessed
1. Confidence: You accurately know yourself and understand others.
2. Delegator: You recognize that you cannot do everything and are willing to contemplate a shift in style and control.
3. Determination: You persevere through difficult, even seemingly insurmountable, obstacles.
4. Disruptor: You exhibit creativity in taking an existing idea or product and turning it into something better.
5. Independent: You are prepared to do whatever needs to be done to build a successful venture.
6. Knowledge: You constantly search for information that is relevant to growing your business.
7. Profitability: You make decisions based on observed or anticipated effect on profit.
8. Relationship: You have high social awareness and an ability to build relationships that are beneficial for the firm's survival and growth.
9. Risk: You instinctively know how to manage high-risk situations.
10. Selling: You are the best spokesperson for the business.
Reliability Notreported,butmaybeavailablebyinquiry.Itemsderivedbasedonresearchandjobanalysesofentrepreneurs
Validity Notreported,butmaybeavailablebyinquiry.EP10samplesincludeentrepreneursandnon-entrepreneursinUSandinternationally.
Comments “Whileotherassessmentsfocusontestingknowledgeorskills,theEP10focusesonidentifyingtalent—themostimportantfactorinpredictingsuccess.”Cost=$12
Availability Gallup:http://www.gallup.com/services/170867/entrepreneurship.aspxalso:https://www.gallupstrengthscenter.com/EP10/en-US/About
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#17
EMSymposiumSuggestedAssessmentInstrument
InstrumentTitle EntrepreneurialBehaviorInventory(EBI)SuggestedUse,ifnoted
Assessingbusinessownersandcorporateentrepreneurs(intrepreneurs),identifyingtypesofentrepreneurs,anddesigningmanagertraining
ConceptualFramework,ifany
Derivedempirically,basedon40casestudiesofactualincidentsfacedbyentrepreneurs,aswellasattributesidentifiedthroughouttheresearchliterature.
Factors/constructsassessed
Innovativeness,risk-taking,changeorientation,opportunism
Reliability Final4factorsanduni-dimensional(combined)factorCronbachalphaswereallabove0.80.
Validity Contentvalidityestablishedthroughinterviewswithentrepreneurabout(self-reported)attributesandcomparingEBIpilotdatatoentrepreneurandexecutiveMBAgradstudents’self-assessments.
Comments Theinventoryisbasedonactualbehaviors(vs.traitsandliterature-derivedcompetencies)asdiscernedfrom40casestudiesbasedonactualexperiencesofbusinessownersandcorporateleaders.OntheEBIassessment,respondentsread1-4sentencescenariosandchooseoneoffiveactionalternatives.
Availability TheresaL.M.Lau,Shaffer,M.A.,Chan,K.F.,&YanMan,T.W.(2012).Theentrepreneurialbehaviourinventory.InternationalJournalofEntrepreneurialBehaviour&Research,18(6),673-696.doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/10.1108/13552551211268120
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#18
ProactiveBehaviorOrientation
InstrumentTitle ProactiveBehaviorOrientation(PBO)Author(s) Bateman&CrantSuggestedUse,ifnoted
Identifycollegestudents’andworkingprofessionals’proactivebehaviororientationasaproxyforentrepreneurialinclination.
ConceptualFramework,ifany
LocusofControl(Rotter,Bandura),Prospectors&Defenders(fromorganizationaltheory--Miles&Snow)
Factors/constructsassessed
Singlefactor:ProactiveBehaviorOrientation
Reliability CronbachAlpha=0.83.Validity CriterionvalidityassessedbycorrelationsofthePBOwithextra-
curricularactivities,personalachievements,andanalysesofrespondents’choicesofpeopletheynominatedwhotheybelievehaveeffectedtransformationalleadership.
Comments TheinstrumentwascrossedwiththeBigFivepersonalitydimensionsinventory(emotionalinstability,extraversion,openness/intelligence,agreeableness/friendliness,conscientiousness/will),Rotter’slocusofcontrolmeasure,andseveralauthor-createdvariablessuggestiveofinclinationtochangeone’senvironment.TheProactiveBehaviorOrientationcorrelatedsignificantlywithconscientiousness,extraversion,needforachievementandneedfordominance.
Availability Bateman,T.S.,&Crant,M.J.,(1993).TheProactiveComponentofOrganizationalBehavior:Ameasureandcorrelates.JournalofOrganizationalBehavior14(2),pp.103-118.
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#19
EntrepreneurialCompetenceBehavioralAssessment
InstrumentTitle EntrepreneurialCompetenceBehavioralAssessmentSuggestedUse,ifnoted
Providejuniorsandseniorhighschoolstudents(inFlanders,Belgium)concretefeedbackabouttheir“genericentrepreneurialcompetence.”
ConceptualFramework,ifany
Man,2012:Contextof(experiential)learning
Factors/constructsassessed
PerformanceOrientation,Creativity,TakingInitiative,TakingCalculatedRisks,Perseverance,Communication,Planning&Organizing,Decisiveness,Collaboration,Reflection
Reliability Rangesfromalpha=0.31-0.65Validity Initially,itemsweredeterminedbasedonfrequencyofmentioninanextensive
literaturereview(SeeTables2&3).Factorlistwasreducedbaseduponrespondents’abilitytomeasuretheconstructandteachers’abilitytoscoreit(finalfactorsareshownabove).
Comments Instrumentwascreatedforandvalidatedbyasampleof16-18yroldsecondarystudents(highschool)whoparticipatedinanentrepreneurialsimulation.Notep.33&34:ListofbroadandspecificE-“sub-competencies”throughoutresearchliterature.Thisassessmentisintendedtobeanobservationalmeasure,baseduponobservablebehaviors,completedbyteachers.
Availability Shelfhout,W.,Bruggemann,K.,Maeyer,S.D.(2016).Evaluationofentrepreneurialcompetencethroughscaledbehaviouralindicators:Validationofaninstrument.StudiesinEducationalEvaluation,51(2016)29-41.
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#20AssessmentofEngineeringEntrepreneurship
Instrument AssessmentofEntrepreneurshipEducationSuggestedUse,ifnoted
GETandGSEwereusedtoidentifyentrepreneurs/innovators.LABSwasusedinitiallytogaugeone’sorientationtowardsleadership,thenusedlaterbyWise&Rzasaasoneof3measuresofentrepreneurialdisposition.Theseweremeasuresusedtoevaluatethesuccessofagrant-fundedE-shipprogramatPennState.
ConceptFrame Allwerederivedbasedonpriorliterature.Factors/constructsassessed
GET LABS GSE
NeedforAchievement
BeliefsAboutAuthority/Control GSE:8items,singlefactor+Regret-fulThinking1item
Autonomy Beliefsre:Ethicsshouldplayaroleinleadership
Drive/Determination
Inclinationtowardslifelonglearning
RiskTaking Importanceofcooperationinorg.contextCreativity Shouldleadershipbeopentochangeandrisk-
takingTOTAL Extenttowhichsomeonebelievesthat
systemicprocessinorganizationsinfluencesleadership
Extenttowhichonebelievesthatorgsshouldbeorganizedwithtop-downleadership
Extenttowhichonebelievesthatresponsib.Fortakingrisklieswithorgleadersonly.
Cooperative/openleadershipprocesses.Reliability GET:Scaleshadlow
alphas,summedtotalhadalpha=0.70
LABS:Allscalesalphaover0.80
GSE&RegretfulThinking:CronbachalphaforGSEmeasure=0.89Regretfulthinkingalpha=NA,b/conly1item
Validity GET:Itemspilotedw/asampleofnewbusinessowners
LABS:Usedinpriorresearch.Instrumentvaliditynotreported
GSE:Pilotedusingarandomsampleofpatentinventors
Comments Notethatone-yearprogresswasupdatedina2005JEEpaper(Bilen,S.G.,Kisenweather,E.C.,Rzasa,S.E.--2005).In2005,theGETinstrumentisnolongerreferenced.
Availability Wise,J.C.,Rzasa,S.E.,(2004).InstitutionalizingtheAssessmentofEngineeringEntrepreneurship.Paperpresentedatthe34thAnnualConferenceofIEEEFrontiersinEducationConference.SessionT2E.Thispapercites:LABS:Weilkiewicz,R.M.(2000).TheLeadershipAttitudes&BeliefsScale:Aninstrumentforevaluatingcollegestudents’ThinkingAboutLeadershipandOrganizations.JournalofCollegeStudentDevelopment,v31,n3,pp.335-346.http://www.psycholosphere.com/The%20Leadership%20Attitudes%20and%20Beliefs%20Scale%20by%20Wielkiewicz.pdfGET:Stormer,F.,Kline,T.,Goldenberg,S.(1999).MeasuringentrepreneurshipwiththeGeneralEnterprisingTendencyTest:Criterion-relatedvalidityandreliability.HumanSystemsManagement,v18,pp.47-52.http://dev.pue.itesm.mx/DoctoradoNebrija/MaterialGral/Measuring%20entrepreneurship%20with%20the%20general%20enterprising%20tendency%20GET.pdfGeneralSelf-Efficacy(GSE):ChenC.C,Greene,P.G.,Crick,A.(1998).Doesentrepreneurialself-efficacydistinguishentrepreneursfrommanagers?JournalofBusinessVenturing,v13,pp.295-316.http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/science/article/pii/S0883902697000293
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#21
EntrepreneurialSelf-Efficacy
InstrumentTitle
EntrepreneurialSelf-Efficacy
SuggestedUse,ifnoted
Identifyingentrepreneurialself-efficacy(ESE)amongcollege-agedstudents.
ConceptualFramework,ifany
Litreview.AuthorsmodifiedtheframeworkofMueller&Goic(2003)andStevensonetal,1985.Itemswerederivedbasedonpriorliteratureandinputfromapanelofentrepreneurs.
Factors/constructsassessed
AssessesEntrepreneurialS-Ealong6dimensions:Searchingforviableidea/recognizinganopportunity;Planning—creatingabusinessmodel;Marshalingresources;Implementing(humandimension),Implementing(financialdimension).Plus,Attitudetowardsventuring.Instrumentworksbetterforassessingdimensionsseparately,ratherthanasasinglescore.
Reliability Reliabilityforeachof6scalesisalpha>0.83Validity Instrumentitemsweredevelopedusingapanelentrepreneurs.Scaleswerevalidatedby
thesamepanel.Comments Instrumentwascreatedusingasampleofnascententrepreneurs,withitemsandscales
co-developedwithapanalofexperiencedentrepreneurs.Availability McGee,J.,Peterson,M.,Mueller,S.,Sequeria,J.(2009).EntrepreneurialSelf-Efficacy:
Refiningthemeasure.EntrepreneurshipTheory&Practice,July,pp.965-988.http://cmapspublic3.ihmc.us/rid%3D1253386188218_95923794_9629/Entrepreneurial%20self%20efficacy-refining%20the%20measure-jeffery%20mcgee.pdf
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein
#22
EntrepreneurialMindsetRubric
InstrumentTitle EntrepreneurialMindsetRubricSuggestedUse,ifnoted
Assessesentrepreneurialmindsetofupperlevel(predominantly)engineeringundergradstakingentrepreneurialtechnologycourses.
ConceptualFramework,ifany
Adaptedfromthe“EntrepreneurialOrientationScale”(Coven&Sleven,1989).
Factors/constructsassessed
(Self-Assessed)EntrepreneurialKnowledgeabout:Product-MarketInnovation(emphasizesR&Dvsimprovementofexistingproducts),Pro-ActivenessofDecision-Making(initiateactions,thenrespondvs.extremecautionbeforeacting),Risk-Taking(inclinationtowardshighervs.lowerriskprojects).
Reliability Studentswerepresentedscenarios,towhichtheywereaskedtorespond.Responseswerescoredbytworaters(backgroundandexperienceofratersisnotreported),with0.83inter-raterreliability.
Validity Notdiscussed.Comments ThisisoneoftwotoolsdevelopedbytheauthorstoassessEM(alsosee
#15).Thein-processmeasuredescribesapre/postmeasure,withresultsnotpresented.Thearticleisinterestingintermsoftheelementsoftherubricandthepre/postscenarioapproach.
Availability Shartrand, A., Weilerstein, P., Besterfield-Sacre, M., Olds, B.M.(2008). Assessing Student Learning in Technology Entrepreneurship. Paper presented at the 38th annual Frontiers in Education conference, session F4H-12
Reviewer GaryLichtenstein