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.BIODATA Early days

Straits Settlements

World War I

Second World War Postwar

Post-Independence

Opposition Takes Over Penang

Colonial Legacy

Ethnic composition

o

Chinese immigrationo Indian immigration

o Racial climate since independence

References

Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Early_days%23Early_dayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Early_days%23Early_dayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Early_days%23Early_dayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Straits_Settlements%23Straits_Settlementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Straits_Settlements%23Straits_Settlementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Straits_Settlements%23Straits_Settlementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#World_War_I%23World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#World_War_I%23World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#World_War_I%23World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Second_World_War%23Second_World_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Second_World_War%23Second_World_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Second_World_War%23Second_World_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Postwar%23Postwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Postwar%23Postwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Postwar%23Postwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Post-Independence%23Post-Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Post-Independence%23Post-Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Post-Independence%23Post-Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Opposition_Takes_Over_Penang%23Opposition_Takes_Over_Penanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Opposition_Takes_Over_Penang%23Opposition_Takes_Over_Penanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Opposition_Takes_Over_Penang%23Opposition_Takes_Over_Penanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Colonial_Legacy%23Colonial_Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Colonial_Legacy%23Colonial_Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Colonial_Legacy%23Colonial_Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Ethnic_composition%23Ethnic_compositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Chinese_immigration%23Chinese_immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Chinese_immigration%23Chinese_immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Chinese_immigration%23Chinese_immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Indian_immigration%23Indian_immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Indian_immigration%23Indian_immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Indian_immigration%23Indian_immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Racial_climate_since_independence%23Racial_climate_since_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Racial_climate_since_independence%23Racial_climate_since_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Racial_climate_since_independence%23Racial_climate_since_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#References%23Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#References%23Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#References%23Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Sources%23Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Sources%23Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Sources%23Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Early_days%23Early_dayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Straits_Settlements%23Straits_Settlementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#World_War_I%23World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Second_World_War%23Second_World_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Postwar%23Postwarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Post-Independence%23Post-Independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Opposition_Takes_Over_Penang%23Opposition_Takes_Over_Penanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Colonial_Legacy%23Colonial_Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Ethnic_composition%23Ethnic_compositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Chinese_immigration%23Chinese_immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Indian_immigration%23Indian_immigrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Racial_climate_since_independence%23Racial_climate_since_independencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#References%23Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Penang#Sources%23Sources


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NAME:MOHAMMAD SAFWAN BIN ABDUL MUTHALIP

FAVOURITE FOOD:FRIED CHICKEN

FAVOURITE DRINK: TEH AIS

HOBBY:PLAYING HANDBALL

AMBITION:PILOT

DATE BIRTH:07.09.1997

IDENTIFICATION CARD:970907-35-5027

FAVOURITE COLOUR:BLUE

FAVOURITE TEAM:BRAZIL

FAVOURITE PLAYERS:ROBERTO CARLOS


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Early days

Fort Cornwallis, constructed by the British

Sixteenth century Portuguese traders from Goa, India sailing to the Far East in search ofspices found a small island where they replenished their water supplies. They named itPulo Pinaom. In the 17th century, Penangs location at the northern entry to the Straits of

Malacca provided a sheltered harbour for Chinese, Indian, Arabian and European shipsduring the monsoon months; this, in turn, inevitably made it fertile hunting ground for

pirates.

One of the very first Englishmen to reach Penang was the merchant-navigator SirJames

Lancasterwho in 1588 served under SirFrancis Drake as commander of theEdward

Bonadventure against the nemesis of the Spanish Armada. On April 10, 1591,

commanding the same ship, he set sail from Plymouth for the East Indies, reaching

Penang in June 1592, remaining on the island until September of the same year andpillaging every vessel he encountered. He returned to England in May 1594.

Originally part of the Malay sultanate ofKedah, Penang was ceded to the British East

India Company in 1786 by the Sultan of Kedah, in exchange for military protection from

Siamese and Burmese armies who were threatening Kedah. On 11 August 1786, CaptainFrancis Light, known as the founder of Penang, hoisted the Union Jackthereby taking

formal possession of Penang and renamed it Prince of Wales Island (name used until

after 1867) in honour of the heir to the British throne. Penang was the first Britishpossession in the Malay States and Southeast Asia.

The location of the island at the opening of the Straits of Malacca attracted the British

East India Company to use the island as a natural harbourand anchorage for their trading

ships, and as a naval base to counter growing French ambitions in the region. Thesettlement on the north-eastern tip of the island was named George Town afterKing

George III of the United Kingdom.

Unbeknownst to the Sultan, Light had acted without the approval of the East India

Company when he promised military protection. When the Company failed to aid Kedahwhen it was attacked by Thai, the Sultan tried to retake the island in 1790. The attempt

was unsuccessful, and the Sultan was forced to cede the island to the Company for an

honorarium of 6,000 Spanish dollars per annum. This was later increased to 10,000dollars, with Province Wellesley (Seberang Prai) being added to Penang in 1800. An
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annual honorarium of 18,800 ringgit continues to be paid by the Penang State

Government to the Sultan of Kedah[citation needed].

The settlement was first built around the harbour with Fort Cornwallis forming theisland's defence. Light became the first Superintendent of the Prince of Wales Island. To

expedite jungle clearing by labourers, Light fired silver coins from his ship cannons intothe dense vegetation, and the land was cleared in no time. The original four streets of

George Town were Beach Street, Light Street, Pitt Street (now Masjid Kapitan KelingStreet) and Chulia Street, all of which still form the main thoroughfares of the modern

city. Other early roads include Church Street, Bishop Street, China Street and Market

Street, and by the early 1800s also Armenian Street and Acheen Street.

Light declared Prince of Wales Island a free port to attract trade away from the Dutchwho were then the colonial ruler of the Dutch East Indies. This strategy drew many

immigrant traders to Penang. Settlers were allowed to claim whatever land they could

clear. By 1789, Penang had 5,000 residents and this doubled by the end of the following

decade. The first Chinese settlers in Penang came from an existing community in Kedah,with their leader, called aKapitan Cina, being Koh Lay Huan, a Baba. [1]

Light died ofmalaria on October 21,1794 and was buried at the Protestant cemetery at

the end of Northam Road (now Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah). His son, William Light wenton to found the city ofAdelaide in Australia. Lieutenant-ColonelArthur Wellesley (the

future Duke of Wellington) arrived in Penang to coordinate the island's defences. In

1800, Lieutenant-GovernorSirGeorge Leith secured a strip of land across the channelfrom the island and named it Province Wellesley, afterRichard Colley Wellesley, 1st

Marquess Wellesley,Governor-General of India[2].

Early in the 19th century, Penang was used as a staging post for the opium trade betweenIndia and China. The East India Company auctioned off licences to gambling dens,brothels and opium traders (this alone accounted for approximately 60% of colonial

Penang's

In 1805, Penang's colonial status was elevated to that of a Residency. Stamford Raffles

arrived in Penang to work as the Deputy Secretary to the Governor of Penang, PhilipDundas from 1805 to 1810 [3] and subsequently founded Singapore in 1819.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringgithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Cornwallishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1789http://worldfacts.us/Malaysia-Penang.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1794http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Wellingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Governorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Leith&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_Wellesleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Colley_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Colley_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Indiahttp://www.answers.com/topic/richard-wellesley-1st-marquess-wellesleyhttp://www.answers.com/topic/richard-wellesley-1st-marquess-wellesleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1805http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residency_(country_subdivision)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Raffleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Dundashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Dundashttp://ptga.org.my/textpublisher/textpublisher.cgi?id=39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1819http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringgithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Cornwallishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_porthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1789http://worldfacts.us/Malaysia-Penang.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1794http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Wellingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1800http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Governorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Leith&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_Wellesleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Colley_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Colley_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Indiahttp://www.answers.com/topic/richard-wellesley-1st-marquess-wellesleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1805http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residency_(country_subdivision)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Raffleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Dundashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Dundashttp://ptga.org.my/textpublisher/textpublisher.cgi?id=39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1819


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Map of British India and the Straits Settlements by English mapmaker W G Blackie,1860

Cenotaph for those who fell in World War I, in George Town

In 1826, Penang, along with Malacca and Singapore, became part of the Straits

Settlements under the British administration in India, later coming under direct British

rule in 1867 as a Crown Colony.George Town became the capital of the StraitsSettlements but its status was soon supplanted by rapidly developing Singapore whose

importance eclipsed Penang's.

See alsoList of Governors of the Straits Settlements

Penang was rocked by the Penang Riots of1867, which were nine days of heavy streetfighting and bloodshed among the secret societies of Penang. The fighting spiraled out of

control, until the British were able bring in reinforcements from Singapore. The two

principal Chinese secret societies - the Cantonese-speaking Ghee Hin and the Hakka-speaking Hai San (see Chung Keng Quee) - quarreled over commercial interests,

especially in the lucrative tin-mining industry. Today's Cannon Street was so named

because of the hole made on the ground by a cannon ball fired into the area from Khoo

Kongsi.

The opening ofSuez Canal in 1869 greatly expanded British trade with the Far East.

Colonial Penang prospered through exports oftin and rubber, which fed the Industrial

Revolution in Britain. Penang's prosperity attracted people from far and wide, making

Penang truly a melting pot of diverse cultures. Among the ethnic groups found in Penangwere Malays, Acehnese, Arabs, Armenians, British, Burmese, Germans, Jews, Chinese,

Gujeratis, Bengalis, Japanese, Punjabis, Sindhis, Tamils, Thais, Malayalees, Rawas,
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Javanese, Mandailings, Portuguese, Eurasians and others. Though many of them no

longer impose a felt presence today, their memory lives on in place names such as Burma

Road, Rangoon Road, Siam Road, Armenian Street, Acheen Street, Gottlieb Road, andKatz Street, and the Jewish Cemetery.

Cosmopolitan Penang was already a thriving colony of the British Empire in the firstdecades of the 20th century, counting among its eminent visitors Somerset Maugham,

Joseph Conrad, Rudyard Kipling,Noel Coward,Herman Hesse, Karl May, CountFriedrich M. von Hochberg and Hans Sturzenegger. Generally distinguished visitors

stayed at the venerable luxury Eastern and Oriental Hotel.

World War I

World War I saw a surprise naval attackon on October 28, 1914 when the GermancruiserSMSEmden attacked and sankAllied warships off the harbourof Penang, among

them theZhemchug. This incident aside, the war had relatively little affect on Penang. On

the Esplanade there is war memorial commemorating the soldiers who fell in the war.

Second World War

World War II, on the other hand, unleashed unparalleled social upheaval on Penang. With

news of the imminent attack of the Japanese, the European population was evacuated

beforehand, leaving the rest of Penang's population to suffer under a brutal Japaneseoccupation, causing much disillusionment and injury to the British prestige and image of

invincibility. The British withdrawal left the defenceless island in the hands of a State

Committee which had to subdue a three-day civil unrest. Penang was captured by

Japanese forces invading from the north through Thailand on 19 December1941, one ofthe key stages of the Battle of Malaya, days after having neutralised American sea power

at Pearl Harbor. Three and a half years of rule of terror ensued. Many of the localpopulace fled to the interior and plantations to escape from Japanese atrocities, of which

many were reported and documented. During this occupation, Penang was governed by

four successive Japanese governors, starting with Shotaro Katayama.

It is a little known fact that Penang served as a German U-boatbase in the Far East.U-511, under the command of Kptlt. Fritz Schneewind, arrived in Penang, then under

Japanese occupation in July 1943, followed by U-178 in August 1943 [4]. This

essentially started the U-boat campaign in the Indian Ocean and also provided the

Germans with penetration into the Pacific for the first time, alongside their ally, Japan.Korvettenkapitn Wilhelm Dommes became the first commander of the U-boat base,

located in the former British seaplane base in Penang.[5]
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Japanese forces in Penang finally surrendered to British forces on 6 September1945.

George Town's historic buildings remarkably survived virtually unscathed despite Allied

bombings. Before civilian rule returned to Penang, the state was administered by twosuccessive British military governors from 1945-1946.

The political landscape had changed irreversibly in the aftermath of the war. The end ofBritish imperialism seemed impendent, even inevitable. In 1946, the Straits Settlements

were dissolved, with SirShenton Thomas being the last governor, and Penang becamepart of the Malayan Union, before becoming in 1948 a state of the Federation of Malaya,

which gained independence in 1957. In 1963 it became one of the 13 states ofMalaysia.

George Town was accorded city status by Queen Elizabeth II on January 1, 1957, thereby

becoming the first town in the then Federation of Malaya after Singapore to become acity. The royal charter granting George Town its city status and the petition from the

Penang residents to Queen Elizabeth II in this regard are still prominently displayed in

the Penang State Museum. However, as a result of local government reorganisations in

1976, the City Council of George Town was merged with the neighbouring Penang RuralDistrict Council to form the Municipal Council of Penang Island. [6] Although the city

status was never officially revoked, the state and federal governments are of the view thatit has ceased to exist.

Post-Independence

View of modern George Town and KOMTAR from the Penang Bridge

On August 31, 1957, Penang formally became part of the newly-independent Federationof Malaya (Persekutuan Tanah Melayu) and in 1963, also became a member state of

Malaysia. From independence till 1969, Penang was administered by Chief Minister Tan

Sri Wong Pow Nee from the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), one of the three

principal political parties which made up the Alliance Party ruling coalition. In 1969,

however, Penang was captured by the Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia party which garnered 16out of 24 seats in the State Assembly. Its founder, Tun Dato' Seri DrLim Chong Eu

became Penang's second Chief Minister. Following the May 13, 1969 riots which ensuedfrom the General Elections, parliamentary rule was suspended and the government was

taken over by the National Operations Council. Only in April 1971 was the democratic

government restored. Gerakan joined the ruling coalition on February 13, 1972 andcontinued to govern Penang until March 2008 when it was completely annihilated at both

state and parliamentary levels.
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The island's free port status was revoked in 1969 which dealt a considerable blow to

Penang's trading industry which was followed by massive unemployment as high as

14.5% [7]. Despite this, from the 1970s to the late 1990s the state built up one of thelargest electronics manufacturing bases in Asia, in the Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone

(FIZ) around the airport in the south of the island. This move is now seen as monumental

to the economic growth of Penang, today an economic powerhouse of Malaysia. ThePenang Bridge was also built during Dr Lim's tenure.

Subsequent to Dr Lim's shock defeat in his Padang Kota constituency to DAP's Lim Kit

Siang in the 1990 General Elections, he retired from politics but his party managed to

hold on to power. He was succeeded by the incumbent Tan Sri DrKoh Tsu Koon.

In 2004, widespread dissatisfaction with the decline of Penang has led to a mediacampaign to return Penang to its former glory. [8] Challenges faced by the government

include the urban renewal of Inner George Town which has seen population and

commercial activities dwindling since the repeal of the Rent Control Act in 2000, as well

as job creation.

Penang suffered some damage from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, though nothing in

the scale of neighbouring Acheh- incurring most of the 68 lives lost in Malaysia, mostly

picnickers and fishermen. Some 1,600 people were evacuated. Economically, thefisheries and aquaculture were the worst-hit sectors, with losses in the order of tens of

millions of ringgit [9].

Opposition Takes Over Penang

In the 2008 Malaysian General Elections,Pakatan Rakyat, the opposition coalition of

Parti KeADILan Rakyat(PKR), Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Pan-MalaysianIslamic Party (PAS) managed to garner 29 seats out of 40 seats in the Penang State

Assembly to the incumbent Barisan Nasional government's 11. Lim Guan Eng, the DAPgeneral secretary became the Chief Minister of Penang. He began introducing several

measures such as giving a one-time waiver of summonses issued by local councils and

introducing open tenders in place of the affirmative race-based New Economic Policy forstate projects.[1]

Colonial Legacy

St. George's Church, oldest Anglican church in Southeast Asia
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The colonial Eastern & Oriental Hotel

Owing to its long colonial history, many British colonial buildings can still be seen today.

Such buildings include the City Hall, the Town Hall, the Eastern & Oriental Hotel(popularly known as the E. & O., established 1884), The Mansion, the Old Court House,

Suffolk House built upon the pepper estate established by the first lieutenant for the

island Francis Light and built by W.E.Phillips and subsequently used by governors until

1836 when it fell into private hands. Governors of the Straits Settlements, Uplands

International School building, Standard Chartered Bankbuilding, ABN Bank buildingand the HSBC Bank building. Local conservationists are lobbying the state government

to restore many other historical buildings but regrettably a number of them havedilapidated beyond repair.

Indeed many public institutions and customs in Penang and Malaysia in general today are

inherited and modified from the British such as formal education, use of English

language, English loanwords, transportation systems - harbour, roads, railroads; form ofgovernment (Westminstersystem), English Common Law, and leisure - turf club,

recreation clubs.

Interestingly, in comparison to Kuala Lumpur (see list of roads in Kuala Lumpur),

Penang still retains many colonial street names. These include King Street, Queen Street,Beach Street, Union Street, Light Street, Downing Street, Anson Road, Macalister Road,

Magazine Road, Love Lane, Rope Walk, Gurney Drive, Weld Quay, Buckingham Street,

Corrington Avenue, Gottlieb Road, Vermont Road and Western Avenue. Although manystreets have been given 'Malaysian' names such as Jalan Mesjid Kapitan Kling, it is often

better known locally by its former name - Pitt Street. Other notable names of suburbs and

places are Fettes Park, Hillside, Island Glades, Brown Garden and Jesselton Heights.

In all of these maintenance of colonial heritage, UNESCO awarded George Town, aswell as another Straits Historical City ofMalacca Town the title of UNESCO World

Heritage Site(s).

Ethnic composition

British control over Penang led directly to great growth both in the size and the diversityof Penang's population. In addition to small numbers of European settlers and immigrants

from Siam and Burma, two new groups immigrated to Penang from India and China.
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Chinese immigration

In a dispatch of 1794, Francis Light said that the Chinese constituted the most valuable

and largest group acting as traders, carpenters, masons, smiths, shopkeepers and planterson the island. From an early date, the Chinese specialized in the production and trade of

tin. Some emigrants from the provinces ofGuangdong and Fujian involved themselves insugar-cane and pepper cultivation, in which the native Malays had shown no interest.Others acted as middlemen merchants (functioning more or less in the nature of agency

house) for foreign traders engaged in export-import activities. Their contributions lay in

shipping merchandise for various foreign destinations. Still other Chinese worked in the

importation of ethnice foods which they cooked and sold to other recent settlers.

Indian immigration

The Mahamariamman Temple (also known as Sri Mariamman Temple), in George Town

Already in the 1790s, Light mentions Chulias (that is, people from the Coromandel Coastof India) as shopkeepers and farm laborers in Penang. Light estimated that about two

thousand men came to work in this manner each year; however, in contrast to the

Chinese, these laborers did not settle permanently in Penang. They would, rather, work

for long enough to save money and then return to their families in south India. This groupof migrants comprised the Adi Dravidas, a group of impoverished laborers originating

in the hinterlands of the Tamil country and Andhra Desa who, facing insufficient work in

their homeland, went abroad for survival.

Another class of Indian migrants was a class of people hailing from the Kaveri delta areas(from the Ramnad district of Madras) known as Nattukottai Chettiars who were by

occupation money-lenders. Their presence in Penang and elsewhere where plantations

sprang up aided merchants, miners, and planters, as these Chettiars were advancingrequired working capital in the absence of any effective banks. Light also encouraged

migration by the Chettiarcommunity as part of his plan to create a cash economy on

Penang.
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Unlike the Tamil migrants, Telugu migrants from the northern Coromandel Coast came

to Penang as families. For this reason, many did not leave when their work terms expired,

but rather continued working on plantations or as merchants. Over 15,00,000 southIndians who worked in Malayan plantations, more than three-fourths returned to India,

nearly all of them Tamil.

Beginning with Light, Penange boasted a tradition of religious tolerance; all races could

pra-ctice their respective religious faith and thus was achieved social stability in a multi-racial society.

Racial climate since independence

Penang entered independence with a tradition of multiethnic peace and cooperation.

However, the British habit of separating ethnic communities led to incipient tensions thathave since grown. In particular, the tendency to support Malays in government, and

Chinese and India in trade and manufacturing, has led to significant divisions in the

island's sociopolitics.

In 1967, in response to an unpopular decision to devalue the currency, the opposition

Labour Party called for a hartal, or strike. This strike turned violent, with five people

killed in Penang on its first day. Furthermore, although originally multiethnic, the

violence quickly assumed interracial overtones, with politicians airing grievances andeven calling for more violence. The tension spread to the coast and even to the capital,

where timely intervention by the Army was required to prevent a more general spread of

violence. When the national situation had calmed, the national government ofTunkuAbdul Rahman imprisoned leaders charged with inciting violence, but declined to outlaw

the Labour Party.
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1.Latest new


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Kernial Singh Sandhu. Indians in Malaya-

immigration and settlement,'. Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge, UK, 1969, 29pg.

Sinnappah, Anasanatnam. Indians in Malaysia and

Singapore. Oxford University Press, Kulala Lumpur,

1979, 19pg.

Nancy Snider. "What Happened in Penang." AsianSurvey 12 (1968), 960-975.

1 early days

Documents