1

Deep Water Formation: Now vs Last Ice Age

2

Model Predicted Air Temperature Change

3

Models Predict a Future Slow Down of Deep Water Formation Rates in N. Atlantic

4

Potential Temperture and Salinity in Atlantic Ocean

5

Formation Regions of Deep and Intermediate Waters

6

Circulation in Region of Antarctic Bottom Water Formation

Entrainment

Sinking

55ºS 70ºS

7

Distribution of Intermediate Waters (600-1500m)

8

Spread of Mediterranean Water in N. Atlantic (~1000m)

Pot Temp

Salinity

9

Temperature and Salinity in S. Atlantic (~40ºS)

10

T, S and σ for Deep and Intermediate Waters in Atlantic

11

Pot Temp vs Salinity in Atlantic Ocean

Is this site in N. or S. Atlantic?

12

Temperature vs Salinity when there are only two Water Sources

4

10

34 36

13

Temperature vs Salinity for Three Water Sources

14

T vs S for Components of

LNADW

LSW= Labrador Sea Water

GSW= Greenland Sea Water

NSW= Norwegian Sea Water

LNADW= Lower NADW Component

(GSW)

GSW

LNADW

NSW

15

Effects of Mixing on

T and S

16

T vs S in N. Atlantic(~40ºN 30ºW)

17

Theoretical Circulation of the Deep Sea

18

Ocean’s Conveyor Belt Circulation Schematic