1 clavicle bone 1- shaft: lateral one third: lateral one third: convex backward to meet the scapula....
TRANSCRIPT
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Clavicle boneClavicle bone1- Shaft: 1- Shaft:
Lateral one third:Lateral one third:
Convex backward to meet the scapula.Convex backward to meet the scapula.
Medial end:Medial end:
Convex forward to give roomConvex forward to give room
behined and below the behined and below the
clavicle for passage of large clavicle for passage of large
vessels and nerves vessels and nerves
between neck and axilla. between neck and axilla.
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Clavicle boneClavicle bone2-Medial end: 2-Medial end:
Enlarged.Enlarged.
3-Lateral end:3-Lateral end:
Flattened.Flattened.12
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scapulascapula
Anterior view Posterior view
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Surfaces of scapula Surfaces of scapula Anterior surface:Anterior surface: Directed forward and medially, because of the Directed forward and medially, because of the
oblique plane of the scapula.oblique plane of the scapula. Slightly concave and forms the scapular fossa.Slightly concave and forms the scapular fossa. It shows three or four ridges for the origin of It shows three or four ridges for the origin of
subscapularis muscle.subscapularis muscle.
2.2. Posterior surface:Posterior surface: Directed backward and laterally.Directed backward and laterally. Slightly convex.Slightly convex.
ScapulaScapula
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Borders of scapulaBorders of scapula
1.1. Lateral border:Lateral border:
Thick rough border.Thick rough border.
2.2. Medial border:Medial border:
Thin border.Thin border.
3.3. Superior border:Superior border:
Thin and sharp.Thin and sharp.
ScapulaScapula
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Angles of scapulaAngles of scapula1.1. Inferior angleInferior angle
Acute angle and over the 7Acute angle and over the 7thth rib or 7 rib or 7thth intercostal intercostal
space.space.
2.2. Superior angleSuperior angle
Nearly a right and lies over the 2Nearly a right and lies over the 2ndnd rib. rib.
3.3. Lateral angleLateral angle
Broadened and may be regarded as the head of Broadened and may be regarded as the head of
scapula and is connected to the flat body by a scapula and is connected to the flat body by a
slightly constricted neckslightly constricted neck
ScapulaScapula
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Processes of scapulaProcesses of scapula
1.1. Spine of scapula:Spine of scapula:
Is a horizontal shelf-like process projecting Is a horizontal shelf-like process projecting backward from the upper part of dorsal backward from the upper part of dorsal surface.surface.
2.2. Acromion process:Acromion process:
It is a rectangular process which projects It is a rectangular process which projects upward and forward as a continuation of upward and forward as a continuation of
the lateral end of the crest of the spine.the lateral end of the crest of the spine.
ScapulaScapula
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Humerus Humerus 1.1. Upper end:Upper end:
Consists of head, anatomical neck, lesser tuberosity, and greater tuberosity:Consists of head, anatomical neck, lesser tuberosity, and greater tuberosity: Head: Head:
1.1. Forms less than half of a large sphere. Forms less than half of a large sphere.
2.2. Directed upwards, backwards andDirected upwards, backwards and
medially to articulate with glenoid cavity.medially to articulate with glenoid cavity. Anatomical neck:Anatomical neck:
1.1. It is a faint constriction immediatelyIt is a faint constriction immediately
adjoining the margin of the head. It is adjoining the margin of the head. It is
relatively thick.relatively thick. Lesser tuberosity:Lesser tuberosity:
1.1. Projects forwards immediately belowProjects forwards immediately below
the anatomical neck.the anatomical neck. Greater tuberosity: Greater tuberosity:
1.1. Occupies the lateral part of the upperOccupies the lateral part of the upper
end of the humerus.end of the humerus.
2.2. Its anterior margin continues down Its anterior margin continues down
3.3. wards as lateral lip of bicipital groove.wards as lateral lip of bicipital groove.
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Humerus Humerus 2.2. Shaft:Shaft:It has 3 borders and 3 surfaces:It has 3 borders and 3 surfaces:Borders:Borders: Anterior border:Anterior border:1.1. In the upper part it becomes In the upper part it becomes continuous with the lateral lip of bicipital continuous with the lateral lip of bicipital groove.groove.2.2. It is smooth and rounded in lower half ofIt is smooth and rounded in lower half of the shaft.the shaft. Medial border:Medial border:1.1. At the middle of the shaft, it presents aAt the middle of the shaft, it presents a rough area for muscular rough area for muscular attachment (coraco-brachialis).attachment (coraco-brachialis). Lateral border:Lateral border:1.1. About the middle of the shaft, it isAbout the middle of the shaft, it is interrupted by the radial or spiral groove.interrupted by the radial or spiral groove.Surfaces:Surfaces: Anteromedial surface:Anteromedial surface:Smooth.Smooth. Anterolateral surface:Anterolateral surface:Its middle part marked by rough area which called Its middle part marked by rough area which called deltoid tuberosity.deltoid tuberosity. Posterior surface:Posterior surface:Its middle third is crossed by a wide, shalow Its middle third is crossed by a wide, shalow groove (radial or spiral groove).groove (radial or spiral groove).
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Humerus Humerus 3.3. Lower end:Lower end:
It is expanded transverselyIt is expanded transversely
and presents articular and and presents articular and
non-articular portiobns:non-articular portiobns: Articular portion:Articular portion:
The condyle; conjoinedThe condyle; conjoined
capitulum and trochlia). capitulum and trochlia).
It is divided by a faint It is divided by a faint
groove into capitulum laterallygroove into capitulum laterally
and trochlea medially to and trochlea medially to
articulate with radius and ulnaarticulate with radius and ulna
forming the elbow joint.forming the elbow joint. Non-articular portion:Non-articular portion:
Includes the medial and lateralIncludes the medial and lateral
epicondyles and the olecranon, epicondyles and the olecranon,
coronoid and radial fossa.coronoid and radial fossa.
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ulnaulnaIt is the medial bone of the forearm and is parallel to It is the medial bone of the forearm and is parallel to
the radius when the forearm is supinated.the radius when the forearm is supinated. Upper end:Upper end:Massive hook-like with the cocavity of theMassive hook-like with the cocavity of the hook directed forward. It has:hook directed forward. It has:1.1. Olecranon process:Olecranon process:The uppermost part of the bone. Its upper The uppermost part of the bone. Its upper part bends forwards to form a prominent tip.part bends forwards to form a prominent tip.2.2. Coronoid process:Coronoid process:Projects forward from the upper end of the Projects forward from the upper end of the shaft and its anterior tip is received into theshaft and its anterior tip is received into the coronoid fossa.coronoid fossa.3.3. Trochlea notch:Trochlea notch:A deeply concave articular surface whichA deeply concave articular surface which articulates with trochlea of humerus to formarticulates with trochlea of humerus to form part of elbow joint.part of elbow joint.
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ulnaulnaIt is the medial bone of the forearm and It is the medial bone of the forearm and
is is parallel to the radius when the forearm is parallel to the radius when the forearm is supinated.supinated.
Shaft:Shaft:
It has 3 surfaces and 3 borders.It has 3 surfaces and 3 borders.
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Anterior surface.Anterior surface.
Medial surface.Medial surface.
Posterior surface.Posterior surface.
Lateral border.Lateral border. Anterior Anterior border.border. Posterior Posterior border.border.
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ulnaulnaIt is the medial bone of the forearm and It is the medial bone of the forearm and
is parallel to the radius when the is parallel to the radius when the forearm is supinated.forearm is supinated.
Lower end:Lower end:
Formed of head and styloid process:Formed of head and styloid process:
1.1. Head:Head:
Is rounded.Is rounded.
2.2. Styloid process:Styloid process:
A short rounded projection.A short rounded projection.
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RadiusRadiusIt is the lateral bone of the forearm.It is the lateral bone of the forearm. Radial head:Radial head: Is disc shaped.Is disc shaped. Articulates with the capitulum Articulates with the capitulum of the humerus to form part of the of the humerus to form part of the
elbow joint.elbow joint.2.2. Shaft:Shaft: Gently curved being convex Gently curved being convex laterally.laterally.
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RadiusRadius3.3. Lower end:Lower end:A flattened expanded end A flattened expanded end
having five surface:having five surface: Anterior surface.Anterior surface. Posterior surface.Posterior surface. Lateral surface.Lateral surface. Medial surface.Medial surface. Inferior surface.Inferior surface. 3
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Hand bonesHand bones1.1. Carpal bones:Carpal bones:8 in number and are arranged in8 in number and are arranged in two rows:two rows: Proximal row:Proximal row: Scaphoid bone.Scaphoid bone. Lunate bone.Lunate bone. Triquitral bone.Triquitral bone. Pisiform bone.Pisiform bone. Distal row:Distal row: TrapeziumTrapezium TrapezoidTrapezoid CapitateCapitate HamateHamate
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Hand bonesHand bones2.2. Metacarpal bones:Metacarpal bones:
Are five bones numbered Are five bones numbered
from one to five, from the from one to five, from the
thumb to the little finger.thumb to the little finger.
3.3. Phalanges:Phalanges:
The thumb has two phalangesThe thumb has two phalanges
while each of the other fingerwhile each of the other finger
has three phalanges.has three phalanges.
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Muscles of upper limbsMuscles of upper limbs
1.1. DeltoidDeltoidFunction: Function: *Anterior fibers: flexion*Anterior fibers: flexionShoulder.Shoulder.#Middle fibers: abduct #Middle fibers: abduct Shoulder.Shoulder.Posterior fibers: extendPosterior fibers: extendShoulder. Shoulder.
*#
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1.1. Biceps brachiiBiceps brachii Function: flex the Function: flex the
ElbowElbow
2. Triceps2. Triceps Function: extend the elbowFunction: extend the elbow
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Muscles of upper limbsMuscles of upper limbs
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Flexors of wrist and fingers:Flexors of wrist and fingers:
1.1. Superficial group:Superficial group: Pronator teres.Pronator teres. Flexor carpi radialis.Flexor carpi radialis. Palmaris longus.Palmaris longus. Flexor carpi ulnaris.Flexor carpi ulnaris. Flexor digitorum superficialis.Flexor digitorum superficialis.
2.2. Deep group:Deep group: Flexor pollicis longus.Flexor pollicis longus. Flexor digitorum profundus.Flexor digitorum profundus. Pronator quadratus.Pronator quadratus.
Muscles of upper limbsMuscles of upper limbs
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Extensors of wrist and fingersExtensors of wrist and fingers1.1. Superficial group:Superficial group: Brachioradialis.Brachioradialis. Extensor carpi radialis longus.Extensor carpi radialis longus. Extensor carpi radialis brevis.Extensor carpi radialis brevis. Extensor digitorum.Extensor digitorum. Extensor digiti minimiExtensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnarisExtensor carpi ulnaris Anconeus.Anconeus.2.2. Deep group:Deep group: Supinator.Supinator. Abductor pollicis longus.Abductor pollicis longus. Extensor pollicis brevis.Extensor pollicis brevis. Extensor pollicis longus.Extensor pollicis longus. Extensor indicis.Extensor indicis.
Muscles of upper limbsMuscles of upper limbs
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Joint of upper limbsJoint of upper limbs Shoulder joint:Shoulder joint:
1.1. Type: synovial, ball and Type: synovial, ball and
socket.socket.
2.2. Articulation between Articulation between
Head of humerus and glenoid Head of humerus and glenoid
cavity.cavity.
3.3. Movements allowed:Movements allowed:
Flexion, extension, abduction, Flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, internal and adduction, internal and
external rotation.external rotation.
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Joint of upper limbsJoint of upper limbs Elbow joint:Elbow joint:
1.1. Type: synovial, hinge joint.Type: synovial, hinge joint.
2.2. Articulation between Articulation between
Capitulum of humerusCapitulum of humerus
and head of radius.and head of radius.
Trochlea of humerus Trochlea of humerus
and trochlear notch of ulna.and trochlear notch of ulna.
3.3. Movements allowed:Movements allowed:
Flexion and extension.Flexion and extension.
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Joints of upper limbsJoints of upper limbs Wrist joint:Wrist joint:1.1. Type: synovial, biaxial joint.Type: synovial, biaxial joint.2.2. Articulation betweenArticulation between lower end of radius andlower end of radius and carpal bones( scaphoid, carpal bones( scaphoid, lunate, and triquitral).lunate, and triquitral).3.3. Movements allowed:Movements allowed:Flexion, extension, radial Flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation, and ulnar deviation.deviation.
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Rib cage and sternumRib cage and sternum Rib cage is composed of:Rib cage is composed of:1.1. Sternum:Sternum:Is commonly known as the Is commonly known as the breastbone and is divided breastbone and is divided into three areas:into three areas: Manubrium with Manubrium with suprasternal notch.suprasternal notch. Body with costal notchesBody with costal notches Xiphoid process.Xiphoid process.
Manubrium
Body
xiphoid
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Rib cage and sternumRib cage and sternum
2.2. Ribs: Ribs:
Which attached to Which attached to
transverse process of transverse process of
vertebra.vertebra.
The bend in the rib isThe bend in the rib is
known as the rib angle.known as the rib angle.
Rib
Transverse process
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Hip boneHip boneIt is a large bone formed of 3 It is a large bone formed of 3
parts: parts:
1- Ilium: forms the upper 2/5 1- Ilium: forms the upper 2/5 of the hip bone.of the hip bone.
2- Ischium: forms the lower 2- Ischium: forms the lower and posterior 2/5 of the hip and posterior 2/5 of the hip bone.bone.
3-Pubis: forms the anterior 1/5 3-Pubis: forms the anterior 1/5 of the hip bone.of the hip bone.
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Right and Right and leftleft differentiation differentiation
Look to:Look to: Iliac crest Iliac crest lies abovelies above Acetabulum Acetabulum lies laterallylies laterally Ischial tuberosity Ischial tuberosity lies below and lies below and
behindbehind
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The femurThe femur The longest bone of the body 45 cm forming the skeleton of the thigh. It consists of;
1-Upper end;
head , neck,
and two trochanters. The head:
It is spherical in shape; directed
upward, forward and medially. The neck:
It is 5cm long.
It joins the shaft at the neck shaft
angle which is about 110°-140°.
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The femurThe femur The grater trochanter:
A quadrangular elevation which lies
laterally at the junction of the neck
with the shaft.
The lesser trochanter:
A conical projection which lies
posterior-medially at the junction
of the neck with the shaft.
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The femurThe femur2-The shaft:2-The shaft: Anteriorly: it is forward.Anteriorly: it is forward. Posteriorly:Posteriorly:
A- the upper 1/3 of the A- the upper 1/3 of the
shaft is bounded medially.shaft is bounded medially.
B- the middle 1/3 shows B- the middle 1/3 shows
a rough central ridge a rough central ridge
called linea aspera.called linea aspera.
C- the lower 1/3 is calledC- the lower 1/3 is called
popliteal surface.popliteal surface.
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The femurThe femur
3- lower end:3- lower end:
It is expanded and consistsIt is expanded and consists
of medial and lateral condylesof medial and lateral condyles
which are fused anteriorly which are fused anteriorly
to form a patellar surface to form a patellar surface
and separated posteriorly and separated posteriorly
to form an intercondylar fossa.to form an intercondylar fossa.
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Rt.and Lt. differentiationRt.and Lt. differentiation
Look to;Look to;
1.1. The head The head
lies above and mediallylies above and medially
2. The shaft : 2. The shaft :
convex and smooth anteriorlyconvex and smooth anteriorly
Linea aspera posteriorlyLinea aspera posteriorly
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PatellaPatella
Triangular in shape; 3 borders and 2 Triangular in shape; 3 borders and 2
surfacessurfaces
Base: it gives attachment to 3Base: it gives attachment to 3
vasti and rectus femoris muscles.vasti and rectus femoris muscles.
Apex: gives attachment to Apex: gives attachment to
the patellar ligament.the patellar ligament.
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PatellaPatella Anterior surface: rough andAnterior surface: rough and
subcutaneous.subcutaneous.
Posterior surface: its upper partPosterior surface: its upper part
is smooth and articular surface is smooth and articular surface
divided by vertical ridge into a divided by vertical ridge into a
large lateral facet and smaller one.large lateral facet and smaller one.
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Rt. & LT.Rt. & LT.
Look to;Look to; BaseBase directs upward directs upward
Apex directs Apex directs downwards.downwards.
Ant. surfacesAnt. surfaces; ; articular its lateral articular its lateral area is larger then area is larger then medialmedial
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TibiaTibia Two ends and shaft:Two ends and shaft:
1-upper end:1-upper end:
Tuberosity: a projection Tuberosity: a projection
Which lies anteriorly and has Which lies anteriorly and has
A smooth upper part for A smooth upper part for
attachment of patellar attachment of patellar
ligament.ligament.
Medial condyle: it is larger Medial condyle: it is larger
than the lateral one and itsthan the lateral one and its
upper articular surface is oval.upper articular surface is oval.
1
2
3
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TibiaTibia
Lateral condyle: its upper Lateral condyle: its upper
articular surface is circular.articular surface is circular.
Intercondylar area: arough Intercondylar area: arough
non articular area present non articular area present
between the 2 articularbetween the 2 articular
surfaces of the 2 condyles.surfaces of the 2 condyles.
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2- shaft:2- shaft:
Triangular in cross section; Triangular in cross section;
it shows:it shows:
3 borders: anterior, medial 3 borders: anterior, medial
and interosseus.and interosseus.
3 surfaces: medial, lateral 3 surfaces: medial, lateral
and posterior.and posterior.
TibiaTibia
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3-Lower end3-Lower end::
It has 5 surfaces:It has 5 surfaces:1-anterior surface: smooth.1-anterior surface: smooth.
2-posterior surface: has a 2-posterior surface: has a
vertical groove for the tendonvertical groove for the tendon
of tibialis posterior.of tibialis posterior.
3-medial surface: smooth and3-medial surface: smooth and
subcutaneous, it projectssubcutaneous, it projects
downward forming the downward forming the
medial malleolus.medial malleolus.
TibiaTibia
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4-lateral surface: has a 4-lateral surface: has a
fibular notch to articulate fibular notch to articulate
with the lower end of fibula. with the lower end of fibula.
5-inferior surface: articulates5-inferior surface: articulates
with the body of talus atwith the body of talus at
the ankle joint.the ankle joint.
TibiaTibia
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Rt.& Lt.Rt.& Lt.Look to;Look to; Condyles of tibia Condyles of tibia lie upwardlie upward Tuberosity and shin of tibia Tuberosity and shin of tibia lie anteriorlylie anteriorly Medial malleolus Medial malleolus lie downwards and lie downwards and
mediallymedially
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Foot BonesFoot Bones
1
2
3
1- Tarsus
2-
Metatarsus
3-Phalanges
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Foot BonesFoot Bones
1
2
3
1- Tarsus:
It is made of 7 bones arranged in 2
rows:
•Proximal row (talus above and
calcaneus below).
•Distal row (consists of cuboid
laterally, and 3 cuneiforms medially).
•In between 2 rows: the navicular
bone lies medially.
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Foot BonesFoot Bones
1
2
3
2- metatarsus:
•It is formed of 5
metatarsal bones; one for
each toe.
•The metatarsal bone has
a base, a shaft and a head.
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Foot BonesFoot Bones
1
2
3
3- The phalanges:
•Each toe has 3 phalanges
(exept the big toe which
has only 2 phalanges).
•Each phalanx is formed of
a base, a shaft and a head.
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Muscles of lower limbMuscles of lower limb
Muscles of anterior aspect of Muscles of anterior aspect of
the hip:the hip:
Iliopsoas Iliopsoas
Function: Function:
Powerful flexion and medial Powerful flexion and medial
rotation of the thigh upon the rotation of the thigh upon the
pelvis. pelvis.
1
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Muscles of posterior Muscles of posterior
aspect of the hip:aspect of the hip:
Gluteus maximusGluteus maximus
Function: Function:
extension of hipextension of hip
Muscles of lower limbMuscles of lower limb
1
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Muscles of lateral aspect of the hip:Muscles of lateral aspect of the hip:
1. Glutues medius1. Glutues medius Function: Function:
abducts the femur abducts the femur
Muscles of lower limbMuscles of lower limb
1
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Muscles of anterior aspect of the thigh:Muscles of anterior aspect of the thigh: Quadriceps femoris:Quadriceps femoris:1.1. Rectus femoris,Rectus femoris,2.2. vastus lateralis,vastus lateralis,3.3. vastus medialis vastus medialis 4.4. vastus intermedius vastus intermedius Function:Function:1- powerful extension of the knee.1- powerful extension of the knee.2- flexion of the hip joint through the rectus 2- flexion of the hip joint through the rectus femoris.femoris.3- the lower fibers of the vastus medialis3- the lower fibers of the vastus medialis help to stabilize the patella against the lateralhelp to stabilize the patella against the lateral pull induced by the ilio-tibial tract extends the pull induced by the ilio-tibial tract extends the knee knee
1
234
Muscles of lower limbMuscles of lower limb
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Muscles of medial aspect of the thighMuscles of medial aspect of the thigh
1.1. Adductor longus:Adductor longus:
2.2. Adductor magnus:Adductor magnus:
3.3. Adductor brevis:Adductor brevis:
Function:Function:
Adducts and Adducts and
medial rotates medial rotates
the thigh.the thigh.
Muscles of lower limbMuscles of lower limb
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Muscles of posterior aspect of the thigh:Muscles of posterior aspect of the thigh:
Hamstring:Hamstring:
1.1. Biceps femoris Biceps femoris
2.2. Semimembranosus Semimembranosus
3.3. Semitendinosus Semitendinosus
Function:Function:
1-The muscles flex and laterally rotate (biceps femoris), 1-The muscles flex and laterally rotate (biceps femoris),
medial rotate (Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus) medial rotate (Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus)
the leg at the knee joint.the leg at the knee joint.
2-The long head of biceps femoris2-The long head of biceps femoris
alone extends alone extends
the hip joint. the hip joint.
Muscles of lower limbMuscles of lower limb
2
1
3
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Muscles of anterior aspect of the Muscles of anterior aspect of the leg:leg:
1.1. Tibialis anteriorTibialis anterior
Function: Function: Dorsiflexes and inverts the footDorsiflexes and inverts the foot Inversion of foot.Inversion of foot. Maintain the medial longitudinalMaintain the medial longitudinal
arch of foot. arch of foot.
Muscles of lower limbMuscles of lower limb
1
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Muscles of posterior aspect of the leg:Muscles of posterior aspect of the leg:
2.2. GastrocnemiusGastrocnemius
Function:Function:
It planterflexes of the ankle joint.It planterflexes of the ankle joint.
It raises the heel during walking It raises the heel during walking
and running.and running.
It also flexes the knee joint. It also flexes the knee joint.
2
Muscles of lower limbMuscles of lower limb
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Joints of lower limbsJoints of lower limbs
Hip joint:Hip joint:
1.1. Type: synonial, ball and Type: synonial, ball and
socket.socket.
2.2. Articulation between Articulation between
head of femur and head of femur and
acetabulum of hip boneacetabulum of hip bone
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Joints of lower limbsJoints of lower limbs Knee joint:Knee joint:
1.1. Type: synovial, modified hinge joint.Type: synovial, modified hinge joint.
2.2. Articulation between Articulation between
lower end femur andlower end femur and
upper end of tibia upper end of tibia
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Joints of lower limbsJoints of lower limbs
Ankle joints:Ankle joints:
1.1. Type: synovial, uniaxial joint.Type: synovial, uniaxial joint.
2.2. Articulation inferior surfaces Articulation inferior surfaces
of Tibia and fibula with talus (of Tibia and fibula with talus (
tarsal bone).tarsal bone).
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Vertebral columnVertebral column
Cervical vertebraeCervical vertebrae (7) (7)
Thoracic vertebraeThoracic vertebrae (12) (12)
Lumbar vertebraeLumbar vertebrae (5) (5)
Sacral vertebraeSacral vertebrae (5) (5)
CoccgyealCoccgyeal (4) (4)
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VertebraeVertebrae Structure:Structure:
1.1. BodyBody
2.2. Transverse processTransverse process
3.3. Spinous processSpinous process
4.4. PediclePedicle
5.5. LaminaLamina
6.6. Vertebral foramenVertebral foramen
12
3
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VertebraeVertebrae
Spinous process
Transverse process
lamina
Vertebral foramen
pedicle
Body
Anterior
Posterior
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Thank youThank you