1. classify which plant structures are male sexual organs and which are female sexual organs 2....
TRANSCRIPT
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1. Classify Which plant structures are male sexual organs and which are female sexual organs
2. Apply Concepts Relate the characteristics of angiosperms reproduction to angiosperm success
3. Review Define vegetative reproduction4. Compare and Contrast Make a compare contrast
table comparing alternation of generations in flowering plants and green algae (22.2)
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CH 24 PLANT REPRODUCTION AND RESPONSE 24.1 Reproduction in Flowering Plants
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Structure of Flowers
Reproductive organs that are composed of four kinds of specialized leaves: Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
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Sepals
Outermost circle of floral parts Enclose the bud before it opens Protect the flower while it is developing.
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Petals
Found just inside the sepals Colors, number, and shapes of such petals attract
insects and other pollinators to the flower.
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Stamen Male parts of the flower Consists of a stalk called a filament with an anther
at its tip Anther
Structure that produces pollen grains.
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Carpels
Produce and shelter the female gametophytes and seeds
Ovary Contains one or more ovules where female
gametophytes are produced.
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Carpels
Style Stalk of carpel
Stigma Sticky or feathery portion at tip of carpel to capture
pollen.
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Carpel
Pistil Single carpel or several fused carpels.
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Angiosperm Life Cycle
Fertilization in angiosperms is distinct from other plants
Two fertilization events take place- one produces the zygote and the other a tissue, called endosperm, within the seed.
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Angiosperm Life Cycle
Alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte phase and a haploid gametophyte stage
Male and female gametophytes live within the tissues of the sporophyte.
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Development of Male Gametophytes
The male gametophytes (pollen grains) develop inside anthers
Meiosis produces four haploid spore cells.
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Development of Male Gametophytes
Each spore undergoes one mitotic division to produce the two haploid nuclei of a single pollen grain
Two nuclei are surrounded by a thick wall that protects the
male gametophyte.
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Development of Female Gametophytes
Develop inside each carpel of a flower Ovules (future seeds) are enveloped in a protective
ovary (future fruit).
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Development of Female Gametophytes
Single diploid cell goes through meiosis to produce four haploid cells, three of which disintegrate.
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Development of Female Gametophytes
Remaining cell undergoes mitosis, producing eight nuclei
Embryo sac Eight nuclei and the surrounding membrane.
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Development of Female Gametophytes
Cell walls form around six of the eight nuclei One of the eight nuclei near the base of the
gametophyte, is the nucleus of the egg (female gamete)
Will fuse with male gamete, form zygote and become sporophyte if fertilization occurs.
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Pollination
Transfer pollen to the female portions of the flower Can use wind or an animal pollinator
Wind pollination is less efficient Relies on favorable weather and sheer numbers of
pollen grains.
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Animal Pollinated Plants
Variety of adaptations to attract and reward animals Such as bright colors and sweet nectar Animals have evolved body shapes to reach nectar
deep within certain flowers Insect pollination
Plant benefits- efficient pollination Insect benefits- source of food.
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Fertilization
Pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower
Pollen tube begins to grow Pollen grain has two cells
1. Cell divides and forms two sperm cells
2. Cell becomes the pollen tube.
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Pollen tube grows into the style Reaches the ovary Enters an ovule.
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Double Fertilization
One of the sperm nuclei fuses with the egg nucleus to produce a diploid zygote
Other sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei in the embryo sac to form a triploid (3N) cell or endosperm
Endosperm Food-rich tissue known which nourishes the seedling
as it grows.
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Flowering plant spends very little in the way of food resources on producing seeds from ovules until double fertilization has actually taken place
Make more seeds.
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Vegetative Reproduction
Asexual reproduction Enables a single plant to produce offspring
genetically identical to itself by mitosis Enables a single plant to produce offspring
genetically identical to itself by mitosis.
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New plants may grow from roots, leaves, stems, or plantlets
Single plant can reproduce quickly.
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Good
Single plant produces genetically identical offspring, enabling well-adapted individuals to rapidly fill a favorable environment.
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Bad
Does not produce new combinations of genetic traits, which may be valuable if conditions in the physical environment change.
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Grafting Method to reproduce
seedless plants and varieties of woody plants that cannot be propagated from cuttings
Plants need to be closely related.