1 choice, charters, and change. 2 how choice policies are affecting michigans education system
DESCRIPTION
3 The story in numbers –Where are charter schools located? –Who takes advantage of interdistrict choice? Limited impact on public schools Evidence of innovation How is the education system changing?TRANSCRIPT
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CHOICE, CHARTERS, AND CHANGE
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How Choice Policies Are Affecting Michigan’s Education
System
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• The story in numbers– Where are charter schools located?– Who takes advantage of interdistrict choice?
• Limited impact on public schools• Evidence of innovation• How is the education system changing?
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Number of Charter Schools and Pupils in Michigan, 1995-99
SchoolYear
Number ofSchools
Number ofStudents
% of AllMichiganK-12 students
Estimated StateSpending (000)
1995-96 43 5,500 0.3 $31,091
1996-97 79 12,047 0.8 $72,600
1997-98 105 20,477 1.3 $119,500
1998-99 138 30,000 1.9 $183,00
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Aggregate Participation in Michigan’s Interdistrict Choice Program
1996-97 1997-98Number of interdistrict choicestudents
8,285 10,825
Percentage of state K-12 enrollment 0.5 0.7
Percentage of districts acceptingnonresident students
36.8 45.2
Percentage of transactions involvingless than 5 students
65.4 60.2
Percentage of transactions involvinggreater than 20 students
6.2 9.5
Note: A “transaction” is the transfer of students from one district toanother through interdistrict choice.
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Charter School Location by Community Type, 1997-98
CommunityType
Number ofschooldistricts
Numberof charterschools
Percent ofdistricts withat least onecharter school
Charter schoolenrollment as %of host districtenrollment
Locationquotient
Central City 23 44 57 2.8 2.10
High –income 28 5 11 0.5 0.41
Other MSA 295 40 10 0.9 0.74
Outside MSA 209 16 7 0.8 0.66
TOTAL 555 105 11 1.3 1.00
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Charter School Location by Host District Racial Composition, 1997-98
Percent BlackEnrollment
Number ofschooldistricts
Number ofcharterschools
Charter schoolenrollment as %of host districtenrollment
Locationquotient
< 1.0% 348 25 0.7 0.52
1 to 5 % 127 19 0.6 0.49
5 to 33 % 51 13 1.1 0.87
> 33 % 28 48 3.4 2.64
TOTAL 554 105 1.3 1.00
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Charter School Location by Host District MEAP Test Performance, 1997-98
% satisfactory7th grade mathMEAP
Number ofschool districts
Number ofcharter schools
Charter schoolenrollment as %of host districtenrollment
Locationquotient
0 to 30% 19 8 2.3 1.77
30 to 60% 187 49 1.8 1.38
60 to 80% 269 41 1.0 0.77
80 to 100% 65 7 0.6 0.45
TOTAL 540 105 1.3 1.00
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School District Participation in Interdistrict Choice by District Characteristic
Percent of districts participating
School districtscharacteristic
Number ofdistricts
1996-97 1997-98
Location/type *
Central city 23 34.8 43.5
High-income 28 25.0 32.1
Other MSA 295 33.9 40.7
Outside MSA 209 42.6 53.6
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School District Participation in Interdistrict Choice by District Characteristic
Percent of districts participatingSchool districtscharacteristic
Number ofdistricts
1996-97 1997-98
% black enrollment
0 to 1% 348 38.5 48.0
1 to 5% 127 30.7 37.0
5 to 33% 51 39.2 49.0
33 to 100% 28 39.3 42.9
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Percent of districts participatingSchool districtscharacteristic
Number ofdistricts
1996-97 1997-98
% change enrollment1993-98 * *
< -2% 177 44.6 54.8
-2 to 2% 72 44.4 48.6
2 to 10% 173 31.2 38.7
> 10% 132 29.5 39.4
School District Participation in Interdistrict Choice by District Characteristic
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Percent of districts participatingSchool districtscharacteristic
Number ofdistricts
1996-97 1997-98
% satisfactory 7th
math MEAP
0 to 30% 19 42.1 42.1
30 to 60% 187 40.1 50.3
60 to 80% 269 35.3 41.3
80 to 100% 65 29.2 47.7
School District Participation in Interdistrict Choice by District Characteristic
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Percent of districts participating
School districtscharacteristic
Number ofdistricts
1996-97 1997-98
Median householdincome * *
Less than $36,000 102 47.1 59.8
$36,000 to $54,000 234 41.0 50.8
$54,000 to $76,000 144 29.9 37.5
Greater than $76,000 74 23.0 23.0
School District Participation in Interdistrict Choice by District Characteristic
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Percent of districts participating
School districts characteristic Number ofDistricts
1996-97 1997-98
Median household income,excluding districts outside MSAs *
Less than $36,000 32 38.2 41.3
$36,000 to $54,000 119 40.8 50.7
$54,000 to $76,000 126 30.4 39.4
Greater than $76,000 69 25.0 25.0
State 554 36.8 45.2
*Group means are significantly different at 95% confidence level Group means display linearity at the 95% confidence level
School District Participation in Interdistrict Choice by District Characteristic
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Educating district minus resident district(mean value of difference for students transfers)
District Characteristic Statewide Excluding Detroit Transfers entailing>20 students
Math 7th grade % satisfactory 5.1 6.9 7.6
Reading 7th grade % satisfactory 3.2 5.1 4.5
Graduation Rate 9.4 6.6 14.0
Drop-out Rate -3.6 -2.2 -5.4
Pupil-teacher Ratio 0.3 -0.1 0.5
Expenditures per pupil -$230 -$315 -$334
Mean teacher salary $1,692 $300 $2,841
District enrollment -15,571 -1,562 -24,359
% change enrollment1993-98
2.7 3.6
% free/reduced lunch -9.8 -10.9 -15.0
Median Income $6,335 $6,726 $9,947
% black students -12.2 -8.4 -18.6
Valid N (listwise) 9,850 8,930 6,151
Difference in Characteristics of Educating versus Resident Districts for Interdistrict Choice Students
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Limited Impact At School Level
• Limited market penetration• Low “signal to noise” ratio
– Student turbulence– Other policy initiatives
• Preference versus performance• Administrative and financial insulation
– Fiscal centralization– Restricted administrative autonomy
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Limited Impact At School Level cont.
• Greater impact at district level– Evidence of innovation– Increased attention to marketing– Responsiveness to parents
• No systematic differences across districts
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Evidence of Innovation
• Still early--more talk than action• Competitive response is now emerging
– Lansing• all-day kindergarten• Star Institute• Wexford Community School• CLASS and collaboration
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Evidence of Innovation cont.
• Detroit– proposal for “alternative” charter schools
• Kent County– Superintendents’ Task Force
• Intermediate School Districts– entrepreneurialism and economies of scale– encouragement for cooperation and innovation
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How is the Education System Changing?
• Social sorting• Market segmentation• Emergence of management companies
– Edison Project– New Heritage Academies– Others
• Impact on other actors– Private and religious schools– Independent charter schools
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Emerging Issues• Limited market penetration
– Remove current restrictions on choice– Provide start-up funding for charter schools
• Insufficient regulation and accountability– Oversight by MDE and chartering agents– Monitor access and equity
• special education• free and reduced lunch
• Legislative rules matter