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Chapter ThreeChapter Three

QuantifiersQuantifiers

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IntroductionIntroduction

Kinds of quantifiersKinds of quantifiersThere are two kinds of quantifiers which are There are two kinds of quantifiers which are

A.A. QuantifiersQuantifiers

B.B. DistributionDistribution

QuantifiersQuantifiersExamples:Examples:

A lot of, plenty of, lots of, tons of, a little, little, some, hardly A lot of, plenty of, lots of, tons of, a little, little, some, hardly any, a few, few, several any, a few, few, several

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QuantityQuantity

Some adjectives and adjectival phrases Some adjectives and adjectival phrases are used for mass nouns only, some are are used for mass nouns only, some are used for count nouns only and some are used for count nouns only and some are applicable for both types of nouns.applicable for both types of nouns.

IllustrationIllustrationMass nouns: They answer the question how Mass nouns: They answer the question how much? E.g. we can say:much? E.g. we can say:

There is no snow, a little snow, some snow, a bit of There is no snow, a little snow, some snow, a bit of snowsnow

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QuantityQuantity

Or we can say: no snowballs, a few snowballs, a Or we can say: no snowballs, a few snowballs, a number of snowballs, several snowballs, a lot of number of snowballs, several snowballs, a lot of snowballs, a great deal of snowballs, etc.snowballs, a great deal of snowballs, etc.

Expressions which can be used for Expressions which can be used for both count and mass nouns:both count and mass nouns:

a lot of snow(balls), a great deal of snow(ball), a lot of snow(balls), a great deal of snow(ball), plenty of snow(balls), lots of snow(balls), tons of plenty of snow(balls), lots of snow(balls), tons of snow(balls).snow(balls).

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QuantityQuantity

Quantifiers can singular or plural, so the verb Quantifiers can singular or plural, so the verb agrees with the noun. If the noun is a mass agrees with the noun. If the noun is a mass noun, the verb is singular. If the nouns is noun, the verb is singular. If the nouns is countable , the verb is plural.countable , the verb is plural.E.g. A lot of E.g. A lot of towns aretowns are celebrating the centenary. celebrating the centenary.

Lots Lots of time is of time is wasted in teabreaks.wasted in teabreaks.

Expressions like plenty of, lots of, tons of are Expressions like plenty of, lots of, tons of are informal spoken forms. In writing, use a great informal spoken forms. In writing, use a great deal of, a large amount of, and a large number deal of, a large amount of, and a large number of.of.

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Positive and negative ways of looking at Positive and negative ways of looking at thingsthings

Optimist PessimistOptimist PessimistThe bottle of water isThe bottle of water is half full half emptyhalf full half empty There is some water left there is not much water leftThere is some water left there is not much water left

There are three friendsThere are three friendsI have a few friends I have few friendsI have a few friends I have few friends

ScaleScale no/noneno/noneA little some a few littleA little some a few little a lot not much a lot not much

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Positive and negative ways of Positive and negative ways of looking at thingslooking at things

I have got a little money= (some)I have got a little money= (some)There are a few things that I want to see you about There are a few things that I want to see you about

=(several)=(several)There is little point in going on now: it is too late.=(hardly There is little point in going on now: it is too late.=(hardly

any)any)

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Meanings of someMeanings of someThe word some has two main meanings:The word some has two main meanings:a)a) Sometimes to emphasize quantitySometimes to emphasize quantitye.g. I have some good friends but not manye.g. I have some good friends but not manySome of my best friends are accountants. Some of my best friends are accountants. b) b) As a sort of indefinite article= you are interested As a sort of indefinite article= you are interested

in the object itself.in the object itself.E.gE.g. She bought me some records for my birthday, . She bought me some records for my birthday,

but I would have preferred books.but I would have preferred books.Some means sometimes a particular one but I do Some means sometimes a particular one but I do

not know which one.not know which one.Form: some + NOUNForm: some + NOUNSome man called this morning, but he refused to Some man called this morning, but he refused to

give his namegive his name

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Meanings of someMeanings of some

There is a difference between sometimes There is a difference between sometimes which means occasionally; and at some which means occasionally; and at some time, which means at an unspecified timetime, which means at an unspecified time

e.ge.g. I would like to see you some time next . I would like to see you some time next week. = one day next weekweek. = one day next week

I will be there some time this evening. = I am I will be there some time this evening. = I am not sure exactly when I will be there.not sure exactly when I will be there.

DistributionDistribution

All, every, and each are words which describe the group All, every, and each are words which describe the group of things or people in different ways:of things or people in different ways:

E.g. Q: Will we go with you?E.g. Q: Will we go with you?

Yes, each one of you.Yes, each one of you.

Yes, every one of you.Yes, every one of you.

Yes, all of you. Yes, all of you. • The same number of individuals is involved but the way The same number of individuals is involved but the way

of looking at them is different:of looking at them is different:

All= the group seen as oneAll= the group seen as one

Every= the group seen as a series of x membersEvery= the group seen as a series of x members

Each = the members of the group seen individually.Each = the members of the group seen individually.1010

DistributionDistribution

E.gE.g. .

He worked hard and saved all his money.He worked hard and saved all his money.

Every female rabbit in the place was in Every female rabbit in the place was in love with himlove with him

He always brought a different present for He always brought a different present for each child.each child.

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AllAll

Meaning of allMeaning of all

The word all contrasts with some and with no/noneThe word all contrasts with some and with no/none

All = all students are supposed to come early.All = all students are supposed to come early.

Some= Some students got A+ in the grammar course.Some= Some students got A+ in the grammar course.

No = complaints were reported.No = complaints were reported.

The word all occurs in these combinations.The word all occurs in these combinations.

All + ǿ mass noun\count noun in the pluralAll + ǿ mass noun\count noun in the plural

All+ the mass noun\count noun in the pluralAll+ the mass noun\count noun in the plural

All+ pronoun+ mass noun\count noun in the pluralAll+ pronoun+ mass noun\count noun in the plural

All + this\that mass nounAll + this\that mass noun

All + these\those count noun in the pluralAll + these\those count noun in the plural1212

AllAll

1 Give up all hope of seeing them again.1 Give up all hope of seeing them again.

All passengers are requested to remain seated.All passengers are requested to remain seated.

2 Have you been here all the time? I didn’t notice you before.2 Have you been here all the time? I didn’t notice you before.

You can tell all the people without tickets to wait outside.You can tell all the people without tickets to wait outside.

3 Where have you been all my life?3 Where have you been all my life?

All my friends have gone away for Christmas.All my friends have gone away for Christmas.

4 Who has made all this mess?4 Who has made all this mess?

You will never get all that luggage into the carYou will never get all that luggage into the car

5 All these books belong to me.5 All these books belong to me.

You will never get all those suitcases into the car.You will never get all those suitcases into the car.

NoteNote

The words both and half can have the same combinationsThe words both and half can have the same combinations

Both my children are still at school.Both my children are still at school.1313

AllAll

All + ofAll + ofYou must use all of with a following pronoun:You must use all of with a following pronoun:

All of you, all of us, all of themAll of you, all of us, all of them

Similarly you ban use the words both and half with the Similarly you ban use the words both and half with the same pronouns.same pronouns.

You can use all of instead of all when it is in contrast to You can use all of instead of all when it is in contrast to some:some:

E.gE.g. I do all (of) the work and you get all(of) the credit.. I do all (of) the work and you get all(of) the credit.

But you can not use all of in the following sentence:But you can not use all of in the following sentence:

All passengers are requested to remain seated.All passengers are requested to remain seated.

Because there is no contrast with some.Because there is no contrast with some.1414

AllAllAll + NOUN without theAll + NOUN without the

Use all +ǿ + NOUN when you want to make a general Use all +ǿ + NOUN when you want to make a general statement.statement.

E.g.E.g. All passengers are requested to keep their seatbelts All passengers are requested to keep their seatbelts fastened.fastened.

Not all snakes are poisonous.Not all snakes are poisonous.

The can be left out in time expressions: The can be left out in time expressions:

All day, all afternoon, all evening, all night, all week, etc.All day, all afternoon, all evening, all night, all week, etc.

Exception: all the time.Exception: all the time.

All or the whole?All or the whole?

The whole is preferred to be used with count nouns in The whole is preferred to be used with count nouns in the singular:the singular:

E.gE.g. I read the whole book in one evening.. I read the whole book in one evening. 1515

AllAll

A whole + nounA whole + nounE.g. I was so thirsty that I drank the whole bottle of milk in one go.E.g. I was so thirsty that I drank the whole bottle of milk in one go.

This contrasts with (a) part of, half of, some of, etc.This contrasts with (a) part of, half of, some of, etc.

The whole + ofThe whole + of

I read the whole of the book\ I searched the whole of the building.I read the whole of the book\ I searched the whole of the building.

All or everything?All or everything?

Generally all is not preferred to be used on its own without a noun. Generally all is not preferred to be used on its own without a noun. Instead we use everything for things, and everybody/one for people:Instead we use everything for things, and everybody/one for people:

Everybody in the office knows about them.\Give everyone a copy.Everybody in the office knows about them.\Give everyone a copy.

NoteNote

All occurs on its own in expressions where it means the only thing as All occurs on its own in expressions where it means the only thing as in All I want is a quiet life, that will be all, thank you. , Is that all? , not in All I want is a quiet life, that will be all, thank you. , Is that all? , not at all.at all.

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EveryEvery

Meaning of everyMeaning of every

It is a word which describes a series consisting of three or more It is a word which describes a series consisting of three or more people or things.people or things.

The series may be complete or incompleteThe series may be complete or incomplete

E.g. Every player in the team is a first-class footballer. (every player E.g. Every player in the team is a first-class footballer. (every player compares with all the players).compares with all the players).

I go shopping every Saturday. ( you can not use all)I go shopping every Saturday. ( you can not use all)

The word every occurs in the following combinations:The word every occurs in the following combinations:

Every + count noun in the singular\ one ( pronoun)Every + count noun in the singular\ one ( pronoun)

Every is an adjective and must be always followed by a noun or a Every is an adjective and must be always followed by a noun or a pronoun(one).pronoun(one).

E.g. E.g. I have read every book in the libraryI have read every book in the library

Have you checked all the invoices? Yes, I have checked every one.Have you checked all the invoices? Yes, I have checked every one.

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EveryEveryEvery in frequency expressionsEvery in frequency expressions

A.A. With plural nouns:, every week, every 20 minutesWith plural nouns:, every week, every 20 minutes..B.B. With the word other or with ordinals.With the word other or with ordinals.

e.g. every other day\ my mother visits us every third weeke.g. every other day\ my mother visits us every third week..Every one ofEvery one of

When you are talking about a complete series, you can use the When you are talking about a complete series, you can use the combination:combination:

Every one of + the + count noun in the pluralEvery one of + the + count noun in the plural

Every one of + these\those + count noun in the pluralEvery one of + these\those + count noun in the plural

Every one of + us, you, themEvery one of + us, you, them

I have read every book in this library or I have read every one of the I have read every book in this library or I have read every one of the books in this library.books in this library.

This construction is particularly useful with possessivesThis construction is particularly useful with possessives

I can remember every one of the children`s birthday parties.I can remember every one of the children`s birthday parties.1818

EachEach

When you add the word single to every one, the sentence becomes When you add the word single to every one, the sentence becomes more emphatic.more emphatic.

Normal Normal all of the books in this library= all of them all of the books in this library= all of them

every book in this library = every one of themevery book in this library = every one of them

every one of the book in this library = every one of the book in this library = every one of themevery one of them

emphatic every single one of the books in this library= every single one emphatic every single one of the books in this library= every single one

Meaning of eachMeaning of each

The word each is used to point to the individuals in a group of two The word each is used to point to the individuals in a group of two or more, and to consider them one by one.or more, and to consider them one by one.

E.g. I have checked every book in the subject, and I find that each E.g. I have checked every book in the subject, and I find that each one says something different.one says something different.

Each is used in the following combinations:Each is used in the following combinations:

Each + count noun in the singular\ one\ ǿEach + count noun in the singular\ one\ ǿ1919

EachEach

E.g.E.g.

He gave each child a presentHe gave each child a present

He picked up the letters and examined each one carefullyHe picked up the letters and examined each one carefully

Each on its ownEach on its own

E.g. I like all of Mozart`s symphonies: each has its special charm E.g. I like all of Mozart`s symphonies: each has its special charm Here you can use each or each one but there are cases where you Here you can use each or each one but there are cases where you use each only:use each only:

Prices: How much are these? 60 pence each.Prices: How much are these? 60 pence each.

With pronouns: he kissed the children and gave them each a With pronouns: he kissed the children and gave them each a present.present.

Plural noun + each: the children each received sth different.Plural noun + each: the children each received sth different.

Reciprocal each other: they love each other very much.Reciprocal each other: they love each other very much.

Each of :Each of : each one of you\them\us (emphatic) each one of you\them\us (emphatic)

The meeting had begun. Each (one) of us stood upThe meeting had begun. Each (one) of us stood up2020

DistributionDistribution

All, every or each?All, every or each?

All and every are seen collectively but each is seen individuallyAll and every are seen collectively but each is seen individually..Either or neitherEither or neither

We can describe distribution between two things by using the word We can describe distribution between two things by using the word either or its negative form neithereither or its negative form neither

X or Y- either will doX or Y- either will do

Not X and not Y – neither will doNot X and not Y – neither will do

Both roads lead to the city. You can take either road.Both roads lead to the city. You can take either road.

Neither of them came to my office.Neither of them came to my office.

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