1 chapter 25 reproductive system – female i lecture 22 martini’s visual anatomy and physiology...
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Chapter 25Reproductive System – Female I
Lecture 22
Martini’s VisualAnatomy and Physiology
First Edition
Martini Ober
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Lecture Overview
• Functions of the female reproductive system
• The ovaries – structure and function
• Female internal reproductive organs
• Female external reproductive organs
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Functions of the Female Reproductive System
• Produce and maintain sex cells (eggs) – a function of the ovaries, the primary sex organ
• Transport eggs to site of fertilization
• Produce female sex hormones
• Provide favorable environment for development of offspring
• Move offspring to outside (birth)
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Organs of the Female Reproductive System
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
(Bartholin’s glands)
(Skene’s glands; lesser vestibular glands)
(In anteflexion)
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Female Pelvic CavityFigure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Ovary Attachments
(Mesentery)
(Retracted)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Ovaries and Their Attachments
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Fold of peritoneum that attaches to sides and floor of pelvic cavity (limits side-to-side movement and rotation)
Posterior view
Oophorectomy – removal of one or both ovaries
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Overview of Female Reproductive CycleFigure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Overview of the Ovarian Cycle
Ovarian cycle – events occurring monthly in an ovary (oocyte growth and meiosis occur); cycle is usually about 28 days long
Two phases: 1) Follicular phase 2) Luteal phase
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Oogonia = stem cells
Process stops in meiosis I (Prophase)
Stimulated by FSH/LH
About 2 million primary oocytes at birth. By puberty, there are about 400,000. Fewer than 400-500 will be released during a female’s reproductive life. Probably fewer than 10 will be fertilized.
Oogenesis
How does oogenesis differ from spermatogenesis? How is it the same?
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Ovarian Cycle – Preovulatory (Follicular) PhaseFigure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
(FSH)Thecal and granulosa cells produce estrogens
8-10 days after beginning of cycle
10-14 days
Meiosis I
LH
Meiosis II started
Many OneFew
(Graafian)
1.5 cm
Estrogen
(FSH)
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Ovarian Cycle – Postovulatory (Luteal) Phase
(Day 14)
LH
Lipids used to synthesize progestins, e.g., progesterone (prepares uterine lining for implantation)
12 days post ovulation
If fertilization has not occurred
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
LH
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OvulationFigure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Female Internal Accessory OrgansFigure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes
Segments of the uterine tube:
- Infundibulum contains fimbriae (inner surfaces lined with cilia that beat toward center)
- Ampulla (middle, muscular segment)
- Isthmus (segment connected to the uterine wall)
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Oocytes are transported by
- ciliary action
- peristalsis
(Parasympathetic NS activity a few hours before ovulation)
Takes about 4 days for an oocyte to travel from the infundibulum to the uterine cavity
Fertilization usually occurs around here
Fallopian tube = salpinx [salping(o)-]
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Lining of Uterine Tubes
Tall ciliated columnar epithelial cells with interspersed mucin-secreting cells.
Tubes contain glycoproteins and lipids
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Uterus (hyster(o)-)
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
- Mechanical protection (fetus)
- Nutritional support (fetus)
- Waste removal (fetus)
- Ejection of fetus at birth
Cervical mucous prevents spread of bacteria from vagina to uterus
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Uterine Wall
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Smooth muscle of myometrium is arranged in longitudinal, circular, and oblique layers
Under the influence of estrogen, uterine glands, blood vessels, and epithelium in the functional zone of the endometrium change with the phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle
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Clinical ApplicationCervical Cancer and Pap Smears (Cytology)
Cervical cancer is more common in: - Women between the ages of 30 and 50 - Women who smoke
- Sexual activity at an early age/history of STDs or cervical inflammation (HPV)
Figures from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007
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Vagina
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Major functions:
- Passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids
- Receives penis and holds sperm prior to passage into uterus
- Inferior portion of birth canal for fetal delivery
Acidity of vagina protects adults from bacterial infections
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Female External Reproductive Organs
Figure from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001
Includes the structures external to the vagina:
- mons pubis - labia majora and minora - clitoris - vestibular structures
Opening of ducts of greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s) – mucous secretions
Perineum
Female external genitalia = pudendum or vulva
Know the terms on this slide
anterior
posterior
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The Deep Female Perineum
Figure from: Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology, McGraw Hill, 2007
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Development of External Reproductive OrgansFigure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Erection, Lubrication, and OrgasmFigure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
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Review
• Function of the female reproductive system– Produce and maintain sex cells (eggs) – a
function of the ovaries, the primary sex organ– Transport eggs to site of fertilization– Provide favorable environment for
development of offspring– Move offspring to outside (birth)– Produce female sex hormones
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Review
• Several ligaments hold female reproductive structures in place– Broad ligament– Suspensory ligament– Ovarian ligament– Uterosacral ligament
• Peritoneum-lined recesses in female– Rectouterine pouch – separates uterus from colon– Vesciouterine pouch – separates uterus from
urinary bladder
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Review
• During oogenesis– Oogonia stop development in meiosis I (before
birth)– Secondary oocytes, rather than mature gametes,
are released monthly at ovulation
• Ovarian cycle– Cycle is about 28 days long– Two main phases
• Preovulatory (follicular) – 14 days
• Postovulatory (luteal) – 14 days
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Review
• Ovarian cycle (continued)– Preovulatory (follicular) phase
• FSH stimulates primordial follicle to develop• Primary follicle secretes estrogen (granulosa and
thecal cells) • Tertiary follicle is a mature (Graafian) follicle
– Postovulatory (luteal)• LH stimulates rupture of tertiary follicle (ovulation)• Corpus luteum develops from remnants of follicle
(granulosa cells)• Corpus luteum secretes progesterone which prepares
the uterus for implantation• If pregnancy does not occur, corpus luteum
involutes to become the corpus albicans (scar tissue)
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Review
• Female internal accessory organs– Uterus
• Anteflexed muscular organ that will hold developing fetus
• Body– Fundus is furthest away from vagina
– Perimetrium
– Myometrium (thick smooth muscle layer)
– Endometrium (Functional zone, basilar zone)
– Uterine (fallopian) tubes• Infundibulum (contains fimbriae)
• Ampulla (thick muscular wall)
• Isthmus (connection with uterus)
• Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla/isthmus boundary
• Lined with cilia; smooth muscle to capture released oocyte
• Nutrient-rich environment (lipids and glycogen)
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Review
• Female internal accessory organs (continued)– Vagina
• Elastic, muscular tube between cervix and vestibule
• Passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids
• Receives penis and holds sperm prior to passage into uterus
• Inferior portion of birth canal for fetal delivery
• Maintains an acidic environment (in adults) to prevent infections
• Parasympathetic stimulation – expansion and elongation during sexual stimulation
• Vestibular glands along sides of vagina secrete mucus to lubricate the vaginal lumen
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Review
• Female External Genitalia– Entire area is the vulva or pudendum– Mons pubis, labia majora– Labia minora, vestibule– Anterior to posterior: clitoris, urethra, vaginal
entrance– Bartholin’s glands (greater vestibular); ducts
open just posterior to vaginal entrance – Skene’s glands (paraurethral, lesser vestibular);
ducts open posterior to urethral meatus
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Review
• Perineum– Diamond-shaped area of the trunk between the
thighs and buttocks extending from the pubis to the coccyx (between ischial tuberosities)
– Shallow compartment lying between this diamond shaped area and the pelvic floor (formed by pelvic diaphragm)
– Male perineum contains: penis, scrotum, anus– Female perineum contains: vulva, anus