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Chapter 21

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Who’s doing it?

• European Nations

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What is it?

• “New Imperialism”• The Policy of extending the

rule or authority of an Empire or nation over foreign countries.

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When did it happen?

• 19th Century

• 1880’s

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Where did it happen?

• Southeast Asia

• Africa

• India

• Latin America

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Why are they doing it?

• Economics

• Markets

• Raw material

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Why are they doing it?Political power.

•Make their country “Great”.

•National prestige.

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Why are they doing it?

• Social Darwinism.• Based on the Theory of

evolution. • Survival of the fittest. • The more superior nations

would survive.• Racial Superiority.

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Why are they doing it?

• Moral responsibility.

• It was their duty to civilize the uncivilized.

• “The white man’s burden” • Christianity, Democracy &

Capitalism

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Prior to the 1880’s what was West Africa best known for?

• Slave trade• It had been abolished by most

countries by 1890’s (US & GB 1808)• Interest increased in other forms of

trade I.e. – peanuts, timber, hides, palm oils

• This interest led to increased tensions

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In North Africa who began to modernize Egypt?

• Muhammad Ali• Army, Schools, Industry

• As Egypt became economically important Europeans desired to build a canal to connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas

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Suez Canal

• 1854 – French entrepreneur Ferdinand de Lesseps built the Suez Canal (1869)

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Why were the British interested in this Canal in Northern Africa?

• Lifeline to India

• Italy’s attempt to colonize in Africa was a disaster (Ethiopia 1896)

• Italy would try again (1911) – seized Tripoli (Libya)

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Who stirred up all the interest in Central Africa?

• David Livingstone explored C. Africa in 1841 (30)

• Henry Stanley – NY Herald sent him to find Livingstone

• Stanley told the British settle there• The Brits refused• He turned to King Leopold II of

Belgium• Leopold’s interest aroused concern

from the other European countries

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Why was Britain so interested in East Africa?

• Most of this area laid unclaimed• Would connect their British Empire in

Africa• Germany was setting up colonies here• Berlin Conference (1884 – 85) • Officially recognize claims in E. Africa• What was significant about the Berlin

Conference?• Claims over E. Africa were settled

without African delegates present

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Who originally settled South Africa?

• The Dutch• Taken over by the Brits after the

Napoleonic Wars• Sick of British rule the Boers moved

north (Great Trek)• Set up two independent republics• Believed in White superiority &

forced many of the locals into reservations

• Zulu – a powerful local tribe • British finally defeated the Zulu

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Who founded diamond & gold companies in South Africa?

• Cecil Rhodes • Rhodesia

• Planned to overthrow the Boer govt.• Boer Wars (1880-1881) (1899 – 1902)

• 1910 British created the Union of South Africa• Incorporated:

• Cape Colony & The Boer Republics

• Only whites could vote (attempt to appease the Boers)

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Africa was almost totally colonized by what year?

• By 1914• What are the names of the two remaining free

states?• Liberia & Ethiopia• Any resistance was squashed by superior

European military might• The Brits used Indirect rule • Least effort & least expensive• All decisions were made by the mother

country• Local rulers just enforced these decisions• This divided the people

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Colonial Rule in Africa

• Other European countries used direct rule.

• Wanted to assimilate their subjects into their European culture

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Rise of African nationalism

• Resentment grew from the new class of educated Africans

• They liked western ideas• Recognized the difference in theory and

practice in colonial policies• I.e. democracy, equality, political

freedoms• Loss of jobs, basic jobs, lower pay,

segregation, “boy” • Led to Africans organizing political

parties to end foreign rule

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Sepoy mutiny

• The mutiny of the Sepoy began on May 10, 1857, when Indian soldiers who had been placed in irons for refusing to accept new ammo cartridges.

• Why did they refuse to accept the new cartridges?

• The cartridges were greased with beef & pork fat.

• Incensed by this move their comrades revolted and freed them. In their escape they viciously killed several British soldiers and this was to set the tone for some savage scenes, especially for the next six months.

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Why were the British able to crush the rebellion?

• The Indians weren’t united (Hindus / Muslims)• Outcome • The administration of India was transferred

from the East India Co. to the British crown.

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Colonial Rule

• British official known as a viceroy ruled India directly

• Benefits• Brought order & stability• Efficient govt.• New schools• Railroads• Telegraphs• Postal service

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Colonial Rule

• Cost of British rule• Destroyed local industries (British goods)• Put thousands out of work (textiles)• Damaged the Indian textile industry • Taxes – peasants were being overtaxed (corrupt

collectors)• Farmers were encouraged to switch to cash

crops• Led to starvation of millions (30)• Best jobs & housing went to the British• Indians were never considered equals to the

British• Disrespect for Indian culture

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The Taj Mahal – was built by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal who died at the age of 39 after giving birth to her 14th child.

A chip off the old Taj A chip off the old Taj Mahal!Mahal!

The place to have The place to have weddings!weddings!

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Indian Nationalist movement

• Was led by the educated upper class Indians

• Tried reforms (Too Slow)• Formed the Indian National

Congress (INC) (1885)• Goal was Indian independence

• Muslims formed the Muslim League

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Mohandas Gandhi (Mahatma – great soul)

• Helped free the Indian people from British rule through nonviolent resistance, and is honored by his people as the father of the Indian Nation

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Mohandas Gandhi

• Gandhi studied law in London• Did legal work in South Africa• When he attempted to claim

his rights as a British subject he was abused, and soon saw that all Indians suffered similar treatment

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Mohandas Gandhi

• Promoted nonviolence and civil disobedience as the most appropriate methods for obtaining political and social goals

• Gandhi was arrested many times by the British for his activities in South Africa and India

• He believed it was honorable to go to jail for a just cause

• Altogether he spent seven years in prison for his political activities

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India was granted independence in 1947 (Pakistan & India)

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Mohandas Gandhi

• Gandhi had been an advocate for a united India where Hindus and Muslims lived together in peace

• Rioting between Hindus and Muslims followed

• He began a fast with the purpose of stopping the bloodshed

• after 5 days the opposing leaders pledged to stop the fighting and Gandhi broke his fast

• Twelve days later he was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic who opposed his program of tolerance for all creeds and religion

Nation Building In Latin America

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•Trade dominate

d by colonizers

•Europeans felt

superior to native people

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• Largest group servants & laborers

• Held all important positions

• Controlled land & businesses

• Spanish & Portuguese officials

• Descendants of the Europeans born in Latin America

• People of European & Indian descent

Social Classes

Nationalist Revolts

• Why were the peninsulares there?

• How did the Napoleonic Wars help Latin America become independent?

• $

• Weakened the authority of the Spanish & Portugal in their colonies

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Hispaniola (French)

• 100,000 slaves revolted and seized control

• On 1 Jan 1804 what became the 1st independent state in Latin America?

• Haiti

Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture

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Mexico (Spanish)

• 1810• Revolt was crushed• 16 Sept 1810 is

Mexico’s Independence Day

• Creole & peninsulares united & overthrew the Spanish (to preserve their own power)

Miguel Hidalgo

South America

•Hailed as the “Liberators of South America”•Each led revolts between 1810 -1824 that freed South America from Spanish rule

37Simon Bolivar - Venezuela

Jose de San Martin - Argentina

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Latin American Independence• What was the only major threat to the

newly won independence of the Latin American countries?• (Hint: ♪♪ harmony, playing well together, ♪♪)

• The Concert of Europe • British refused – self interest• 1823 President James Monroe issued the

Monroe Doctrine• Guaranteed Latin American independence

& warned against European intervention.

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Latin American nations faced new problems• 1830 – 1870

• Boundaries

• Poor infrastructure

• Economically dependent on West

• Rise of Caudillos – ruled by military force

New Imperialism

• Great Britain

• Source of raw materials & markets for finished goods

• Kept them dependent on the West

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US involvement in Latin America• By 1900 the US had begun to intervene• Spanish-American War

• Cuba – Protectorate• Puerto Rico – Annexed

• Supported rebellions• Panama Canal

• Led to US investments• “Dollar Diplomacy” – A way for the US to

prevent foreign nations from intervening, and to prevent economic and political instability in the Western Hemisphere . 41