GEER POST-EARTHQUAKE RECONNAISSANCE

www.geerassociation.org

Jonathan D. Bray, Ph.D., P.E. Faculty Chair in Earthquake Engineering Excellence

University of California, Berkeley

IMPORTANCE OF FIELD STUDIES

Geotechnical Engineering is an experience-driven field

Response of natural soil deposits cannot be replicated in lab

Field observations shape our understanding

Provide the data of the well-documented case histories that form the empirical procedures used in practice

My Commute in 1989 - Berkeley to Oakland

UC Berkeley

Apartment Cypress Structure

Cypress Structure Collapse – 1989 Loma Prieta, SF EQ

Deanne Fitzmaurice / The Chronicle/1989

Bay Bridge Partial Collapse – 1989 Loma Prieta, SF EQ

Struve Slough Bridge Collapse – 1989 Loma Prieta, SF EQ

Damage in San Francisco – 1989 Loma Prieta EQ

1906 SF EQ (Lawson et al. 1908)

Geotechnical Investigations Are Critical

1994 Northridge, LA EQ

Santa Monica Freeway – America’s Busiest Freeway

Liquefaction Led to Fires & Loss of Fire Suppression Capabilities

LA Times

1995 Kobe, Japan EQ

Intense Ground Shaking Near Fault

Video in 2-Story Building in Kobe, Japan

NHK Television

Earthquake Damage to Subway

Dakai Subway Station, Kobe, Japan

Liquefaction-Induced Damage to Ports

Liquefaction-Induced Fires

Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance

OBJECTIVES

Collect perishable data Develop and implement new technologies Document the geotechnical effects of extreme events to advance the profession’s understanding

IMPORTANCE OF FIELD STUDIES

Geotechnical Engineering is an experience-driven field

Response of natural soil deposits cannot be replicated in lab

Field observations shape our understanding

Provide the data of the well-documented case histories that form the empirical procedures used in practice

GEER Steering Committee

J. Bray D. Frost E. Rathje S. Anderson R. Gilbert L. Johnson R. Kayen J. Keaton N. Sitar UCB GaTech UT FHWA UT LJC USGS MACTEC UCB

GEER Advisory Panel

J.P. Bardet (UT-Arlington), R. Boulanger (UCD), M. Comerio (UCB; architect), M. Crawford (Purdue; satellite imaging), C. Davis (LADWP, lifelines), R. DesRoches (GT, structural engineer), C. Edwards (TCLEE), E. Fielding (NASA remote sensing), R. Green (VT), L. Harder (HDR), T. Holzer (USGS), A. Kammerer (NRC), E. Kavazanjian (ASU), S. Kramer (UW), W. Lettis (Lettis, geologist), S. Mahin (UCB, structural engineer), J. Martin (Clemson), S. Nikolaou (MRCE), R. Olsen (U.S. Corps of Engineers), T. O’Rourke (Cornell), A. Rosinski (CEC, geologist), P. Somerville (URS; SCEC), K. Tierney (UC; Social Scientist), H. Yeh (OSU; Tsunami Researcher) , L. Youd (BYU) & Y. Wang (OR Dept. of Geol. & Mining, geohazards) GEER RECORDER: Christine Beyzaei, UCB

> 250 GEER Members: http://www.geerassociation.org/index.html

Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Turning Disaster into Knowledge

Reports over the Last 5 Years

2009 L’Aquila, Italy (Stewart et al. 2009) 2009 Honduras EQ (Luna et al. 2009) 2009 Typhoon Morakot, Taiwan (Ling et al. 2009) 2009 American Somoa Tsunami (Donahue et al. 2009) 2010 Northern California EQ (Storesund et al. 2010) 2010 Haiti EQ (Rathje et al. 2010) 2010 Chile EQ (Bray & Frost et al. 2010) 2010 Baja, California, Mexico EQ (Stewart et al. 2010) 2010 Darfield, New Zealand EQ (Green et al. 2010) 2011 Christchurch, New Zealand EQ (Cubrinovski et al. 2011) 2011 Tohoku, Japan EQ (Boulanger & Sitar et al. 2011) 2011 Central Virginia EQ (Martin et al. 2011) 2012 Costa Rica EQ (Rollins et al. 2013) 2012 Hurricane Sandy (Hashash & Nikolaou et al. 2013) 2014 Cephalonia, Greece EQ (Nikolaou et al. 2014) 2014 Christchurch, New Zealand Flood (Allen et al. 2014) 2014 Oso, Washington Landslide (Wartman et al. 2014) 2014 South Napa EQ (Bray et al. 2014) 2014 Iquique, Chile EQ (Rollins et al. 2014)

NSF-Sponsored Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance

www.geerassociation.org

PRINCIPLES OF RECONNAISSANCE

• Assess overall damage & identify key opportunities

• Will the documentation of effects advance profession?

• One well-documented case history > many photos of damage

• Team approach & systematic collection of perishable data

• Geocoded observations/measurements

• Employ remote sensing & digital data

• “Just the facts” - there is time later to figure out “why”

Aerial Reconnaissance

1999 Kocaeli, Turkey EQ 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan EQ

‘Best Ride’ – 1999 Kocaeli EQ

US Marine CH-53E “Super Stallion” from USS Kearsarge used to rescue CPT Scott O’Grady in Bosnia in 1995

‘Recent Ride’ – 2014 S Napa EQ

California Highway Patrol

‘Future Ride’ – UAVs

Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems: C-UAS (Franke, Hedengren & Farrell, BYU)

Resolution: 6,919 pixels/m2 (1.2 cm)

Heavy Lift Hexrotor + Nikon 7100

Drone Imaging of Surface Rupture - 2014 S Napa EQ (UMKC team led by Dr. ZhiQiang Chen with Graduate Student Max Chen)

80 high-resolution 4000 x 3000 pixel images Stitched into one image with photogrammetric rectification 2.4 cm/pixel

REMOTE SENSING

Pre- and post-satellite images of tailings dam failure (2010 Maule, Chile EQ; Bray & Frost et al. 2010)

Airborne LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging

Earthquake Commission, New Zealand

CHRISTCHURCH Central Business District

Google EarthTM

Central Business District, Christchurch, New Zealand

26 FEB 2011

Google EarthTM

Central Business District, Christchurch, New Zealand

26 FEB 2011 15 FEB 2011

26 APR 2012 22 MAR 2013

1999 Chi-Chi EQ: N. Abrahamson, J. P. Bardet, R. Boulanger, J.D. Bray, Y.-W. Chan, C.-Y. Chang, S. Chang, C.-H. Chen, L. Cluff, L. Harder, A-B. Huang, S. Huang, J.W. Ju, K. Kelson, S. Kieffer, S. Kramer, M.-J. Kuo, W. F. Lee, H-L. Lin, C-H. Loh, M. McRae, C-Y. Ou, W. Perkins, G. Rix, C. Roblee, R.B. Seed, J.-D. Shen, N. Sitar, J. Stewart, L. Teng, J. I. Sun, D. Wells, R. Wright and M. Yashinsky

Mapped by Kelson et al.

GROUND SURVEYING

Ground-Based LIDAR

Optical & LIDAR Images: failed embankment on Ruta 5 (2010 Chile EQ - Kayen in Bray & Frost 2010)

MULTIPLE APPROACHES

Geologic & Damage Mapping, Vs testing, and DCPT testing

2010 Haiti EQ (Rathje et al. 2010)

INTEGRATION OF GEOLOGIC, TOPOGRAPHIC & DAMAGE DATA

Port-au-Prince, Haiti (Rathje et al. 2011)

Systematic Documentation of Observations & Data

Index Description Interpretation GF0 No observable ground failure No settlement, tilt, lateral movement, or boils GF1 Minor ground failure Settlement, Δ < 10 cm; tilt of > 3-story buildings < 1 deg; no

lateral movements GF2 Moderate Ground Failure 10 < Δ < 25 cm; tilts of 1–3 deg; lateral movements < 10 cm GF3 Significant Ground Failure Δ > 25 cm; tilts of > 3 degrees; lateral movements > 25 cm.

Ground Failure Index (Bray & Stewart 2000)

Geo-referen Create HTM Create GIS f

GPS tracksPhotos

Video clips

PC with Google Earth

Kayen et al. 2007

1999 Kocaeli Earthquake: A. Ansal, N. Abrahamson, J. Bachuber, J. P. Bardet, A. Barka, M. Baturay, M. Berilgen, R. Boulanger, J. Bray, O. Cetin, L. Cluff, T. Durgunoglu, D. Erten, M. Erdik, D. Frost, I. M. Idriss, T. Karadayilar, A. Kaya, W. Lettis, J. Martin, J. Mitchell, G. Olgun, A. Onalp, T. O’Rourke, W. Paige, E. Rathje, C. Roblee, R. Sancio, W. Savage, R. Seed, P. Somerville, J. Stewart, B. Sunman, B. Swan, C. Synolakis, S.

Toprak, D. Ural, R. Witter, M. Yashinski, T. Yilmaz, L. Youd

Adapazari, Turkey

Adapazari

0

1

2

3

2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2Distance (km)

Gro

und

Failu

re In

dex

West East

0

1

2

3

4

5

Stru

ctur

al D

amag

e In

dex

West East

1 Story

2 Stories

3 Stories

4 Stories

5 Stories

6 Stories

Damage Distribution along Line 1 (60 Structures)

Bray & Stewart 2000

166 CPT/SCPTu & 61 BORINGS with SPT

< http://peer.berkeley.edu/turkey/adapazari >

Fieldwork in Adapazari (Bray et al. 2004)

Fill ML

CH/CL with some ML/SM layers

SM/ML

CL ML CH CH

Fill Fill Fill

CH/CL with some ML/SM layers

CH/CL with some ML/SM layers

Dense SP Dense SP

Dense SP

CL/ML

ML/CL

Generalized Soil Profiles of Adapazari Type 1

Liq / Liq Type 2

Liq / No Liq Type 3

No Liq / Liq Type 4 No Liq

Sancio et al. 2002

0

1

2

3

2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2Distance (km)

Gro

und

Failu

re In

dex

West East

0

1

2

3

4

5

Stru

ctur

al D

amag

e In

dex

West East

1 Story

2 Stories

3 Stories

4 Stories

5 Stories

6 Stories

Damage Distribution along Line 1 (60 Structures)

Type 3 Type 4 Type 1 (Not Liq. / Liquefiable) (Not Liquefiable) (Liquefiable / Liq.)

Sancio et al. 2002

SITE C - Generalized Subsurface Profile D

epth

(m)

“Ground Failure” “No Ground Failure”

Photos by Idriss

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70Percent weight corresponding to 5µm

Liqu

id L

imit

SusceptibleModerate SusceptibilityNot Susceptible

Susceptible if wc > 0.9LL

Not SusceptibleChinese Criteria

(Seed and Idriss 1982

in Youd et al. 2001)

New Liquefaction Susceptibility Criteria

PI & wc/LL Criteria (Bray & Sancio 2006)

Susceptible:

PI ≤ 12 & wc/LL ≥ 0.85

Moderate Susceptibility:

wc/LL > 0.8 & 12 < PI ≤ 20

0

10

20

30

40

50

0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4wc/LL

Pla

stic

ity In

dex

Susceptible to LiquefactionModerate SusceptibilityNot Susceptible

Kocaeli EQ Findings • Liquefaction severely damaged buildings in

Adapazari which led to thousands of deaths

• Site investigation tools can effectively discern bad ground from good ground

• New criteria was developed to capture the liquefaction of silts

Geotechnical Effects of the 2010 Chile Earthquake

Jonathan Bray, UC Berkeley; David Frost, Georgia Tech; Ramon Verdugo, Universidad de Chile;

Christian Ledezma, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile; Terry Eldridge, Golder Assoc.

Pedro Arduino, Univ. of Washington; Scott Ashford, Oregon State Univ.; Dominic Assimaki, Georgia Tech; David Baska, Terracon; Jim Bay, Utah State Univ.; R. Boroschek, Universidad de Chile; Gabriel

Candia, UC Berkeley; Leonardo Dorador, Univ. de Chile; Aldo Faúndez, Servicio de Salud Arauco; Gabriel Ferrer, Pontificia Univ. Catolica de Chile; Lenart Gonzalez, Golder Assoc.; Youssef Hashash,

Univ. of Illinois; Tara Hutchinson, UC San Diego; Laurie Johnson, Laurie Johnson Consulting; Katherine Jones, UC Berkeley; Keith Kelson, Fugro William Lettis & Assoc.; Rob Kayen, US

Geological Survey; Gonzalo Montalva, Universidad de Concepcion; Robb Moss, Calif. Polytechnic Univ. SLO; Sebastian Maureira, Universidad de Chile; George Mylonakis, Univ. of Patras; Scott

Olson, Univ. of Illinois; Kyle Rollins, Brigham Young Univ.; Nicholas Sitar, UC Berkeley; Jonathan Stewart, UC Los Angeles; Mesut Turel, Georgia Tech; Alfredo Urzúa, Prototype Engineering; Claudia

Welker, Golder Assoc.; Rob Witter, DOGAMI; & Chilean Air Force

www.geerassociation.org

M = 8.8 Chile Earthquake

Santiago

Temuco

NSF-Sponsored GEER Reconnaissance

Ground Recon

Aerial Recon

Chile-US Partners

2010 Chile EQ Reconnaissance Organization

www.geerassociation.org

US GEER Chile Team Members Timeline X denotes anticipated "on the ground" days

Fri Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun Mon Tues Wed Thurs5-Mar 6-Mar 7-Mar 8-Mar 9-Mar 10-Mar 11-Mar 12-Mar 13-Mar 14-Mar 15-Mar 16-Mar 17-Mar 18-Mar 19-Mar 20-Mar 21-Mar 22-Mar 23-Mar 24-Mar 25-Mar

David Frost A Lead x x x x x x xRob Moss (S) A x x x x x x Alfredo Urzua (S) A x x x x x xGonzalo Montalva (S) A x x x x x x x x x Keith Kelson (~s) A x x x x x x xNick Sitar A x x x x xJon Bray B Lead x x x x x xRob Witter (~s) B x x x x x xJon Stewart B x x x x x xKyle Rollins B x x x x x xPedro Arduino (S) B x x x x x xTara Hutchinson B x x x x x xDominic Assimaki B x x x x x xGeorge Mylonakis B x x x x x xLaurie Johnson B x x x x x x

Scott Ashford EERI x x x x x x

Rob Kayen C x x xScott Olson (~s) C x x x

Youssef Hashash DJim Bay D

Others

Tectonic Subsidence and Uplift

- 0.5 m

+ 2.5 m

Iloca

Arauco Peninsula

Tsunami Effects

Damage to Ports: Coronel

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Distance from Sheetpile Wall Face (m)

Cum

ulat

ive

Horiz

onta

l Dis

plac

emen

t (m

)

Line 1Line 2

Piers # 113-116 Piers # 113-116

Seismic Performance of Infrastructure Juan Pablo II Bridge: Liquefaction-induced pier settlements along bridge span

0.5m-0.7m

Modes of deformation Liquefaction-induced pier settlement

Effects of Ground Failure on Buildings – 2010 Chile EQ (Mw= 8.8)

Hospital in Curanilahue

Building Displacement Measurements

Bray, Arduino, Hutchinson, & Maureira

Effects of Ground Failure on Buildings – 2010 Chile EQ Four 8-Story Condominiums, Concepcion

Foundation Settlement and Building Damage

1o

Bray, Arduino, Hutchinson, & Maureira

Kayen

2010 Chile Earthquake

• M ≥ 8 EQ occurs every 20 to 30 years in Chile

•Ground motions characteristics (duration and site effects) were important

•Geology and coseismic tectonic deformation played key roles in damage and loss of life

•Liquefaction-induced damage was negligible-to-severe

www.geerassociation.org

Well-documented case histories advance our understanding of earthquakes

Reconnaissance is no longer about taking photos and handwritten notes

Geo-coded digital observations enable effective documentation and sharing

Remote sensing and ground-based LiDARcapture post-event conditions

Google EarthTM enables us to see the world

TURNING DISASTER INTO KNOWLEDGE