ALDICARB

Prepared by, NG SWEE CHINGBP090729106

IUPAC Name:

2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde-0-(methylcarbamoyl)-oxime

Chemical Descriptions

Molecular Formula: C7H14N2O2S

ALDICARB

Aldicarb_Physical Characteristics

Class:  N-Methyl Carbamate

Appearance: white crystalline solid (in pure form)

Odour: Slight sulfur smell

Melting point: 100°C

Solubility: water soluble , relatively soluble in most of the organic solvents

ALDICARB

Extremely toxic systemic carbamate insecticide,  acaricide, nematicide

One of the most acutely toxic registered pecticides (EPA)

Class Ia ”extremely harzadous pecticides” (WHO)

“Restricted Use Pesticide" (in US)

Aldicarb_Description

Aldicarb

systemic pesticide (readily taken up by the roots and transferred around the plants

acts as a contact stomach poison

Used in control chewing and sucking insects (especially aphids, whitefly, leaf miners, and

soil-dwelling insects), spider mites and nematode worms in agricultural and

horticultural setting

ALDICARB

Aldicarb_Mode of Action

1•It is a cholinesterase inhibitor

2• Reversibly inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase

3• Prevents both the breakdown of Acetylcholine

4

• Prevent the production of the enzyme cholinesterase in cells throughout the body

5

• Results in an excess of acetylcholine and produces the symptoms of neurotoxicity

ALDICARB

Aldicarb_Uses and Usageis currently registered for use on citrus, cotton, dry beans, peanuts, pecans, potatoes, soybeans, sugar beets, sugarcane, sweet potatoes, onions, hops, coffee, bananas, strawberries

Highest usages of Aldicarb are on cotton (64%)

ALDICARB

Aldicarb_Acute Toxicity

Salivation, sweating,

Nausea and vomiting,

Abdominal cramps,

Diarrhoea

Miosis

Difficulty breathing

Tightness in chest

MUSCARINIC

ALDICARB

Muscular effects :

Aldicarb_Acute Toxicity

FatigueWeakness Cramp

s

High Blood Pressure

Hyperglycaemia

NICOTINIC

ALDICARB

Aldicarb_Acute Toxicity

The acute toxicity of Aldicarb is probably the highest of any commonly used pesticide in UK and US. (The National Academy of Science)

Aldicarb is registered as: 'Toxic in contact with the skin, by inhalation and if swallowed”. (UK)

There are almost 2000 people became ill after consumes watermelons that were contaminated with Aldicarb and following the poisoning episode there are 6 deaths and 2 stillbirths were reported in July 1985.

The evidence of chronic effect of Aldicarb exposure is very little which rat and dogs which fed with low doses of Aldicarb for 2 years showed no significant side effects.

Another 2 studies on Aldicarb-exposed chicks : changes in the chick’s gait and indicate it may have long term delayed behavioural effects.

In 1986, epidemiologists in the US found that consumption of low levels of Aldicarb contaminated well water was associated with one immune system abnormality.

Aldicarb_Chronic ToxicityALDICARB

Aldicarb_Toxicology effect

No teratogenic, mutagenic, or reproductive effects have been associated with the chemical's use in both animals and humans. [EPA and EXTOXNET]

The exposure to Aldicarb has not been associated with the increase in cancer incidence. [National Toxicology Program]

Aldicarb has possibility of carcinogenic due to the potential of in vivo transformation to the nitroso derivative. [Richer et al]

“Although no one study is unacceptable, the collective data from the several studies provide sufficient evidence on the lack of an oncogenic effect.” California’s Department of Pesticide Regulation

Teratogenic, Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Effects

Reproductive effectsAldicarb_Toxicology effect

Aldicarb can caused reproductive problem in laboratory rats

Foetuses are more sensitive to Aldicarb’s effect

The dose as low as 0.001 to 0.1 mg/kg caused the depression of AChE in fetal brains and

livers

In July 1985, stillbirths were reported by two women who had suffered acute symptoms

after consumes Adicarb-contaminated watermelon

Increasing in the cases of miscarriages associated with high Aldicarb contamination

levels in drinking water wells

ALDICARB

Based on the guideline of WHO, all cases of Aldicarb poisoning should be dealt as an emergency cases and should be hospitalized as soon as possible.

Aldicarb_Treatment

Minimizing the absorption of

Aldicarb

General supportive treatment

Giving specific pharmacological treatment

OBJECTIVES

ALDICARB

Objectives

• administered ipecacuanha syrup to the conscious patient

• induced vomiting in ingested cases

1. Minimizing the absorption of Aldicarb

• If encounter first sign of respiratory failure • Give artificial respiration via a tracheal

tube • should be maintained for as long as

necessary

2. General supportive treatment

ALDICARB

Objectives

.

• Atropine sufate should be given intravenously at 2-4mg every 10-12 minutes until the patient fully atropinized.

• Maintain the atropinization condition for 12 hours in intramuscular route at lower dose

• Normally recovery is within 6hours.• In some cases, physician also

recommended the combination therapy of diazepam with atropine

Giving specific pharmacological treatment

The chances of complete recovery are very high if survived from the acute effects.

Aldicarb_Prognosis

ALDICARB

1. Dan Becker. Aldicarb. Toxipedia. August 16, 2010. Cited on 2012, February 9th. Available from: http://toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Aldicarb

2. Environmental Protection Agency United States. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Document for Aldicarb. Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (7508P). September, 2007. Cited on 2012, February 9th. Available from: http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/insect-mite/abamectin-bufencarb/aldicarb/aldicarb_rer_0907.pdf

3. Aldicarb. Pesticides News No. 45, September 1999, pages 18-19. Cited on 2012 February 9th. Available from: http://www.pan-uk.org/pestnews/Actives/aldicarb.htm

4. John F. Risher et al. The Toxicologic Effects of the Carbamate Insecticide Aldicarb in Mammals: A Review. Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol. 72, pp. 267-281, 1987. Cited on 2012 February 9th. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1474664/pdf/envhper00431-0250.pdf

ReferencesALDICARB

5. Extension Toxicology Network (EXTOXNET). Aldicarb. Cooperative Extension offices of Cornell University, Michigan State University, Oregon State University, and University of California, Davis. 1993 September. Cited on 2012 February 9th. Available from: http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/aldicarb-ext.html

6. Caroline Cox. Aldicarb. Journal of Pesticide Reform. 1992. Vol 12. No.2. Cited on 2012 February 6th. Available from: http://www.pesticide.org/get-the-facts/pesticide-factsheets/factsheets/aldicarb

7. World Health Organization. Data Sheet on Pesticides No.53 Aldicarb. Food And Agriculture Organization. IPCS Inchem Home. Vbc/Ds/83.53. Cited on 2012 February 9th. Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/pds/pds/pest53_e.htm

8. World Health Organization. Health and Safety Guide. Aldicarb. Geneva: United Nation Environmental Programme, the International Labour Organization, and the World Health Organization. Health and Safety Guide No. 64.Cited on 2012 February 10th. Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg064.htm

References ALDICARB

ALDICARB

Prepared by, NG SWEE CHINGBP090729106