1. a growing food supply switched from ox to horse could plow 3x’s as much land in a day better...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 14
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Section 2Changes in Medieval Society
1. A Growing Food Supply Switched from Ox to
Horse Could plow 3x’s as
much land in a day Better harnesses
invented 3-field system
Two fields planted, one fallow
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1. Guilds Merchants of the same
business Controlled number of
goods being traded and kept prices up
Set standards for quality of work, wages, working conditions
Craft guild (open to page 388)
Young people trained in a skilled job
Apprentice, Journeyman, Master
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3. Commercial Revolution Trade and business
expanded, cities grow Fairs and Trade
Cloth most common item Trade routes opened up
Businesses and Banks Bills of credit eliminated
need to carry a lot of cash Merchants needed to
borrow money. This was seen as a sin
(usury) in the eyes of the Church
Society Changes See paged 390
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Urban Life Flourishes Trade and towns
Grow Together Drawbacks
Streets narrow, filled with animals and their waste
No sewers, no baths, no fresh air, light, clean water
Houses fire hazards
Merchant Class Shifts the Social Order Merchants and craftspeople
did not fit medieval social order
At first, Feudal lords had authority
Burghers took over
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The Revival of Learning
During the Crusades, European contact with Muslims and Byzantines expanded which brought an interest in learning
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The Revival of Learning Cont.d’
The Muslim Connection Christian scholars visited Muslim libraries in
Spain Crusaders brought back Muslim technology
Scholars and the University People made the medieval university
Used vernacular language Be familiar with the popular literature
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The Revival of Learning Cont.d’
Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy
Thomas Aquinas Argued basic religious truths could be proved by
logical argument Followers became known as schoolmen or
scholastics
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Section 3 England and France Develop
Early Invasions Danish, Vikings
Alfred the Great, turned them back, but then…
Danish king Canute conquered England, but then…
King Edward the Confessor takes the throne Died with no heir, struggle for
the throne occurred The Norman Conquest
William, Duke of Normandy, (William the Conqueror) invaded England Battle of Hastings
changed course of English History
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England’s Evolving government Two goals:
1. Help French lands
2. Have powers over nobles and Church
Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine Henry became vassal to
the French king. But was King of England at the same time.
Juries and Common Law Judges sent out to parts
of England Common law established
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Magna Carta Richard the Lion-hearted
succeeded Henry II John then took over
What happened? Magna Carta developed
What were some of these rights?
The Model Parliament (served as a model for later kings Edward I Two burgesses and knights
Parliament established: legislative group Made up of two
groups House of
Commons (two burgesses and knights)
House of Lords (nobles and bishops)
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Capetian Dynasty Rules France After the breakup of
Charlemagne's empire, French counts and dukes ruled their lands independently under the feudal system 47 Feudal territories Louis the Sluggard, last
member of the Carolingian family, died Hugh Capet succeeded
him
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France Becomes a Separate Kingdom Hugh Capet and
ancestors weak rulers, however, controlling Paris allowed them to unite France
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Phillip II Expands His Power Philip II, Philip Augustus, won of the strongest Capetian rulers He saw his father lose
land to King Henry II from England
Became king at age 15; willing to do anything to achieve goals.
Did not have success against Henry II, or his son (Richard the Lion Hearted)
Did have success from King John. Seized Normandy.
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Philip II’ Heirs Louis IX
Philip’s grandson France central
government became stronger under him
Pious an saintly Made saint by
Catholic Church 1302, Philip IV fought
with the pope because priests didn’t pay taxes to the king
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Estates-General Typically only lords and
bishops called to discuss policies.
Philip called the commoners Church leaders were the
First estate Lords, Second Estate Commoners became the
Third Estate Meeting Philip called was he
Estates-General E.G. helped increase royal
power 1st and 2nd would not grow 3rd would play a key role in
overthrowing the French monarchy during the French Revolution
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Section 4
The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague
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A Church Divided
Pope and church were in trouble
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Pope and King Collide
Pope Boniface VIII vs.
King Philip IV of France King used his power with the bishops Pope sent a letter saying kings
must obey popes King held pope prisoner Pope was rescued Pope never again has power
over monarchs
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Avignon and the Great Schism
Philip IV got a French archbishop as a new pope, Clement V
Clement V moved papacy from Rome, Italy to Avignon, France.
Popes live there for 69 years Reformers tried to move the
papacy back to Rome Italian pope chosen, Urban VI.
Bishops regretted their decision Chose a second pope, Clement VII
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Avignon and the Great Schism Continued…
Now there were two Popes Each said the other was
not pope and excommunicated them
French pope lived in Avignon, Italian pope lived in Rome
Church began to split; became known as Great Schism (division)
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Council of Constance tried to end the Great Schism Chose another pope Now 3 popes
Holy Roman Emperor told the council to resign all three popes
New pope chosen, Martin V Result
Ended the Great Schism Papacy weakened
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Scholars Challenge Church Authority Englishman: John
Wycliffe Said Jesus Christ, not
the pope was the true head of the Church
Bible, not the pope was the final authority for Christian life
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Scholars Continued…
Jan Hus, said authority of Bible higher than the pope Excommunicated in
1412. 1414 Hus seized by
Church leaders, burned at the stake in 1415.
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The Bubonic Plague Strikes
Another name: Black Death
1300’s 1/3 of the population Tore communities apart
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Origins and Impact of the Plague
Began in Asia Arrived by ship Swept through
Italy Took four years Killed almost 25 million
Europeans
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The Plague Itself
Carried by black rats People didn’t bathe, most
had fleas or lice Garbage and sewage thrown
into the streets Fleas leapt from person to
person Symptoms
Painful swellings (called buboes) in the lymph nodes, especially in the armpits and groin
Purplish, blackish spots, high fever, shills, delirium, death
Approximately 75 million died world-wide
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Effects of the Plague
Social and Economic changes (see page 401)
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The Hundred Years’ War
War marked the end of medieval Europe’s society
What was the war about? French Throne
England's Edward III claimed the right to French throne
Lasted from 1337-1453 Ultimately, the French
drove out the English Warfare changed
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The Longbow Changes Warfare
Battle of Crecy (read) “machine gun” of the
Middle Ages As tall, or taller
than the man Fatal when shot within
100 yards 12-15 per minute Could hit 200 yards
away
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Joan of Arc
Treaty between France and England After French king
Charles VI died, Henry V, from England, would take over.
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Joan of Arc Teenage French peasant girl,
began to hear voices of saints Told her to drive out the English Crown should go to Charles VII.
Led French army into victory at a battle near Orleans Persuaded Charles to go to Reims. He was crowned king.
England’s allies, captured her and gave her to the English
English gave her to church authorities
Charles VII did nothing to help her Condemned as a witch and
heretic, she was burned at the stake.
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The Impact of the Hundred Years’ War
Nationalism French monarch
power increased War of the Roses,
period of English turmoil
End of Hundred Years War end of Middle Ages