1 8 장 다중화 (multiplexing) 8.1 many to one/one to many 8.2 type of multiplexing 8.3...
TRANSCRIPT
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8 장 다중화 (Multiplexing)
8.1 Many to One/One to Many
8.2 Type of Multiplexing
8.3 Multiplexing Application : Telephone
system
8.4 요약
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다중화 (Multiplexing)
다중화 (Multiplexing)
~ is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link.
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다중화 (Multiplexing)
Multiplexing vs. No Multiplexing
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8.1 Many to One/One to Many
다중화기 (Multiplexer)
~ transmission streams combine into a single stream(many to one)
다중 복구기 (Demultiplexer)
~ stream separates into its component transmission(one to many) and directs them to their intended receiving devices
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8.2 Types of Multiplexing
Categories of Multiplexing
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)FDM(Frequency-Division Multiplexing)
~ is an analog technique that can be applied when the bandwidth of a link is greater them the combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
FDM process each telephone generates a signal of a similar
frequency range these signal are modulated onto different carrier
frequencies(f1, f2, f3)
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
FDM multiplexing process, time-domain
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
FDM multiplexing process, frequency-domain
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Demultiplexing
~ separates the individual signals twin their carries and passes them to the waiting receivers.
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
FDM demultiplexing process, time-domain
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
FDM demultiplexing, frequency-domain
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Example : Cable Television coaxial cable has a bandwidth of approximately
500Mhz individual television channel require about 6Mhz
of bandwidth for transmission can carry 83 channels theoretically
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
TDM(Time-Division Multiplexing)
~ is a digital process that can be applied when the data rate capacity of the transmission medium is greater that the data rate required by the sending and receiving device
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
TDM
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
TDM can be implemented in two ways
Synchronous TDM
Asynchronous TDM
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Synchronous TDM
~ the multiplex allocates exactly the same time slot to each device at all times, whether or not a device has anything to transmit.
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Frame Time slots are grouped into frame A frame consists of one complete cycle of time
slots, including one or more slots dedicated to each sending device, plus framing bits.
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Synchronous TDM
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)Interleaving
~ switch moves from device to device at a constant rate and in a fixed order
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Demultiplexer decomposes each frame by discarding the framing bits and extracting each character in turn
Synchronous TDM, demultiplexing process
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Framing bits~ allows the demultiplexer to synchronize with the i
ncoming stream so that it can separate the time slots accurately
(ex: 01010101 ….)
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Synchronous TDM Example
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Asynchronous TDM
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Examples of asynchronous TDM frames
a. Case 1: Only three lines sending data
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
b. Case 2: Only four lines sending data
1
2
3
4
5
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
c. Case 3: All five lines sending data
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Inverse Multiplexing
~ takes the data stream from one high-speed line and breaks it into portion that can be sent across several lower speed lines simultaneously, with no loss in the collective data rate
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Multiplexing and inverse multiplexing
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Types of Multiplexing(cont’d)
Why do we need inverse multiplexing?
~ wants to send data, voice, and video each of which requires a different data rate.
[example] voice - 64 Kbps link data - 128 Kbps link video - 1,544 Mbps link
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8.3 Multiplexing application : Telephone system
Telephone Network
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
Common Carrier Services
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
Analog Service
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)Analog Switched Service
~ is the familiar dial-up service most often encountered when using a home telephone
(PSTN : Public Switched Telephone Network)
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)Analog Leased Service
~ offers customers the opportunity to lease line(dedicated line), that is permanently connected to another customer.
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
Analog Hierarchy
~ To maximize the efficiency of their infrastructure, telephone companies have traditionally multiplexed signals from lower bandwidth lines onto higher bandwidth lines.
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
Analog hierarchy
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
Digital Services advantage
- less sensitive than analog service to noise
- lower cost
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
Categories of digital service
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
Switched/56 service
~ is the digital version of an analog switched line
~ allows data rates of up to 56Kbps
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
DDS(Digital Data Service)
~ is the digital version of an analog leased line (maximum speed : 56Kbps)
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
DS(Digital Signal) Service
~ is a hierarchy of digital signal
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)DS Service
DS-0 : single digital channel of 64Kbps
DS-1 : 1,544Mbps,
24 개의 64Kbps + 8Kbps 의 overhead
DS-2 : 6,312Mbps,
96 개의 64Kbps+168Kbps 의 overhead
DS-3 : 44,376Mbps,
672 개의 64Kbps+1,368Mbps 의 overhead
DS-4 : 274,176Mbps,
4032 개의 64Kbps+16,128Mbps 의 overhead
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
T LinesService Line Rate(Mbps) Voice Channels
DS-A
DS-2
DS-3
DS-4
T-1
T-2
T-3
T-4
1,544
6,312
44,736
274,176
24
96
672
4032
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
T line for Analog Transmission
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
T-1 frame structure
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
Fractional T Lines
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
E Lines Europeans use a version of T lines called E lines
Service Rate(Mbps) Voice Channels
E-1
E-2
E-3
E-4
2,048
8,448
34,368
139,264
30
120
480
1920
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Multiplexing application(cont’d)
Other Multiplexing Service
ISDN(Integrated Service Digital Network)
SONET(Synchronous Optical Network)
ATM(Asynchronous Transfer Mode)