1-3 組織的控制 (organizational control)A. 組織常規的控制 organizational regulations

• Document processing (composition, revising, editing, deleting, and adding) is based upon organizational usual practice, procedure, and news value.

• 提供新聞的機構養記者，跑路線的記者漸被同化• 截稿時間： Any news after 11p.m. will be ignored

frequently.• News length ： Radio news 40 sec, TV news 120 sec.• Writing style: 倒金字塔寫作方式客觀 (Tuchman, 1972)

– 1. 正反並存。 2. 提出論據。 3. 倒寶塔寫作。 4. 使用引號– Cutting news into beginning, procedure, ending.

• Each section has its message sources.

– 新聞常見樣式：以重要性 ( 逆時間性 ) 來決定段落順序

1-3 組織的控制 (organizational control)A. 組織常規的控制 organizational regulations

• TV news– Shorter

– brief

– One news at a time

– Dialogue style

• Newspaper– longer

– Richer

– Place important events in front

1-3 組織的控制 (organizational control)B. 內部控制 internal control• Working environment influences the content of

news product. 2 environmental influences:

1. Editing policy– Leader: formation of media content– Supervisors / subordinates: gate-keeping sense/behavior

2. Recruitment3. Gate-keeper practice: decide nature and flow of news

– Journalists: decide which event to report, how to report– Editors: decide whether to publish 刊登

1-3 組織的控制 (organizational control)B. 內部控制 internal control• Editing management = business management

– Chief Editor = manager • plan news/ columns/ content (e.g.,before 宋美齡’ s death, her film was

ready)

• Organize resources

• Select an develop human resources for news divisions

• Give commands to other editors

• Control profit/ efficiency through feedback assessment and rewards

– First-line manager = civic editor, sports editor, columnist• Plan news report so as to achieve editing goal

• Organize staff to collect and compose news

• Exchange opinions with others in recruitment

• Give command to ask reporter’s preparation

• Control quality, such as deadline and breaking news.

1-3 組織的控制 (organizational control)B. 內部控制 internal control• Factors that will influence professional employees:

1. Policy2. Leadership style3. Ideology4. Morale5. Culture6. Bureaucracy: e.g. editors/boss decide which news to report, the angle of

report, or even delete such news Censorship influences the autonomy of dealing with news. (Bagdikian, 1990)

1-3 組織的控制 (organizational control)C. 專業義理 ( 職業角色觀 )

• 2 professionalism which will influence ：1. 守門人 (neutral gatekeeper) ：2. 鼓吹者 (participant-advocate) ：

1-3 組織的控制 (organizational control)C. 專業義理 professional guidelines

• Roles of a given journalist: (Weaver & Wilhoit, 1992)

1. Interpreter role 解釋者2. Disseminator role 傳播者3. Adversary role 對抗者 Different roles will affect gatekeepers to focus on

different events and thus give different evaluation. A journalist might squeeze/give up his opinion.(

受組織控制與專業義理之影響 )

1-3 組織的控制 (organizational control)C. 專業義理 professional guidelines

• This movie star exposed too much undercovered stuff.

This is why 馬妞 lost her job, “ 馬妞報報” , in 2001.

(She did respect her boss in one sense. In other words,

She did not follow professional guidelines of that TV

station.)

1-4 行業的影響 (professional influence)A. 規範體制 regulative system

• Communication or news profession must have 4 factors so as to produce positive influence: 1. 規範體制、 2. 財務系統、 3. 生產系統、 4. 教育機制

• 2 kinds of regulative system:

1. Formal: national/governmental level- central issue: role of government 政府角色- practice: news laws 新聞法規內容

2. Voluntary: professional organization, media union

1-4 行業的影響 (professional influence)A. 規範體制 regulative system1. Formal organization ：

A. official organizationB. communication regulations/laws

2. Voluntary: 自願性的規範團體professional organization/union: A. media official organizationB. non-official organization

Our society grants them highest expectation to protect news ethics and develop professional expertise.

1-4 行業的影響 (professional influence)B. 財務系統 financial system• Financial system is the survival foundation for a given

news profession. It has two parts:

1. Direct part: advertiser & advertisement agency

2. Indirect part: study the percentage of watching TV programs, circulation investigation, and polls.

1-4 行業的影響 (professional influence)B. 財務系統 financial system

1. advertiser & advertisement agencythe time has changed ：A. readers customersB. news productsC. circulation marketsaimed at market’s needv.s. serving the public as a good tradition

1-4 行業的影響 (professional influence)B. 財務系統 financial system1. advertiser & advertisement agency 廣告主 / 代理商• In past, advertisers bring money to beg TV stations

Currently, all departments integrate together to customize all marketing.

1-4 行業的影響 (professional influence)B. 財務系統 financial system

1. advertiser & advertisement agency 廣告主 / 代理商

• Consider the business first

• More subscription = more advertisement, so we need to adjust the content of news so as to meet the need of audiences. In other words, news organizations have become a money-making tool of a given trust.

1-4 行業的影響 (professional influence)C. 教育機制 educational mechanism一、對媒體工作者的教育：• How you are educated will affect how you produce

message and content.• 達到理想的教學效果 (learning by doing) 之條件1. Simulated situation 接近真實情境2. Reflection capability 具反思能力3. Extract principles from trial & errors 嘗試錯誤中去歸納原則4. Joint exploration with students when puzzled so as to apply

knowledge 能與遇到困擾的學生共同探索 / 發現以活用知識

1-4 行業的影響 (professional influence)D. 生產機制 production mechanism

Two roles of production mechanism:

• 消息來源 Sources of news: Input process

• 閱聽大眾 audience: Output process

1-4 行業的影響 (professional influence)D. 生產機制 production mechanism

Two roles of production mechanism:

• 消息來源 Sources of news: Input process

• Individuals or groups which provide message to an organization so as to transfer into a news report. (Shoemaker, 1991).

1-4 行業的影響 (professional influence)D. 生產機制 production mechanismTwo roles of production mechanism:1. Sources of news: 分類方式

依採訪對象： according to the interviewees– Fixed sources ：– Non-fixed sources ：依單位 / 職務： according to unit/role

– Official sources– Non-official sources