1-2.intro & tools in mp

8/6/2019 1-2.Intro & Tools in Mp

1/24

INTRODUCTION TOMICROBIOLOGY


2/24

DEFINITIONSSCIENCE --- study or collection of knowledge of

natural events and matls in an orderly fashion

MICROBIOLOGY

- an advanced biology

- study of very small living organisms calledmicroorganisms or microbes

1. Characteristics of Microbes

a. Ubiquitous - virtually everywhere

b. Invisible to the naked eyec. Vast - these being approximately tentimes as many microorganisms as thetotal # of cells that make up the humanbody


3/24

2. Types of Microbes

A. non pathogens - do not cause disease1. microbial allies - beneficial to the human

body

2. those that have no effect at allB. pathogens - cause disease

1. infectious disease - pathogen colonizes the

human body then creates disease

2. microbial intoxication pathogen produces

a toxin in vitro person ingest the toxin

toxin causes the disease


4/24

Microorganisms (Microbes)87% Beneficial Microorganisms

3% Pathogens 10% Opportunists


5/24

PIONEERS IN THE SCIENCE OF

MICROBIOLOGYANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-

1723)

Father of Microbiology, Father ofBacteriology, Father of Protozoology

Made the single lens microscopes or simplemicroscopes.

Discovered animalcules (live bacteria andprotozoa)

Spontaneous generation or abiogenesisarose from his findings--- life can arisespontaneously from nonliving materials.


6/24

LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)

French chemist Discovered alcoholic fermentation.

Process of alcoholic fermentation.

Disproved the Spontaneous generation or

Abiogenesis. Introduced terms aerobes and anaerobes

Pasteurization and sterilization

Discovered the cause of silkworm diseases.

Germ theory of Disease specific MO causespecific infectious disease.

Developed rabies vaccine in dogs and usedit as a vaccine to treat human rabies.


7/24

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910) Gave significant contributions to the Germ

Theory of disease

Kochs postulates--- scientific steps

Developed methods of fixing, staining andphotographing bacteria.

Developed methods of cultivating bacteria

on solid media.

Discovered Bacterium (Mycobacteriumtuberculosis and Vibrio cholerae)


8/24

OTHER PIONEERS

Edward JennerLate 1700

--discovered 1st vaccine (used for smallpox)

Joseph Lister (1865-1870)and IgnazSemmelweiss (1847)

--Aseptic techniques

Paul Erlich (1890s to 1900)

--Developed the 1st chemotherapeutic agent:

Salvarsan vs. Syphilis.


9/24

BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY

Bacteriology the study of Bacteria

Phycology the study of Algae

Mycology the study of Fungi Protozoology the study of protozoa

Virology the study of viruses

Immunology- the study of immuneresponse


10/24

APPLICATION OF MICROBIOLOGY

Indigenous microflora--- beneficial

Opportunistic pathogenscolonize or inhabitbodies.

MO involve in the decomposition of deadorganisms---saprophytes

MO cause 2 categories of diseases

1. Infectious disease pathogen

colonizedisease.2. Microbial intoxicationpathogentoxinhumans ingest toxin---disease.


11/24

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY classification of

MO & how they function. MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGYthe study of

pathogens, the disease they cause and thebodys defenses against disease.

VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY the spreadand control of infectious diseases amonganimals.

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY the

beneficial and harmful role of microbes on thesoil, plants, crops and foods.

SANITARY MICROBIOLOGYpurification andprocessing of water supplies and processing

and disposal of garbage and sewage wastes.


12/24

INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY growth and

maintenance, research of microorganisms to

produce commercial and pharmaceuticalproducts.

1. Industrial microbiologists---produce

commercial products.

2. Applied Microbiologists--- produce

commercial products.

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

(MICROBIAL ECOLOGY) cycling of elementsby microbial, environmental and geochemical

processes.

MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS

function of MO, structure and physiology.


13/24


14/24

TOOLS OFMICROBIOLOGY


15/24

DEFINITION Tools and Techniques used to study

microorganisms. Optical instrument - used to observe tiny

objects that cannot be seen at all with theunaided human eye.

Simple Microscope- microscope containingonly one magnifying lens. Magnifying glass,

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Compound Microscope- microscope that

contains more than one magnifying lens.Compound light microscope. Hans Jansen andson Zacharias.

Photomicrographs- photographs taken through

the lens system of compound microscopes.


16/24

PARTS - COMPOUND MICROSCOPE Magnifying Parts:

-To enlarge objects of study

- objectives:

- Eyepiece or ocular objective: variable

magnification- Scanner: 5x magnification, used to study

larger organisms

- Low Power Objective (LPO): 10x

magnification

- High Power Objective (HPO): 40x

magnification

- Oil Immersion Objective: 100x magnification


17/24

Illuminating Parts:

- Parts that modify light that illuminate object of

study- Abbe condenser: concentrates light

- Mirror: reflects light or uses bulbs as mainlight source

- Iris diaphragm: regulates the amount oflight that hits the object of study

Mechanical Parts:

- Supports the magnifying and illuminating parts

- Used to focus the lenses

- Draw tube, body tube, revolving nosepiece,dust shield, arm, stage, stage clips, coarse

adjustment knob, base, inclination joint


18/24

I. TYPES OF MICROSCOPE

A. VISIBLE LIGHT MICROSCOPY

1. Bright-Field Microscope

---observe morphology of the organisms.

---does not resolve very small specimens(viruses)

2. Dark-field Microscope

---Dark background, light organisms

---used to detect Syphilis (Treponema

pallidum)3. Phase-Contrast Microscope

---Observe dense structures

---To facilitate detailed examination of the

internal structures of living specimens.


19/24

4. Fluorescent Microscope

---Ultraviolet light

---used to show antibodies

B. ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

1. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

---Highest magnification (10,000-100,000x)

---Cellular ultra structure and viruses

---2-D image

2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)---Surface structure of cells and viruses

---3-D image

---magnification: (1000-10,000x)


20/24

II. STAINING PROCEDURES

OBJECTIVES:

1. Kill the organism

2. Preserve morphology

3. Anchor smear to slideA. Simple staining

- Aqueous or alcohol solution of a singlebasic dye

- Used to determine size, shape andmorphological

arrangement

- Ex. Methylene blue


21/24

Simple Staining Based on shape:

- Cocci: round or spherical bacteria

- Bacilli: rod-shaped or cigar shaped

bacteria

- Spirals: coiled bacteria- Spirillum: flexible coiled bacteria

- Spirochetes: rigid, coiled bacteria

Based on Arrangement of cells:

- Strepto: bacteria in chains

- Staphylo: bacteria in clusters

- Diplo: bacteria in pairs

- Tetra: bacteria in 4s


22/24

B. Differential staining- 2 or more dyes that maydifferentiate one type of organism from one another.

1. Gram Stain- used to classify MO

- Dr. Hans Christian Gram (1884) ----- V I A S

a. Crystal VViolet (primary stain)

b. Grams Iodine (Mordant)

c. Alcohol (Decolorizer)

d. Safranin (Counterstain)

2. Acid-Fast Stain (Ziehl-Nielsen)

- Binds strongly to the bacteria that have a waxy

material in their cell wall

- Used to identify Mycobacterium, Nocardia

- Procedure: C AMa. Carbolfuchsin (Primary stain)

b. Acid-alcohol (Decolorizer)

c. Methylene Blue (Counterstain)


23/24


24/24

C.Structural Stains

- Observe capsules, spores, flagella1. Negative stain

- Used to demonstrate the presence of

capsules

- capsule (unstained halo) around bactl

cells against dark background.

2. Endospore stain

- Malachite green3. Flagella stain

- Carbolfuchsin

1-2.intro & tools in mp

Documents