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Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: An Interactive Journey, Second Edition

Colbert • Ankney • Lee

1. Anatomy

Anatomy is the study of the internal and external structures of the human body.

•The human body is complex and amazing; to truly understand it you must know how it is put together.

•Anatomy is a Greek word meaning “to cut apart.”

•Specialties within the field of anatomy include Microscopic Anatomy and Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy.





Microscopic Anatomy

• Specialized field of anatomy

• The study of structures that can only be seen and studied with magnification aids such as a microscope

– The study of cellular structures is called cytology.

– The study of tissue samples is called histology.





Macroscopic Anatomy

• Also called gross anatomy

• The study of the structures of the body visible to the naked, or unaided, eye

• Examples include:

– The study of the skeletal system

– Looking at an X-ray (radiology)





2. Physiology

Focuses on the function and vital processes of the various structures making up the human body

• Closely related to anatomy because it is the study of how an anatomical structure actually functions

• Deals with all the vital processes of life and is more complex, with more sub-specialties





Subspecialties of Physiology

• Human physiology

• Animal physiology

• Cellular physiology

• Neurophysiology





Medical Terminology

• The language of anatomy and physiology is primarily based on medical terminology.

• Learning medical terminology is easier if you understand the root terms, prefixes, and suffixes that can be put together to form a large variety of terms.

• Each medical term has a basic structure upon which to build, called a word root.

• Prefixes and suffixes are added to root words and can change or alter the meaning.





Figure 1–2 How prefixes and suffixes can be combined with a word root to form many

medical terms.

3. Pericarditis (inflammation around the heart)





Learning Hint

• If a suffix begins with a vowel, drop the vowel in the combining form.

• The medical definition indicates the last part of the term first, especially when suffixes are used. – Inflammation of the stomach is gastritis not itisgast

and one who studies the stomach is a gastrologist, not an ologistgastro.

• When using prefixes, put the part in the order you say the definition.– Slow heart rate is bradycardia, not cardiabrady.





Common Medical

Abbreviations

• Extensively used in the medical profession

• Useful in simplifying long, complicated terms for diseases, diagnostic procedures, and therapies during charting

• You will learn more abbreviations with each chapter





4. “Test Your Knowledge”

1. Acrocyanosis: disease of blue extremities

2. Nephrologist: study of kidneys

3. Cytomegaly: enlargement of cells

4. Dermatitis: inflammation of skin

5. Appendectomy: removal of appendix

6. Removal of the stomach: gastrectomy

7. Disease of the bones: osteoporosis

8. Electrical recording of the heart: electrocardiogram

9. Inflammation of the heart: carditis10.One who studies the nervous system: neurologist





The Metric System

• The metric system is the mathematical language of anatomy and physiology.

• Two major systems of measurements are used in the world today.– The United States Customary System (USCS)

Used in the US and Myanmar

– The Système International (SI) Used everywhere else, especially in science,

healthcare, and pharmaceuticals companies

Also known as the Metric System; based on the power of 10





The United States Customary

System (USCS)

• Based on the British Imperial System

• Different designations for length, weight, and volume

– Volume in ounces, pints, quarts, gallons, pounds

– Distances in inches, feet, yards, and miles

– Weight in pounds, ounces, and tons

• Commonly called the English System

• Cumbersome to use because there is no common base, with no relationship between each unit





6. Language of Disease

Disease is a condition in which the body fails to function normally.

• The body works to make things function smoothly and maintain a balance known as homeostasis.

• Eating habits, smoking, inherited traits, trauma, cancer, environmental factors, and aging can alter this balance.





Signs of Disease

• Signs are definitive, objective, obvious indicators of an illness.

– Vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure)

– Fever

– Cough





7. Symptoms of Disease

Symptoms are signs or indicators of an illness. Symptoms are more subjective and difficult to measure consistently.

– Pain – tolerance to pain varies in different people

9.A set of signs and symptoms that commonly occur with a specific disease process is called a syndrome.





Figure 1–3 A health care professional taking a radial pulse and common pulse points.

8. Vital Signs:

Common measurable

indicators that help us assess

the health of a patient.

• Pulse/heart rate

• Blood pressure

• Body temp

• Respiratory rate

13.





Diagnosis & Prognosis

10. Diagnosis is the identification of a disease as determined by the patient’s signs and symptoms

•Diagnosis translates from the Greek as “know through or completely.”

11. Prognosis is the prediction of the outcome of a disease.

Note: Etiology is the cause of the disease.





Amazing Facts:

Bizarre Signs and Symptoms

• There are some strange signs and symptoms that are indications of disease. There are many others that aren’t listed here.– Generalized itching – Hodgkin’s disease

– Sweating at night – Tuberculosis

– A hunger for clay or starchy paste – Iron deficiency

– Fruity smelling breath – Diabetes

– Magenta colored tongue – Riboflavin deficiency





Amazing Facts: Bizarre Signs

and Symptoms

• There are some strange signs and symptoms that are indications of disease. There are many others that aren’t listed here.– Absence of moons on fingernails – Kidney

disease

– Hairy tongue – Results from improper usage of antibiotics

– Spoon shaped fingernails – Iron deficiency





12. Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the physiological process that monitors and maintains a stable internal environment or equilibrium.

• Survival depends on our ability to maintain homeostasis.

• Homeostatic regulation refers to the adjustments made in the human organism to maintain a stable internal environment.

– The thermostat in your home is an example of a homeostatic control.





Negative Feedback Loop

• If the feedback opposes the stimulus, it is a negative feedback loop

• The hypothalamus in the brain uses a negative feedback loop to control body temperature and maintain homeostasis.





Positive Feedback

• Positive feedback increases the magnitude of a change versus resisting change.

• This kind of a process is also known as a vicious cycle.

• This is not a way to regulate your body because it increases a change away from a set point.

• Often harmful if the cycle cannot be broken.

• An example is the recurrent contraction of the uterus during childbirth.





Figure 1–4 The homeostatic control of normal body temperature (37°C or 98.6°F).





Figure 1–4 (continued) The homeostatic control of normal body temperature

(37°C or 98.6°F).





End of Chapter

Review Questions

1. Which of the following is an example of microscopic anatomy?

a. Viewing an x-ray

b. Examining the shape of an organ during an autopsy

c. Classifying a type of bacterial cell

d. Watching how the pupils react to light





End of Chapter

Review Questions

2. Acromegaly means which of the following:

a. A large stomach

b. Enlarged extremities

c. An inflamed stomach lining

d. A large acrobat





End of Chapter

Review Questions

3. The process that prevents movement away from a normal set point is called

a. positive feedback

b. negative feedback

c. vicious cycle

d. control center





End of Chapter

Review Questions

4. In the medical field, science, engineering and pharmaceutical industries volume is measured in

a. kilograms

b. liters

c. meters

d. gallons





End of Chapter

Review Questions

5. The cause of a disease is referred to as the:

a. Prognosis

b. Diagnosis

c. Pathology

d. Etiology





End of Chapter

Review Questions

6. Which of the following is a sign?

a. Nausea

b. Fever

c. Dizziness

d. Fatigue





End of Chapter

Review Questions

7. A man reports to the emergency department with nausea and vomiting. He has a fever, and his pulse and blood pressure are elevated. After some tests, it is determined that he has the stomach flu. Which of the following is his prognosis?

a. Rest and drink plenty of fluids

b. A viral infection

c. You’ll be fine in a few days

d. Nausea, vomiting, and fever





End of Chapter

Review Questions

1. Ted’s knee injury occurred at last night’s football game. Today his doctor wants to make a small incision and use a device to “look around the joint” to assess the damage. What is the term for this device? ________

2. ________ is the study of the structures of the body, and ________ is the study of the function of these structures.





End of Chapter

Review Questions

1. Ted’s knee injury occurred at last night’s football game. Today his doctor wants to make a small incision and use a device to “look around the joint” to assess the damage. What is the term for this device? Arthroscope

2. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body, and physiology is the study of the function of these structures.





End of Chapter

Review Questions

3. Bob has just been told he has hepatomegaly. This means his ________ is ________.

4. Pulse and temperature represent two ________ signs of the body.

5. Jill is badly injured in a car accident. She is bleeding badly. Her blood pressure is dropping rapidly. Her heart beats faster to try to raise her blood pressure, yet it keeps dropping due to blood loss. This is an example of ________ ________.





End of Chapter

Review Questions

3. Bob has just been told he has hepatomegaly. This means his liver is enlarged.

4. Pulse and temperature represent two vitalsigns of the body.

5. Jill is badly injured in a car accident. She is bleeding badly. Her blood pressure is dropping rapidly. Her heart beats faster to try to raise her blood pressure, yet it keeps dropping due to blood loss. This is an example of positive feedback.





End of Chapter

Review Questions

1. Explain the difference between diagnosis and prognosis.





End of Chapter

Review Questions

1. Explain the difference between diagnosis and prognosis.

– Diagnosis is the identification of a disease determined by the patient’s symptoms

– Prognosis is the prediction of the outcome of the disease





End of Chapter

Review Questions

2. Knowing that difficulty swallowing is called dysphagia, what do you think the function of a phagocyte is?





End of Chapter

Review Questions

2. Knowing that difficulty swallowing is called dysphagia, what do you think the function of a phagocyte is?

– It is a cell that ingests (swallows) things, such as harmful foreign particles or “invaders”.





End of Chapter

Review Questions

3. Contrast negative and positive feedback loops.

– Negative feedback

– Positive feedback





End of Chapter

Review Questions

3. Contrast negative and positive feedback loops.

– Negative feedback returns a system to homeostasis ( a stable internal environment or equilibrium)

– Positive feedback drives a system further away from homeostasis.





End of Chapter

Review Questions

4. Describe one example of homeostasis in your body.





End of Chapter

Review Questions

4. Describe one example of homeostasis in your body.

– Body temperature

– Heart rate





End of Chapter

Review Questions

5. After saving for 10 years for a ski trip to the Alps, Jose experienced a spectacular wipeout on the first run down the mountain. A broken leg is the diagnosis. List the symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.

– Symptoms:

– Prognosis:

– Etiology:

– Treatment:





End of Chapter

Review Questions

5. After saving for 10 years for a ski trip to the Alps, Jose experienced a spectacular wipeout on the first run down the mountain. A broken leg is the diagnosis. List the symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.

– Symptoms: pain in the leg, swelling, x-ray shows fracture

– Prognosis: it should heal itself in 8 weeks

– Etiology: cause was the stress of the fall

– Treatment: cast the leg





Classroom Response System





Examination of a blood cell would be

considered:

a. Kinesiology

b. Obstetrics

c. Microbiology

d. Macrobiology





Which is the word root for “heart”?

a. Cardio

b. Brady

c. Tachy

d. Vaso





The study of the structure and function

of the human body is:

a. Radiology

b. Biology

c. Kinesiology

d. Anatomy and Physiology





Which suffix means “pain”?

a. -algia

b. -cyte

c. -itis

d. -penia





What is the word for when the body’s

internal environment is in balance?

a. Disease

b. Disruption

c. Homeostasis

d. Homophobia





The mechanism which brings the body

back into homeostasis is:

a. Positive feedback

b. Negative feedback

c. Neutral feedback

d. Health





From an injury, Jill is bleeding badly. Her blood

pressure is dropping rapidly. Her heart beats faster

to try to raise her blood pressure, yet it keeps

dropping due to blood loss. This is an example of

a. Positive feedback

b. Negative feedback

c. Neutral feedback

d. Health





Anything that upsets the normal

structure or functioning in the body is:

a. Negative feedback

b. Homeostasis

c. Disarray

d. Disease





The following is true of the term

“pathophysiology”:

a. The prefix contains the term disease

b. The suffix means “study of”

c. The definition is the study of disease processes in the function of the body

d. All of the above





Which statement is false?

a. Signs are definitive, objective, obvious indicators of an illness

b. Symptoms are more subjective and more difficult to measure consistently

c. A syndrome is a grouping of signs and symptoms

d. Vital signs do not fall under the category of signs





Which of the following statements is

true?

a. Etiology is the cause or study of the cause of disease

b. Diagnosis is identification of a disease by studying signs, symptoms, history, and diagnostic tests

c. Prognosis is the expected outcome of the disease

d. All of the above





Which prefix means “slow”?

a. Acro-

b. Brady-

c. Dia-

d. Dys-





Which of the following statements is

true?

a. Negative feedback is bad for the body

b. Positive feedback is good for the body

c. Positive feedback is a vicious cycle

d. All of the above





How is weight measured in the metric

system?

a. Centimeters

b. Cubic centimeters

c. Kilograms

d. Milliliters





A specific grouping of signs and

symptoms is known as a/an:

a. Syndrome

b. Diagnosis

c. Etiology

d. Prognosis

1. anatomywickscience.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/9/1/119136830/chapter... · 2020-03-09 · anatomy...

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