1

2

Enabling Objective(s):Enabling Objective(s):

3.9 3.9 DESCRIBE DESCRIBE the characteristics and the characteristics and nomenclature of mines and booby traps nomenclature of mines and booby traps in in accordance with Countermine accordance with Countermine Measures Manual (FM 20-32)Measures Manual (FM 20-32)

3.10 3.10 DESCRIBE DESCRIBE the procedures necessary the procedures necessary to locate to locate and mark mines and booby traps and mark mines and booby traps in accordance with the Countermine in accordance with the Countermine Measures Manual (FM 20-32)Measures Manual (FM 20-32)

3

Characteristics of Mines and Booby trapsCharacteristics of Mines and Booby traps

Used to delay and disrupt use of roads Used to delay and disrupt use of roads and pathsand paths

Divert forces to guard and clear Divert forces to guard and clear routesroutes

Personnel and equipment patrolling roads Personnel and equipment patrolling roads and detecting or removing mines are prime and detecting or removing mines are prime targetstargets

4

Conventional MinesConventional Mines

Explosive devices designed to destroy or Explosive devices designed to destroy or damage equipment or personneldamage equipment or personnel

May be employed in quantities to form a May be employed in quantities to form a minefield or used individuallyminefield or used individually

5

Types of conventional MinesTypes of conventional Mines

Antitank (AT) - designed to Antitank (AT) - designed to immobilize or destroy tracked and immobilize or destroy tracked and wheeled vehicles and the vehicle crews and wheeled vehicles and the vehicle crews and passengers. Produces two types of kills...passengers. Produces two types of kills...

Mobility Kill (M kill)Mobility Kill (M kill)

Stop VehicleStop Vehicle

6

Catastrophic Kill (K kill)Catastrophic Kill (K kill)

Kill vehicle and occupantsKill vehicle and occupants

7

Anti-tank mines can be placed...Anti-tank mines can be placed...

Under bridgesUnder bridgesIn road junctionsIn road junctions

In old tire tracksIn old tire tracks Underneath roadsUnderneath roads

In potholesIn potholes In areas recently clearedIn areas recently cleared

8

TYPE OF MINESTYPE OF MINES

Anti-tank minesAnti-tank mines– Track width Track width (m-(m-

kill)kill)

– Full width Full width (k-kill)(k-kill)

– Off routeOff route

Antipersonnel Antipersonnel minesmines– BlastBlast– FragmentationFragmentation

BoundingBounding DirectionalDirectional

9

10

Pattern B EffectPattern B Effect Large AP Mines: PMNLarge AP Mines: PMN Wound Effect:Wound Effect:

– Lower extremitiesLower extremities– Amputation of legAmputation of leg– Large wounds in thigh, genital or buttockLarge wounds in thigh, genital or buttock– Opposite leg gaping wounds or open Opposite leg gaping wounds or open

fracturesfractures– Both legs may be lostBoth legs may be lost

11

12

Pattern C EffectPattern C Effect Small above ground AP Mines: PFMSmall above ground AP Mines: PFM Wound Effect:Wound Effect:

– Similar to Pattern ASimilar to Pattern A– Amputation of finger and handsAmputation of finger and hands– Damage to the faceDamage to the face– Chest woundsChest wounds– BlindnessBlindness

13

14

Pattern D EffectPattern D Effect

AP Fragmentation Mines: M16, AP Fragmentation Mines: M16, Valmara69Valmara69

Wound Effect:Wound Effect:– Upper extremitiesUpper extremities– Creating trauma to abdomen and headCreating trauma to abdomen and head– These weapons usually KILLThese weapons usually KILL

15

DEADDEAD

16

INITIATING INITIATING ACTIONSACTIONS

PressurePressure Pressure release Pressure release Pulling trip wirePulling trip wire Tension releaseTension release Time delayTime delay Tilt rodTilt rod

ImpulseImpulse- Acoustic (sound)- Acoustic (sound)- Radio frequency- Radio frequency

- Inertia- Inertia- Vibration - Vibration (seismic)(seismic)- Magnetic- Magnetic- Electrical- Electrical

17

MechanicalMechanical

18

ChemicalChemical

19

FrictionFriction

20

ElectricalElectrical

21

Mine fields-area of ground Mine fields-area of ground containing mines emplaced containing mines emplaced with or without a specific with or without a specific patternpattern

22

EXAMPLES OF EXAMPLES OF MINEFIELDSMINEFIELDS

IRAQIRAQ

23Conventional - AP - VS-50s

24AP

25Anti-Landing

26

27

Used toUsed toProduce a specific effect on enemy Produce a specific effect on enemy

maneuver.maneuver.

Cause the enemy to piecemeal his Cause the enemy to piecemeal his forcesforces

Interfere with enemy command Interfere with enemy command and control.and control.

Inflict damage to enemy personnel Inflict damage to enemy personnel and equipment.and equipment.

Protect friendly forces from enemy Protect friendly forces from enemy maneuver.maneuver.

28

Types of Minefields-Types of Minefields-determined by determined by battlefield purpose.battlefield purpose.

ProtectiveProtective

TacticalTactical

PhonyPhony

29

Scatterable Mines -Scatterable Mines -considered to be new considered to be new threatthreatDesigned to be delivered or dispensed by aircraft, Designed to be delivered or dispensed by aircraft, artillery, missile, hand, or ground dispenser. artillery, missile, hand, or ground dispenser.

Have a limited active life and self destruct after active Have a limited active life and self destruct after active life expires. Duration of active life varies.life expires. Duration of active life varies.

Emplaced fasterEmplaced fasterTime-delay armingTime-delay arming

Remote emplacement-Can be emplaced in enemy-held territory Remote emplacement-Can be emplaced in enemy-held territory where conventional mines are an impossibility.where conventional mines are an impossibility.Increased tactical flexibilityIncreased tactical flexibilityEfficientEfficientIncreased lethalityIncreased lethalityReadily available in the retail arms marketReadily available in the retail arms marketEncountered in low-intensity operationEncountered in low-intensity operation

30

Insurgent and guerrilla forces may Insurgent and guerrilla forces may use Scatterable mines to counter use Scatterable mines to counter high mobility of civil and military high mobility of civil and military forces.forces.

Lie on ground surface, visible on Lie on ground surface, visible on roads, hard surface and level roads, hard surface and level ground; difficult to locate in ground; difficult to locate in broken ground or undergrowth.broken ground or undergrowth.

Scatterable Minefields can be in Scatterable Minefields can be in front of, behind, to either side of, front of, behind, to either side of, or on top of a unit.or on top of a unit.

Covered by indirect fire and may Covered by indirect fire and may be covered by direct fire.be covered by direct fire.

31

Expedient Mines -constructed in Expedient Mines -constructed in the field with locally available the field with locally available material.material.

Supplement a unit’s low supply of Supplement a unit’s low supply of conventional mines.conventional mines.Hinder reconnaissance, clearance, and Hinder reconnaissance, clearance, and neutralization of Minefields.neutralization of Minefields.Create enemy attitudes of uncertainty and Create enemy attitudes of uncertainty and suspicion.suspicion.

32

Improvised ClaymoreImprovised Claymore

33

Grapeshot Antipersonnel MineGrapeshot Antipersonnel Mine

34

Barbwire, Antipersonnel, Barbwire, Antipersonnel, Fragmentation MineFragmentation Mine

35

Fragmentation GrenadeFragmentation Grenade

36

Improvised Flame MineImprovised Flame Mine

37

Chemical MinesChemical Mines

Filled with chemicals (nerve or Filled with chemicals (nerve or blister)blister)

Forces enemy to use protective Forces enemy to use protective clothing and masks and reduce clothing and masks and reduce advancement speed.advancement speed.

38

Booby Booby traps:traps:

are a psychological weapon.are a psychological weapon. are used in conjunction with are used in conjunction with

mines or by themselves.mines or by themselves. are suited for defensive are suited for defensive

operations.operations.

39

Used forUsed for

slowing enemy advanceslowing enemy advance denying enemy use of facilities denying enemy use of facilities

and materialand material warning of enemy approachwarning of enemy approach deterring enemy from using deterring enemy from using

ground not covered by direct ground not covered by direct firefire

40

Located in various Located in various placesplaces

In and around buildings, installations, and field In and around buildings, installations, and field defenses.defenses.

In and around road craters or any obstacle that In and around road craters or any obstacle that must be cleared.must be cleared.

In natural, covered resting places along routes.In natural, covered resting places along routes. In assembly areasIn assembly areas Near stocks of fuel, supplies, or materials.Near stocks of fuel, supplies, or materials. Roads or rail systems.Roads or rail systems. Designed to be actuated while carrying out Designed to be actuated while carrying out

normal duties-cannot be specifically guarded normal duties-cannot be specifically guarded against because there is nothing to cause against because there is nothing to cause suspicion.suspicion.

Take advantage of human nature-can be Take advantage of human nature-can be detected because they are designed to make a detected because they are designed to make a person do something.person do something.

41

Improvised Explosive Devices Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) (IEDs)

11stst COMBAT COMBAT ENGINEER BNENGINEER BN

42

IEDIED

(DOD, NATO) A device placed or (DOD, NATO) A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to kill, destroy, incapacitate, designed to kill, destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract. It may incorporate harass, or distract. It may incorporate military stores, but is normally devised military stores, but is normally devised from nonmilitary components. from nonmilitary components.

43

MINE-RELATED CASUALTIES (as of 23 October 2003)

105 TOTAL KIAs SINCE 1 MAY, AMERICAN SOLDIERS ARE BEING KILLED AND WOUNDED BY

IEDs ON A REGULAR BASIS!

TYPE Wounded In Action

(WIA)

Killed In Action (KIA)

TOTAL

Mines 50 4 54

IEDs 480 31 511

UXO/Submunitions 24 3 27

TOTAL 554 38 592

44

IEDSIEDS Increasing use of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and/or mines Increasing use of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and/or mines

in roads. in roads.

Recommendations:Recommendations:– Do not attempt to move, or stop for, items in the road, to include:Do not attempt to move, or stop for, items in the road, to include:

BoxesBoxes BagsBags DebrisDebris Animal CarcassesAnimal Carcasses UXOUXO Soda CansSoda Cans Broke-down vehiclesBroke-down vehicles Any other seemingly misplaced Items! (Stay Alert, Common sense)Any other seemingly misplaced Items! (Stay Alert, Common sense)

– Give wide clearance to any items on the roads. Give wide clearance to any items on the roads. – Remember the rules for obstacles – They are being observed. Hostile Remember the rules for obstacles – They are being observed. Hostile

forces may directly target Coalition forces that stop to investigate or clear forces may directly target Coalition forces that stop to investigate or clear IEDS—do not stop near a suspected IED.IEDS—do not stop near a suspected IED.

45

46

ENEMY IED OPERATIONSENEMY IED OPERATIONS1. Command-detonated IEDs are the “weapon of choice,” with

455 incidents from 1 July to 17 September

2. IED attacks are concentrated on approximately 350 kilometers of MSRs between Ar Amadi-Baghdad-Tikrit, with a localized problem in Mosul as well

3. About 50% fail to function properly, however, the enemy is learning and adapting at a rapid rate

4. Presently, IED attacks are about evenly split between hard-wire and radio-controlled, up from <10% radio-controlled through early August

5. Target vulnerable elements, with over half of the IED attacks made against unarmored HMMWVs (High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles)

47

IED Charge CharacteristicsIED Charge Characteristics1. Main charges frequently “daisy-chained” artillery or

mortar shells

2. Typically, these charges are placed on the shoulders of paved roads and camouflaged.

3. 155mm shells are frequently used

4. Typically, the shells are primed with a standard military electric blasting cap inserted into a wad of plastic explosive in the fuse well

48

IED INCIDENT LOCATIONS (as of 17 September 2003)

FOUO

FOUO

49

IED Hidden in Plaster made to look like concrete block on side of road under debris

Garage Door opener detonation device (Notice Wire)

50

Daisy-ChainDaisy-Chain(Parallel Series)(Parallel Series)

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

IED IED

130mm HE projectile in Plastic bag.130mm HE projectile in Plastic bag.

61

More IEDMore IED

130mm HE projectile in burlap bag (notice wires coming out of 130mm HE projectile in burlap bag (notice wires coming out of bag)bag)

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

Beware of ChildrenBeware of Children Use of children/teenagers to conduct attacks. Use of children/teenagers to conduct attacks.

– There have been several attacks on Coalition forces that There have been several attacks on Coalition forces that have involved adolescents as either attackers or “scouts.” have involved adolescents as either attackers or “scouts.”

– Children have also been given explosive vests to wear then Children have also been given explosive vests to wear then sent to coalition troops.sent to coalition troops.

Recommendations: Recommendations: – Do not assume children are harmless! Do not assume children are harmless! – Be wary of children approaching your vehicles, or Be wary of children approaching your vehicles, or

observing your convoy from an overpass or any location observing your convoy from an overpass or any location for that matter.for that matter.

– Hostile forces could be using/forcing these adolescents to Hostile forces could be using/forcing these adolescents to conduct attacks.conduct attacks.

71

Baiting and LuresBaiting and Lures Feigning injury/leading U.S. forces into an ambush. Feigning injury/leading U.S. forces into an ambush.

– Recently, hostile forces have attempted to lure Coalition forces Recently, hostile forces have attempted to lure Coalition forces into ambushes by feigning injuries (resulting in Coalition force into ambushes by feigning injuries (resulting in Coalition force attempting to offer help being ambushed). attempting to offer help being ambushed).

– ““Trusted” local nationals have led a patrol to a supposed target, Trusted” local nationals have led a patrol to a supposed target, only to have the patrol ambushed. Several vehicle bomb and only to have the patrol ambushed. Several vehicle bomb and suicide bomber attacks were made at checkpoints during combat suicide bomber attacks were made at checkpoints during combat operations in Iraq during March and April. operations in Iraq during March and April.

– An Iraqi posing as a taxi cab driver feigned a break down and An Iraqi posing as a taxi cab driver feigned a break down and detonated his vehicle when four soldiers approached killing them detonated his vehicle when four soldiers approached killing them all. all.

– Three Rangers were killed in western Iraq when an SUV drove up Three Rangers were killed in western Iraq when an SUV drove up to their checkpoint (along with other cars) and then exploded.  to their checkpoint (along with other cars) and then exploded. 

– In another instance, an Iraqi at a checkpoint set off explosives In another instance, an Iraqi at a checkpoint set off explosives hidden under his clothes wounding a number of Marines.  hidden under his clothes wounding a number of Marines. 

– In all cases, deception was used to get close to U.S. forces and In all cases, deception was used to get close to U.S. forces and increase the effect of the attack. increase the effect of the attack.

72

Baiting and Lures Baiting and Lures (Cont)(Cont)

Recommendations:Recommendations:

– Be aware of these tactics. Do not lower your guard at any Be aware of these tactics. Do not lower your guard at any time, and it is not recommended you stop your convoy to time, and it is not recommended you stop your convoy to offer assistance to “wounded/injured” Iraqis.offer assistance to “wounded/injured” Iraqis.

– Recommend all convoys be equipped with tow bars or tow Recommend all convoys be equipped with tow bars or tow straps for quick recovery operations after an ambush. straps for quick recovery operations after an ambush.

– All vehicles need to be reinforced with sandbags to help All vehicles need to be reinforced with sandbags to help defeat the effects of IEDs/mines/RPGs.defeat the effects of IEDs/mines/RPGs.

– Always travel with casualty evac freqs.Always travel with casualty evac freqs.

73

BOTTOM LINEBOTTOM LINE

•Situational Awareness

•Be Prepared

•Communications

•Keep Moving

74

Types of TrapsTypes of Traps

BaitBait DecoyDecoy BluffBluff Double bluffDouble bluff

75

Nonexplosive traps-Nonexplosive traps-typically used in forest or typically used in forest or tropical regions.tropical regions.

Turn to Info sheet 3-5-2Turn to Info sheet 3-5-2

76

Countermeasures-Countermeasures-tactical and non-tactical tactical and non-tactical actions from units and actions from units and individuals which reduce individuals which reduce the mine and booby trap the mine and booby trap threat.threat. NOTE- NOTE-

although there are many detection although there are many detection means, experience has shown that means, experience has shown that AN ALERT SEABEE, aware of what to AN ALERT SEABEE, aware of what to look for and where to look, in the look for and where to look, in the THE MOST EFFECTIVE detection THE MOST EFFECTIVE detection device.device.

77

Mines and boobytraps Mines and boobytraps can be made made out can be made made out Of anythingOf anythingAntipersonnel Mines and Antipersonnel Mines and Boobytraps can be placed Boobytraps can be placed ininNarrow passagesNarrow passages

Paddy dikesPaddy dikesTrail junctions Trail junctions Hedgerows and tree linesHedgerows and tree linesTunnels and cavesTunnels and cavesStreams, wells and natural Streams, wells and natural watering pointswatering points

78

Antipersonnel Mines and Antipersonnel Mines and Boobytraps can be placed in Boobytraps can be placed in various areas...various areas...

Narrow passagesNarrow passagesPaddy dikesPaddy dikesTrail junctions Trail junctions Hedgerows and tree linesHedgerows and tree linesTunnels and cavesTunnels and cavesStreams, wells and natural Streams, wells and natural watering pointswatering points

79

ANY PLACE A PERSON ANY PLACE A PERSON FREQUENTLY WALKS, TAKES FREQUENTLY WALKS, TAKES COVER, RESTS, OR DRAWS COVER, RESTS, OR DRAWS WATER IS A LIKELY LOCATION WATER IS A LIKELY LOCATION FOR ENEMY ANTIPERSONNEL FOR ENEMY ANTIPERSONNEL MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS.MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS.

Visual inspections-Look at Visual inspections-Look at areas in which boobytraps areas in which boobytraps

and mines are normally and mines are normally found and be alert for found and be alert for

things which “just don’t things which “just don’t look right.”look right.”

80

Mud smears, mudballs, dung, or board on Mud smears, mudballs, dung, or board on roadroad

road repair, new fill or paving patches, road repair, new fill or paving patches, ditching or culvert workditching or culvert work

Wires leading away from the side of roadWires leading away from the side of road Trip wires across trailsTrip wires across trails Terrain features which do not appear Terrain features which do not appear

naturalnatural Suspicious items in trees, branches, Suspicious items in trees, branches,

bushesbushes Markings used by enemy to indicate Markings used by enemy to indicate

location of mine or booby traplocation of mine or booby trap

81

Physical Protective Physical Protective CountermeasuresCountermeasures

Properly dispose of all trash.Properly dispose of all trash. Wear body armor and helmetWear body armor and helmet Sandbag vehicle flooring.Sandbag vehicle flooring. Keep arms and legs inside Keep arms and legs inside

vehicle.vehicle. Maintain proper distance from Maintain proper distance from

other personnel.other personnel. Don’t travel alone.Don’t travel alone. DO NOT PICK UP “SOUVENIRS”DO NOT PICK UP “SOUVENIRS”

82

Marking and Reporting Mines-Marking and Reporting Mines-mark and report mine to EOD mark and report mine to EOD personnelpersonnel

SAFETY NOTE:SAFETY NOTE:

Any available marking method may be Any available marking method may be used as long as each member of the unit used as long as each member of the unit understands itunderstands it

83

SANDISTOP

ASSESS

NOTE

DRAW BACK

INFORM

IMMEDIATE ACTIONS

84

STOP!•DO NOT move your feet if dismounted

•DO NOT dismount if your are in a vehicle

85

ASSESS!•Determine the shortest route to safety.

•Determine if you are in a mined area.

•Determine if there is a paved surface nearby.

86

NOTE!•Take notes on what you see.•Describe characteristics (shape,color,size).•Draw or take pictures.•Indicate # of items.•Annotate terrain considerations.•Location ( 8 digit grid ).•Include anything else that might be helpful.

87

DRAW BACK!•Stay where you are, if possible, until help arrives.

•Follow your exact footprints ( Probing!).

•Follow your tire tracks ( Probing!).

88

INFORM!•Pass on all information to higher HQ.

•Keep your HQ informed.

89

SELF-EXTRACTION

If you think you are in a mined area:

FREEZE!!!!!!!!!!!

STAND STILL!

WARN OTHERS!

90

CASUALTY EXTRACTION•Reassure the casualty.•Do not panic and create another casualty.•Call higher HQ and request help as soon as possible.•Clear a path to the casualty.•Clear the area around the casualty.•Administer aid.•Extract yourself and mark your path as you go.•Reenter along the marked path.•Recover the casualty.•Link up with help.

91

MOUNTED EXTRACTION•THE CONVOY COMMANDER HALTS THE CONVOY AND REPORTS TO HIGHER HEADQUARTERS.

• NO VEHICLES MOVE AND NO TROOPS DISMOUNT UNLESS DIRECTED TO DO SO.

• ELEMENTS PROVIDE 360-SECURITY FROM VEHICLES.

• TROOPS THROWN FROM VEHICLES SHOULD NOT MOVE. PERSONNEL ARE EXTRACTED BY USING DISMOUNTED EVACUATION PROCEDURES IF ELECTRONIC DETECTORS ARE NOT AVILABLE.

FM 20-32

92

MOUNTED EXTRACTION (cont)

•ENGINEERS, IF AVAILABLE, SWEEP THE AREA AND PROVIDE A CLEAR PATH FOR MOVEMENT.

• CLEAR A LANE THAT IS WIDE ENOUGH FOR THE TOWING VEHICLE.

-USE ALL AVAILABLE TOW CABLES TO INCREASE THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE VEHICLES BEFORE TOWING. IF AN M88 IS AVAILABLE, REMEMBER, AN M88 HAS A WIDER TRACK BASE THAN OTHER VEHICLES.

FM 20-32

93

Ways to avoid mines and booby Ways to avoid mines and booby trapstraps

SAFETY NOTESAFETY NOTEA booby trap too easily detected can be A booby trap too easily detected can be a ruse resulting in detonation of other a ruse resulting in detonation of other explosive devices emplaced nearbyexplosive devices emplaced nearby

Stay off trails, footpaths cart tracks, or other Stay off trails, footpaths cart tracks, or other types of routes. Vary routes to villages.types of routes. Vary routes to villages.

Move where local inhabitants move they know Move where local inhabitants move they know the location of most mines and booby traps and the location of most mines and booby traps and will avoid these areas. will avoid these areas.

Watch buildings villagers useWatch buildings villagers useAvoid patterns-change direction.Avoid patterns-change direction.Maintain intervals of 15 meters between Maintain intervals of 15 meters between personnel and 100 meters between personnel and personnel and 100 meters between personnel and tracked vehicles.tracked vehicles.

94

Ways to avoid mines and booby Ways to avoid mines and booby trapstrapsMove slowly-rapid movement causes carelessness. Move slowly-rapid movement causes carelessness. DO NOT drag your feet.DO NOT drag your feet.Beware when enemy shows themselves-could lead Beware when enemy shows themselves-could lead to a booby trap.to a booby trap.Use a lightweight stick, non-metallic rod, or the sling from Use a lightweight stick, non-metallic rod, or the sling from an M16 to feel for trip wires.an M16 to feel for trip wires.Mark detected mines and booby traps.Mark detected mines and booby traps.When on roads, stay in the well-used portion and off When on roads, stay in the well-used portion and off shoulders.shoulders.Follow the tracks of the vehicle ahead, stay out of ruts.Follow the tracks of the vehicle ahead, stay out of ruts.Avoid holes, depressions, and objects lying on the roadAvoid holes, depressions, and objects lying on the road ..

95

Take immediate action when Take immediate action when explosive device is tripped.explosive device is tripped.

Be alert for the “pop” of the exploding cap, the Be alert for the “pop” of the exploding cap, the tug of the trip wire, or the warning of another tug of the trip wire, or the warning of another individual.individual.

Sound a warning so that others may take cover.Sound a warning so that others may take cover.

Drop to the ground immediately.Drop to the ground immediately.

Do not attempt to outrun explosion.Do not attempt to outrun explosion.

Present smaller target to the force by pointing Present smaller target to the force by pointing feet in direction of charge.feet in direction of charge.

Do not immediately run to aid the wounded. Do not immediately run to aid the wounded. Second booby trap could be in vicinity.Second booby trap could be in vicinity.

Conduct brief search for other explosive Conduct brief search for other explosive devices.devices.

96

Enemy mine indicatorsEnemy mine indicators

Indicate the location or direction of Indicate the location or direction of the explosive devices in some mannerthe explosive devices in some manner

Any arrangement of sticks and/or Any arrangement of sticks and/or stones which appears unnatural stones which appears unnatural indicates a strong possibility of a indicates a strong possibility of a mine or booby trap.mine or booby trap.

97

Mines and Booby TrapsMines and Booby Traps

Summary and ReviewSummary and Review

98

Mines and Booby TrapsMines and Booby Traps

What are the 10 initiating actions for mines?What are the 10 initiating actions for mines?

1. Applying Pressure1. Applying Pressure 2. Pull Trip Wire2. Pull Trip Wire

3. Tension Release3. Tension Release 4. Pressure Release4. Pressure Release

5. Time5. Time 6. Electrical6. Electrical

7. Vibration7. Vibration 8. Magnetic8. Magnetic

9. Electromagnetic Frequency9. Electromagnetic Frequency 10. Audio 10. Audio FrequencyFrequency

What are the 4 main fuses?What are the 4 main fuses?

1. Mechanical1. Mechanical

2. Chemical2. Chemical

3. Friction3. Friction

4. Electrical4. Electrical

99

Mines and Booby TrapsMines and Booby TrapsWhat are the 3 types of minefields?What are the 3 types of minefields?

1. Protective1. Protective

2. Tactical2. Tactical

3. Phony3. Phony

What are the 4 types of booby traps?What are the 4 types of booby traps?

1. Bait1. Bait

2. Decoy2. Decoy

3. Bluff3. Bluff

4. Double bluff4. Double bluff

What is the MOST effective detection device for booby traps?What is the MOST effective detection device for booby traps?

An ALERT SEABEEAn ALERT SEABEE