1 1 karrml wk bit mrg;eglic rtun ic éngatum · cmbykgi1 1-1 1 1 karrml wk bit mrg;eglic rtun ic...

CMBYkGI1

1-1

11

kkaarrrr MMllwwkkBBIITTMM rrgg;; eeGGLLiiccRRttUUnniiccéénnGGaattUUmm ((RReevviieeww ooff tthhee EElleecctt rroonniicc SSttrruucc ttuurree ooff tthhee AAttoomm))

edIm,Iyl;BIlkçN³énsmasFatuGsrIragÁeyIgRtUvsikSaBIlkçN³énsm<½n§KImI. cMeBaH sm<½n§KWvaTak;TgeTAnwglkçN³eGLicRtugénGatUmEdlcUlpSM. dUecñHkarsikSaBIKImIGsrIragÁ cab;epþImCamYynwgkarrMlwkBIKMrURbU)ab‘ÍlIeténGatUm nigkarBinitüelIkarGnuvtþKMrUrUbsNæan eGLicRtugénGatUmnigGuIy:ug. vaCakarKYr[PJak;ep¥IlEdlelak Isaac Newton )anrkeXIjnUvGVI²TaMgGs;eRBaH faKat;CasaRsþacarü EdlmankarePøcPøaMgeRcIn. Kat;EtgEtvas;eBles¶ars‘ut EdlKat;júaM sRmab;GahareBlRBwk. RBwkmYyGñkbMerI)aneXIjKat;QrEk,rqñaMgTwkBuHedaymankan;s‘ut mYykñúgédrbs;Kat; ehIysMLwgemIlmindak;EPñkeTAelInaLikaédrbs;Kat; EdlenAxageRkam qñaMgdaMTwkenaH! eTaHbICay:agNak¾edayKat;)aneFVIkarcab;epþImsikSaTMrg;eGLicRtugénGatUm RbEhlCaenAqñaM 1700 enAeBlEdlKat;)ankt;smÁal;eXIjkarqøgkat;énBnøwRBHGaTitükat; tamRBIs)anbegáItnUvs,uúicCab;EdlGacemIleXIj.¬rUbTI1.1¦

rUbrUbrUbrUb1>>>>1 RBIsmYybMEbkBnøWBN’senARBIsmYybMEbkBnøWBN’senARBIsmYybMEbkBnøWBN’senARBIsmYybMEbkBnøWBN’senACMhanCMhanCMhanCMhanrlkénsrlkénsrlkénsrlkéns,,,,úictMbnúictMbnúictMbnúictMbn;;;;emIleXIjemIleXIjemIleXIjemIleXIj

eRkaymkeTotenAqñaM1860elak Robert Bunsen ¬l,Il,ajBIcMBuHb‘unsin¦ )aneFVI karGegátkarbej©jBnøWBIGNþatePøIgnig]sµ½n. elakb‘unsin)anGegátemIlfa s,úicEdl)an beB©ajCaes‘rIénbnÞat;manBN’ s,úicminCab;¬eKehafas,úicbnÞat;¦. Kat;)anbB¢aak;fa FatuKImI nImYy²)anbegáIts,úicEdlmanlkçN³yfaRbePT ¬rUb1.2¦. eRkaymkGñkeFVIkarGegátepSg eTot)anbgðajfakarBitmanRkumbnÞat;s,icbIbYnrbs;GatUmGuIRdUEsn EdlkñúgenaHRkums,úicmYy

karrMlwkBITMrg;eGLicRtUnicénGatUm

1-2

sßitenAtMbnsVay;G‘ulRta mYysßitkñúgtMbn;emIleXIj ehIybnÞat;s,úicCaeRcIneTotsßitenAEpñk éntMbn;GaMgRhVaRkhméns,úiceGLicRtUm:aejTic ¬rUb 1>3¦.

rUbrUbrUbrUb1>>>>2 ssss,,,,úicbnÞatúicbnÞatúicbnÞatúicbnÞat;;;;RtUvRtUvRtUvRtUv))))anbeanbeanbeanbegáIteBlEdlFatumYyRtUvgáIteBlEdlFatumYyRtUvgáIteBlEdlFatumYyRtUvgáIteBlEdlFatumYyRtUv))))andutandutandutandutkemþAkemþAkemþAkemþACamYyGNþatePøIgCamYyGNþatePøIgCamYyGNþatePøIgCamYyGNþatePøIg

karBnül;BIs,úicbnÞat;CaeCaKC½ymYykñúgcMeNamsñaédTaMgLayénKMrUGatUmbrKMrUGatUmbrKMrUGatUmbrKMrUGatUmbr. enAqñaM 1913 elak Niels Bohr )anesñIeLIgfaeGLicRtugGacTTYlEtkMritfamBlkMNt; EdlRtUvKña nwgKnøgragmUlepSg²CuMvijéNVy:U.

rUb rUb rUb rUb 1.3 ssss,,,,iúcbeiúcbeiúcbeiúcbeB©ajGIuRdUEsnB©ajGIuRdUEsnB©ajGIuRdUEsnB©ajGIuRdUEsn

Kat;)ankMNt;kMritfamBlTaMgenHCamYynwgtémøelxKt;EdlKat;ehAfacMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkg;;;;TicTicTicTic ¬quantum

number¦. témøén):ar:aEm:tenHGacmanBI 1 dl; ∞ ¬Gannþ¦. Kat;EvkEjkfa enAeBlfamBl RtUv)anRsUbedayGatUmBIGNþatePøIg b¤tamkmøaMgGKÁIsnI eGLicRtug)anpøas;TIBIkMritkg;Tic mYyeTAkMritfamBlmYyb¤eRcIneTotEdlx<s;Cag. eRkaymkeGLicRtug)anRtLb;mkkMrit kg;TicEdlTabvij ehIysßitenACitCagéNVy:UEdr eBlenaHBnøWRtUv)anbeB©aj. CMhanrlkén BnøWEdl)anbeB©aj KWTak;Tgc,as;eTAnwgfamBlénkarxusKñakMritkg;TicedIm nigbB©ab;. enA eBlEdleGLicRtugTTYlykkMritfamBlTabbMputEdlGacman vaRtUv)aneKniyayfa sßitenA

CMBYkGI1

1-3

kñúgsNæanRKiHsNæanRKiHsNæanRKiHsNæanRKiH. RbsinebIeGLicRtugmYyb¤eRcInRsUbnUvfamBlRKb;RKan;edIm,Ipøas;TIq¶ayBI éNVy:UenaHvaRtUv)aneKniyayfasßitkñúgsNæanePJacsNæanePJacsNæanePJacsNæanePJac. famBléneGLicRtugenAkñúgkMritnImYy²GacRtUv)anrkeXIjtamTMnak;TMng³

−=2

1

nRE H

Edl E CafamBleGLicRtug n CacMnYnkg;Tic ehIy RH Caefr Rydberg sRmab; GuIRdUEsn. famBlénBnøWEdl)anbeB©ajGacRtUv)aneKKNnaecjBIPaBxusKñaénkMritfamBl edImnigbB©ab;. CMhanrlkénBnøWGacRtUv)anrkeXIjBITMnak;TMng νhE = nig λν=c Edl h Caefrbøg; (Planck’s constant) ν CaeRhVkg; c Cael,OnBnøW ehIyλ CaCMhanrlkénBnøW Edl )anbeB©aj. b:uEnþ KMrUGatUmbrmankMhusmYycMnYn. ]TahrN_ s,úicénGatUm Edl maneGLicRtugeRcIn manbnÞat;eRcInCag)anTsSn_TayTukedayKMrUGatUmbr. KMrUGatUmbrk_min GacBnül;BIkarbMEbkéns,úicbnÞat;kñúgEdnm:aejTic ¬)atuPUtEdlRtUv)aneKsÁal;faCa pl pl pl pl Zeeman¦. kñúgry³eBld¾xøI eKRtUv)anesñIeLigKMrUepSg²xus²KñaKWKMrUemkanickg;Tic edIm,I Bnül;karGegátTaMgenH. s,úicsMrUbGatUm vtßúmYy EdlmanBnøWecjdUcCaRBHGaTitüRtUv)aneKsgÇwmfanwgbeB©ajs,úicCab;mYyén kaMrsµIeGLicRtUm:aejTic. b:uEnþenAedImstvtSTI19 GñkviTüasaRsþCnCatiGaLWm:g;mñak;KWelak Josef von Fraunhofer )anbBa©ak;fas,iúcEdlGacemIleXIjBIRBHGaTitüBitCamanbg;BN’exµA mYycMnYn. eRkaymkeTotGñkGegát)anyl;fabg;TaMgenaHCalT§plénsMrUbenACMhanrlk NamYy edayGatUmEdlmanPaBRtCak; enAkñúgbriyakassßitenAxagelIépÞRBHGaTitü. eGLicRtugénGatUmTaMgenHKWsßitenAkñúgsNæanRKiH ehIyvaRsUbkaMrsµIenACMhanrlk RtUvKñaeTA nWgfamBl EdlRtUvkaredIm,IePJaceTAsNæanfamBlx<s;Cag. karsikSaelIs,iúcTaMgenH naMeTArkkarrkeXIjFatueGlüÚm. karsikSas,úicTaMgenHenAEtmansar³sMxan;y:agFMeFgkñúg Cosmochemistry EdlCakarsikSasmasPaBKImIénpáay. enAqñaM1955 GñkviTüasaRsþBIrRkum mYyRkumenARbeTsGURsþalI ehIymYyRkumeTot enAhULg;)anylfaviFIsaRsþsMrUbGaceRbIedIm,IemIlvtþmanénFatuenAkMhab;TabxøaMg. Fatu


1-4

nImYy²mans,úicsMrUbedayELk EdleyageTAtamPaBxusKñaepSg²rvagkMritfamBlkñúgGatYm rbs;va. enAeBlBnøWEdlecjBIRbPBfamBlRtUv)anqøgkat;cMhayénPaKsMNakénFatu CMhanrlkNamYyEdlRtUvnwgPaBxusKñafamBlkñúgGatYmnwgRtUv)anRsUb. eyIgeXIjfa kalNakMhab;GatUmkan;Etx<s; enHsmamaRtBnøWEdlRtUvRsUbk¾kan;EtFM. TMnak;TMnglIenEG‘ rvagsMrUbBnøWnwgkMhab;enHRtUv)aneKsÁal;faCac,ab; Beer. PaBrYsénviFIsaRsþenHBitCax<s; ehIykMhaab;EpñkkñúgmYylan(ppm) KWgayRsYlkñúgkarkMNt; FatuxøHGacRtUv)anrkeXIjenA kMhaab;EpñkkñúgmYyekadi(ppb). s,úicsMrUbGatUm \lUv)ankøayCa]bkrN_viPaKCaRbcaMenAkñúg KImIviTüa. elah³viTüa. FrNIviTüa. »sfviTüa. viTüasaRsþnitiRkm ehIynwgmuxviTüaviTüasaRsþ d¾éTeTotCaeRcInehIyCaTUeTAvaRtUvkarbmøas;TIéneGLicRtugBIkMritfamBlmYyeTAkMritfamBlmYyeTot. 1/1 smIkarrlk Schrödinger nigsar³sMxan;rbs;va KMrUemkanickg;TicénTMrg;GatUm EdlsµúKsµajCag KWTTYl)anBIkic©karrbs;elak Louis

de Broglie. elak De Broglie )anbgðajfa rlkeGLicRtUm:aej;Tic GacKitdUcCacrnþénPaK l¥it ¬pUtug¦ ehIyPaKl¥itenaH EdlmanclnaGacbeB©ajlkçN³dUcCarlk. dUecñHvaCaRtwm RtUv sRmab;BiBN’nafaeGLicRtugmanlkçN³CaPaKl¥itpg nigCarlkpg. edayeRbIR)as; lkçN³eTVPaBCarlknigPaKl¥itenH elak Erwin Schrödinger )anbegáItsmIkarDIepr:g;Esül edayEpñk edIm,ItMNaglkçN³eGLicRtugCuMvijéNVy:UGatUm. smIkarenH EdlRtUv)anpþl;[ enAeRkamcMeBaHGatUm EdlmanmYyeGLicRtug )anbgðajBITMnak;TMng rvagGnuKmn_rlkén eGLicRtugΨ famBlsrubénRbB½n§ E nigfamBlb:Utg;EsülénRbB½n§ V. DIepr:g;EsüllMdab; BIrtMNag[GnuKmn_rlkCamYynwgG½kS x, y, nig z ehIy m Cam:as eGLicRtug nig h

Caefrbøg;.

edrIevénsmIkarenHnigrebobénkaredaHRsayKWsßitkñúgEpñkrUbviTüanigKImIrUb b:uEnþdMeNaH Rsayrbs;vamansar³sMxan;cMeBaHGñkKImIEr::. eyIgKYrcaMkñúgcitþfa smIkarrlkenHCarUbmnþ KNitviTüad¾Fmµta. CaFmµtaeyIgP¢ab;Gtßn½yeTAnWgdMeNaHRsayeRBaHmnusSCaeRcInRtUvkar

CMBYkGI1

1-5

rUbPaBc,as;las;edIm,IKitBI)atuPUtkñúgGatUm. b:uEnþ rUbPaBEdleyIgbegáItGacRtwmEtRsedog eTAnWgPaBBitenAkñúgGatUmedayRseBcRsBilb:ueNÑaH. elakSchödinger)anesñIfaGtßn½yBiténsmIkarGacrkeXIjBIkaerénGnuKmn_rlk 2Ψ Edltag[RbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarrkeXIjeGLicRtugenAcMNucNamYykñúgtMbn;CuMvijéNVy:U. vamandMeNaHRsayCaeRcIncMeBaHGnuKmn_rlkmYy. dMeNaHRsaynImYy²BiBN’naBIGrb‘Ítal; xus²Kña ehIydUecñHvak¾manr)ayRbU)ab‘ÍlIetxusKñasRmab;eGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal;enaHEdr. Grb‘Ítal;nImYy²RtUv)ankMNt;edaycMnYnKt;bI n, l, nig ml. vadUcnwgcMnYnKt;kñúgKMrUGatUmbrEdr KWfa cMnYnKt;TaMgenHRtUv)aneKehaAfacMnYnkg;Tic. bEnßmeTAelIcMnYnkg;TicTaMgbI Edl)anBIRTwsþIedIm cMnYnkg;TicTI4(ms)RtUv)aneKkMNt; edIm,IBnül;BIlT§plénkarBiesaFcugeRkay. enAkñúgkarBiesaFenH vaRtUv)anrkeXIjfa kardak;[)ac;GatUmGuIRdUEsnqøgkat;Ednm:aejTic )anbNþal[GatUmBak;kNþalRtUv)anEbr eTATisedAmYy ehIyBak;kNþaleToteTAtamTisedApÞúyKña. GñkeFVIkarGegátepSgeTot)an esñIeLIgfakarsegáteXIjenHKWCalT§plEdlbgðajs<IneGLicRtugBIrepSgKña. GatUmEdl manmYyeGLicRtugCamYynwgs<InmYyRtUvEbrtamTisedAmYy ehIyeGLicRtugEdlmans<In RcasRtUvEbreTATisedApÞúyKña. cMnYnkg;Tics<InenHRtUv)antagedaynimitþsBaØa ms. témøéncMnYnkg;TicEdlGacmanRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam³ n CacMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkg;;;;Ticem Ticem Ticem Ticem GacmantémøCacMnYnKt;viC¢manBI 1 dl; Gannþ. l CacMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkg;;;;TicmTicmTicmTicm:::: UmUmUmUm::::gggg;;;;énmuM énmuM énmuM énmuM GacmantémøCacMnYnKt;BI n-1 dl; 0 . ml CacMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkg;;;;TicTicTicTicmmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic GacmantémøCacMnYnKt;BI ÷1 .0 eTA -1. ms CacMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkg;;;;TicsTicsTicsTics<<<< InInInIn Gacmantémø÷1¼2 nig -1¼2. eBlEdltémøkg;TicemesµI 1 enaHvamanEt 1 RkuméncMnYnkg;Tic n, l,nig ml KW (1, 0, 0) erogKña. b:uEnþebImancMnYnkg;TicemesµI 2 enaHvaman 4RkuméncMnYnkg;TicKW (2,0,0; 2,1,-1; 2,1,0;

2,1,+1). sßanPaBenHRtUv)anbgðajkñúgdüaRkaménrUb1.4. edIm,IsmÁal;;BIGrb‘Ítal;eGLicRtug EdlRtUvKñaeTAnwgRkuméncMnYnkg;TicnImYy²eyIg)aneRbItémøcMnYnkg;Ticem n bnÞab;mkCacMnYn kg;Ticm:Um:g;énmuM l. dUecñH eBl n=1 vamanEtGrb‘Ítal; 1s b:ueNÑaH.


1-6

eBl n=2 manGrb‘Ítal; 2s mYynigGrb‘Ítal; 2p bI (RtUveTAnWgtémø ml = +1, 0, -1). GkSr s, p, d, nig f KWTTYl)anBIRbePTéns,úicbnÞat; ³ sharp, principle, diffuse, nig

fundamental. PaBRtUvKñaRtUv)anbgðajkñúgtarag 1.1.

taragtaragtaragtarag1.1 PaBRtUvKñarvagcMnPaBRtUvKñarvagcMnPaBRtUvKñarvagcMnPaBRtUvKñarvagcMnYnmYnmYnmYnm:::: UmUmUmUm::::gggg;;;;énmuMénmuMénmuMénmuM l nigkarbgðajnigkarbgðajnigkarbgðajnigkarbgðajGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘Ítal;;;;....

tarag tarag tarag tarag 1.2 PaBRtUvKñarvagcMnYnmPaBRtUvKñarvagcMnYnmPaBRtUvKñarvagcMnYnmPaBRtUvKñarvagcMnYnm:::: UmUmUmUm::::gggg;;;;énmuM énmuM énmuM énmuM l nwgcMnYnnwgcMnYnnwgcMnYnnwgcMnYnGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘Ítal;;;;

témøtémøtémøtémø l GGGGrrrrb‘Ítalb‘Ítalb‘Ítalb‘Ítal témøtémøtémøtémø l cMnYnGcMnYnGcMnYnGcMnYnGrrrrb‘Ítalb‘Ítalb‘Ítalb‘Ítal 0 s 0 1 1 p 1 3 2 d 2 5 3 f 3 7

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.4 cMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkg;;;;TicEdlGacmancMeBaH TicEdlGacmancMeBaH TicEdlGacmancMeBaH TicEdlGacmancMeBaH n=1 nignignignig n=2 ....

eBlEdlcMnYnkg;Ticem n = 3 enaHRkuméncMnYnkg;Ticman 9 ¬rUb 1.5¦. cMnYnkg;Tic TaMgenHRtUvKñaeTAnwgGrb‘Ítal; 3s cMnYnmYy Grb‘Ítal; 3p cMnYnbI nigGrb‘Ítal; 3d cMnYnR)aM. düaRkamRsedogKñaenHsRmab;cMnYnkg;Ticem n = 4 enaHRkuméncMnYnkg;Ticman 16 EdlRtUvKña eTA nwgGrb‘Ítal; 4s cMnYnmYy Grb‘Ítal; 4p cMnYnbI Grb‘Ítal; 4d cMnYnR)aM nigGrb‘Ítal; 4f

cMnYnR)aMBIr ¬tarag1.2¦. tamRTwsþIeyIgGacbnþEbbenHrhUt b:uEnþdUcEdleyIgnwgeXIj Grb‘Ítal; f tag[RBMEdnkMNt;énRbePTGrb‘Ítal; kñúgcMeNamFatuTaMgLayéntaragxYbsRmab; GatUm EdlsßitkñúgsNæanRKwH.

CMBYkGI1

1-7

smIkarrlk Schrödinger CaTUeTARtUv)anbgðajfaCatMNag[eGLicRtugénGatUm y:agc,as;las;b:uEnþvaminEmneT. dUcEdleyIgBiPakSaenAkñúgCMBUkTI2Epñk2.5fa smIkarrlk Schrödingerxkxanmin)anykcitþTukdak;nUvkarBitEdleGLicRtugxøHenAkñúgFat Edlmanm:as FMeFVIdMeNIry:agelOn. CalT§plm:aseGLicRtugRtUvrg\T§iBledayrWLaTIvIsrWLaTIvIsrWLaTIvIsrWLaTIvIs(relativity).1 fVIebIsmIkar Schrödinger GacRtUv)anEkERbedIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH. enAqñaM 1928 rUbviTUCn CatiGg;eKøsKWelak P.A.M. Dirac )anGPivDÆsmIkarrlkRbesIrmYy EdlbBa©Úlktþa rWLaTIvIsTaMgLay. ebIeTaHCacMnYnkg;Ticem n mansar³sMxan;dUcKñaTaMgkñúgsmIkar Schrödinger nig smIkar Dirac k¾edayk¾smIkar Dirac pþl;[edaypÞal;nUvcMnYnkg;TicbYn. sUm,IEtrUbragGrb‘Ítal;Edl)anBIsmIkar Dirac nigrUbragGrb‘Ítal;Edl)anBIsmIkar Schödinger k¾xusKñaEdr. b:uEnþedaysarEtenHKWCaGtßbTKImIBN’na dUecñHeyIgbBa¢ak;Et lkçN³Grb‘Ítal;gayFmµtaEdl)anBIsmIkar Schrödinger b:ueNÑaH.

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.5 cMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkg;;;;TicEdlGacmancMeBaH TicEdlGacmancMeBaH TicEdlGacmancMeBaH TicEdlGacmancMeBaH n=3

1/2 RTg;RTayGrb‘Ítal;GatUm kartagdMeNaHRsayénsmIkarrlkelIRkdasminEmnCakic©kargayRsYlenaHeT. edIm,I[manPaBR)akdniym eyIgbMEbksmIkarrlkCaBIrEpñk³ kaM nig muM. cMnYnkg;TicnImYy²TaMgbIEdl)anBIrsmIkarrlktag[rUbPaBepSg²KñaénGrb‘Ítal;³ cMnYnkg;Ticem n bgðajTMhMGrb‘Ítal; cMnYnkg;Ticm:Um:g;énmuM l tMNagRTg;RTayGrb‘Ítal; 1 eyagtamRTwsþIrWLaTIvIs enAeBlrUbFatudUcCaPaKl¥itmanel,InclnaCitdl;el,InBnøW(c) ma:srbs;vanwgekIneTA dl;Gnnþ.


1-8

cMnYnkg;Ticm:aejTic ml tMNag[TisedAGrb‘Ítal; cMnYnkg;Tics<In ms manGtßn½ytictYcKWvaRKan;EtGnuBaØat[eGLicRtugBIrenAkñúg Grb‘Ítal;EtmYy. témøéncMnYnkg;Ticem(n) nigcMnYnkg;Ticm:Um:g;énmuM(l) RtUv)ankMNt;famBleGLicRtug ¬l man\T§BlticCag m¦. eTaHbICaeGLicRtugmineFVIclnaviltamGtßn½y“s<In”k¾edayk¾va RbRBwtþeTAdUcCavavil EdrehIyvamanlkçN³m:aejTicEdlRtUv)aneKsgÇwmfamancMeBaHPaK l¥itEdlvil.

düaRkamGrb‘Ítal;RtUv)aneRbI edIm,IbgðajBIRbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarrkeXIjeGLicRtugenA xN³NamYy b¤kEnøgNamYy. TsSn³epSgeTotKW edIm,IBicarNaBITItaMgeGLicRtugkñúgry³ eBld¾yUr. eyIgkMNt;TItaMgmYyEdleGLicRtughak;dUcCacMNayeBlevlarbs;vaPaKeRcIn enAtMbn;enaHfaCatMbn;Edlmandgdgdgdg;;;;suIeteGLicRtugsuIeteGLicRtugsuIeteGLicRtugsuIeteGLicRtugx<s; (high electron density). pÞúymk vijTItaMg EdleGLicRtugkMrniwgeTARtUv)aneKehaAfatMbn;Edlmandg;suIeteGLicRtugTab (low

electron density) . Grb‘Ítal; s

Grb‘Ítal; s CaEsV‘suIemRTInwgéNVy:UGatUm. enAeBlEdlcMnYnkg;TicemekIneLIg eGLicRtugmanRtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAq¶ayBIéNVy:U. edIm,IbBa¢ak;KMnitenHkñúgmeFüa)ayepSg eToteyIgniyayfa enAeBlcMnYnkg;TicemekIneLIg Grb‘Ítal;kan;EtbnSay. lkçN³BiessEt mYyéneGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; s KWfavamanRbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarrkeXIjeGLicRtug mankMNt;enA Ek,r b¤enAkñúgéNVy:UEtmþg. kareRCotcUledayeGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; s enHedIrtYnaTIy:ag sMxan;kñúgkaMGatUm ¬emIlCMBUkTI 2¦ nigkarsikSaBITMrg;GatUm. bec©keTsén Mossbauer

spectoscopy Tak;TgnwgkarsikSa\T§iBlénbmøas;bþÚrkñúgdg;suIetGrb‘Ítal; s elIfamBl nuyekøEG‘. tMNagénTMrg; ¬GnuKmn_muM¦Grb‘Ítal; 1s nig 2s énGatUmRtUv)aneRbobeFobkñúgrUb 1.6. maDGrb‘Ítal; 2s FMCagmaDGrb‘Ítal; 1s bYndg. enAkñúgkrNITaMgBIréNVy:Yd¾tUcRtUvsßitenA cMkNþalEsV‘. EsV‘TaMgenHtag[tMbn; EdlmanRbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarrkeXIjeGLicRtug99 PaKry. RbU)ab‘ÍlIetsrubminGactag)aneT eRBaHRbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarrkeXIjeGLicRtugFøak; cuHdl;sUnüKWenARtg;cm¶ayminkMNt; BIéNVy:Ub:ueNÑaH.

CMBYkGI1

1-9

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.6 kartkartkartkartagénRTgagénRTgagénRTgagénRTg;;;;RTayRTayRTayRTayGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘Ítal;;;; 1s nignignignig 2s [ Adapted from D.A.McQuarrie and P.A.Rock.

General Chemistry, 2nd ed. (New York: W.H.Freeman 1991).p.322] RbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarrkeXIjeGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal;EtgEtviC¢manCanic©¬eRBaHRbU)ab‘ÍlIet RtUv)anTajykBIkaerénGnuKm_rlk ehIykaeréntémøGviC¢manKWeTACaviC¢man¦. b:uEnþ enAeBl EdleyIgBIPakSakarcgsm<½næGatUm eyIgrkeXIjfasBaØa EdlTak;TgeTAnwgGnuKmn_rlkedIm mansar³sMxan;. edaysarehtuplenH vaCaFmµtaeKdak;sBaØaénGnuKmn_rlk enAelItMNag Grb‘Ítal;GatUmnImYy². sRmab;Grb‘Ítal;GatUm s sBaØa KWviC¢man.

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.7 karpøaskarpøaskarpøaskarpøas;;;;bþÚrénGnuKmnbþÚrénGnuKmnbþÚrénGnuKmnbþÚrénGnuKmn____rrrr))))aydgaydgaydgaydg;;;;suIetkaMsuIetkaMsuIetkaMsuIetkaM (radial density distribution function)

CamYynwgCamYynwgCamYynwgCamYynwgcm¶aycm¶aycm¶aycm¶ayBIéNVyBIéNVyBIéNVyBIéNVy:::: UrbsUrbsUrbsUrbs;;;;eGLicRtugkñúgeGLicRtugkñúgeGLicRtugkñúgeGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘Ítal;;;; 1s, 2s nignignignig 3s énGatUmGuIRdUEsnénGatUmGuIRdUEsnénGatUmGuIRdUEsnénGatUmGuIRdUEsn.... bEnßmeTAelIPaBxusKñad¾FMeFgrvagTMhMGrb‘Ítal; 1s nig 2s enAcm¶ayBitR)akdmYy Grb‘Ítal; 2s manépÞragCaEsV‘Edlmandg;suIeteGeLicRtugesµIsUnü. épÞmYyEdlman RbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarrkeXIjeGLIcRtugesµIsUnüRtUv)aneKehAfaépÞfñaMgépÞfñaMgépÞfñaMgépÞfñaMg (nodal surface). eBl


1-10

EdlcMnYnkg;TicemekIneLIgmYy cMnYnépÞfñaMgk¾ekIneLIgmYyEdr. eyIgGaceFVI[emIleXIj épÞfñaMgkan;Etc,as;edayKUsRkabGnuKmn_r)aydg;suIetkaMCaGnuKmn_éncm¶ayBIéNVy:U sRmab; TisedANak¾)an. rUb1.7 bgðajGrb‘Ítal; 1s, 2s nig 3s. RkabTaMgenHbgðajfa eGLicRtug manTMenarnwgenAq¶ayBIéNVy:UxN³eBlEdlcMnYnkg;TicemekIneLIg. tMbn;TaMgLayenAeRkam ExSekagTaMgbIKWmanPaBdUcKña. eGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; s xusBIeGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; p, d, b¤f eyagtamcMNucsMxan; BIry:ag. TI1 manEtGrb‘Ítal; s b:ueNÑaHEdlmandg;suIeteGLicRtugERbRbYldUc²KñatamRKb; TisedAecjeRkAéNVy:UGatUm. TI2 vamanRbU)ab‘ÍlIetviC¢manmYy EdleGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; s

KWsßitenAkñúgéNVy:UGatUm. Grb‘Ítal;epSg²déTeTotmanfñaMgenAéNVy:U. Grb‘Ítal; p

mindUcGrb‘Ítal; s eT Grb‘Ítal; p minEmnCasuIemRTICaEsV‘eT. tamkarBit Grb‘Ítal; p

manmaDénlMhBIrdac;edayELkBIKña EdlmanéNVy:UenAcenøaHLÚbLÚbLÚbLÚb (lobes) TaMgBIr. eday sarvamanGrb‘Ítal; p bI eyIgkMNt; TisedAGrb‘Ítal;nImYy²eyagtamG½kSedkat: eyIgman px, py nig pz. rUb1.8 bgðajtMNagGrb‘Ítal; 2p cMnYnbI. enAkat;EkgeTAG½kSGab;suIsén RbU)ab‘ÍlIetx<s;Cag manbøg;fñaMgmYykat;taméNVy:U. ]TahrN_Grb‘Ítal; 2pz manépÞfñaMgenAelI bøg; xy. cMeBaHsBaØaGnuKmn_rlk. LÚbmYYymansBaØaviC¢man ehIymYyeTotmansBaØa GviC¢man.

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.8³ ³ ³ ³ rUbtMNagRTgrUbtMNagRTgrUbtMNagRTgrUbtMNagRTg;;;;RTayRTayRTayRTayGrb‘Grb‘Grb‘Grb‘ÍtalÍtalÍtalÍtal;;;; 2px , 2py, 2pz [Adapted from L.Jones and P.Atkins,

Chemistry: Molecules, Matter, and Change, 3rd ed. (New York: W.H.Freeman, 1997).p.231.]

RbsinebIeyIgeRbobeFobRkabdg;suIeteGLicRtugCaGnuKmn_kaMGatUmsRmab;Grb‘Ítal; 2s nig 2p ¬edaydak;2pelIG½kSGab;suIsénRbU)ab‘ÍlIetx<s;Cag¦ eyIgrkeXIjfa Grb‘Ítal; 2s

CMBYkGI1

1-11

mandg;suIeteGLicRtugCitéNVy:UFMCagGrb‘Ítal; 2p ¬rUb1.9¦. pÞúymkvij BicTIBIrénGrb‘Ítal; 2s KWq¶ayCagBicénGrb‘Ítal; 2p. eTaHbICay:agNak¾edaycm¶aymFüménBic KWdUcKñasRmab; Grb‘Ítal;TaMgBIr.

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.9 karpøaskarpøaskarpøaskarpøas;;;;bbbbþÚrénGnuKmnþÚrénGnuKmnþÚrénGnuKmnþÚrénGnuKmn____rrrr))))aydgaydgaydgaydg;;;;suIetkaMsuIetkaMsuIetkaMsuIetkaM (radial density distribution function)

CamYynwgCamYynwgCamYynwgCamYynwgcm¶aycm¶aycm¶aycm¶ayBIéNVyBIéNVyBIéNVyBIéNVy:::: UrbsUrbsUrbsUrbs;;;;eGLicRtugkñúgeGLicRtugkñúgeGLicRtugkñúgeGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘Ítal;;;; 2s nignignignig 2p énGatUmGuIRdUEsnénGatUmGuIRdUEsnénGatUmGuIRdUEsnénGatUmGuIRdUEsn.... dUcCaGrb‘Ítal; s Edr Grb‘Ítal; p begáItépÞfñaMgbEnßmkñúgRTg;RTayGrb‘Ítal;eBlEdl cMnYnkg;TicemekIneLIg. dUecñH Grb‘Ítal; 3p emIleTAmindUcCaGrb‘Ítal; 2p eLIy eRBaHva manépÞfñaMgbEnßm. b:uEnþ PaBxusKñad¾BisþarkñúgrUbragGrb‘Ítal;sRmab;cMnYn kg;Ticm:Um:g;énmuM Biess mYYymanPaBTak;TgKñabnþicbnþÜckñúgbribTKImIGsrIragÁmUldæan. Grb‘Ítal; d

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.10 ³³³³rUbragtMNagrUbragtMNagrUbragtMNagrUbragtMNagGGGGrrrrb‘Ítalb‘Ítalb‘Ítalb‘Ítal;;;; 3dxy , 3dxz nig nig nig nig 3dyz [Adapted from L.Jones and P.Atkins,

Chemistry: Molecules, Matter, and Change, 3rd ed. (New York: W.H.Freeman, 1997).p.232.] Grb‘Ítal; d TaMgR)aMmanrUbragkan;EtsµúKsµaj. Grb‘Ítal;bIkñúgcMeNamGrb‘Ítal;TaMgR)aM KWsßitenAcenøaHG½kSedkat ehIyGrb‘Ítal;BIreTotRtUv)anedATistambeNþayG½kS. kñúgkrNI TaMgGs;enHéNVy:UmanTItaMgenAKl;G½kS. Grb‘Ítal;TaMgbImanLÚbbYnenAcenøaHG½kSBIr ¬rUb


1-12

1.10¦. Grb‘Ítal;TaMgenHRtUv)ankMNt;Ca dxy dxz nig dyz. Grb‘Ítal;BIreTotKW 2zd nig

22 yxd − RtUv)an bgðajkñúgrUb1.11. Grb‘Ítal; 2z

d emIleTARsedognwg Grb‘Ítal; pz ¬emIlrUb1.8¦ elIkElgEtfa vamanvg;ragmYléndg;suIeteGLicRtugx<s;kñúgbøg; xy. Grb‘Ítal; 22 yx

d − KW RsedogGrb‘Ítal; dxy b:uEnþvavil 450.

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.11³ ³ ³ ³ rUbragtMNagrUbragtMNagrUbragtMNagrUbragtMNagGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘Ítal;;;; 3 22 yxd − nig nig nig nig 3 2z

d [Adapted from L.Jones and P.Atkins,

Chemistry: Molecules, Matter, and Change, 3rd ed. (New York: W.H.Freeman, 1997).p.232.]

Grb‘Ítal; f

Grb‘Ítal; f manlkçN³sµúKsµajCag Grb‘Ítal; d eTAeTot. vaman Grb‘Ítal; f cMnYn 7

Edl Grb‘Ítal; 4 manLÚbR)aMbI. Grb‘Ítal; 3 eTotmanlkçN³dUc Grb‘Ítal; 2zd b:uEnþvamanvg;

ragmYlBIr. Grb‘Ítal;TaMgenHkMrnwgcUlrYmkñúgkarcgsm<½n§Nas; dUecñHeyIgmincaM)ac;BicarNava [)anBisþareT. GatUmb:UlIeGLicRtug ( The Polyelectronic Atom)

kñúgKMrUGatUmb:UlIeGLicRtugrbs;eyIg eGLicRtugRtUv)anEckcaykñúgcMeNamGrb‘Ítal; TaMgLayénGatUmeyagtam eKalkarNeKalkarNeKalkarNeKalkarN_ _ _ _ Aufbau (eKalkarN_kekIt). KMnitsamBaØenHesñI eLIgfa eBlEdleGLicRtugTaMgGs;énGatUmsßitenAkñúgsNæanRKiHva enAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;én famBlTabbMput ehtudUcenHvaeFVI[famBleGLicRtugsrubrbs;GatUmmantémøtUcbMput. dUecñH rUbsNæanGatUmmYyGacRtUv)anBiBN’nay:aggayedaybUkbEnßmeGLicRtugmYYymþg² rhUtTal;EtcMnYneGLicRtugsrubEdlRtUvkarsRmab;FatuRKb;RKan;. muneBlcab;epþImbegáItrUbsNæaneGLicRtug eyIgRtUvyl;nUvc,ab;TI2³ eKalkarNeKalkarNeKalkarNeKalkarN____ dacdacdacdac;;;;edayELkedayELkedayELkedayELkPauli (The Pauli exclusion principle). eyagtamc,ab;enH eGLicRtugBIrkñúg GatUmmYyminGacmancMnYnkg;TicTaMgbYndUcKñaenaHeT. dUecñHvaGacmanGrb‘Ítal;EtmYyb:ueNÑaH

CMBYkGI1

1-13

cMeBaHRkumcMnYnkg;TicnImYy²kñúgmYyGatUm ehIyGrb‘Ítal;nImYy²GacmanEtBIreGLicRtug³ eGLicRtugmYyman 2

1+=sm nigmYyeTotman 21−=sm .

karbMeBjGrb‘Ítal; s

rUbsNæand¾gaybMputenaHKWrUbsNæanénGatUmGuIRdUEsn. eyagtameKalkarN_ Aufbau eGLicRtugeTalrbs;vaRtUvsßitkñúgGrb‘Ítal; 1s. rUbsNæanenHCasNæanRKwHénGatUm GuIRdUEsn. karbEnßmfamBlnwgePJaceGLicRtugeTAsNæanfamBlx<s;CagNamYykñúgcMeNam sNæanfamBlCaeRcIn. rUbsNæanTaMgenHRtUv)aneKehAfasNæanePJac. kñúgdüaRkamsNæan RKwHénGatUmGIuRdUEsn ¬rUb1.12¦ sBaØaRBYj ( ) RtUv)aneRbI edIm,IbgðajBITisedAs<In eGLicRtug. rUbsNæaneGLicRtugRtUv)ansresrCa 1s1 EdlsV½yKuN 1 bgðajBIcMnYn eGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal;. rUbrUbrUbrUb1.12 sNæansNæansNæansNæanRKwHénGatUmRKwHénGatUmRKwHénGatUmRKwHénGatUmGuIRdUEsnGuIRdUEsnGuIRdUEsnGuIRdUEsn 1s __ __

2s _____ 2s __ __

1s ↿⇂↿⇂↿⇂↿⇂ 1s ↿↿↿↿ (a) (b)

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.13³ ³ ³ ³ rUbsNæaneGLicRtugBIrEdlGacmancMeBaHGatUmeGlüÚmrUbsNæaneGLicRtugBIrEdlGacmancMeBaHGatUmeGlüÚmrUbsNæaneGLicRtugBIrEdlGacmancMeBaHGatUmeGlüÚmrUbsNæaneGLicRtugBIrEdlGacmancMeBaHGatUmeGlüÚm

cMeBaHGatUmEdlmanBIreGLicRtug ¬eGlüÚm¦ vaGacmanCMerIsmYy³ eGLicRtugTIBIr GaccUlkñúgGrb‘Ítal; 1s ¬rUb1.13 a¦ b¤ Grb‘Ítal;bnÞab;EdlmanfamBlx<s;CagKWGrb‘Ítal; 2s

¬rUb1.13 b¦. eTaHbICavahak;dUcCaCak;EsþgEdleGLicRtugTI 2 nwgcUlGrb‘Ítal; 1s k¾eday k¾vaminTUeTAeT. RbsinebIeGLIcRtugTI2bMeBjkñúgGrb‘Ítal; 1s enaH vaGacnwgykmaDlMhdUc KñanwgeGLicRtugEdlmankúñgGrb‘Ítal;enaHRsab;. kmøaMgcRmaneGLicRtUsþaTicd¾xøaMgkøanwgmin [mankarykkEnøgkñúgGrb‘Ítal;EtmYy)aneT. sRmab;eGlüÚmfamBlfamBlfamBlfamBldakdakdakdak;;;;CaKUCaKUCaKUCaKU (pairing

energy)EdlCafamBlRtUvkaredIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkmøaMgcRmanGnþreGLicRtugKWRbEhl3MJ.mol-1. b:uEnþ edaysarkardak;eGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; EdlmanRbU)ab‘ÍlIetx<s;ehIyCitnwgéNVy:U enaH eGLicRtugTI2 nwgrgTMnajéNVy:UxøaMgCag. TMnajéNVy:UKWmantémøFMCagkmøaMgcRmanGnþr eGLicRtug. dUecñH rUbsNæanBitR)akd KW1s2 eTaHbICavaRtUv)aneKbBa¢ak;fa KUeGLicRtugkñúg Grb‘Ítal;EtmYYyekItmanEteBlEdlKUeGLicRtugenAkMritfamBlTabk¾eday.


1-14

enAkñúgGatUmlIcUm Grb‘Ítal; 1s RtUv)anbMeBjedayBIreGLicRtug ehIyeGLicRtugTIbI RtUvsßitenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;bnÞab;EdlmanfamBlx<s;CagKWGrb‘Ítal; 2s . dUecñHvamanrUbsNæan eGLicRtug 1s2 2s1 . edaysarPaBxusKñaénfamBlGrb‘Ítal; s nigGrb‘Ítal; p EdlRtUvKña EtgEtmantémøFMCagfamBldak;CaKUkñúgGatUmb:UlIeGLicRtug enaHrUbsNæaneGLicRtugén GatUmebrIlüÚm 1s2 2s2 minCa 1s2 2s12p1. karbMeBjGrb‘Ítal; p GatUmbrkMNt;karcab;epþImbMeBjGrb‘Ítal; 2p. GatUmbrmYymanrUbsNæaneGLicRtug 1s2 2s22p1. edaysarGrb‘Ítal; p TaMgbIKW manfamBlesµIfamBlesµIfamBlesµIfamBlesµIKñaKñaKñaKña (degenerate) enaHvaminGac eTArYceTkñúgkarsMercfaetIGrb‘Ítal;NamYykñúgcMeNamGrb‘Ítal;TaMgbImaneGLicRtugenaH. kabUnCaGatUmTI2kñúgsNæanRKwHEdleGLicRtugsßitkñúgGrb‘Ítal; p. rUbsNæaneGLic Rtugrbs;vapþl;[nUvbBaðamYyepSgeTot eRBaHvaGacmankarerobcMbIcMeBaHeGLicRtug 2p TaMgBIr ¬rUb1.4¦Kw (a)³ eGLicRtugTaMgBIrenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;EtmYy (b)³ eGLicRtugTaMgBIrman s<InRsbKñakñúgGrb‘Ítal;epSgKña (c) ³ eGLicRtugTaMgBIrmans<InRcasKñakñúgGrb‘Ítal;epSgKña.

↿⇂↿⇂↿⇂↿⇂ ____ ____ __ __ __ __ ____ __ __ __⇂⇂⇂⇂_ ____ (a) (b) (c)

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.14 ³³³³rUbsNæaneGLicRtugrUbsNæaneGLicRtugrUbsNæaneGLicRtugrUbsNæaneGLicRtugGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘Ítal;;;; 2p EdlGacmanEdlGacmanEdlGacmanEdlGacmanbI bI bI bI cMeBaHGatUmkabUncMeBaHGatUmkabUncMeBaHGatUmkabUncMeBaHGatUmkabUn.... eyagtammUldæancRmaneGLicRtuglT§PaBTI1(a)GacRcanecalPøam. karseRmcrvaglT§PaB BIreTotenaHmanlkçN³Bi)akCag ehIyRtUvkarcMeNHdwgBIrRTwsþIkg;Tic[)ansuICMerA. CakarBit RbsinebIeGLicRtugTaMgBIrmans<InRsbKña karedAykkEnøgdUcKñaenaH vamanRbU)ab‘ÍlIetesµI sUnü. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday RbsinebIs<InpÞúyKñavij vamanRbU)ab‘ÍlIetkMNt;mYy Edl eGLicRtugTaMgBIrnwgykkEnøgEtmYykñúglMh ehIydUecñH [lT§plCacRmanecjxøHnigman sNæanfamBlx<s;Cag. ehtudUcenH sßanPaBEdls<InsßitenARsbKña (b) nigmanfamBl TabbMput. cMNUlcitþéneGLicRtugesrIeGLicRtugesrIeGLicRtugesrIeGLicRtugesrI (unpaired electron) EdlsßitenACas<InRsbRtUv)an eFVI[Cak;lak;kñúg viFanviFanviFanviFanh‘unh‘unh‘unh‘un (Hund’s rule) ³ enAeBlbMeBjGrb‘Ítal; degenerate RtUveFVI[ mancMnYneGLicRtugesrIFMbMput ehIyeGLicRtugTaMgenHnwgmans<InRsbKña. bnÞab;BIkarbMeBjGrb‘Ítal;eGLicRtug 2p cMeBaHGatUmenGug(1s22s22p6) Grb‘Ítal; 3s

nig 3p cab;epIþmbMeBj. CaCagkarsresrrUbsNæaneGLicRtugTaMgRsug eKGaceRbITMrg;kat;. karkMNt;sresrenHrUbsNæaneGLicRtugxagkñúgRtUv)antagedaynimitþsBaØa]sµ½nkMr. dUecñH

CMBYkGI1

1-15

m:aejsüÚm EdlmanrUbsNæaneGLicRtugTaMgmUl 1s22s22p63s2 Gactagedayman]sµ½nkMr enGug ehIyrUbsNæanrbs;vaGacsresr [Ne]3s2. sar³sMxan;mYYyénkartagedaynimitþ sBaØa]sµ½nkMrenHKWfavabBa¢ak;eGLicRtugxageRkA ¬v:aLg;¦ ehIyeGLicRtugTaMgenHRtUv)an cUlrYmkñúgkarcgsm<½n§. enARtg;cMNucenH eyIg)anbBa©b;karviPaKrbs;eyIgcMeBaHrUbsNæan eGLicRtugénxYbxøIBIrkñúgtaragxYb ¬rUb1.15¦³xYbTI2 cab;BIlIcUmdl;enGug ehIyxYbTI 3 cab;BI sUdüÚm dl;Gakug. 18

1 2 H 13 14 15 16 17 He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh

Main Groups

Transition Metals Main Groups

Lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.15³ ³ ³ ³ lkçNlkçNlkçNlkçN³³³³sMxansMxansMxansMxan;;;;éntaragxYbéntaragxYbéntaragxYbéntaragxYb. . . . elxEdlsßitenAxagelIelxEdlsßitenAxagelIelxEdlsßitenAxagelIelxEdlsßitenAxagelIsmÁalsmÁalsmÁalsmÁal;;;; ;; ;;RkuménFatuRkuménFatuRkuménFatuRkuménFatu ¬CYrQr¦¬CYrQr¦¬CYrQr¦¬CYrQr¦. . . . elxEdlsßitenAxagsþaMédcuHeRkamelxEdlsßitenAxagsþaMédcuHeRkamelxEdlsßitenAxagsþaMédcuHeRkamelxEdlsßitenAxagsþaMédcuHeRkamsmÁalsmÁalsmÁalsmÁal;;;; ;; ;;[[[[xYb ¬CYredk¦xYb ¬CYredk¦xYb ¬CYredk¦xYb ¬CYredk¦.... karbMeBjGrb‘Ítal; d

eBlEdlGrb‘Ítal; 3p RtUv)anbMeBj ¬Gakug¦ Grb‘Ítal; 3d nig 4s cab;epþImbMeBj. enATIenHehIy EdlKMnitTUeTATak;TgkMritfamBlGrb‘Ítal;RtUv)anEck BIeRBaHkMritfamBlén Grb‘Ítal; 4s nig 3d KWCitKñaxøaMgNas;. GVIEdlmansar³sMxan;bMputenaHKWminEmnfamBl Gb,brmasRmab;eGLicRtugesrIenaHeT EtCarUbsNæanEdlpþl;lT§plkñúgcMnYntUcbMputén cRmaneGLicRtugxagkñúgsRmab;GatUmTaMgGs;. cMeBaHb:UtasüÚmmanrUbsNæan [Ar] 4s1 ehIy kal;süÚmmanrUbsNæan [Ar]4s2. edIm,IbgðajBIkarpøas;bþÚrd¾gayenAeBlEdlcMnYn RbUtug nigeGLicRtugekIneLIgenaH eGLicRtugxageRkAénFatukñúgRkum3 dl;Rkum 12 RtUv)andak; kñúgtaragxageRkam. rUbsNæanTaMgenHminmansar³sMxan;xøÜnvaeT b:uEnþvabgðajPaBenACitKña énfamBleGLicRtugkñúg ns nig (n-1)d .


1-16

GatUmGatUmGatUmGatUm rUbsNæanrUbsNæanrUbsNæanrUbsNæan GatUmGatUmGatUmGatUm rUbsNæanrUbsNæanrUbsNæanrUbsNæan GatUmGatUmGatUmGatUm rUbsNæanrUbsNæanrUbsNæanrUbsNæan

Sc 4s23d1 Y 5s24d1 Lu 6s25d1 Ti 4s23d2 Zr 5s24d2 Hf 6s25d2 V 4s23d3 Nb 5s14d4 Ta 6s25d3 Cr 4s13d5 Mo 5s14d5 W 6s25d4 Mn 4s23d5 Tc 5s24d5 Re 6s25d5 Fe 4s23d6 Ru 5s14d7 Os 6s25d6 Co 4s23d7 Rh 5s14d8 Ir 6s25d7 Ni 4s23d8 Pd 5s04d10 Pt 6s15d9 Cu 4s13d10 Ag 5s14d10 Au 6s15d10 Zn 4s23d10 Cd 5s24d10 Hg 6s25d10

CaTUeTAfamBlsrubTabbMputsRmab;elah³qøgnImYy²RtUv)anTTYledaybMeBjGrb‘Ítal;s

munehIybnÞab;mkeGLicRtugEdlenAsl;bMeBjGrb‘Ítal; d. eTaHbICay:agNak¾edaysRmab; FatumYycMnYn famBlTabbMputRtUv)anedaypøas;bþÚreGLicRtugmYyb¤TaMgBIrkñúgGrb‘Ítal; s eTA Grb‘Ítal; d. edayemIlelIRkumdMbUgkñúgkarEjkecjBIKñaGacnaMeTArkkarsnñidæanfamankarlM eGogxøH²sRmab;karbMeBjBak;kNþalEq¥tb¤Eq¥ténGrb‘Ítal; d cMeBaHGatUmRkUm nigTg;Edg. eTaHbICa)a:LadüÚm nigR)ak;kñúgRkumqøgTIBIrGnueRKaH[manrUbsNæan 4d10 k¾eday vaman karBitR)akdCagkñúgkarniyayfakmøaMgcRmaneGLicRtugxagkñúgrvageGLicRtug s TaMgBIr KW RKb;RKan;kñúgkrNImYycMnYnedIm,Ipþl;rUbsNæan s1 . sRmab;Fatucab;BI lanthanum (La) dl; Ytterbium (Yb) kartaMgenAéneGLicRtugkan; EtmanPaBERbRbYlBIeRBaHGrb‘Ítal; 6s, 5d, nig 4f TaMgGs;manfamBlRbhak;RbEhlKña. ]TahrN_ lanthanum manrUbsNæaneGLicRtug [Xe]6s25d1 xN³eBlEdlFatubnÞab; cerium

manrUbsNæaneGLicRtug [Xe]6s24f2. rUbsNæaneGLicRtugd¾KYr[cab;GarmµN_bMputkñúgxYb enHKW gadolinium EdlmanrUbsNæan [Xe]6s25d14f7 ehIyminEmnmanrUbsNæantamkarTsS n_TayTuk [Xe]6s24f8 enaHeT. rUbsNæanenHpþl;[nUvPsþútagbEnßmTak;Tgsar³sMxan; éncRmaneGLicRtugxagkñúgkmøaMgcRman interelectron kñúgkarkMNt;rUbsNæaneGLicRtug eBlGrb‘Ítal;EdlenACitKñamanfamBlRbhak;RbEhlKñab¤RsedogKña. PaBsaMjúaMRsedogKña enHk¾ekIteLIgkñúgcMeNamFatuTaMgLaycab;BI actinium(Ac) dl; nobelium(No) EdlkñúgenaH Grb‘Ítal; 7s, 6d, nig 5f manfamBlRbhak;RbEhlKña. ebIeTaHbICamanPaBERbRbYlrUbsNæanbnþicbnþÜcénFatukñúgbøúk d nig bøúk f k¾eday lMdab;énkarbMeBjeGLicRtugKWminpøas;bþÚreT³ 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p

CMBYkGI1

1-17

xYbxYbxYbxYb ___ _7p_ ___

7 ___ _6d_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _5f_ ___ ___ ___ _7s_ .......................................................................................................................................... ___ _6p_ ___ 6 ___ _5d_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ _4f_ ___ ___ ___ _6s_ .......................................................................................................................................... ___ _5p_ ___ 5 ___ _4d_ ___ ___ ___ _5s_ .......................................................................................................................................... ___ _4p_ ___ 4 ___ _3d_ ___ ___ ___ _4s_ .............................................................................................. ___ _3p_ ___ 3 _3s_ .............................................................................................. ___ _2p_ ___ 2 _2s_ .............................................................................................. 1 _1s_ ..............................................................................................

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.16³³³³kartkartkartkartagénkareRbobeFobfamBlagénkareRbobeFobfamBlagénkareRbobeFobfamBlagénkareRbobeFobfamBlGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘Ítal;;;;GatUmGatUmGatUmGatUmsRmabsRmabsRmabsRmab;;;;bMNgénkarbMeBjbMNgénkarbMeBjbMNgénkarbMeBjbMNgénkarbMeBjtamlMdabtamlMdabtamlMdabtamlMdab;;;; ebIeTaHbICaenAelIEpndIRKb;GatUmTaMgGs;sßitkñugsNæanRKwHrbs;vak¾eday vaminBiteT cMeBaHlMhGnþrtara. karqøgeGLicRtugénGatUmGuIRdUEsnBIkMrit n=253 eTA n=252RtUv)aneK segáteXIjenAtMbn;enHénsklelak. kaMGatUm Bohr sRmab;GatUmGuIRdUEsnenHRbEhlCa 0.34mm EdleFVI[GatUmFMnigGacemIleXIj)an¬tamRTwsþI¦. lMdab;enHRtUv)anbgðajkñúgrUb 1.16. Grb‘Ítal;bMeBjtamlMdab;enHeRBaHPaBxusKña énfamBlrvagGrb‘Ítal; s, p, d nig f EdlmancMnYnkg;TicemdUcKña enaHeTACaxusKñaxøaMgelIs n=2 EdlvaCan;eTAelIGrb‘Ítal;éncMnYnkg;TicembnÞab;. vamansar³sMxan;kñúgkarkt;smÁal;;fa rUb1.16 bgðajkarbMeBjeGLicRtugtamlMdab; EtminEmnlMdab;sRmab;FatuNamYyenaHeT. ]TahrN_ sRmab;FatuhYsBIs½gásIKWeGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; 3d manfamBl TabCagfamBl eGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; 4s q¶ay. dUecñHRtg;cMNucenH Grb‘Ítal; 3d køayCa Grb‘Ítal;xagkñúg ehIyKµantYnaTIkñúgkarcgsm<½næKImIeT. ehtuenHlMdab;Cak;lak;rbs;va KWKµansar³sMxan;eT.

famBl

famBl

famBl

famBl


1-18

rUbsNæaneGLicRtugénGuIy:ug sRmab;FatukñúgRkumemdMbUg rUbsNæaneGLicRtugGuIy:ugTUeTAGacRtUv)aneKTsSn_Tay Tuky:agRsYl. elah³manTMenar)at;bg;eGLicRtugTaMgGs;kñúgGrb‘Ítal;xageRkA. sßanPaB enHRtUv)anbgðajfaCaes‘rIGuIsUeGLicRtGuIsUeGLicRtGuIsUeGLicRtGuIsUeGLicRtUnicUnicUnicUnic ¬rUbsNæaneGLicRtugdUcKña¦ énkacugsUdüÚm m:aejsüÚm nigGaluymIj:Úm³

GatUm rUbsNæaneGLicRtug GuIy:ug rUbsNæaneGLicRtug Na [Ne]3s1 Na+ [Ne] Mg [Ne]3s2 Mg2+ [Ne]

Al [Ne]3s23p1 Al3+ [Ne]

Gelah³TTYlykeGLicRtugedIm,IbMeBjGrb‘Ítal;xageRkA. sßanPaBenHGac RtUv)anbgðajsRmab;Gaj:úgGasUt. GuksuIEsn. nigPøúyGr³

GatUm rUbsNæaneGLicRtug GuIy:ug rUbsNæaneGLicRtug N [He]2s22p3 N3- [Ne] O [He] 2s22p4 O2- [Ne] F [He] 2s22p5 F- [Ne]

elah³xøHénRkumembnÞab;begáItTMrg;GuIy:ugBIr EdlmanbnÞúkepSgKña. ]TahrN_ sMN manTMrg;GuIy:ug Pb2+ nig Pb4+¬edaykMr¦. bnÞúk 2+ GacRtUv)anBnül;edaykar)at;bg;Et eGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; 6p b:ueNÑaH b:uEnþbnÞúk 4+ CalT§plénkar)at;bg;eGLicRtugTaMgkñúg Grb‘Ítal; 6s nig 6p .

GatUm rUbsNæaneGLicRtug GuIy:ug rUbsNæaneGLicRtug Pb [Xe]6s24f145d106p2 Pb2+

Pb4+ [Xe] 6s24f145d10

[Xe] 4f145d10

KYrkt;smÁal;;faeGLicRtugéncMnYnkg;Ticemx<s;CagRtUv)at;bg;mun. viFanenHRtUv)anrk eXIjfaRtwmRtUvsRmab;RKb;FatuTaMgGs;. cMeBaHelah³qøg eGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal; s EtgEt )at;bg;munkñúgeBlEdlkacugelah³RtUv)anbegáIt. cMeBaHkacugénelah³qøgGrb‘Ítal; 3d

EtgEtmanfamBlTabCagGrb‘Ítal; 4s ehIybnÞúk2+ EdltMNag[kar)at;bg;eGLicRtug cMnYnBIrkñúgGrb‘Ítal; s enaH KWCalkçN³TUeTAsRmab;elah³qøgnigelah³kñúgRkum12. ]TahrN_ s½gásIEtgEtbegáItGuIy:ugEdlmanbnÞúk2+.

GatUm rUbsNæaneGLicRtug GuIy:ug rUbsNæaneGLicRtug Zn [Ar]4s23d10 Zn2+ [Ar] 3d10

CMBYkGI1

1-19

EdkbegáItGuIy:ugEdlmanbnÞúk 2+ nig 3+ ehIykarbgðajxageRkamenH RtUv)anTak; TgehtuplénkarbegáItGuIy:ug 3+ cMeBaHdMeNIrkarmYYyEdlkñúgenaHcRmaneGLicRtugxagkñúg bgçMEteGLicRtugKUkñúgGrb‘Ítal; d b:ueNÑaH.

GatUm rUbsNæaneGLicRtug GuIy:ug rUbsNæaneGLicRtug Fe [Ar]4s23d6 Fe2+

Fe3+ [Ar]3d6

[Ar]3d5

eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday vaCakareRKaHfñak;kñúgkarGanEtrUbsNæaneGLicRtugénGatUm ehIyykCameFüa)ayTsSn_TaybnÞúkGuIy:ugenaH. es‘rIénnIEkl ):aLadüÚmnig)øaTIn bgðaj Rtg;cMNucenH vamanrUbsNæaneGLicRtugepSg²Kña b:uEnþbnÞúkGuIy:ugTUeTAnigrUbsNæaneGLic RtugénGuIy:ugEdlRtUvKñaKWmanlkçN³RsedogKña³

GatUm rUbsNæaneGLicRtug GuIy:ug rUbsNæaneGLicRtug Ni [Ar]4s23d8 Ni2+ [Ar]3d8 Pd [Kr]5s04d10 Pd2+, Pd4+ [Kr] 4d8, [Kr] 4d6 Pt [Xe]6s15d9 Pt2+, Pt4+ [Xe]5d8, [Xe]5d6

lkçN³m:aejTicénGatUm enAkñúgkarBiPakSaénrUbsNæaneGLicRtug eyIg)aneXIjfaGatUmxøHmaneGLicRtug esrI. vtþmanéneGLicRtugesrIenAkñúgGatUménFatumYYyGackMnt;)any:aggaytamry³lkçN³ m:aejTicénFatu. RbsinebIGatUmEdlmanEteGLicRtugs<InKURtUv)andak;kñúgEdnm:aejTic vaRtUv )anRcanecjy:agexSayedayEdnma:ej:Tic. )atuPUtenHRtUv)aneKehAfa düadüadüadüammmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic (diamagnetic). pÞúymkvijGatUmEdlmaneGLicRtugesrImYyb¤eRcInrgTMnajedayEdn m:aejTic. lMnaMenHRtUv)aneK[eQµaHfa ))))aaaa:: ::rararara:: ::mamamama::::ejejejejTicTicTicTic (paramagnetic). TMnajén eGLicRtugesrInImYy²KWxøaMgCageRcIndgénTMnaj eGLicRtugs<InKU TaMgGs;kñúgGatUm. edIm,IBnül;BI)a:ra:m:aejTic[manPaBgayRsYl eyIgGacnwkKitfaeGLicRtugCa PaKl¥itvilelIG½kSGab;suIsrbs;vaehIybegáItm:Um:g;m:aejTicmYy Edlhak;dUcCacrnþqøgkat; ExSePøIgEdr. m:Um:g;GciéRnþy_enHpþl;lT§plCaTMnajeTAkñúgEpñkxøaMgénEdn. enAeBlEdl eGLicRtugmans<InKU enaHm:Um:g;m:aejTicRtUv)anGBüaRkWtKñaeTAvijeTAmk. CalT§plKUeGLic RtugRtUv)anRcany:agexSayedaybnÞat;énkmøaMgm:aejTic. enAkñúgsarFatu)a:ra:m:aejTickardak; Ednm:aejTic)anteRmobs<IneGLicRtugxøH EdlCaFmµtavaedATisminc,as;las;CamYynwgEdn m:aejTicGnuvtþn¾ ¬rUb1.17a nig b¦. karteRmobenHehIyEdlpþl;plCaTMnajéneGLic


1-20

RtugkñúgEdnm:aejTic. eyIgnwgCYbRbTH)atuPUtenHmþgeTotkñúgkarBiPakSarbs;eyIgTak;Tg sm½<n§kUv:aLg; nigkarcgsm½<n§kñúgsmasFatuelah³qøg.

rUbrUbrUbrUb1.17 lkçNlkçNlkçNlkçN³³³³énénénénsarFatusarFatusarFatusarFatu))))aaaa:: ::rararara:: ::mamamama::::ejejejej::::TicTicTicTic EdlKµanEdnEdlKµanEdnEdlKµanEdnEdlKµanEdnmmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic (a), manmanmanmandakdakdakdak;;;;EdnEdnEdnEdnmmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic (b),

nignignignigsarFatusarFatusarFatusarFatuEprUEprUEprUEprU:: ::mmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic EdlKµanEdnEdlKµanEdnEdlKµanEdnEdlKµanEdnmmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic (c), nignignignigmanEdnmanEdnmanEdnmanEdnmmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic (d).... vamanTMrg;TUeTATI3Tak;TgpgEdrnwglkçN³m:aejTicKW EprUEprUEprUEprU:: ::mmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic (ferromagnetic). enAkñúgsarFatuEprU:m:aejTic eGLicRtugesrIRtUv)anerobRsbKñanwgeGLicRtugCitxag eTaHbICa GvtþmanEdnm:aejTick¾eday. Rkuméns<InEdl)anerobcMTaMgenHRtUv)aneKsÁal;faCa tMbntMbntMbntMbn;;;; mmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic (domain). kardak;Ednma:ej;TicbNþal[tMbnm:aejTicTaMgGs;enHteRmobRsb eTAnwgEdnm:aejTic ¬rUb1.17 c nig d ¦. karteRmobenHKWxøaMgCag)a:ra:m:aejTic ehIyvaGac GciéRnþy_. lkçN³EprU:m:aejTicRtUv)anrkeXIjkñugFatu ¬ehIynwgsmasFaturbs;vaxøH¦ Edlman eGLicRtugesrIkñúgGrb‘Ítal; d b¤ f. eGLicRtugkñúgGrb‘Ítal;TaMgenHmanGnþrkmµy:agexSay CamYynwgeGLicRtugénGatUmCitxagedIm,I[plekIteLIg. )atuPUtenHekIteLIgEtcMeBaHEt Fatukñúgbøúk 3d nig 4f b:ueNÑaH. enAeBlEdlsarFatuEprU:m:aejTicRtUv)andutkemþA lMj½rGatUm bNþal[mankarbMpøajteRmobkñúgtMbn;m:aejTic; rhUtdl; sItuNðPaBKuyrIsItuNðPaBKuyrIsItuNðPaBKuyrIsItuNðPaBKuyrI (Curie

temperature) ehIysarFatuenaHRtlb;eTACalkçN³)a:ra:m:aejTicexSayCag. manEtelah³ bYnb:ueNÑaH EdlsMEdg[eXIjmanlkçN³EprU:m:aejTic ehIymanERblkçN³m:aejTicenA xagelI 00C KW Edk kU)al; nIEkl nighÁadUlIj:Úm.

CMBYkGI1

1-21

cMEnkfñak;TIbYnénlkçN³m:aejTicKW GgGgGgGg;;;;TIEprUTIEprUTIEprUTIEprU:: ::mmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic (antiferromagnetic). sarFatuGg;TIEprU:m:aejTicmanlkçN³RsedogKñanwgEprU:m:aejTic elIkElgEtGnþrkmµrvag GatUmCitxag Edl[lT§plCakarteRmobminRsbKña. dUecñH TMnajkñúgEdnm:aejTicKWexSay Cag pl)a:ra:m:aejTicEdlGacTsSn_Tay b:uEnþcMeBaHEtsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBsItuNðPaBenolenolenolenol (Neel temperature)

b:ueNÑaHEdlsarFatuGg;TIEprU:m:aejTicRtlb;eTACalkçN³)a:ra:m:aejTicvij. enAkñúgkrNIBiessénGg;TIEprU:m:aejTic cMnYnéns<InRcasminmantulüPaBeT Edl[ lT§plCalkçN³m:aejTicsrubkñúgTisedAmYy. enHRtUv)aneKehAfalkçN³ EprIEprIEprIEprImmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic (ferrimagnetic). sarFatuEprIm:aejTic FmµtabMputenaHKW Fe3O4 sNæanGuksuItkmµlayKña Edk(II) Edk(III) GuksuIt. GuksuItenHmansar³sMxan;CasmasPaBm:aejTicén snÞnIyEdksnÞnIyEdksnÞnIyEdksnÞnIyEdk

(ferrofluids)¬GgÁFaturavm:aejTic¦. FaturavenHRtUv)anTajedayEdnm:aejTic. tamBit PaKl¥itGgÁFaturwgkULÚGuItEdkGuksuIt kñuúgGgÁFaturav RtUv)anTajcUlkñúgEdnm:aejTic. snÞnIy EdkGacRtUv)anerobcMedayRbtikmµénEdk(III) nig Edk(II)kørY CamYyGam:Ujak;ravkñúgvtþmanén sarFatuCMrHEk¥lEdlkarBarGuksuItBIkarkk³

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )aqClNHsOFelOHNHaqFeClaqFeCl 4432323 8482 +→+++ KMnitsMxan; • lkçN³éneGLicRtugkµúgGatUmGackMNt;)anedaycMnYnkg;TicbYn. • rUbragénGrb‘Ítal;maneRcIn (s, p, d, f) EdlkMNt;edaycMnYnkg;Ticm:Um:g;énmuM. • eGLicRtugenAkñúgsNæanRKwHénGatUmbMeBjGrb‘Ítal;TaMgLayénfamBlTabbMput. • sRmab;elah³qøg famBlénGrb‘Ítal; ns nig (n-1)d KWRsedogKña. • cMeBaHkMNkacug eGLicRtugenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal;éncMnYnkg;Ticemx<s;bMputRtUv)at;bg;mun. • lkçN³)a:ra:m:aejTickñúgEdnm:aejTicbgðajvtþmaneGLicRtugesrI. BaküsMxan; cMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkg;;;;TicmTicmTicmTicm:::: UmUmUmUm::::gggg;;;;énmuMénmuMénmuMénmuM l angular momentum quantum number l 1-5

GgGgGgGg;;;;TIEprUTIEprUTIEprUTIEprU:: ::mmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic antiferromagnetic 1-21

ssss,,,,úicsMrUbGatUmúicsMrUbGatUmúicsMrUbGatUmúicsMrUbGatUm atomic absorption spectroscopy 1-3

eKalkarNeKalkarNeKalkarNeKalkarN_ _ _ _ Aufbau Aufbau principle 1-12

KMrUGatUmbrKMrUGatUmbrKMrUGatUmbrKMrUGatUmbr Bohr atomic model 1-2


1-22

sItuNðPaBKuyrIsItuNðPaBKuyrIsItuNðPaBKuyrIsItuNðPaBKuyrI Curie temperature 1-20

Grb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘ÍtalGrb‘Ítal;;;;esµIesµIesµIesµIKñaénKñaénKñaénKñaénfamBlfamBlfamBlfamBl degenerate orbital 1-14

düadüadüadüammmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic diamagnetic 1-19

tMbntMbntMbntMbn;;;;mmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic domain 1-20

dgdgdgdg;;;;suIeteGLicRtugsuIeteGLicRtugsuIeteGLicRtugsuIeteGLicRtug electron density 1-8

sNæanePJacsNæanePJacsNæanePJacsNæanePJac excited state 1-3

EprIEprIEprIEprImmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic ferrimagnetic 1-21

snÞnIyEdksnÞnIyEdksnÞnIyEdksnÞnIyEdk ferrofluids 1-21

EprUEprUEprUEprU:: ::mmmm::::aejTicaejTicaejTicaejTic ferromagnetic 1-20

sNæanRKwsNæanRKwsNæanRKwsNæanRKwHHHH ground state 1-3

viFanh‘unviFanh‘unviFanh‘unviFanh‘un Hund’s rule 1-14

GuIsUeGLicRtUnicGuIsUeGLicRtUnicGuIsUeGLicRtUnicGuIsUeGLicRtUnic isoelectronic 1-18

cMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkg;;;;TicmTicmTicmTicm::::aejaejaejaej;;;;TicTicTicTic ml magnetic quantum number ml 1-5

sItusItusItusItuNðPaBenolNðPaBenolNðPaBenolNðPaBenol Néel temperature 1-21

épÞfñaMgépÞfñaMgépÞfñaMgépÞfñaMg nodal surface 1-9

famBlfamBlfamBlfamBldakdakdakdak;;;;CaKUCaKUCaKUCaKU pairing energy 1-13

))))aaaa:: ::rararara:: ::mamamama::::ejejejej::::TicTicTicTic paramagnetic 1-19

eKalkarNeKalkarNeKalkarNeKalkarN_ _ _ _ Paulidacdacdacdac;;;;edayELkedayELkedayELkedayELk Pauli exclusion principle 1-12

cMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkg;;;;TicemTicemTicemTicem n principal quantum number n 1-5

cMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkg;;;;TicTicTicTic quantum number 1-2

rWLaTIvIsrWLaTIvIsrWLaTIvIsrWLaTIvIs relativity 1-7

smIkarrlksmIkarrlksmIkarrlksmIkarrlk Schrödinger Schrödinger equation 1-4

cMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkgcMnYnkg;;;;TicsTicsTicsTics<<<< InInInIn ms spin quantum number ms 1-5

pl pl pl pl Zeeman Zeeman effect 1-3

lMhat; 1.1 cUr[niymn½yBaküTaMgenH ³ (a) épÞfañMg (b) eKalkarN_elIkElg Pauli

(c) )a:ra:ma:ej:Tic.

CMBYkGI1

1-23

1.2 cUr[niymn½yBaküTaMgenH³³ (a) Grb‘Ítal; (b) degenerate

(c) viFan Hund . 1.3 cUrsg;edImeQIcMnYnkg;TiccMeBaHcMnYnkg;Ticem n = 4 RsedogeTAnwgrUb1.15Edl man n = 3 1.4 cUrkMNt;témø n TabbMputEdltamRTwsþI ml Gacmantémø +4 . 1.5 cUrkMNt;Grb‘Ítal;Edlman n=5 nig l =1. 1.6 cUrkMNt;Grb‘Ítal;Edlman n=6 nig l =0. 1.7 etIcMnYnkg;Tic n Tak;TgeTAnwglkçN³énGrb‘Ítal;y:agdUcemþc? 1.8 etIcMnYnkg;Tic l Tak;TgeTAnwglkçN³énGrb‘Ítal;y:agdUcemþc? 1.9 cUrBnül;edaysegçbfaehtuGVI)anCakabUnmanBIreGLicRtugenAkñúgGrb‘Ítal; p BIrepSgKña CamYynwgs<InRsbKñaCaCagkarerobcMepSgeTot? 1.10 cUrBnül;edaysegçbfaehtuGVI)anCaebrIlüÚ:mmanrUbsNæaneGLicRtugenAsNæanRKwH 1s22s2 CaCag 1s22s12p1? 1.11 cUrsresrrUbsNæaneGLicRtugenAsNæanRKwHedayeRbInimitþsBaØa]sµ½nkMrsRmab; GatUm (a) sUdüÚm (b) nIEkl (c) Tg;Edg . 1.12 cUrsresrrUbsNæaneGLicRtugenAsNæanRKwHedayeRbInimitþsBaØa]sµ½nkMrsRmab; GatUm (a) kal;süÚm (b) RkUm (c) sMN . 1.13 cUrsresrrUbsNæaneGLicRtugenAsNæanRKwHedayeRbInimitþsBaØa]sµ½nkMrsRmab; GuIy:ugén (a) b:UtasüÚm (b) ság;süÚm 3+ (c) Tg;Edg 2+ . 1.14 cUrsresrrUbsNæaneGLicRtugenAsNæanRKwHedayeRbInimitþsBaØa]sµ½nkMrsRmab; GuIy:ug én (a) kør (b) kU)al; 2+ (c) m:aej:süÚm 4+ . 1.15 cUrTsSn_TaybnÞúkTUeTAénGIuy:ugtalü:Úm. Bnül;ehtuplrbs;GñkcMeBaHrUb sNæaneGLicRtug. 1.16 cUrTsSn_TaybnÞúkTUeTAénGIuy:ugsMN)a:haMg. Bnül;ehtuplrbs;GñkcMeBaHrUb sNæaneGLicRtug. 1.17 cUrTsSn_TaybnÞúkTUeTAénGIuy:ugR)ak;. Bnül;ehtuplrbs;GñkcMeBaHrUb sNæaneGLicRtug.


1-24

1.18 cUrTsSn_TaybnÞúkx<s;bMputEdlGacmanénGuIy:ug zirconium. Bnül;ehtuplrbs;Gñk cMeBaHrUbsNæaneGLicRtug. 1.19 cUreRbIdüaRkamRsedognwgrUb 1.14 edIm,IkMNt;cMnYneGLicRtugesrIenAkñúgGatUm (a)

GuksuIEsn (b) m:aejsüÚm (c) RkUm. 1.20 cUreRbIdüaRkamRsedognwgrUb 1.14 edIm,IkMNt;cMnYneGLicRtugesrIenAkñúgGatUm (a)

GasUt (b) suIlIkUn (c) Edk. 1.21 cUrsresrrUbsNæaneGLicRtugEdlsgÇwmcMeBaHFatuTI 113 nigrUbsNæankacugBIr EdlGacbegáIteLIg. 1.22 etIGuIy:ugxageRkamenHmYyNadUcGuIRdUEsn? (a) He+ (b) He- (c) Li+ (d) Li2+ 1.23 Grb‘Ítal;bnÞab;BI f KWGrb‘Ítal; g. etIGacmanGrb‘Ítal; g b:unµan? etIcMnYnkg;TicemTab bMput n b:unµanEdlGacmanGrb‘Ítal; g ? cUrRsavRCavrkelxGatUménFatudMbUgEdlGrb‘Ítal; g

Gac cab;epþImbMeBjelImUld§anénKMrUGrb‘Ítal; d nig f . 1.24 cUreRbIR)as;GtßbTKImIrUbsRmab;Bt’manbEnßmBIsmIkarrlk Dirac nigPaBpÞúyKñarbs; vanwgsmIkarrlk Schrodinger . 1.25 cUreRbIR)as;GtßbTKImIEr:eCOnelOnCaRbPBénBt’manelIGrb‘Ítal; f. etIlkçN³TUeTArbs; vamanGVixøH? etIvaxusKñay:agdUcemþckñúgcMeNamxøÜnva? 1.26 enAkñúgEpñk 1.3 gadolinium RtUv)anerobrab;famanrUbsNæaneGLicRtugEdlgakecj BIGMbUrLg;tanIt. etIFatumYyNaenAkñúgGMbUrGak;TInItEdlGacbgðajkargakecjRsedogKña enH? etIvaKYrmanrUbsNæaneGLicRtugy:agdUcemþc? 1.27 sMnYrTsSnviC¢amYysYrfa³ etIGrb‘Ítal;manb¤eTebIsinvaKµaneGLicRtug? BiPakSa

CemøIy 1.1 (a) épÞEdlRbU)ab‘ÍlIeteGLicRtugKWesµIsUnü.

(b) minmaneGLicRtugBIrkñúgGatUmmYyGacmancMnYnkg;TicdUcKña. (c) )a:ra:ma:ejTicCaTMnajkñúgEdnma:ejTicedayeGLicRtugesrI.

1.5 5p.

CMBYkGI1

1-25

1.9 eGLicRtugBIrdak;CaKU ehIyykkEnøgGrb‘Ítal;dUcKñaGacmanTMenarticCag eRBaH famBldak;CaKUrGacnwgRtUvkaredIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkmøaMgcRman. dak;CaKU bu:Enþkñúg Grb‘Ítal;xusKñak¾RtUvkarfamBleRcInEdr eRBaHmanRbU)ab‘ÍlIetkMNt; EdleGLicRtug nwgykkEnøgkñúgmaDlMhdUcKña Edl[plCaktþafamBlcRman. ebImans<InRsb man RbU)ab‘ÍlIetesµIsUnü EdleGLicRtugyklMhmaDdUcKña dUcecñH enHCamanl½kçNÐ famBlTabbMput.

1.13 (a) [Ar]; (b) [Ar]; (c) [Ar]3d9.

1.17 1+. R)ak;mansNæaneGLicRtugRkwHxagkñúg [Kr]5s14d10. eGLicRtug 5s RtUv)at;bg; munEdlpþl;nUvGIuyu:gbnÞúk 1+ .

1.21 sNæaneGLicRtugénGatUm: [Rn]7s25f146d107p1.

sNæaneGLicRtugénGIuyu:g +1: [Rn]7s25f146d10.

sNæaneGLicRtugénGIuyu:g +3: [Rn]5f146d107p.

1.25 manGrb‘Ítal; f cMnYnR)aMBIr. eKmanviFIEjkBIrya:gticénkarBN’naBYkva nigkarkMNt; smÁal;;BYkva KWRkumFmµta nigRkumKUb. dMeNaHRsaycMnYnR)aMBIrsRmab;RkumKUbKW: x3,

y3, z3, xyz, z(x2-y2), y(z2-x2), nig x(z2-y2). fx3, fy3, fz3 dUceTAnwg dz2 EdlkñúgenaH BYkvamanLÚbenAelIG½kSGab;sIus bu:EnþCamYyvg;ragmYl “doughnut” BIrCuMvijcMNuc kNþalCaCagvg;EtmYy. G½rb‘Ítal; f epSgeTotdUceTAnwg Grb‘Ítal; dx2-y2, dxy, dxz,

nig dyz EdlkñúgenaHBYkvamanLÚbcMnYnR)aMbI¬minEmnCabYn¦enAcenøaHG½kS. GtßbTCa eRcIndUcCaGtßbTsresrreday Huheey, erobrab;BIGrb‘Ítal; f. eyIgk¾GacemIlpg EdrnUv E.A. Ogryzlo, elITMrg;énGrb‘Ítal; f eday J. Chem. Educ. 42 (1965): 150–

151 (1965) nigÉksarxagkñúg.

1 1 karrml wk bit mrg;eglic rtun ic éngatum · cmbykgi1 1-1 1 1 karrml wk bit mrg;eglic rtun ic...

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