08basics of veda -vowel sandhivedavms.in/docs/articles/08basics of veda -vowel sandhi.pdf · 1 veda...
TRANSCRIPT
Discussion Draft
Version 0.1 November 10, 2017
Basics of Veda Swaras
and Vedic Recital-08
Vowel Sandhi
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 2 of 94
Contents
1 Veda Basics – Vowel Sandhi Rules .................. ........................... 9
1.1 Introduction: ..................................... ......................................... 9
2 Sandhi Rules with ‘a’ and aa ...................... ................................ 10
2.1 Basic rules for combination of ‘a’ and ‘aa’: ...... .................... 10
2.2 When letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) ....... 11
2.3 When Letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows the
sound ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B) .................................................................... 16
2.3.1 Exceptions observed when ‘a’ does not become an
avagraha when it follows the sound ‘aa’: ......... ........................ 20
2.4 When letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘ae’ ( L, ã F) ....... 23
2.5 When letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘O’ ( AÉå æ H¦) ....... 26
2.6 When letter ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B) follows
Sound ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) ....................................................................... 29
2.7 Basic Rule when letter ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B)
follows the sound ‘aa’( AÉ, Ý, B) ................................................. 36
3
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 3 of 94
3 Basic rules for combination of ‘e’ (C Þ C) and
‘ee’ (D ß C¦): ...................................................................................... 40
4 Basic rules for combination of ‘u’ E à D and
‘uu’ F á D¦: .................................................................................... 43
5 ‘ae’ L,ã, G is formed with a combination of ‘a’ A, Ü’ A and
aa’ AÉ Ý B with ‘e’ (C, Þ C) or ‘ee’ (D ,ß ,C¦) ............................. 45
6 ‘ai’ ( Lã, ä ,¤F) is formed with a combination ‘a’( A,Ü,A) and
‘aa’ (AÉ Ý B) with ‘ae’ (L ã G)/ ‘ai’ ( Lã ä ¤F) .............................. 48
7 ‘O’ (AÉå æ H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) and
‘aa’(AÉ, Ý,B) with ‘u’( E,à, D) and ‘uu’ (F,á, D¦) ........................... 51
8 ‘au’ (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’( A,Ü,A) and
‘aa’ (AÉ,Ý, B) with ‘O’ ( AÉå,æ, Hx) or ‘au’ (AÉæ, å÷, H¦) ................. 54
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 4 of 94
9 ‘ar’ ( AUç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and
‘aa’(AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘Ru’( G,¼,E, and ‘Ruu’ ( H,Ï, u) ......................... 57
10 ‘al’ ( AsÉç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and
‘aa’(AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘lRu’( sÉ× ô¢¼ m£) and ‘lRuu’ (( sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u) ........... 60
11 ‘e’ (C Þ C) and ‘ee’ (D ß C¦) changes to ‘y’ ( rÉç, ò¢, c§ )
followed by other Vowels .......................... ....................................... 61
12 ‘u’ ( E,à,D) and ‘uu’ (F,á, D¦) changes to ‘v’ ( uÉç, õ¢, e§§ )
combination of other vowels ....................... .................................... 66
13 ‘ae’ (L, ã F) changes to ‘a’( A) sound with combination of
Other vowels (except for a, A,Ü,A) or as ‘ay’ ( ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§), ......... 71
14 ‘ai’, ( Lã ä ¤F) changes to ‘aa’ ( AÉ Ý B or ‘ay’( ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§ )
with combination of any Vowel ..................... ................................... 76
15 ‘O’, (AÉå æ Hx) changes to ‘av’ ( AuÉç) or
‘a’ followed by vowels (Except A,Ü,A)........................................... 81
5
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 5 of 94
16 ‘au’, (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) changes to ‘aav’ ( AÉuÉç,Ýõ¢,Bp§ or ‘aa’
(AÉ,Ý,B) with combination of any Vowel ..................... ................. 83
17 ‘Ruu’ ( H Ï u) is formed with a combination of
‘Ru’( G¼ E) and ‘Ruu’ ( H Ï u) .......................................................... 86
18 ‘lRuu’ ( sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u) is formed with a combination of
‘lRu’( sÉ× ô¢¼ m£) and ‘lRuu’ (( sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u) ............................................ 87
19 Single Vowel letters do not combine ............... .......................... 88
20 Interjections donot combine ....................... ................................ 90
21 Dual Noun or Verb forms ending with
ee,Uu,ae donot combine ............................ ....................................... 91
22 Control Sheet for understanding of Rule: .......... ....................... 94
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 6 of 94
Version Notes – Version 0.1 dated November 10, 2017
1. The reference to Rules in PratishAkyam has been added.
2. Original Section 9 containing example of Sandhi a+au deleted as the
Padam was not taken correctly. Two Sandhi of a+au h ave been
provided under Section 8.
3. Old Section 19 deleted as not found relevant
7
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 7 of 94
Notes:
1. We have started referring to Books like PrAtiSAk hyam, (English
Translation and Comments by Mr. W.D Whitney), PAnin i's AshtAdhyAyI
published by Sindhu Charan Bose (originally by Indi an Press Benaras in
1891), translated in English by Shri Chandra Vasu.
2. We are also trying to understand the works of Vy Asa SIkshA and
PAnini SIkshA with available English translation.
3. Our Articles will keep undergoing periodical cha nges with reference
our learning and understanding. We request readers to check for new
versions uploaded in the vedavms.in website.
4. We note that PrAtiSAkhyA in his work (period mu ch earlier to PAnini)
has recorded the difference in application of gramm ar rules or
different opinions of other Saints/Sages before or during his time.
Some great Rishis whose rules or differing opinions quoted in
Taittriya PrathiSAkhya work are vAlmIki, ArtreyA, P auSkarasAdi,
PlAkSi, KaundinyA, GautamA, SaityAyana, SamkRutya, UkhyA,
KANDamAyanA, AgnivEShyA , PlAksAyanA, HaritA
,SAnkhAyanA,MimAmSA and few other Rishis.
5. Abbreviations for reference will be used as belo w:
PrAtiSAkhyA - PS
PAnini's AshtAdhyAyI – PA
VyAsa SIkshA – VSI
PAnini SIkshA - PSI
9
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 9 of 94
1 Veda Basics – Vowel Sandhi Rules
1.1 Introduction:
This article on Vowel Sandhi has been prepared with a view to gain better understanding of
Vedic texts which are normally recited in Krisha Yajur Veda and improve a learner’s recital.
We have tried to give examples from Krishna Yajur Veda Mantras, to make this article very
practical for the reader. Wherever the examples not found and often repeated, we have not
provided examples. Efforts are being taken to understand these rules and find them in the
Vedic texts. Please note that some of the rules in grammar may not be applied in Vedic texts
due to the swara and maatra values and/or applied differently when option exists with alternate
Grammar rules.
We find generally the usage of Vowels ‘Ruu’ (H,Ï, u), lRu(sÉ×, ô¢¼, m£) and lRuu (sÉÚ, ô¢Ï,
m££) are very very limited. Examples using these words are not easily found in the common
Suktams or Mantraas.
We are including only the basic rules which are found often in vedic verses to keep this article
reasonably easy to understand and relate ones Veda learning to the common rules.
Readers are requested to give their feedback, comments and suggestions for improving the
value of this article to our e-mail id – “[email protected]”
In Sanskrit, it is very difficult to place or pronounce two vowels together. So the Vowel Sandhi
rules have been framed to make the rendering/reading (both prose and poetry) easy through
well structured rules based on the sound forms and how they combine.
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 10 of 94
2 Sandhi Rules with ‘a’ and aa
PA 6.1.101 – When a simple vowel is followed by a homogeneous vowel, the
corresponding long vowel is the single substitute for both the preceding and the
subsequent or succeeding vowel. That is a,e,u with a combination of a,e,u .
2.1 Basic rules for combination of ‘a’ and ‘aa’:
‘aa’ or ‘A’ is formed with a combination of
‘a’ + ‘a’ = aa A+ A = AÉ Ü + Ü = Ý A+ A = B
‘a’ + ‘aa’ = ‘aa’ A+ AÉ= AÉ Ü + Ý = Ý A+ B= B
‘aa’ +’a’ = ‘aa’ AÉ + A= AÉ Ý+ Ü= Ý B+ A= B
‘aa’ + ‘aa’ = ‘aa AÉ+ AÉ = AÉ Ý+ Ý = Ý B+ B= B
If the rules relating to A, Ü, A and (AÉ, Ý, B) is followed everywhere, as it is
shown above, we will have the problem of maatra value, timing of recital or extensions while
reciting Vedas, Slokas and sometimes the meaning that is made out of recital can be not
correct or unwanted. So, specific rules have been laid out, in Sanskrit, with an option to adopt
the necessary application in Veda recital.
1. If Swaram acquisition, as per some defined principles, is affected then the ‘a’ or
’aa’does not become an avagraha (represented as Å ) but retains its original sound form
as ‘a’ or ‘aa’ only.
11
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 11 of 94
2. When the ‘a’ or ‘aa’ has a swaram, the vowel sandhi rule is applied selectively subject to
some advanced rules as per observations made in standard Suktams.
3. Experts/Scholars opine that the use of Avagraha is optional in Poetry and Veda. The
reference sections quoted from Panini’s work is from Book 6 Chapter 1.
2.2 When letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A)
Rule: When the first letter with ‘a’ Sound is followed by the letter ‘a’, the letter is elongated to
the Dheerga letter ‘aa’ .; (AÉ, Ý, B) in the Sandhi.
Word with Sound ‘a’ followed by letter ‘a’ need not always combine unless there is a need to
give a desired sound effect/vibration and continuation to rendering with ease and smoothness.
This does not result in the overall maatra value of the sandhi.
If recited with the sound of ‘a’ (1 maatra) and the following ‘a’ as it is (again 1 maatra),
the maatra in time scale is two. If the Sandhi rule is applied and the resultant ‘aa’ sound is
produced, then the total maatra for that Dheerga letter shall be two.
Basic Words/Padams before Sandhi The Resultant Words/Padam after
Sandhi
pÉýSìÇ mÉþzrÉãqÉý A¤ÉÍpÉ rÉïeÉþ§ÉÉÈ
ð…4î¢3óñ¢ ð†Ÿ¢«òñ… Üþð¤…4ó¢
òü†î¢ó£: |
pÉýSìÇ mÉþzrÉãqÉÉý¤ÉÍpÉ rÉïeÉþ§ÉÉÈ
ð…4î¢3óñ¢ ð†Ÿ¢«òñ£…þð¤…4ó¢
òü†î¢ó£: |
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 12 of 94
h–öbI e—¥qõi– A±hy–ª
jR—öZxJ
h–öbI e—¥qõix–±hy–ª jR—öZxJ
AuÉ AkÉýUɨÉÉÿiÉç
Üõ Üî…4ó£î¢î£‡î¢ |
Ap Ac–kxÀx˜Z§
AuÉÉkÉýUɨÉÉÿiÉç
Üõ£î…4ó£î¢î£‡î¢ |
Apx c–kxÀx˜Z§
U£üþaÉýlkÉ-AlÉÑþÍsÉmiÉý A…¡Çûý
óè¢î† è…3ï¢î4-܆ô¤ð¢î…
Üé¢3è3…ñ¢
k°— M–Ê- Ad¡—myeë– A§MI–
U£üþaÉýlkÉÉ-lÉÑþÍsÉmiÉÉý…¡Çûý
óè¢î† è…3ï¢î£4-†ô¤ð¢î£…é¢3è3…ñ¢
k°—M–Êx-d¡—myeëx–O§MI–
pÉ£üþ AlÉÑýMÇüÌmÉþlÉÇ SãýuÉÇý
ð4è¢î† ÜÂ…èñ¢ð¤†ùñ¢
h°— Ad¡–KIey—dI ¥b–pI–
pÉ£üÉþlÉÑýMÇüÌmÉþlÉÇ SãýuÉÇý
ð4è¢î£†Â…èñ¢ð¤†ùñ¢
h°x—d¡–KIey—dI ¥b–pI–
13
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 13 of 94
SýÌuÉ ´ÉþrÉxuÉý AliÉËUþ¤Éã
3õ¤ Ÿ¢ó†òú¢õ… Üï¢î󤆫þ
by–py öq—jsû– AZ§ky—¥±
SýÌuÉ ´ÉþrÉ xuÉÉýliÉËUþ¤Éã
3õ¤ Ÿ¢ó†òú¢-õ£…ï¢î󤆫þ
by–py öq—j sûx–Çky—¥±
ÌaÉËUýzÉ AcNûÉþ uÉSÉqÉÍxÉ
è¤3ó¤…Ÿ Üê¢ê£†2 õî£3ñú¤
Zûx– Myky–q APâx— pbxisy
ÌaÉËUýzÉÉcNûÉþ uÉSÉqÉÍxÉ
è¤3ó¤…Ÿ£ê¢ê£†2 õî£3ñú¤
Zûx– Myky–qxPâx— pbxisy
xÉWûxÉëý A¤ÉÉrÉþ qÉÏýRÒûwÉãÿ
úýú¢ó… Üþ£ò† ñ¦…´4«û‡
stös– A±xj— iz–X¡¥r˜
xÉWûxÉëÉý¤ÉÉrÉþ qÉÏýRÒûwÉãÿ
úýú¢ó£…þ£ò† ñ¦…´4«û‡
stösx–±xj— iz–X¡¥r˜
lÉqÉÈþ xÉÔýiÉÉrÉ-AWûþlirÉÉrÉý uÉlÉÉþlÉÉÇý
ïñ†ú¢ ú¨…î£ò-Üý†ï¢î¢ò£ò…
diJ— s¢–Zxj-At—Çõxj–
lÉqÉÈþ xÉÔýiÉÉrÉÉ-WûþlirÉÉrÉý uÉlÉÉþlÉÉÇý mÉiÉþrÉãý
ïñ†ú¢ ú …̈î£ò£-ý†ï¢î¢ò£ò…
diJ— s¢–Zxjx-t—Çõxj–
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 14 of 94
pdx—dxI pdx—dxI
lÉqÉÉãþ ÌlÉcÉãýUuÉãþ mÉËUcÉýUÉrÉ AUþhrÉÉlÉÉÇý
ï«ñ£† 狼ê…ó«õ† ðó¤ê…ó£ò-
Üó†í¢ò£ù£…ñ¢
¥ix— dy¥P–k¥p— ekyP–kxj-
Ak—YõxdxI–
lÉqÉÉãþ ÌlÉcÉãýUuÉãþ mÉËUcÉýUÉrÉÉUþhrÉÉlÉÉÇý
ï«ñ£† 狼ê…ó«õ† ðó¤ê…ó£ò£-
ó†í¢ò£ù£…ñ¢
d¥ix— dy¥P–k¥p— ekyP–kxjx-
k—YõxdxI–
lÉqÉþ AÉýzÉuÉãþ cÉ AÎeÉýUÉrÉþ cÉý
ïñ† Ý…Ÿ«õ† ê Üü¤…ó£ò† ê…
di— B–q¥p— P ARy–kxj— P–
lÉqÉþ AÉýzÉuÉãþ cÉÉÎeÉýUÉrÉþ cÉý
ïñ† Ý…Ÿ«õ† ê£ü¤…ó£ò† ê…
di— B–q¥p— PxRy–kxj— P–
lÉqÉýzsÉÉãYrÉÉþrÉ cÉ AuÉxuÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉý
ïñ…Ÿ¢«ô£è¢ò£†ò ê
Üõú£…ï¢ò£†ò ê
lÉqÉýzsÉÉãYrÉÉþrÉ cÉÉuÉxuÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉý
ïñ…Ÿ¢«ô£è¢ò£†ò
ê£õú£…ï¢ò£†ò ê
15
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 15 of 94
di –¥qøxKõx—j P Apsx–dõx—j P–
di –¥qøxKõx—j Pxpsx–dõx—j P–
lÉqÉþÈ mÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉ AuÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉý
ïñ: † ð£…ó¢ò£†ò ê Üõ£…ó¢ò£†ò
di— BZx–kõx—j P
Amx–bõx—j P–
lÉqÉþÈ mÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉÉuÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉý
ïñ: † ð£…ó¢ò£†ò ê£õ£…ó¢ò£†ò ê…
di— BZx–kõx—j
Pxmx–bõx—j P–
qÉÑZÉÉýÌSlSìþ¶Éý AÎalɶÉþ
ºè£…2î¤3ï¢î¢3󆟢ê…
Üè¢3ù¤Ÿ¢ê†
i¡Lx–byöÉ—Ò– A²yÒ— |
qÉÑZÉÉýÌSlSìþ-¶ÉÉýÎalɶÉþ
ºè£…2î¤3ï¢î¢3󆟢-ꣅè¢3ù¤Ÿ¢ê†
i¡Lx–byöÉ—-Òx–²yÒ— |
mÉëÉhÉþ AmÉÉlÉÉæ qÉ×ýirÉÉã qÉÉïþ mÉÉiÉýÇ
ð¢ó£í† Üð£ªù÷
mÉëÉhÉÉþmÉÉlÉÉæ qÉ×ýirÉÉã qÉÉïþ mÉÉiÉýÇ
ð¢ó£í£†ð£ªù÷ ñ¢¼…ò£ó¢-
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 16 of 94
ñ¢¼…ò£ó¢-ñ£†ð£î…ñ¢
öexY— Aexd¦ i£–¥Zõxª
ix— exZ–I
ñ£†ð£î…ñ¢
öexYx—exd¦ i£–¥Zõxª ix—
exZ–I
pÉãýwÉýeÉqÉãýuÉ AxqÉæþ MüUÉãÌiÉ |
«ð…4û…ü«ñ…õ Üú¢¬ñ†
è«ó£î¤
¥h–r–R¥i–p A¤¤sô— K¥kxZy
pÉãýwÉýeÉqÉãýuÉÉxqÉæþ MüUÉãÌiÉ |
«ð…4û…ü«ñ…õ£ú¢¬ñ† è«ó£î¤
¥h–r–R¥i–px¤¤sô— K¥kxZy
2.3 When Letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows the sound ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B)
Rule 1: When Letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows the sound ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B) ,
‘a’ that follows ‘aa’ is represented through an Ava graha.
Example:
17
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 17 of 94
Mü¨ÉÉïþ + AÍxÉ = Mü¨ÉÉïþÅÍxÉ ,
mÉëýÌiÉý¸É+ AÍxÉ =mÉëýÌiÉý¸ÉÅÍxÉþ,
èó¢î¢î£+ Üú¤ =èó¢î¢î£†Åú¤
ð¢ó…û¢ì£+Üú¤ = ð¢ó…û¢ì£Å2ú¤
KªÀx+ Asy = KªÀx—„sy
öe–Zy–rçx+ Asy = öe–Zy–rçx„sy—
The sound of both Mü¨ÉÉïþ and mÉëýÌiÉý¸É is ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)
it is followed by ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) hence a Avagraha is formed after ‘aa’(AÉ, Ý, B).
Effect on Maatra: ‘a’ has one maatra and ‘aa’ has two maatra value in terms of time.
Due to the Sandhi, the rule results in a Maatra of 2.5, with Avagrah, the ‘a’ is truncated to
‘Å’ with only 0.5 maatra.This helps correct extension of rendering Vedas or reading slokas
with intended meaning and time scale.
Table of Examples
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 18 of 94
Basic Words/Padams before Sandhi The Resultant Words/
Padam after Sandhi
NûÉýrÉÉ AqÉ×iÉ
ꣅ2ò£ Üñ¢¼î…ñ¢
jsõ— Qx–jx Ai£Z–I
NûÉýrÉÉÅqÉ×iÉ
ꣅ2ò£Åñ¢¼î…ñ¢
jsõ— Qx–jx„i£Z–I
xÉÑýÌSlÉÉý-xÉÉ AxÉþÌSý̹È
ú§…î¤3ù£…-ú£ Üú†î¤…3û¢®:
s¡–bydx–-sx As—by–ræyJ
xÉÑýÌSlÉÉý-xÉÉÅxÉþÌSý̹È
ú§…î¤3ù£…-ú£Åú†î¤…3û¢®:
s¡–bydx–-sx„s—by–ræyJ
xÉÉ AÎalÉlÉÉþ zÉÉýliÉÉ
ú£ Üè¢3ù¤ù£† Ÿ£…ï¢î£
sx A²ydx— qx–Çx
xÉÉÅÎalÉlÉÉþ zÉÉýliÉÉ
ú£Åè¢3ù¤ù£† Ÿ£…ï¢î£
sx„²ydx— qx–Çx
±ÉæuÉïþËUýhÉÉ-AliÉËUþ¤É ±ÉæuÉïþËUýhÉÉ-ÅliÉËUþ¤É
19
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 19 of 94
î¢3ªò÷ó¢ õ†ó¤…í£-Üï¢îó¤†þñ¢
p—ky–Yx-AÇky—±I
î¢3ªò÷ó¢ õ†ó¤…í£-Åï¢îó¤†þñ¢
p—ky–Yx-„Çky—±I
iÉýlÉÔUbÉÉãýUÉ AmÉÉþmÉMüÉÍzÉlÉÏ
î…Ûó«è£…4ó£ Üð£†ð裟¤ù¤
Z–d¢k¥Nx–kx Aex—Kxqydz
iÉýlÉÔUbÉÉãýUÉ ÅmÉÉþmÉMüÉÍzÉlÉÏ
î…Ûó«è£…4ó£ Åð£†ð 裟¤ù¤
Z–d¢k¥Nx–kx „ex—eKxqydz
iÉrÉÉý AxqÉÉlÉç ÌuÉýµÉiÉý
îò£… Üú¢ñ£ù¢ õ¤…Ÿ¢õî…
Zjx– Asôx© py–qûZ–
iÉrÉÉýÅxqÉÉlÉç ÌuÉýµÉiÉý
îò£…Åú¢ñ£ù¢ õ¤…Ÿ¢õî…
Zjx–„sôx© py–qûZ–
qÉÉ AqÉ×iÉÉÿiÉç
ñ£ Üñ¢¼î£‡î¢
ix Ai£Zx˜Z§
qÉÉÅqÉ×iÉÉÿiÉç
ñ£Åñ¢¼î£‡î¢
ix„i£Zx˜Z§
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 20 of 94
qÉÉþ AalÉã pÉÉýÌaÉlÉóè
ñ£þ Üè¢3«ù ð£…4è¤3ùóè†
¥jx ixþ A¥² hx–Mydóè
qÉÉÿÅalÉã pÉÉýÌaÉlÉóè
ñ£‡Åè¢3«ù ð£…4è¤3ùóè†
¥jx ix˜„¥² hx–Mydóè
Note: Dheerga swaritam is acquired due to the Conjunct Consonant (samyuktara
vyajyani) that follows the long letters with swaritam.
2.3.1 Exceptions observed when ‘a’ does not become an avagraha
when it follows the sound ‘aa’:
This is due to the Swarm and sound effect that is desired by the Rishi who composed or
propounded that Mantra. General observation is “Where two words give distinct logical
meaning which can flow smoothly as a sound with the respective swaram, they donot
combine”.
Some Examples from Standard Krishna Yajur Veda Sukt ams:
No Avagraham is used.
iÉxqÉÉý AU…¡ûþqÉÉqÉuÉÉ
îú¢ñ£… Üóé¢è† ñ£ñ«õ£…
Zsôx– AkO§M—ixi¥px–
21
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 21 of 94
pÉý¤ÉÇÆrÉÉ AýliÉËUþ¤Éã
ð…þñ¢ Æò£ Ü…ï¢î󤆫þ
h–±I Æjx A–Çky—¥±
EmÉýýqÉÉ AþxrÉ ÌuÉýý¸ÉÈ
àð……ñ£ ܆ú¢ò õ¤……û¢ì£
De––ix A—sõ py––rçxJ
mÉëÉxqÉÉý AÉzÉÉþ AzÉ××huɳÉç
ð¢ó£ú¢ñ£… ÝŸ£† ÜŸ¢¼í¢õù¢ù¢
öexsôx– Bqx— Aq£Yû˧
lÉ ½þxrÉÉ AmÉýUÇcÉýlÉ
ï ý¢ò†ú¢ò£ Üð…óë¢ê…ù
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 22 of 94
d tõ—sõx Ae–kIP–d R–ksx–
AþTüýsÉÉ AþmÉÑýwmÉÉrÉɶÉ
܆ð…2ô£ ܆¹…û¢ð£ò£Ÿ¢ê† ¹…û¢ð¤í¦‡:
jx A—f–mx A—e¡–rðxjxÒ—
AÉãwÉþkÉÏUýxqÉÉ AþËUý¹ iÉÉþiÉrÉ
æû†î¦4ó…ú¢ñ£ ܆ó¤…û¢ì î«ò
Hxr—czk–sôx A—ky–ræ Zx—Z¥j
ÍzÉZÉÉ AýhÉÏrÉÉãÿSèkuÉÉï
õý¢ù¤† Ÿ¤è£2 Ü…í¦«ò£‡ó¢î¢3î¢4õ£
pÕy— qyLx A–Yz¥jx˜ªÆûx
pÉÔËUýSÉ AþxiÉÑý qɽÿÇ
23
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 23 of 94
Ì4ó¤…î£3 ܆ú¢¶… ñý¢ò‡ñ¢
Z˱—öZI h¢ky–bx A—së¡– itõ˜I
qÉÑýWÕûý̈ ÉÉïÈ mÉëãýwrÉÉþ ApÉuÉlÉç
º…ý¨…ó¢î£: ð¢«ó…û¢ò£† Üð4õù¢ù¢
i¡–t¢–ªÀxJ ¥öe–rõx— Ahp©
2.4 When letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘ae’ ( L, ã F)
Rule: When the letter ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) follows letters with sound ‘ae’,
the ‘ae’ ( L, ã F) retains it form and sound but the ‘a’ (A, Ü, A)
which follows becomes an avagraha Å. Example:
eÉlÉãþ + AÍpÉSìÉãýWÇû = eÉlÉãþÅÍpÉSìÉãýWÇû
ü«ù† + Üð¤î¢3«ó£…ýñ¢ = ü«ù†Åð¤î¢3«ó£…ýñ¢
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 24 of 94
R¥d— + Ahy¥öbx–tI = R¥d—„hy¥öbx–tI
UÉý¹íãý + AÎxqÉlÉç = UÉý¹íãýÅÎxqÉlÉç
ó£…û¢ì¢«ó… +Üú¢ñ¤ù¢ = ó£…û¢ì¢«ó…Åú¢ñ¤ù
kx–¥öræ– + Asôy© = kx–¥öræ–„sôy©
This rule is observed in Chamakam at many places since ‘ me’ in Cha ‘me’ combines
with following ‘a’.
Table of Examples
Basic Words/Padams before Sandhi The Resultant Words/Padam after
Sandhi
SÏbÉÉïrÉÑýiuÉÇ cÉþ qÉã, AlÉÍqÉý§ÉÇ cÉý qÉã, ApÉþrÉÇ cÉ qÉã î¦3ó¢è£4»…î¢õë¢ê† «ñ, Üïñ¤…î¢óë¢ê…«ñ,Üð†4òë¢ê«ñ, bzªNxj¡–ZûI P— ¥i, Adiy–öZI P– ¥i,Ah—jI P ¥i,
SÏbÉÉïrÉÑýiuÉÇ cÉþ qÉã, ÅlÉÍqÉý§ÉÇ cÉý qÉã, ÅpÉþrÉÇ cÉ qÉã î¦3ó¢è£4»…î¢õë¢ê† «ñ, Åïñ¤…î¢óë¢ê… «ñ,Åð†4òë¢ê «ñ
bzªNxj¡–ZûI P— ¥i, „diy–öZI P– ¥i, „h—jI P ¥i,
mÉëmÉþ±ã AsÉý¤qÉÏ mÉëmÉþ±ã ÅsÉý¤qÉÏ
25
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 25 of 94
ð¢óð†î¢3«ò Üô…þ¢ñ¦ó¢«ñ†
öee—¥bõ Am–±§izª¥i—
ð¢óð†î¢3«ò Åô…þ¢ñ¦ó¢«ñ†
öee—¥bõ „m–±§izª¥i—
SãurÉÌSiÉãý-AÎalÉqÉþ³ÉÉýS
«î3õ¢òî¤3«î…-Üè¢ù¤
¥bpõby¥Z–-A²yi—Ëx–b
SãurÉÌSiÉãý-ÅÎalÉqÉþ³ÉÉýS
«î3õ¢òî¤3«î…-Åè¢ù¤-
¥bpõby¥Z–-„²yi—Ëx–b
ÌuÉurÉÉýÍkÉlÉã-A³ÉÉþlÉÉÇý
õ¤õ¢ò£…î¤4«ù-Üù¢ù†ù£…ñ¢
pypõx–cy¥d-AËx—dxI–
ÌuÉurÉÉýÍkÉlÉã-ųÉÉþlÉÉÇý
õ¤õ¢ò£…î¤4«ù-Åù¢ù†ù£…ñ¢
pypõx–cy¥d-„Ëx—dxI–
xÉWûxÉërÉÉãeÉýlÉã AuÉýkÉluÉÉþÌlÉ
úýú¢ó«ò£ü…«ù
Üõ…î4ù¢õ£†ù¤
stös¥jxR–¥d
xÉWûxÉërÉÉãeÉýlÉã ÅuÉýkÉluÉÉþÌlÉ
úýú¢ó«ò£ü…«ù
Åõ…î4ù¢õ£†ù¤
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 26 of 94
Ap–cdûx—dy stös¥jxR–¥d
„p–cdûx—dy
ÌuɱýiÉã ArÉþlÉÉrÉ
õ¤î¢3ò…«î-Üò†ù£ò
pybõ–¥Z Aj—dxj
ÌuɱýiÉãÅrÉþlÉÉrÉ
õ¤î¢3ò…«î-Åò†ù£ò
pybõ–¥Z„j—dxj
2.5 When letter ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A) follows Sound ‘O’ ( AÉå æ H¦)
Rule in Vowel Sandhi is “ Letter with sound ‘O’ (ओ, æ, Hx) remains unchanged
when followed by (अ Ü, A) but (अ, Ü, A) changes to Å (avagraha ).
Note: Please refer to the article/discussion note o n Visarga Sandhi rules for the vowel
sound ‘a’ followed by ‘a’.
Table of Examples: Words/Padams before Sandhi Word/Padam with Sandhi R ule
lÉqÉþÈ AÍxÉýqÉSèprÉÉãý ïñþÈ Üú¤…ñî¢3ð¢4«ò£ di—J Asy–ib§¥hõx–
lÉqÉÉãþÅÍxÉýqÉSèprÉÉãý ï«ñ£† Åú¤…ñî¢3ð¢4«ò£… d¥ix— „sy–ib§¥hõx–
27
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 27 of 94
lÉqÉÈ AxrÉþSèprÉÉãý ïñÈ Üú¢ò†î¢3ð¢4«ò£ diJ Asõ—b§¥hõx–
lÉqÉÉãÅxrÉþSèprÉÉãý ï«ñ£-Åú¢ò†î¢3ð¢4«ò£… d¥ix„sõ—b§¥hõx–
lÉqÉþÈ AmÉaÉÑýUqÉÉþhÉÉrÉ ïñþÈ Üð°…3óñ£†í£ò di—J AeM¡–kix—Yxj
lÉqÉÉãþÅmÉaÉÑýUqÉÉþhÉÉrÉ ï«ñ£†Åð°…3óñ£†í£ò d¥ix—„eM¡–kix—Yxj
rÉþÈ AmÉÉÇ mÉÑwmÉÇý ÆuÉåSþ òþÈ Üð£ñ¢ ¹û¢ð…ñ¢ Æ«õî†4
jþJ AexI e¡rðI– Æ¥pb— |
rÉÉåþÅmÉÉÇ mÉÑwmÉÇý ÆuÉåSþ | «ò£†Åð£ñ¢ ¹û¢ð…ñ¢ Æ«õî†4
¥jx—„exI e¡rðI– Æ¥pb— |
rÉþÈ AxqÉÉlÉç ²ã̹ý òþÈ Üú¢ñ£ù¢ î¢3«õû¢® jþJ Asôx© ¥bûræy–
rÉÉãÿÅxqÉÉlÉç ²ã̹ý «ò£‡-Åú¢ñ£ù¢ î¢3«õû¢® ¥jx˜„sôx© ¥bûræy–
rÉþÈ AWû-qÉþÎxqÉý oÉë¼ÉýWû-qÉþÎxqÉ òþÈ Üý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤… ð¢3óý¢ñ£…ý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤
rÉÉãþÅWû-qÉþÎxqÉý oÉë¼ÉýWû-qÉþÎxqÉ «ò£†Åý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤… ð¢3óý¢ñ£…ý-ñ†ú¢ñ¤ |
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 28 of 94
jþJ At-i—sôy– ögÖx–ti—sôy ¥jx—„t-i—sôy– ögÖx–t-i—sôy xÉÈ AÎxqÉýiÉÉÇ úÈ Üú¢ñ¤…î£ñ¢ sJ Asôy–ZxI
xÉÉãýÅÎxqÉýiÉÉÇ «ú£Å…ú¢ñ¤…î£ñ¢ ¥sx„–sôy–ZxI
uÉ×ý¤ÉÈ AjÉþ ÌoÉýsuÉþÈ õ¢¼þÈ Üî†2 ð¤…3ô¢õ†: p£–±J Aa— gy–mû—J |
uÉ×ý¤ÉÉãÅjÉþ ÌoÉýsuÉþÈ õ¢¼…«þ£Åî†2 ð¤…3ô¢õ†: | p£–¥±x„a— gy–mû—J |
WãûQÈ AuÉþ «ýìÈ Üõ† ¥tWJ Ap—
WãûQûÉãÅuÉþ «ý«ì£3Åõ† ¥t¥Wx„p— jxsyszrçxJ |
uÉÂþhÉÈ AÍkÉUÉýeÉÈ õ¼†íÈ Üî¤4 ó£…ü:
pk¡—YJ Acykx–RJ |
uÉÂþhÉÉãÅÍkÉUÉýeÉÈ
õ¼†«í£Åî¤4 ó£…ü:
pk¡—¥Yx„cykx–RJ |
29
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 29 of 94
2.6 When letter ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B) follows Sound ‘a’ ( A, Ü, A)
Rule: When the letter with sound ‘a’ is followed b y letter ‘aa’, the first letter with a
sound gets elongated to ‘aa’ (Dheergam) ( AÉ, Ý, B)
There are exceptions to the rule due to the effect of swara acquisition of the preceding
or following letters or swarm for the ‘a’ or ‘aa’.
Note: Some books have a convention of representing ÅÅ after the dheerga letter
resulting out of the Sandhi (the vriddhi). Please a lso refer to our Article on Avagraha.
Basic Words/Padams before
Sandhi
The Resultant Words/Padam
after Sandhi
lÉqÉÉãþ ÂýSìÉrÉþ- AÉiÉiÉÉýÌuÉlÉãý ¤Éã§ÉÉþhÉÉÇý
ï«ñ£† ¼…î¢3ó£ò†-Ýîõ¤«ù
d¥ix— k¡–öbxj—-BZZx–py¥d–
lÉqÉÉãþ ÂýSìÉrÉÉþ-iÉiÉÉýÌuÉlÉãý ¤Éã§ÉÉþhÉÉÇý
ï«ñ£† ¼…î¢3ó£ò£†-îõ¤«ù
d¥ix— k¡–öbxjx—-ZZx–py¥d–
lÉqÉþ EýŠæ-bÉÉãïþwÉÉrÉ AÉ¢üýlSrÉþiÉã
ïñ† à…ꢬêó¢-«è£†4û£ò-
lÉqÉþ EýŠæ-bÉÉãïþwÉÉrÉÉ ¢üýlSrÉþiÉã
ïñ† à…ꢬêó¢-«è£†4û£ò£
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 30 of 94
Ýè¢ó…ï¢î3ò†«î
di— D–¤¤¶ª-¥Nx—rxj
BöK–Éj—¥Z
è¢ó…ï¢î3ò†«î
di— D–¤¤¶ª-¥Nx—rxjx-
öK–Éj—¥Z
lÉqÉÉãþ SÒlSÒýprÉÉþrÉ cÉ AÉWûlÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉ
ï«ñ£† ¶3…3ð¢4ò£†ò ê
Ýýï…ù¢ò£†ò ê
d¥ix— b¡É¡–hõx—j P
Btd–dõx—j P
lÉqÉÉãþ SÒlSÒýprÉÉþrÉ cÉÉWûlÉýlrÉÉþrÉ cÉ
ï«ñ£† ¶3…3ð¢4ò£†ò
ê£ýï…ù¢ò£†ò ê
d¥ix— b¡É¡–hõx—j
Pxtd–dõx—j P
lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉãwÉþuÉã cÉ AÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉý
ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢«íû†«õ ê
Ý»…î¤4«ù† ê
di— sëz–±§¥Yr—¥p P
lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉãwÉþuÉã cÉÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉý
ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢«íû†«õ
ꣻ…î¤4«ù† ê
di— sëz–±§¥Yr—¥p Pxj¡–
31
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 31 of 94
Bj¡–cy¥d— P cy¥d— P
lÉqÉþ DýÍkÉërÉÉþrÉ cÉ AÉiÉýmrÉÉþrÉ cÉý
ïñ† ß…î¢4ó¤ò£†ò ê Ýî…ð¢ò£†òê…
di— C¦–öcyjx—j P BZ–eõx—j P–
lÉqÉþ DýÍkÉërÉÉþrÉ cÉÉiÉýmrÉÉþrÉ cÉý
ïñ† ß…î¢4ó¤ò£†ò ê£î…ð¢ò£†ò ê…
di— C¦–öcyjx—j PxZ–eõx—j P–
lÉqÉþ AÉiÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉ AÉsÉÉý±ÉþrÉ cÉý
ïñ† Ýó¢ò£†ò ê
Ýô£…î¢3ò£†ò ê…
di— BZx–kõx—j P
Bmx–bõx—j
lÉqÉþ AÉiÉÉýrÉÉïþrÉ cÉÉsÉÉý±ÉþrÉ cÉý
ïñ† Ýó¢ò£†ò ê£ô£…î¢3ò£†ò
ê…
di— BZx–kõx—j Pxmx–bõx—j
ÆÌuÉýµÉ AÉiqÉÉþlÉÇ mÉýUÉrÉþhÉÇ ÆÌuÉýµÉÉiqÉÉþlÉÇ mÉýUÉrÉþhÉÇ
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 32 of 94
Æõ¤…Ÿ¢õ Ýî¢ñ£†ùñ¢
ð…ó£ò†íñ¢
Æpy–qû BÃx—dI e–kxj—YI
Æõ¤…Ÿ¢õ£î¢ñ£†ùñ¢ ð…ó£ò†íñ¢
Æpy–qûxÃx—dI e–kxj—YI
lÉÉqÉÉýiqÉ-AÉlÉýlSuÉþ mÉÔÂwÉ
ï£ñ£…î¢ñ Ýï…ï¢î3õ† ̼û
dxix–Ã Bd–IZp— e¢k¡r
lÉÉqÉÉýiqÉÉ-lÉýlSuÉþ mÉÔÂwÉ
ï£ñ£…î¢ñ£ ï…ï¢î3õ† ̼û
dxix–Ãxd–I Zp— e¢k¡r
Exceptions observed:
Examples of ‘aa’ not combining with previous ‘a’ so und.
iÉuÉþpÉëýqÉÉxÉþ AÉzÉÑýrÉÉ mÉþiÉÇýirÉlÉÑþ
îõ† ð¢4ó…ñ£ú† ÝŸ§…ò£ ð†î…ï¢î¢ò†
Zp— öh–ixs— Bq¡–jx e—ZI–
ÌmÉmÉëÏþwÉÌiÉýxuÉ AÉrÉÑþÌwÉ SÒUÉãýhÉã
33
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 33 of 94
ð¤ð¢ó¦†û ú¢õ Ý»†û¤ ¶3«ó£…«í
eyöez—r Zy–sû Bj¡—ry b¡¥kx–¥Y
iÉxrÉý xÉZÉÉý rÉxiÉþ AÉÌiÉýjrÉ…
îú¢ò… ú装2 òú¢î† Ýî¢2ò
h—psy– Zsõ– sLx– jsë— BZy–aõ xiÉÉãqÉÉý-¶ÉlSÉóèþÍxÉ ÌlÉýÌuÉSÉãþqÉ AÉWÒûUãýiÉxqÉæþ
ú¢«î£ñ£…Ÿ¢-êï¢î£3óè†ú¤ 串õ¤«î£†3ñ Ýý§«ó
ÒÉxóè—sy dy–py¥bx—i Bt¡¥k– Z¤¤sô—
qÉkÉÑýmÉë×cÉÉþ-qÉU…¡ûýqÉ AÉqÉÉÿ
ñ¶…4𢢼꣆-ñóé¢è…ñ Ýñ£‡
ic¡–öe£Px—-ikO§M–i Bix˜
mÉÑýlÉliÉÑý ÌuɵÉþ AÉýrÉuÉþÈ
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 34 of 94
¹…ù… õ¤Ÿ¢õ† Ý…òõ†: |
e¡–dÇ¡– pyqû— B–jp—J
oÉë¼þ oÉëɼýhÉ AÉýiqÉlÉÉÿ
ð¢3óý¢ñ† ð¢3ó£ý¢ñ…í Ý…î¢ñù£‡ ||
ögÖ— ögxÖ–Y B–Ãdx˜
mÉýUýqÉã uÉ×ý¤É AÉrÉÑþkÉ ÌllÉýkÉÉrÉý
ð…ó…«ñ õ¢¼…þ Ý»†î4-
e–k–¥i p£–± Bj¡—cËy–cxj–
UjÉþÍqÉýuÉɵÉÉþ uÉÉýÎeÉlÉý AÉuÉþWûliÉÑ
óî†2ñ¤…õ£Ÿ¢õ£† õ£…ü¤ù… Ýõ†ý
ka—iy–pxqûx— px–Ryd– Bp—tÇ¡
35
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 35 of 94
mÉëýeÉÉÇ qÉÉ qÉãþ UÏËUwÉý AÉrÉÑþÂaÉë
ð¢ó…ü£ñ¢ ñ£ «ñ† ó¦ó¤û… Ý»†¼è¢3ó
öe–RxI ix ¥i— kzkyr– Bj¡—k¡öM
MüÉqÉãþlÉqÉãý MüÉqÉý AÉaÉÉÿiÉç
裫ñ†ù «ñ… è£ñ… Ý裇3î¢
Kx¥i—d¥i– Kxi– BMx˜Z§
AkÉÉþlÉÉã AalÉý AÉuÉþWû UÉýrÉ
Ü4«ï£ Üè¢3ù… Ýõ†ý
Acx—¥dx A²– Bp—t
xÉÉãqÉÉãý UÉeÉÉþ qÉ×aÉzÉÏýwÉãïhÉý AÉaɳÉçþ
ó£ü£† ñ¢¼è3Ÿ¦…ó¢«ûí… Ýè3ù¢ù¢†–
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 36 of 94
kxRx— i£Mqz–ª¥rY– BM˧—
AlÉãþzɳÉýxrÉãwÉþuÉ AÉýpÉÑUþxrÉ ÌlÉwÉý…¡ûÍjÉþÈ
ܫï¢-ï…ú¢«òû†õ Ý…¹4ó†ú¢ò
A¥d—qË–¥sõr—p B–h¡k—sõ
2.7 Basic Rule when letter ‘aa’ ( AÉ, Ý, B) follows the sound
‘aa’(AÉ, Ý, B)
Rule 1: When Letter ‘a’ AÉ, Ý, B follows the sound ‘aa’ AÉ, Ý, B ,
‘aa’ that follows ‘aa’ sound becomes or is represented through an Avagraha as ÅÅ. Example:
pÉÑuÉþlÉÉ + AÉÌuÉýuÉãzÉ = pÉÑuÉþlÉÉ ÅÅÌuÉýuÉãzÉ
¹4õ†ù£ + Ýõ¤…«õŸ = ¹4õ†ù£ ÅÅõ¤…«õŸ…
h¡p—dx + Bpy–¥pq = h¡p—dx „„py–¥pq–
37
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 37 of 94
lÉÉ has ‘aa’ AÉ, Ý, B vowel sound. This is followed by ‘aa’ (AÉ, Ý, B)
resulting in the Sandhi with avagraha.
Effect on Maatra: ‘aa’ has two maatra and ‘aa’ has two maatra value in terms of time.
Due to the Sandhi, the rule results in a Maatra of 3.0. With Avagrah, the ‘aa’ is truncated to
‘ÅÅ’ with only 1 maatra.
Table of Examples
Basic Words/Padams before
Sandhi
The Resultant Words/Padam
after Sandhi
oÉë¼Éþ AÉaÉýiÉ´ÉÏþ ÂýiÉiuÉrÉÉÿ
ð¢3óý¢ñ£†-Ýè…3î-ÿ†¼…îî¢õò£‡
ögÖx— BM–Zöqz— k¡–Z Zûjx˜
oÉë¼ÉþÅÅaÉýiÉ´ÉÏþ ÂýiÉiuÉrÉÉÿ
ð¢3óý¢ñ£†-ÅÅè…3î-ÿ†¼…î î¢õò£‡
ögÖx—„„M–Zöqz—
k¡–Z Zûjx˜
xÉÉ AÉÌSýirÉãlÉþ
ú£ Ý3òù† Ÿ£…ï¢î£
xÉÉÅÅÌSýirÉãlÉþ
ú£ÅÅ3òù† Ÿ£…ï¢î£
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 38 of 94
sx Bby–¥Zõd— qx–Çx sx„„by–¥Zõd— qx–Çx
ÌuÉýiÉxiÉýrÉÉ AÉeÉÏïþMüÐrÉ
õ¤…îú¢î…ò£ Ýó¢ü¦†è¦«ò
py–Zsë–jx BªRz—Kz¥j
ÌuÉýiÉxiÉýrÉÉ ÅÅeÉÏïþMüÐrÉ,
õ¤…îú¢î…ò£ ÅÅó¢ü¦†è¦«ò
py–Zsë–jx „„ªRz—Kz¥j
SÉýiÉÉ mÉëþSÉýiÉÉ AÉlÉýlSÉå qÉÉåSþÈ
3î£ ð¢ó†î£…3î£ Ýï…ù¢«î£3
«ñ£î†3:
bx–Zx öe—bx–Zx Bd–¥Éx
¥ixb—J öe¥ix–bJ
SÉýiÉÉ mÉëþSÉýiÉÉ ÅÅlÉýlSÉå qÉÉåSþÈ
3î£ ð¢ó†î£…3î£ ÅÅï…ù¢«î£3
«ñ£î†3:
bx–Zx öe—bx–Zx„„d–¥Éx
¥ixb—J öe¥ix–bJ
xÉæwÉÉ AÉlÉlSxrÉ qÉÏqÉÉóèþxÉÉ
¬úû£-Ýùï¢î3ú¢ò ñ¦ñ£ó†è
xÉæwÉÉÅÅlÉlSxrÉ qÉÏqÉÉóèþxÉÉ
¬úû£-ÅÅùï¢î3ú¢ò ñ¦ñ£ó†è
39
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 39 of 94
¤¤srx BdÉsõ izixóè— ¤¤srx„„dÉsõ izixóè—
xÉ LMü ClSìþxrÉÉ AÉlÉýlSÈ
úãè Þï¢î¢3ó†ú¢ò£Ýù…ï¢î3È
s GK CöÉ—sõx Bd–ÉJ
xÉ LMü ClSìþxrÉÉÅÅlÉýlSÈ
ú ãè Þï¢î¢3ó†ú¢ò£ÅÅù…ï¢î3È
s GK CöÉ—sõx„„d–ÉJ
rÉÑþwqÉliÉýxiÉãlÉýiuÉÉ AÉrÉÑýwÉÉ-AÉrÉÑþwqÉliÉÇ
ú¢«îù…î¢õ£-Ý»…û£
Ý»†û¢ñï¢îé¢
¥sëd–Zûx Bj¡–rx-
Bj¡—rôÇI
rÉÑþwqÉliÉýxiÉãlÉýiuÉÉ ÅÅrÉÑýwÉÉÅÅrÉÑþwqÉliÉÇ
ú¢«îù…î¢õ£-
ÅÅ»…û£ÅÅ»†û¢ñï¢îé¢
¥sëd–Zûx „„j¡–rx„„j¡—rôÇI
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 40 of 94
3 Basic rules for combination of ‘e’ (C Þ C) and ‘ee’ (D ß C¦):
‘ee’ sound is produced by the combination of the following:
C + C = D Þ + Þ = ß C + C = C¦
C + D = D Þ + ß = ß C + C¦= C¦
D + C = D ß + Þ = ß C¦+ C = C¦
’ D + D = D ß + ß = ß C¦+ C¦= C¦
Examples:
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
qÉÌrÉþ mÉëýeÉÉÇ qÉÌrÉ ClSìþ CÎlSìýrÉÇ SþkÉÉiÉÑý
ñò¤† ð¢ó…ü£ñ¢ ñò¤ Þï¢î¢3ó†
Þï¢î¢3ó¤…òï¢
ijy— öe–RxI ijy— CöÉ— CöÉy–
qÉÌrÉþ mÉëýeÉÉÇ qÉrÉÏlSìþ CÎlSìýrÉÇ SþkÉÉiÉÑý
ñò¤† ð¢ó…ü£ñ¢ ñò¦ï¢î¢3ó†
Þï¢î¢3ó¤…òï¢
ijy— öe–RxI ijzöÉ— CöÉy–jI
41
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 41 of 94
jI b—cxZ¡– b—cxZ¡–
lÉ rÉÉýÌiÉ ClSìÉãý ÌuɵÉþxrÉ
ï ò£…î¤ Þï¢î¢3«ó£… õ¤Ÿ¢õ†ú¢ò
d jx–Zy C¥öÉx– pyqû—sõ
lÉ rÉÉýiÉÏlSìÉãý ÌuɵÉþxrÉ
ï ò£…î¦ï¢î¢3«ó£… õ¤Ÿ¢õ†ú¢ò
q–k¥bx– d jx–Zz¥öÉx– pyqû—sõ
xÉÉqÉëÉÿerÉãlÉÉý ÍpÉÌwÉÇþcÉÉýÌqÉ-ClSìþxrÉiuÉÉý
ú£ñ¢ó£‡ü¢«òù£…ð¤4û¤†ë¢ê£…ñ¤
Þï¢î¢3ó†-ú¢òî¢õ£…
sxöix˜¥Rõdx– hyryI—Px–iy
CöÉ—sõZûx–
xÉÉqÉëÉÿerÉãlÉÉý ÍpÉÌwÉÇþcÉÉý-qÉÏlSìþxrÉiuÉÉý
ú£ñ¢ó£‡ü¢«òù£… ð¤4û¤†ë¢ê£…-
ñ¦ï¢î¢3ó†-ú¢òî¢õ£…
sxöix˜¥Rõdx– hyryI—Px–-izöÉ—
sõZûx–
DýqÉýWûý CÌiÉþ DqÉWãû
ßñý… Þ ßñ«ý
DýqÉýWûý CiÉÏþqÉWãû
ßñý… Þñ«ý
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 42 of 94
C¦–i–t– CZy— C¦i¥t C¦–i–t– CZz—i¥t
CýwÉÑýÍkÉ: CÌiÉþ CwÉÑ - ÍkÉÈ
Þ…û§…î¤: Þ Þû§ --- î¤4:
C–r¡–cy: CZy— Cr¡ - cyJ
CýwÉÑýÍkÉËUiÉÏþwÉÑ - ÍkÉÈ
Þ…û§…î¤ ó¤î¦†û§ --- î¤4:
C–r¡–cykyZz—r¡ - cyJ
M×üýüÍkÉ CÌiÉþ M×üÍkÉ
袼…î¤4 Þ 袼î¤4
K£–cy CZy— K£cy
M×üýkÉÏÌiÉþ M×üÍkÉ
袼…î¦4 袼î¤4
K£–czZy— K£cy
43
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 43 of 94
4 Basic rules for combination of ‘u’ E à D and ‘uu’ F á D¦:
‘uu’ (F á D¦) sound is produced by the combination of the following:
E + E = F à + à = á D + D = D¦
E + F = F à + á = á D + D¦= D¦
F + E = F á + à = á D¦+ D = D¦
F + F = F á + á = á D¦+ D¦= D¦
Examples:
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
xÉÑ E£Çü
ú§ àè¢îñ¢
s¡ D°I
xÉÔ£Çü
ú¨è¢îñ¢
s¢°I
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 44 of 94
ÌSý¤ÉÑ EmÉSþkÉÉÌiÉ
3þ§ àðî†3î£4î¤
by–±¡ Deb—cxZy |
ÌSý¤ÉÔmÉSþkÉÉÌiÉ
3þ¨ð î†3î£4î¤
by–±¢eb—cxZy |
qÉÉą̃Éþ̧ liÉý-qÉlÉÑ ĘÉþ¸liÉÑý
«ñ£î¢î¤†û¢ì2ï¢î…-ñÂ
àî¢î¤†û¢ì2
¥ixÀy—rçÇ–-id¡ DÀy—rçÇ¡– ixix–ò–
qÉÉą̃Éþ¸liÉý-qÉlÉǪ̂Éþ¸liÉÑý
«ñ£î¢î¤†û¢ì2ï¢î…-
ñÛî¢î¤†û¢ì2
¥ixÀy—rçÇ–-id¢Ày—rçÇ¡– ixix–ò–
45
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 45 of 94
5 ‘ae’ L,ã, G is formed with a combination of ‘a’ A, Ü’ A
and aa’ AÉ Ý B with ‘e’ (C, Þ C) or ‘ee’ (D ,ß ,C¦) A + C = L , Ü + Þ= ã, A+ C= G
A + D = L, Ü + ß= ã, A+ C¦= G
AÉ + C = L, Ý+ Þ= ã, B+ C= G
AÉ+ D = L Ý+ ß= ã B+ C¦= G
PS 10-3 & 4 Now for cases in which an a-vowel stand s first When an i-vowel follows, the product is ‘ae’ Examples:
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
xÉ ÍzÉuÉýÈ xÉ WûËUýÈ xÉ ClSìýÈ
ú Ÿ¤õ…ú¢ ú ýó¤…ú¢
ú Þï¢î¢3ó…ú¢
xÉ ÍzÉuÉýÈ xÉ WûËUýÈ xÉãlSìýÈ
ú Ÿ¤õ…ú¢ ú ýó¤…ú¢
«úï¢î¢3ó…ú¢
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 46 of 94
s qyp–J s tky–J s CöÉ–J s qyp–J s tky–J ¥söÉ–J
cÉ CÌiÉþ cÉ (Rudra Kramam)
ê Þ ê
P CZy— P
cÉãÌiÉþ cÉ
«ê ê
¥PZy— P
mÉUqÉý C¸Ï ÌuÉýUÉeÉÉÿ
ðóñ… Þû¢¯2 õ¤…ó£ü£‡
eki– Crçz py–kxRx˜
mÉUqÉãý¸Ï ÌuÉýUÉeÉÉÿ
ðó«ñ…û¢¯2 õ¤…ó£ü£‡
ek¥i–rçz py–kxRx˜ lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉ CwÉþuÉã cÉÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉý
ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢í Þû†«õ
ꣻ…î¤4«ù† ê…
di— sëz–±§Y Cr—¥p
Pxj¡–cy¥d
lÉqÉþ xiÉÏý¤hÉãwÉþuÉã cÉÉrÉÑýÍkÉlÉãþ cÉý
ïñ† ú¢î¦…þ¢«íû†«õ
ꣻ…î¤4«ù† ê…
di— sëz–±§¥Yr—¥p
Pxj¡–cy¥d
47
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 47 of 94
AxÉýSè oÉë¼ CÌiÉý uÉãSý cÉãiÉç
Üú…î¢3 ð¢3óý¢ñ Þ «õî…3
«êî¢
As–b§ ögÖ CZy– ¥pb–¥PZ§
AxÉýSè oÉë¼ãÌiÉý uÉãSý cÉãiÉç
Üú…î¢3 ð¢3óý¢«ñ «õî…3
«êî¢
As–b§ ög¥ÖZy– ¥pb– ¥PZ§
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 48 of 94
6 ‘ai’ ( Lã, ä ,¤F) is formed with a combination ‘a’( A,Ü,A) and ‘aa’ ( AÉ Ý B) with ‘ae’ (L ã G)/ ‘ai’ ( Lã ä ¤F)
PS 10-6 When ae or ai follows, an ‘a’ vowel sound, the prod uct is ai
Examples:
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
xÉ LwÉÉ aÉhÉãþzÉ ÌuÉý±É
ú ãû£ è3«í†Ÿ õ¤…î¢3ò£
s Grx M¥Y—qpy–bõx
xÉæwÉÉ aÉhÉãþzÉ ÌuÉý±É
¬úû£ è3«í†Ÿ õ¤…î¢3ò£
¤¤srx M¥Y—qpy–bõx
qÉ×ýirÉÑUý-qÉ×iÉþ³Éý AÉaÉþluÉ LuÉ-xuÉýiÉÉã
ñ¢¼î†ù¢ù… Ýè†ù¢õ ãõ-
ú¢õ…«î£
i£–Zõ¡k–-i£Z—Ë– BM—d
Gp-sû–¥Zx
qÉ×ýirÉÑUý-qÉ×iÉþ³Éý AÉaÉþluÉæuÉ-xuÉýiÉÉã
ñ¢¼î†ù¢ù… Ýè†ù¢¬õõ-
ú¢õ…«î£
i£–Zõ¡k–-i£Z—Ë– BM—¤¤dûp-
sû–¥Zx
49
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 49 of 94
xÉýirÉÇ kÉqÉïþ¶Éý LiÉÉÌlÉþ qÉÉý qÉÉ WûÉþÍxÉwÉÑÈ
ú…î¢ò î4ó¢ñ†Ÿ¢ê… ãî£ù¤…
s–ZõI cªi—Ò– GZxdy—
xÉýirÉÇ kÉqÉïþ¶ÉæýiÉÉÌlÉþ qÉÉý qÉÉ WûÉþÍxÉwÉÑÈ ||
ú…î¢ò î4ó¢ñ†Ÿ¢¬ê… î£ù¤…
s–ZõI cªi—¤¤Ò–Zxdy—
oÉë¼ý LuÉ pÉÔýiÉÉlÉÉýÇ erÉã¸ýÇ
ð¢3óý¢ñ… ãõ Ì…4î£ù£…ñ¢
ü¢«òû¢ì…ñ¢
ögÖ– Gp h¢–Zxdx–I ¥Rõrç–I
oÉë¼æýuÉ pÉÔýiÉÉlÉÉýÇ erÉã ý̧Ç
ð¢3óý¢¬ñ…õ Ì…4î£ù£…ñ¢
ü¢«òû¢ì…ñ¢
ög¤¤Ö–p h¢–Zxdx–I ¥Rõrç–I
iÉxrÉ LwÉ LuÉ zÉÉUÏþU AÉýiqÉÉ
îú¢ò ãû ãõ Ÿ£ó¦†óÝ…î¢ñ£
Zsõ Gr Gp qxkz—k
B–Ãx
iÉxrÉæwÉ LuÉ zÉÉUÏþU AÉýiqÉÉ
îú¢¬òû ãõ Ÿ£ó¦†óÝ…î¢ñ£
Z¤¤sõr Gp qxkz—k
B–Ãx
iÉxrýÉ LwÉÉ pÉuÉþÌiÉ | iÉxrÉæýwÉÉ pÉuÉþÌiÉ |
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 50 of 94
îú¢ò… ãû£ ð4õ†î¤ |
Zsõ– Grx hp—Zy
îú¢¬ò…û£ ð4õ†î¤ |
Z¤¤sõ–rx hp—Zy
iÉãlÉþ LwÉ mÉÔýhÉïÈ
«îù† ãû Ì…ó¢í:
¥Zd— Gr e¢–ªYJ
iÉãlÉæþwÉ mÉÔýhÉïÈ
«î¬ù†û Ì…ó¢í:
¥Z¤¤d—r e¢–ªYJ
MüiÉýqÉÈ xuÉþrÉýÇpÉÑ oÉë¼ý LiÉSqÉ×þiÉ
èî…ñú¢ ú¢õ†ò…ñ¢¹4 ð¢3óý¢ñ…
ãîî3ñ¢¼†î
KZ–iJ sû—j–Ih¡ ögÖ–
GZbi£—Z G–r
MüiÉýqÉÈ xuÉþrÉýÇpÉÑ oÉë¼æý iÉSqÉ×þiÉ
èî…ñú¢ ú¢õ†ò…ñ¢¹4
ð¢3óý¢¬ñ… îî3ñ¢¼†î
KZ–iJ sû—j–Ih¡ ög¤¤Ö–
Zbi£—Z G–r
51
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 51 of 94
7 ‘O’ (AÉå æ H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A, Ü, A) and ‘aa’(AÉ, Ý,B) with ‘u’( E,à, D) and ‘uu’ (F,á, D¦)
PS 10-5 When an u vowel follows, vowel sound ‘a’ th e product is O
Examples:
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
qÉWûÉ lÉÉUÉrÉhÉ EmÉÌlÉwÉiÉç
ñý£ ï£ó£òí àðï¤ûî¢
itx dxkxjY DedyrZ§
qÉWûÉ lÉÉUÉrÉhÉÉãmÉÌlÉwÉiÉç
ñý£ ï£ó£ò«í£ðï¤ûî¢
itx dxkxj¥YxedyrZ§
AuÉ E¨ÉýUɨÉÉÿiÉç
Üõ àî¢î…ó£î¢î£‡î¢
Ap DÀ–kxÀx˜Z§
AuÉÉã¨ÉýUɨÉÉÿiÉç
Ü«õ£î¢î…ó£î¢î£‡î¢
A¥pxÀ–kxÀx˜Z§
AuÉþ cÉ FýkuÉÉï¨ÉÉÿiÉç |
Üõ† ê… áó¢î¢4õ£î¢î£‡î¢
AuÉþ cÉÉãýkuÉÉï¨ÉÉÿiÉç |
Üõ† «ê£…ó¢î¢4õ£î¢î£‡î¢
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 52 of 94
Ap— P– D¦ªcûxÀx˜Z§ Ap— ¥Px–ªcûxÀx˜Z§
ÌuÉerÉ EÌiÉþwÉÉ
õ¤ü¢ò àû£ ð¢¼3ý…î£
pyRõ DZy—rx g£t–Zx
ÌuÉerÉÉãÌiÉþwÉÉ
õ¤ü¢«ò£î¤†û£ ð¢¼3ý…î£
py¥RõxZy—rx g£t–Zx
rÉÉÈ mÉ×þÍjÉýuÉÏÇ mÉrÉþxÉý ElSÎliÉþ
ò£: 𢼆2õ¦ñ¢
ðò†ú… àï¢î3ï¢î¤†
jxJ e£—ay–pzI ej—s– DÉÇy—
rÉÉÈ mÉ×þÍjÉýuÉÏÇ mÉrÉþxÉÉãýlSÎliÉþ
ò£: 𢼆2õ¦ñ¢
ðò†«ú£…ï¢î3ï¢î¤†
jxJ e£—ay–pzI ej—¥sx–ÉÇy—
ÌuÉcÉ¢üqÉÉýhÉ-x§ÉãýkÉ EÂþaÉÉýrÉÈ ||
Æõ¤êè¢óñ£…íú¢-
ó…î4 ༆-装3ò:
pyPöKix–Y-¥ösë–c Dk¡—Mx–jJ
ÌuÉcÉ¢üqÉÉýhÉ-x§ÉãýkÉÉãÂþ-aÉÉýrÉÈ ||
Æõ¤êè¢óñ£…íú¢-
ó…«î£4¼†-装3ò:
pyPöKix–Y-¥ösë–¥cxk¡—Mx–jJ
53
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 53 of 94
pÉaÉþuÉliÉ-xxrÉÉqÉý EiÉ mÉëÌmÉýiuÉ
ð4è†3õï¢îú¢-ú¢ò£ñ… àî
hM—pÇ-sþõxi– DZ öeey–Zû
pÉaÉþuÉliÉ-xxrÉÉqÉÉãýiÉ mÉëÌmÉýiuÉ
ð4è†3õï¢îú¢-ú¢ò£«ñ£…î
hM—pÇ-sþõx¥ix–Z öeey–Zû
LwÉÉ uÉãþS EmÉýÌlÉwÉiÉç
ãû£ «õ†î3 àð…ï¤ûî¢
Grx ¥p—b De–dyrZ§
LwÉÉ uÉãþSÉãmÉýÌlÉwÉiÉç
ãû£ «õ†«î£3ð…ï¤ûî¢
Grx ¥p—¥bxe–dyrZ§
rÉã mÉëÉýhÉÇ oÉë¼ý EmÉÉxÉþiÉã |
«ò ð¢ó£…íñ¢ ð¢3óý¢ñ…
àð£ú†«î
¥j öex–YI ögÖ– Dexs—¥Z |
rÉã mÉëÉýhÉÇ oÉë¼ÉãýmÉÉxÉþiÉã |
«ò ð¢ó£…íñ¢
ð¢3óý¢«ñ£…ð£ú†«î
¥j öex–YI ög¥Öx–exs—¥Z |
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 54 of 94
8 ‘au’ (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) is formed with a combination ‘a’( A,Ü,A) and ‘aa’ ( AÉ,Ý, B) with ‘O’ ( AÉå,æ, Hx)
or ‘au’ (AÉæ, å÷, H¦) PS 10 -7 When O or au follows, ‘a’ vowel sound the product is au.
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
pÉÑuÉýliÉrÉãþ uÉÉËUuÉxM×üýiÉÉrÉ AÉåwÉþkÉÏlÉÉÇý
¹4õ…ï¢î«ò† õ£ó¤õú¢è¢¼…î£ò-
æû†î¦4ù£…ñ¢
pxkypsÜ£–Zxj Hxr—czdxI–
eZ—¥j– d¥ix–
pÉÑuÉýliÉrÉãþ uÉÉËUuÉxM×üýiÉÉ-rÉÉæwÉþkÉÏlÉÉÇý
¹4õ…ï¢î«ò† õ£ó¤õú¢è¢¼…î£-
ªò÷û†î¦4ù£…ñ¢
pxkypsÜ£–Zx-j¦r—czdxI–
eZ—¥j– d¥ix–
GýiÉkÉÉþqÉÉýÅÎalÉ-aÉïþlkÉýuÉïxiÉxrÉ-
AÉåwÉþkÉrÉÉã
¼…î4ñ£…Åè¢3ù¤ó¢-è†3ï¢î…4ó¢õ
GýiÉkÉÉþqÉÉýÅÎalÉ-aÉïþlkÉýuÉï-
xiÉxrÉÉæwÉþkÉrÉÉã
¼…î4ñ£…Åè¢3ù¤ó¢-è†3ï¢î…4ó¢õú¢
55
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 55 of 94
ú¢-îú¢ò æû†î4«ò£ -
E–Zcx—ix–„²yª-
M—Ê–ªpsësõ Hxr—c¥jx
îú¢ªò÷û†î4«ò£
E–Zcx—ix–„²yª-M—Ê–ªpsë-
sõ¦r—c¥jx -
ClSìÉþrÉý iuÉÉ AÉãeÉþxuÉiÉý AÉãeÉþxuÉliÉò
Þï¢î¢3ó£†ò… î¢õ£ æü†ú¢õî…
æü†ú¢õï¢îò ÿí£ñ¤
CöÉx—j– Zûx HxR—sûZ– HxR—
sûÇò öqzYxiy
ClSìÉþrÉý iuÉÉæeÉþxuÉiÉý AÉãeÉþxuÉliÉò
Þï¢î¢3ó£†ò… õ÷ü†ú¢õî…
æü†ú¢õï¢îò ÿí£ñ¤
CöÉx—j– Zû¦R—sûZ– HxR—
sûÇò öqzYxiy
CýluÉýMüÉprÉýxxuÉÉWûÉ AÉãwÉþkÉÏprÉýxxuÉÉWûÉÿ
Þ…ù¢õ…è£ð¢4ò…ú¢-ú¢õ£ý£
æû†î¦4ð¢4ò…
C–dû–Kxhõ– sþûxtx Hxr—czhõ–
CýluÉýMüÉprÉý xxuÉÉWûÉæwÉþkÉÏprÉý xxuÉÉWûÉÿ
Þ…ù¢õ…è£ð¢4ò…ú¢-
ú¢õ£ªý÷û†î¦4ð¢4ò…
C–dû–Kxhõ– sþûxt¦r—czhõ–
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 56 of 94
TS 2.1.5.1
ÌoÉsÉÿqÉç + AmÉ + AÉæýhÉÉãïýiÉç
ப�3ல‡� + அப + ஔ …ேணா…
gym˜I+Ae + H¦–ª¥Yx–Z§
ÌoÉsÉýqÉmÉÉæÿhÉÉãïýýiÉç
ப�3ல…மெபௗ‡ேணா…
gym–ie¦˜ª¥Yx–Z§
TB 2.6.5.1
WûýuÉÏóèÌwÉþ + mÉë + AÉæý¤ÉÏýÈ
ஹ…வ �óèஷி† + �ர + ஔ…��…:
t–pzóèry— + öe + H¦–±z–J
WýuÉÏóèÌwÉý mÉëÉæ¤ÉÏýÈ
ஹ…வ �óèஷி … �ெரௗ��…:
t–pzóèry– öe¦±z–J
57
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 57 of 94
9 ‘ar’ (AUç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and
‘aa’(AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘Ru’( G,¼,E, and ‘Ruu’ ( H,Ï, u) PS 10- 8 When ‘Ru’ follows, vowel ‘a, or ‘aa’ the product is ar. PS 10-9 If a preposition precedes, the product is ‘Ar). PA Book 5. Chapter 11-Rule 91. The Vriddhi (long letter) is the single substitute
when the ‘a’ or A of a preposition is followed by the short ‘Ru’ of a verb
Examples:
Words or Padam before Sa ndhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
xÉýmiÉ GwÉþrÉÈ-xÉýmiÉkÉÉqÉþ ÌmÉëýrÉÉÍhÉþ
ú…ð¢î ¼û†ò…ú¢-úð¢îî£4ñ†
s–eë Er—jJ-s–eëcxi— öey–jxYy
xÉýmiÉwÉïþrÉÈ-xÉýmiÉkÉÉqÉþ ÌmÉëýrÉÉÍhÉþ
ú…ð¢îó¢û†ò…ú¢-úð¢îî£4ñ†
s–eëªr—jJ-s–eëcxi— öey–jxYy
ÌuÉïýµÉMüþqÉÉïý qÉlÉÉãþ aÉlkÉýuÉïxiÉxrÉþ GMüç
xÉÉýqÉÉlrÉþ
õ¤…Ÿ¢õè†ó¢ñ£… ñ«ù£†
è3ï¢î…4ó¢õú¢-îú¢ò† ¼è¢-
ÌuÉïýµÉMüþqÉÉïý qÉlÉÉãþ aÉlkÉýuÉïxiÉxrÉþZÉïç
xÉÉýqÉÉlrÉþ
õ¤…Ÿ¢õè†ó¢ñ£… ñ«ù£†
è3ï¢î…4ó¢õú¢-îú¢ò†ó¢è¢2-
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 58 of 94
ú£…ñ£ù¢ò†
i¥dx— MÊ–ªp-sësõ— EK§§ sx–ixdõ—
ú£…ñ£ù¢ò†
i¥dx— MÊ–ªp-sësõ—ªL§ sx–ixdõ—
AÉrÉýlÉç iÉmÉýxÉ GwÉþrÉýÈ xÉÑuÉýUluÉþ-
ÌuÉlSýlÉç iÉmÉþxÉÉ
Ýò…ï¢ îð…ú ¼û†òýú¢
ú§õ…óù¢-õ†õ¤ï¢î…3ù¢
Bj–© Ze–s Er—jýJ s¡p–kdû—pyÉ–©
AÉrÉýlÉç iÉmÉýxÉwÉïþrÉýÈ xÉÑuÉýUluÉþ-ÌuÉlSýlÉç
iÉmÉþxÉÉ
Ýò…ï¢ îð…úó¢û†òýú¢
ú§õ…óù¢-õ†õ¤ï¢î…3ù¢
Bj–© Ze–sªr—jýJ s¡p–kdû—pyÉ–©
TS 1.5.9.6 (example for preposition)
iÉqÉç + EmÉ + GýcNûûýÌiÉý |
த� + உப + � …�ச…2தி…
ZI + De + E–Pâ–Zy– |
iÉqÉÑmÉÉÿcNïûýÌiÉ
த�பா‡�ச…2தி
Zi¡ex˜ªPâ–Zy
59
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 59 of 94
Example from PA by Author
mÉë+ GýcNûûýÌiÉý |
�ர+ � …�ச…2தி…
öe +E–Pâ–Zy–
mÉëÉcNïûýÌiÉ
�ரா�ச…2தி
öex˜ªPâ–Zy
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 60 of 94
10 ‘al’ (AsÉç, is formed with a combination ‘a’ (A,Ü, A) and ‘aa’( AÉ,Ý,B) with ‘lRu’( sÉ× ô¢¼ m£)
and ‘lRuu’ (( sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u)
No examples have been found from standard Vedic suktams or Pada Paatam.
61
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 61 of 94
11 ‘e’ (C Þ C) and ‘ee’ (D ß C¦) changes to
‘y’ ( rÉç, ò¢, c§ ) followed by other Vowels PS 10-15 ‘e’ vowel and ‘u’ vowel become ‘y’ and ‘v’ re spectively
PA Book 5 Ch 1- 77 – the Semi-vowels ‘y’,’v’,’r’.’l’ are substitutes of the
corresponding vowel ‘e’,’u’.R. lRu when followed by a Vowel
Example with Explanation:
aÉhÉmÉÌiÉ AjÉuÉï-zÉÏwÉÉïqÉç = aÉhÉmÉirÉjÉuÉï-zÉÏwÉÉãïqÉç
è3íðî¤ Üî2ó¢õ-Ÿ¦ó¢ûñ¢ = è3íðî¢òî2ó¢õ-Ÿ¦óûñ¢¢¢
MYeZy Aaªp-qzªri§ = MYeZõaªp-qzªri§
The ‘e’ sound in ‘ÌiÉ’ î¤ Zy becomes ‘y’ rÉç , ò¢, c§ leaving the base letter ‘ÌiÉ’
î¤ Zy with ‘t’ iÉç, î¢, Z§. Now this rÉç , ò¢, c§ combines with following ‘a’ to
become ya, rÉ, ò, c. The resultant letter is ‘tya’ irÉ, î¢ò, Zõ after vowel
sandhi.
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 62 of 94
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
CýÌiþÉ EmÉýÌlÉwÉþiÉç ||
Þ àð…ï¤û†î¢
CZ—y De–dyr—Z§
CirÉÑþmÉýÌlÉwÉþiÉç ||
Þ†ð…ï¤û†î¢
CZõ¡—e–dyr—Z§
uÉæýµÉýSãýuÉÏ mÉÑþlÉýiÉÏ SãýuÉÏ AÉaÉÉÿiÉç
«î…3õ¦ ¹†ù…î¦ «î…3õ¦ Ý裇3î¢
¤¤p–qû–¥b–pz e¡—d–Zz
¥b–pz BMx˜Z§
uÉæýµÉýSãýuÉÏ mÉÑþlÉýiÉÏ SãýurÉÉaÉÉÿiÉç
«î…3õ¦ ¹†ù…î¦ «î…3õ¢ò£è£‡3î¢
¤¤p–qû–¥b–pz e¡—d–Zz
¥b–põxMx˜Z§
iÉlqÉlÉ CÌiþÉ EmÉÉxÉÏýiÉ |
îù¢ñù Þ àð£ú¦…î
ZÍd CZ—y Dexsz–Z
iÉlqÉlÉ CirÉÑþmÉÉxÉÏýiÉ |
îù¢ñù Þ†ð£ú¦…î
ZÍd CZõ¡—exsz–Z
xÉuÉï ÍqÉÌiþÉ AÉMüÉýzÉã | xÉuÉï ÍqÉþirÉÉMüÉýzÉã |
63
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 63 of 94
úó¢õ Þ Ý装«Ÿ
sªp-iyZ—y BKx–¥q
úó¢õ ñ¤†î¢ò£è£…«Ÿ
sªp-iy—ZõxKx–¥q
mÉëþrÉÌliÉý AÍpÉ-xÉÇ ÆÌuÉþzÉýliÉÏÌiÉ
þð¢óò†ï¢î¤ý Üð¤4-úñ¢Æõ¤†Ÿ…ï¢î¦î¤†
öe—jÇy– Ahy-sIÆpy—q–ÇzZy—
mÉëþrÉlirÉýÍpÉ-xÉÇ ÆÌuÉþzÉýliÉÏÌiÉ þ|
ð¢óò†ï¢î¢ò…ð¤4-úñ¢Æõ¤†Ÿ…ï¢î¦î¤†
öe—jÇõ–hy-sIÆpy—q–ÇzZy—
AÉý¢üýlSrÉþiÉý CÌiþÉ - AÉý¢üýlSrÉþiÉã
Ý…è¢ó…ï¢îò†î… Þ ---
Ýè¢ó…ï¢îò†«î
B–öK–Éj—Z– CZ—y -
BöK–Éj—¥Z
AÉý¢üýlSrÉþiÉý CirÉÉÿ - ¢üýlSrÉþiÉã
Ý…è¢ó…ï¢îò†î… Þî¢ò£‡ ---
è¢ó…ï¢îò†«î
B–öK–Éj—Z– CZõx˜-öK–Éj—¥Z
LwÉ ÌW LuÉÉlÉþlSrÉÉýÌiÉ | LwÉ ½ãuÉÉlÉþlSrÉÉýÌiÉ |
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 64 of 94
ãû ý¤ ãõ£ù†ï¢¢î3ò£…î¤
Gr ty Gpxd—Éjx–Zy |
ãû ý¢«òõ£ù†ï¢¢î3ò£…î¤
Gr ¥tõpxd—Éjx–Zy | mÉÉÌW FeÉïþÇ iÉ×ýiÉÏrÉþrÉÉ |
ð£…ý¤ áó¢ü†ñ¢ …î¦ò†ò£ |
ex–ty D¦ªR—I Z£–Zzj—jx |
mÉÉý½ÔeÉïþÇ iÉ×ýiÉÏrÉþrÉÉ |
ð£…ý¢Îó¢ü†ñ¢ …î¦ò†ò£ |
ex–tõ¢ªR—I Z£–Zzj—jx |
xxÉæwÉÉ §ÉýrÉÏ LuÉþ ÌuÉý±É iÉþmÉÌiÉý rÉ
Æ¢«ô£…èú¢ ¬úû£ î¢ó…ò¦ ãõ†
Æ¥mx–-¤¤sþrx öZ–jz Gp—
xxÉæwÉÉ §ÉýrrÉãuÉþ ÌuÉý±É iÉþmÉÌiÉý rÉ
Æ¢«ô£…èú¢ ¬úû£ î¢ó…ò¢«òõ†
Æ¥mx–-¤¤sþrx öZ–¥Ðp— py–bõx
CÌiÉ GiÉÑ qÉþhQûsÉÉýÌlÉ |
Þî¤ ¼¶ ñ†í¢ì3ô£…ù¤
CZ—y EZ¡ i—¾mx–dy
CirÉ×iÉÑ qÉþhQûsÉÉýÌlÉ |
Þî¢ò¢¼¶ ñ†í¢ì3ô£…ù¤
CZõ£Z¡ i—¾mx–dy
65
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 65 of 94
LåýlSìýuÉÉýrÉýuÉ CÌiÉþ LålSì - uÉÉýrÉýuÉÈ
ä…ï¢î¢ó…3õ£…ò…õ Þî¤þ äï¢î¢ó
3--
õ£…ò…õ:
¤F–öÉx–² CZ—y ¤FöÉA²J
LåýlSìýuÉÉýrÉýuÉ CirÉæÿlSì - uÉÉýrÉýuÉÈ
ä…ï¢î¢ó…3õ£…ò…õ Þò‡ï¢î¢ó
3--
õ£…ò…õ:
¤F–öÉx–² C¤¤Zõ˜öÉ- A²J
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 66 of 94
12 ‘u’ (E,à,D) and ‘uu’ (F,á, D¦) changes to
‘v’ ( uÉç, õ¢, e§§ ) combination of other vowels
PS 10-15 ‘e’ vowel and ‘u’ vowel become ‘y’ and ‘v’ re spectively
PA Book 5 Ch 1- 77 – the Semi-vowels ‘y’,’v’,’r’.’l’ are substitutes of the
corresponding vowel ‘e’,’u’.R. lRu when followed by a Vowel
Example with Explanation:
xÉÑ + AÎxiÉ = xuÉÎxiÉ
ú§ + Üú¢î¤ = ú¢õú¢î¤
s¡ + Asëy = sûsëy
The ‘u’ sound in ‘xÉÑ’ ú§ s¡ becomes ‘V’ uÉç, õ¢ , e§ leaving the base letter
‘xÉÑ’ ú§ s¡ with ‘s’ xÉç, ú¢, s§§. Now this uÉç, õ¢ , e§§ combines with
following ‘a’ to become va, uÉ, õ , e.
The resultant letter is ‘sva’ xuÉ, ú¢õ, sû after vowel sandhi.
67
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 67 of 94
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
cÉiÉþxÉëý AÉzÉÉýÈ mÉëcÉþUliÉÑ… AalÉrÉþÈ
êî†ú¢ó… ÝŸ£…: ð¢óê†ó…-
Üè¢3ùò†:
PZ—ös– Bqx–J öeP—kÇ¡–
A²j—J
cÉiÉþxÉëý AÉzÉÉýÈ mÉëcÉþUliuÉýalÉrÉþÈ
êî†ú¢ó… ÝŸ£…: ð¢óê†óï¢î¢õ…-
è¢3ùò†:
PZ—ös– Bqx–J öeP—kÇû-–
²j—J
Í´ÉrÉþÇ SkÉÉýiÉÑ -™þhÉÏrÉqÉÉlÉÇ |
Ÿ¢ó¤ò†ï¢ î34¶ -
ý¢¼†í¦òñ£ùñ¢
öqyj—I bcx–Z¡-
t£—YzjixdI
Í´ÉrÉþÇ SkÉÉýiuÉ-™þhÉÏrÉqÉÉlÉÇ |
Ÿ¢ó¤ò†ï¢ î34î¢õ-
ý¢¼†í¦òñ£ùñ¢
öqyj—I bcx–Zû-
t£—YzjixdI
uÉÂþhÉÈ mÉÑýlÉÉiÉÑ AþbÉqÉwÉïýhÉÈ uÉÂþhÉÈ mÉÑýlÉÉiuÉþbÉqÉwÉïýhÉÈ
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 68 of 94
õ¼†í: ¹…ù£¶
܆è4ñó¢û…í:
e¡–dxZ¡– pk¡—YJ e¡–dxZ¡
At—iªr–YJ
õ¼†í: ¹…ù£î¢õ†è4ñó¢û…í:
e¡–dxZ¡– pk¡—YJ e¡–dxZû—
Niªr–YJ
qÉÉSèkuÉÏÿlÉï-xxÉýliÉÑ AÉåwÉþkÉÏÈ
ñ£î¢3î¢4õ¦‡ó¢-ïú¢-ú…
æû†î¦4:
ixÆûz˜ª dsþ–Ç¡ Hxrcz—J |
qÉÉSèkuÉÏÿlÉï-xxÉýliuÉÉãwÉþkÉÏÈ
ñ£î¢3î¢4õ¦‡ó¢-ïú¢-
ú…ï¢î¢«õ£û†î¦4:
ixÆûz˜ª dsþ–¥Çûxr—czJ |
pÉýSìÉ iÉãþ mÉÔwÉͳÉýWû UÉýÌiÉUç AýxiÉÑ CÌiþÉ
þð…4î¢3ó£ «î† Ìûù¢ù¤…ý
ó£…î¤ó¢ Ü…ú¢¶ Þ
h–öbx ¥Z— e¢rËy–t kx–Zyk§–
pÉýSìÉ iÉãþ mÉÔwÉͳÉýWû UÉýÌiÉUýÎxiuÉÌiÉþ
ð…4î¢3ó£ «î† Ìûù¢ù¤…ý
ó£…î¤ó…ú¢î¢õ¤î¤†
69
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 69 of 94
A–së¡ CZ—y h–öbx ¥Z— e¢rËy–t kx–Zyk–
sëûyZy—
AÉpÉÉåaÉÉ: iÉÑ LuÉþ xÉÇrÉýÆÎliÉ |
Ý«ð£4è£3ú¢¶ ãõ†
úñ¢Æòï¢î¤
B¥hxMxsë¡ Gp— sIÆj–Çy
AÉpÉÉåaÉÉxiuÉåuÉþ xÉÇrÉýÆÎliÉ |
Ý«ð£4è£3ú¢î¢«õõ†
úñ¢Æòï¢î¤
B¥hxMx¥sëûp— sIÆj–Çy |
rÉjÉ GiÉÑ LuÉ -uÉÉalÉå-UÍcÉïuÉïhÉïþ
òî2 ¼¶ ãõ-õ£è¢3«ùóó¢-
ê¤ó¢õó¢í
ja EZ¡ Gp -px¥²k-
ªPyªpªY
rÉjɨuÉåï-uÉÉalÉå-UÍcÉïuÉïhÉïþ
òî2ó¢î¢«õ-õ£è¢3«ùóó¢-
ê¤ó¢õó¢í
jaª¥Àû-px¥²kªPyª-
pªY
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 70 of 94
AxiÉÑ CÌiþÉ AxiÉÑ
Ü…ú¢¢¶ Þ Ü…ú¢¢¶
A–së¡ CZ—y Asë¡
AýÎxiuÉirÉþxiÉÑ
Ü…ú¢î¢õ¤î¢ò†ú¢¶
A–sëûyZõ—së¡
71
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 71 of 94
13 ‘ae’ (L, ã F) changes to ‘a’( A) sound with combination
of Other vowels (except for a, A,Ü,A) or as ‘ay’
(ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§), PA Book 5 Chapter 1 - 78 – For vowels, ‘ae’, ai. O, au are respectively substituted with ‘ay, Ay, av, Av when vowel follows.
In Veda verses, it takes the option of ‘a’ and not ‘ay’
Example with Explanation:
lÉqÉþxiÉã ÂSì qÉýlrÉuÉþã EýiÉÉãiÉýã CwÉþuÉãý lÉqÉþÈ becomes
lÉqÉþxiÉã ÂSì qÉýlrÉuÉþ EýiÉÉãiÉý CwÉþuÉãý lÉqÉþÈ
ïñ†ú¢«î ¼î¢3ó ñ…ù¢ò«õ† à…«î£«î… Þû†«õ… ïñ: becomes
ïñ†ú¢«î ¼î¢3ó ñ…ù¢òõ† à…«î£î… Þû†«õ… ïñ: †
di—¥së k¡öb i–dõ¥p— D–¥Zx¥Z– Cr—¥p– diJ— becomes
di—¥së k¡öb i–dõp— D–¥ZxZ– Cr—¥p– diJ—
The ‘ae’ sound consists of ‘a’ plus ‘e’ (refer to Section 5).
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 72 of 94
The ‘e’ (C, Þ C) sound leaves that letter and it becomes the letter with ‘a’
A,Ü,A sound . In the above example, ‘ae’ sound is followed by vowels ‘e’ C,
Þ C and ‘u’ E,à,D.
This rule is not applicable when followed by ‘a’ (A,Ü,A) since ‘a’ A,Ü,A
becomes an Avagraha. (refer Section 2.4)
Words or Padam before Sandhi Rule Words or Padam after Sandhi
xÉÑýmÉjÉÇþ cÉ qÉã Gý®Ç cÉþ qÉãý, Gήþ¶É qÉã ú§…ðî†2ë¢ê «ñ, ¼…î¢3î4ë¢¢ê† «ñ…, ¼î¢34Ÿ¢ê «ñ,
s¡–eaI— P ¥i, E–ÆI P— ¥i–, EÆy—Ò ¥i,
xÉÑýmÉjÉÇþ cÉ qÉ Gý®Ç cÉþ qÉý,Gήþ¶É qÉã
ú§…ðî†2ë¢ê ñ,¼…î¢3î4ë¢¢ê† ñ…, ¼î¢34Ÿ¢ê «ñ,
s¡–eaI— P i, E–ÆI P— i–, EÆy—Ò ¥i,
eÉæ§ÉÇþ cÉ qÉãý, AÉæΰþkrÉÇ cÉ qÉã
¬üî¢ó†ë¢ê «ñ…,
eÉæ§ÉÇþ cÉ qÉý,AÉæΰþkrÉÇ cÉ qÉã
¬üî¢ó†ë¢ê ñ…,
73
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 73 of 94
å÷î¢3ð¤†4î¢4òë¢ê «ñ,
¤¤RöZI—P ¥i–, H¦b§hy—bõI P ¥i
å÷î¢3ð¤†4î¢4òë¢ê «ñ,
¤¤RöZI— P i–, H¦b§hy—bõI P ¥i
uÉÏýÂkÉþ¶É qÉãý, AÉãwÉþkÉrÉ¶É qÉã,
õ¦…¼î†4Ÿ¢ê «ñ…,
æû†î4òŸ¢ê «ñ,
pz–k¡c—Ò¥i– Hxr—cjÒ ¥i,
uÉÏýÂkÉþ¶É qÉý, AÉãwÉþkÉrÉ¶É qÉã,
õ¦…¼î†4Ÿ¢ê ñ…,
æû†î4òŸ¢ê «ñ,
pz–k¡c—Ò i–, Hxr—cjÒ ¥i,
qÉã, ÅliÉrÉÉïýqɶÉþ qÉã, LålSìuÉÉrÉýuɶÉþ qÉã, qÉæ§ÉÉuÉÂýhɶÉþ qÉã,AÉ͵ÉýlɶÉþ qÉã «ñ Åï¢îó¢ò£…ñŸ¢ê† «ñ, äï¢î¢3óõ£ò…õŸ¢ê† «ñ, ¬ñî¢ó£-õ¼…íŸ¢ê† «ñ,
ÝŸ¢õ¤…ùŸ¢ê† «ñ,
qÉã, ÅliÉrÉÉïýqɶÉþ qÉ, LålSìuÉÉrÉýuɶÉþ
qÉã, qÉæ§ÉÉuÉÂýhɶÉþ qÉ,AÉ͵ÉýlɶÉþ qÉã
«ñ Åï¢îó¢ò£…ñŸ¢ê† ñ, äï¢î¢3óõ£ò…õŸ¢ê† «ñ, ¬ñî¢ó£-õ¼…íŸ¢ê† ñ,
ÝŸ¢õ¤…ùŸ¢ê† «ñ,
¥i, „Çkõx–iÒ— i,
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 74 of 94
¥i, „Çkõx–iÒ— ¥i, ¤FöÉpxj–pÒ— ¥i, ¤¤iöZxpk¡–YÒ— ¥i,
Bqûy–dÒ— ¥i,
¤FöÉpxj–pÒ— ¥i, ¤¤iöZxpk¡–YÒ— i,
Bqûy–dÒ— ¥i,
uÉæµÉÉlÉýU¶Éþ qÉã GiÉÑaÉëýWûɶÉþ qÉã, ÅÌiÉaÉëÉý½Éÿ¶É qÉã, LålSìÉýalɶÉþ qÉã ¬õŸ¢õ£ï…óŸ¢ê† «ñ,
¼¶è¢3ó…ý£Ÿ¢ê† «ñ, Åî¤è¢3ó£…ý¢ò£‡Ÿ¢ê «ñ, äï¢î¢3ó£…è¢3ùŸ¢ê† «ñ,
¤¤pqûxd–kÒ— ¥i,
EZ¡öM–txÒ— ¥i, „ZyöMx–tõx˜Ò ¥i, ¤FöÉx–²Ò— ¥i,
uÉæµÉÉlÉýU¶Éþ qÉ GiÉÑaÉëýWûɶÉþ qÉã,
ÅÌiÉaÉëÉý½Éÿ¶É qÉ, LålSìÉýalɶÉþ qÉã
¬õŸ¢õ£ï…óŸ¢ê† ñ, ¼¶è¢3ó…ý£Ÿ¢ê† «ñ, Åî¤è¢3ó£…ý¢ò£‡Ÿ¢ê ñ, äï¢î¢3ó£…è¢3ùŸ¢ê† «ñ,
¤¤pqûxd–kÒ— i,
EZ¡öM–txÒ— ¥i, „ZyöMx–tõx˜Ò i, ¤FöÉx–²Ò— ¥i,
75
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 75 of 94
Note: ‘a’ in athikraahyaascha has become avagraha since it is ‘a’ , all other vowels follow the base ‘a’ sound of that letter. Please note in Vedic rendering, mostly the ‘ae’ bef ore vowel changes to ‘a’ when we referred some areas of Samhita Pada Paatam and Rudr a Kramam.
Change to ‘ ay’ ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§) has not been observed.
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 76 of 94
14 ‘ai’, (Lã ä ¤F) changes to ‘aa’ ( AÉ Ý B
or ‘ay’( ArÉç,Üò¢,Ac§ ) with combination of any Vowel
PS 6-14 ‘ai’ becomes ay before other vowels PA Book 5 – Chapter 1- 78 – For vowels, ‘ae’, ai. O, au are respectively
substituted with ‘ay, Ay, av, Av when vowel follows
In vedic verses, ‘ai’ becomes ‘A’ rather than ‘ay’
Example with Explanation:
AÉmÉÉåý uÉæ AýalÉåUÉýrÉÉiÉþlÉÇ becomes AÉmÉÉåý uÉÉ AýalÉåUÉýrÉÉiÉþlÉÇ
ݫ𣅠¬õ Ü…è¢3«ù-ó£…ò£î†ùñ¢ becomes
ݫ𣅠õ£ Ü…è¢3«ù-ó£…ò£î†ùñ¢
B¥ex– ¤¤p A–¥²kx–jxZ—dI becomes
B¥ex– px A–¥²kx–jxZ—dI
‘Vai’ in the above example with ‘ai’ sound becomes the ‘aa’ sound and becomes
‘vaa’.
Notes:
Words like ‘asmai, tasmai, etai become asmaa, tasmaa, etaa before a word starting with
Vowel.
Change to ‘Ay’ sound is rarely found. In Vedic text, a sample study of Pada Paadam reveals
‘ai’ sound converts to ‘aa’ sound rather than ‘ay’.
77
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 77 of 94
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
AÉmÉÉåý uÉæ AýqÉÑwrÉý-iÉmÉþiÉ AÉýrÉiÉþlÉÇ
ݫ𣅠¬õ Ü…ºû¢ò…-îð†î
Ý…òî†ùñ¢
B¥ex– ¤¤p A–i¡rõ–-Ze—Z
B–jZ—dI
AÉmÉÉåýuÉÉ AýqÉÑwrÉý-iÉmÉþiÉ AÉýrÉiÉþlÉÇ
Ý«ð£…õ£ Ü…ºû¢ò…-îð†î
Ý…òî†ùñ¢
B¥ex–px A–i¡rõ–-Ze—Z
B–jZ—dI
U¤ÉþxÉãý WûliÉý uÉæ Eþ
óþ†«ú… ýï¢î… ¬õ à†
k±—¥s– tÇ– ¤¤p D—
U¤ÉþxÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ
óþ†«ú… ýï¢î… õ£ à†
k±—¥s– tÇ– px D—
xÉuÉãïþwÉÑý uÉæ LýwÉÑ sÉÉãýMãüwÉÑþ
úó¢«õ†û§… ¬õ ã…û§
«ô£…«èû§†
xÉuÉãïþwÉÑý uÉÉ LýwÉÑ sÉÉãýMãüwÉÑþ
úó¢«õ†û§… õ£ ã…û§
«ô£…«èû§†
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 78 of 94
sª¥p—r¡– ¤¤p G–r¡
¥mx–¥Kr¡
sª¥p—r¡– px G–r¡
¥mx–¥Kr¡
xÉÇÆýuÉýjxÉýUxrÉý uÉæ LýwÉÉ mÉëþÌiÉýqÉÉ
úñ¢Æõî¢2ú…óú¢ò… ¬õ ã…û£
ð¢ó†î¤…ñ£
sI–Æp–a§s–ksõ– ¤¤p G–rx
öe—Zy–ix
xÉÇÆýuÉýjxÉýUxrÉý uÉÉ LýwÉÉ mÉëþÌiÉýqÉÉ
úñ¢Æõî¢2ú…óú¢ò… õ£ ã…û£
ð¢ó†î¤…ñ£
sI–Æp–a§s–ksõ– px G–rx öe—
Zy–ix
iÉqÉýWûqÉýxqÉæ AÉþqÉÑwrÉÉrÉýhÉÉrÉþ
îñ…ýñ…ú¢¬ñ
݆ºû¢ò£ò…í£ò†
Zi–ti–¤¤sô B—i¡rõxj–Yxj—
iÉqÉýWûqÉýxqÉÉ AÉþqÉÑwrÉÉrÉýhÉÉrÉþ
îñ…ýñ…ú¢ñ£
݆ºû¢ò£ò…í£ò†
Zi–ti–sôx B—i¡rõxj–Yxj—
79
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 79 of 94
mÉ×ýÍjÉýurÉæ AÉãwÉþkÉrÉÈ
𢼅2õ¢¬ò æû†î4òÈ
e£–ay–¤¤põ Hxr—cjJ
mÉ×ýÍjÉýurÉÉ AÉãwÉþkÉrÉÈ
𢼅2õ¢ò£ æû†î4òÈ
e£–ay–põx Hxr—cjJ
AÉmÉÉãý uÉæ CýSóè xÉuÉïýÇ ÆÌuɵÉÉþ
ݫ𣅠¬õ Þ…î3óè úó¢õ…ñ¢
Æõ¤Ÿ¢õ£†
B¥ex– ¤¤p C–bóè sªp–I
Æpyqûx—
AÉmÉÉãý uÉÉ CýSóè xÉuÉïýÇ ÆÌuɵÉÉþ
ݫ𣅠õ£ Þ…î3óè úó¢õ…ñ¢
Æõ¤Ÿ¢õ£†
B¥ex– px C–bóè sªp–I
Æpyqûx—
xÉÑýaÉÇ qÉãýwÉÉrÉþ qÉãýwrÉæþ AuÉÉÿÇoÉ ÂýSìqÉþÌS
ú§…è3ñ¢ «ñ…û£ò† «ñ…û¢¬ò†
Üõ£‡ñ¢ð3 ¼…î¢3óñ†î¤3
xÉÑýaÉÇ qÉãýwÉÉrÉþ qÉãýwrÉÉþ AuÉÉÿÇoÉ ÂýSìqÉþÌS
ú§…è3ñ¢ «ñ…û£ò† «ñ…û¢ò£†
Üõ£‡ñ¢ð3 ¼…î¢3óñ†î¤3
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 80 of 94
s¡–MI ¥i–rxj— ¥i–¤¤rõ—
Apx˜Ig k¡–öbi—by
s¡–MI ¥i–rxj— ¥i–rõx—
Apx˜Ig k¡–öbi—by
81
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 81 of 94
15 ‘O’, (AÉå æ Hx) changes to ‘av’ ( AuÉç) or ‘a’ followed by
vowels (Except A,Ü,A) PA Book 5 -1 78 – For vowels, ‘ae’, ai. O, au are r espectively substituted
with ‘ay, Ay, av, Av when vowel follows. Note: This example is not easily available from Ved a Mantras as most of the ‘O’ sound results out of Visarga. We have given examples from grammar books and articles. Only one example was available through search in Pa da Paatam .
mÉÉã+AlÉ: =mÉuÉlÉ: , «ð£+Üù: =ðõù:, ¥ex+Ad: =epd: (mÉç + AuÉç) + AlÉ:, ð¢+ Üõ¢+ Üù: , e§+ Ap§+ Ad: The O (AÉå, æ, Hx) sound in PO becomes ‘av’ (AuÉç,Üõ¢,Ap§ leaving ‘p’ mÉç ð¢ e§. The ‘a’ A, Ü A of this ‘av’ combines with ‘p’ to become ‘pa’, mÉ, ð, e and
v combines with a to become va. uÉ, õ, p.
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
TS 2.4.12.3
ÌuÉwhÉÉãÿ + LÌiÉþ(AÉ) + CýÌWûý (LýÌWûý) வ� ேணா‡+ ஏதி†(ஆ) + இ…ஹி… (ஏஹி) py¥rêx˜+GZy—+C–ty– (Gty–)
ÌuÉwhÉýuÉãÌWû
வ� ண…ேவஹி
pyrê–¥ptz–
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 82 of 94
pÉÉlÉÉã + CSqÉç ð£4«ù£ + Þîñ¢ hx¥dx + Cbi§
pÉÉlÉÌuÉSqÉç
ð£4ùõ¤îñ¢
hxdpybi§
ÌuÉwhÉÉã+LiÉiÉç õ¤û¢«í£+ãîî¢ py¥rêx+GZZ§
ÌuÉwhÉuÉãiÉiÉç õ¤û¢í«õîî¢ pyrê¥pZZ§
83
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 83 of 94
16 ‘au’, (AÉæ,å÷,H¦) changes to ‘aav’
(AÉuÉç,Ýõ¢,Bp§ with combination of any Vowel PA Book 5 -1 78 – For vowels, ‘ae’, ai. O, au are r espectively substituted
with ‘ay, Ay, av, Av when vowel follows.
Example with Explanation:
AÉãÇ xÉýWû lÉæþ AuÉiÉÑ becomes AÉãÇ xÉýWû lÉÉþuÉuÉiÉÑ
æñ¢ ú…ý ªï÷† Üõ¶ becomes æñ¢ ú…ý õõ¶
HxI s–t d¦— A pZ¡ becomes HxI s–t dx—ppZ¡
The ‘au’ ‘lÉæ,þ ªï÷, d¦ becomes’ lÉç+AÉuÉç, ï¢ +Ýõ¢, d§§+Be§§.
This results in the base letter becoming lÉÉ, ï£. dx.
Now this uÉç, õ¢ , e§§ combines with following ‘a’ to become va, uÉ, õ , e.
The resultant letter is ‘Na- va’ lÉÉþ-uÉ, -õ, dx—-p after vowel sandhi.
Note: It becomes ‘aa’ in exceptional circumstances if ‘v’ sound is elided .
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 84 of 94
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
mÉëhÉÏþiÉÉæý CÌiþÉ mÉë - lÉÏýiÉÉæý
ð¢óí¦†ªî÷ Þ ð¢ó---礪ªî÷…
öeYz—Z¦– CZ—y öe - dz–Z¦–
mÉëhÉÏþiÉÉýÌuÉÌiÉý mÉë - lÉÏýiÉÉæý
ð¢óí¦†î£…õ¤î¤… ð¢ó --- 礪ªî÷…
öeYz—Zx–pyZy– öe - dz–Z¦– >
rɶÉÉ xÉÉæþ AÉÌSýirÉã |
òŸ¢ê£ ªú÷†- Ý3ò
jÒx s¦ Bby¥Zõ
rɶÉÉxÉÉþ-uÉÉÌSýirÉã |
òŸ¢ê£ ú£†- õ£î¤…3ò
jÒx sx pxby¥Zõ
SÒýaÉÉïÍhÉý ÌuɵÉÉþ lÉÉæý LuÉý ÍxÉlkÉÑþÇ
¶…3ó¢è£3í¤… õ¤Ÿ¢õ£† ªï÷…
ãõ… ú¤ï¢¶†4
pyqûx— d¦– Gp– syÊ¡—I b¡ky–ZxZõ–²yJ
SÒýaÉÉïÍhÉý ÌuɵÉÉþ lÉÉýuÉãuÉý ÍxÉlkÉÑþÇ
¶…3ó¢è£3í¤… õ¤Ÿ¢õ£† «õõ…
ú¤ï¢¶†4
pyqûx— dx–¥pp– syÊ¡—I b¡ky–ZxZõ–²yJ
85
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 85 of 94
qÉãýkÉÉÇ qÉãþ Aý͵ÉlÉÉæþ EýpÉÉ-uÉÉkÉþ¨ÉÉÇý
«ñ…î£4ñ¢ «ñ† Ü…Ÿ¢õ¤ªï÷†
à…ð£4-õ£î†4î¢î£…ñ¢
¥i–cxI ¥i— A–qûyd¦—
D–hxpxc—ÀxI–
qÉãýkÉÉÇ qÉãþ Aý͵ÉlÉÉþ uÉÑýpÉÉ-uÉÉkÉþ¨ÉÉÇý
«ñ…î£4ñ¢ «ñ†
Ü…Ÿ¢õ¤ù£†¾…ð£4-õ£î†4î¢î£…ñ¢
¥i–cxI ¥i— A–qûydx—p¡–hx-
pxc—ÀxI–
¶ÉÉËUþ¹-lÉãÍqÉ¶É xÉãlÉÉÌlÉ aÉëÉqÉýhrÉÉþæ EýuÉïzÉÏþ cÉ
«úù£ù¤ è¢ó£3ñ…í¢ªò÷†
à…ó¢õŸ¦† ê
¥diyÒ ¥sdxdy
öMxi–Yj¦— D–ªpqz— P
¶ÉÉËUþ¹-lÉãÍqÉ¶É xÉãlÉÉÌlÉ aÉëÉqÉýhrÉÉþ uÉÑýuÉïzÉÏþ cÉ
«úù£ù¤
è¢ó£3ñ…í¢ò£†¾…ó¢õŸ¦† ê
¥diyÒ ¥sdxdy öMxi–Yõx—
p¡–ªpqz— P
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 86 of 94
17 ‘Ruu’ ( H Ï u) is formed with a combination of
‘Ru’(G¼ E) and ‘Ruu’ ( H Ï u)
This combination is similar to formation of ‘aa’ with a and aa.
The rule is
G+ G = H ¼+¼= Ï, E+ E= u
G+ H = H ¼+ Ï= Ï E+ u = u
H + G = H Ï +¼ = Ï u + E = u
H + H = H Ï + Ï = Ï u + u = u
Note: No examples found from well-known Sukthams or mantras.
87
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 87 of 94
18 ‘lRuu’ ( sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u) is formed with a combination of
‘lRu’( sÉ× ô¢¼ m£) and ‘lRuu’ (( sÉÚ ô¢Ï m§u)
sÉ× + sÉ× = sÉÚ ô¢¼+ ô¢¼= ô¢Ï m£ + m£ = m§u sÉ×+ sÉÚ = sÉÚ ô¢¼+ ô¢Ï= ô¢Ï m£ + m§u = m§u sÉÚ + sÉ× = sÉÚ ô¢Ï + ô¢¼ =ô¢Ï m§u + m£ = m§u sÉÚ+ sÉÚ = sÉÚ ô¢Ï + ô¢Ï = ô¢Ï m§u+ m§u = m§u
This combination of letters or words has not been found in normal Veda mantras.
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 88 of 94
19 Single Vowel letters do not combine
Rule: When a single vowel letter stands for a speci fic meaning and sound,
they donot combine with other words/letters.
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
rÉÉò¶Éþ ÌuÉý©rÉÉóè Eþ cÉý lÉ mÉëþÌuÉý©
õ¤…î¢3ñò£óè à† ê… ï ð¢ó†õ¤…î¢3ñ
py–b§ijxóè D— P– d öe—py–b§i
rÉÉò¶Éþ ÌuÉý©rÉÉóè Eþ cÉý lÉ mÉëþÌuÉý©
õ¤…î¢3ñò£óè à† ê… ï ð¢ó†õ¤…î¢3ñ
py–b§ijxóè D— P– d öe—py–b§i
uÉãþSý rÉiÉþ AÉ oÉýpÉÔuÉþ
«õ†î…3 òî† Ý ð…3Ì4õ†
¥p—b– jZ— B g–h¢p
uÉãþSý rÉiÉþ AÉ oÉýpÉÔuÉþ
«õ†î…3 òî† Ý ð…3Ì4õ†
¥p—b– jZ— B g–h¢p
ÌMüòÎxuÉý²lÉÇý Mü Eý xÉ uÉ×ý¤É
è¤ò ú¢õ¤…î¢3õù…é¢è à… ú
õ¢¼…þ
ÌMüòÎxuÉý²lÉÇý Mü Eý xÉ uÉ×ý¤É
è¤ò ú¢õ¤…î¢3õù…é¢è à… ú
õ¢¼…þ
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 90 of 94
20 Interjections donot combine
Rule: Interjections and exclamations like हे, अहो do not combine.
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
U¤ÉþxÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ
óþ†«ú… ýï¢î… õ£ à†
k±—¥s– tÇ– px D—
U¤ÉþxÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ
óþ†«ú… ýï¢î… õ£ à†
k±—¥s– tÇ– px D—
AýMæïüUuÉþ®ïrÉý-³ÉWûþrÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ
ï ý†«ò… ýï¢î… õ£ à†
Ët—¥j– tÇ– px D—
AýMæïüUuÉþ®ïrÉý-³ÉWûþrÉãý WûliÉý uÉÉ Eþ
ï ý†«ò… ýï¢î… õ£ à†
Ët—¥j– tÇ– px D—
91
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 91 of 94
21 Dual Noun or Verb forms ending with ee,Uu,ae donot combine
Rule : Dual Noun or Verb froms ending with letters ee, (D ß C¦)
uu, (F,á, D¦) and ae ( L, ã F) do not combine.
In Classical Grammar, these words are termed as Pragrihya. These words are specifically
mentioned with an iti in Pada Paatam. In classical grammar a number o f words ending ‘O’
are also defined as Pragrihya, that may or may not indicate dual noun or verb.
No sandhi will be formed. It retains original form.
Example Dual nouns forms like etou, emou, Emou comes after letters sounding ee, uu or ae,
they donot combine.
SqmÉþiÉÏ LýuÉ pÉþuÉiÉÈ, î3ñ¢ð†î¦ ã…õ ð†4õîÈ, bIe—Zz G–p h—pZJ
The ‘Ae’ L ã G that comes after ‘ee’ sounding letter teeiÉÏ, î¦, Zz does not get
combined. Here Dampati is dual form indicating husband and wife.
Some other commone examples given in the grammar books/sites are:
Words or Padam before Sandhi Words or Padam after Sandhi
WûUÏ + LiÉÉæ = WûUÏ LiÉÉæ ýó¦ + ãªî÷ = ýó¦ ãªî÷
Sound ‘ee’ is WûUÏ (dual) followed by
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 92 of 94
tkz + GZ¦ = tkz GZ¦ vowel ‘ae’. LiÉÉæ is dual form
TS 1.2.13.2
MüýsmÉrÉþliÉÏ FýkuÉïÇ க…&பய†(த� ஊ… 4வ�
K–mðj—Çz D¦–ªcûI
MüýsmÉrÉþliÉÏ FýkuÉïÇ
க…&பய†(த� ஊ… 4வ�
K–mðj—Çz D¦–ªcûI
TS 4.7.15.6
¤Éã§ÉþxrÉ mɦÉÏý AÍkÉþ ே� ர†+ய ப ன �… அதி†4
¥±öZ—sõ eÙz– Acy—
¤Éã§ÉþxrÉ mɦÉÏý AÍkÉþ ே� ர†+ய ப ன �… அதி†4
¥±öZ—sõ eÙz– Acy—
ÌuÉwhÉÔ +LqÉÉæ = ÌuÉwhÉÔ LqÉÉæ õ¤û¢È +ãªñ÷ = õ¤û¢È ãªñ÷ pyrê¢ +Gi¦ = pyrê¢ Gi¦
Sound ‘uu’ is followed by vowel ‘ae’
ÌuÉwhÉÔ is dual LqÉÉæ is also dual
TS 4.4.11.1
uÉÉUç.ÌwÉþMüÉuÉ×ýiÉÔ CýwÉ
U sound followed by ‘i’
uÉÉUç.ÌwÉþMüÉuÉ×ýiÉÔ CýwÉ
93
Vowel Sandhi
www.vedavms.i n Page 93 of 94
வா.ஷி†கா.� …/ இ…ஷ
pxªry—Kxp£–Z¢ C–r
வா.ஷி†கா.� …/ இ…ஷ
pxªry—Kxp£–Z¢ C–r
TS 1.5.2.3
mÉýzÉuÉþ LýiÉã AÉWÒûþiÉÏý ப…ஶவ† ஏ…ேத ஆஹு†த� e–qp— G–¥Z Bt¡—Zz–
‘ae’ sound followed by ‘A’
mÉýzÉuÉþ LýiÉã AÉWÒûþiÉÏý
ப…ஶவ† ஏ …ேத ஆஹு †த�
e–qp— G–¥Z Bt¡—Zz– TS 1.7.13.5
AýxqÉã AÉýUÉΊýSè²ãwÉþÈ அ…+ேம ஆ…ரா�சி… 3 3ேவஷ†: A–¥sô B–kx¶y–b§-¥bûr—J
AýxqÉã AÉýUÉΊýSè²ãwÉþÈ
அ…+ேம ஆ…ரா�சி… 3 3ேவஷ†: A–¥sô B–kx¶y–b§-¥bûr—J
Vowel Sandhi
[email protected] Page 94 of 94
22 Control Sheet for understanding of Rule:
First
Letter
Following Letters
a ‘aa E,ee U,uu Ae ai O Au Ru,
RU
Lru,
LRU
‘a’ aa aa Ae O ai ai au au ar al
aa aa/Å aa/ÅÅ Ae O ai ai au au aar aal
e.ee y y ee* y* y* y y y r l
U,uu v v v* uu* v* v v v v l
ae Å a a* a* a* a a a a a
ai ay or
aa
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
O Å av av av av av av av av av
au aav /
aa
aav /
aa
aav /
aa
aav /
aa
aav /
aa
aav /
aa
aav /
aa
aav /
aa
aav /
aa
aav /
aa
Ru RU r r r r r r r r RU r
Lru,
LRU
l l l l l l l l l lRU
The sign * denotes that nouns and verbs of dual forms of ee,uu and ae donot combine.
Please remember exceptions and special rules. Please note that there are also other
conditions for exempted vowel sounds based on advanced grammar rules.