1. DUMPING

2. Discription Dumping is, in general, a situation of international pricediscrimination, where the price of a product when sold in the importing country is less than the price of that product in the market of the exporting country. Thus, in the simplest of cases, one identifies dumping simply by comparing prices in two markets. However, the situation is rarely, if ever, that simple, and in most cases it is necessary to undertake a series of complex analytical steps in order to determine the appropriate price in the market of the exporting country (known as the normal value) and the appropriate price in the market of the importing country (known as the export price) so as to be able to undertake an appropriate comparison. 3. Issue taken on dumpingLEGAL ISSUES IF A COMPANY EXPORTS A PRODUCT AT A PRICE LOWER THAN THE PRICE IT NORMALLY CHARGES IN ITS OWN HOME MARKET, IT IS SAID TO BE "DUMPING" THE PRODUCT. IT IS A SUB PART OF THE VARIOUS FORMS OF PRICE DISCRIMINATION AND IS CLASSIFIED AS THIRD DEGREE PRICE DISCRIMINATION. OPINIONS DIFFER AS TO WHETHER OR NOT SUCH PRACTICE CONSTITUTES UNFAIR COMPETITION, BUT MANY GOVERNMENTS TAKE ACTION AGAINST DUMPING TO PROTECT DOMESTIC INDUSTRY. THE WTO AGREEMENT DOES NOT PASS JUDGMENT. ITS FOCUS IS ON HOW GOVERNMENTS CAN OR CANNOT REACT TO DUMPING IT DISCIPLINES ANTI-DUMPING ACTIONS, AND IT IS OFTEN CALLED THE "ANTI-DUMPING AGREEMENT". (THIS FOCUS ONLY ON THE REACTION TO DUMPING CONTRASTS WITH THE APPROACH OF THE SUBSIDIES AND COUNTERVAILING MEASURES AGREEMENT.) 4. Action taken against dumping IN THE UNITED STATES, DOMESTIC FIRMS CAN FILE AN ANTIDUMPING PETITION UNDER THE REGULATIONS DETERMINED BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WHICH DETERMINES "LESS THAN FAIR VALUE" AND THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION, WHICH DETERMINES "INJURY". THESE PROCEEDINGS OPERATE ON A TIMETABLE GOVERNED BY U.S. LAW. THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE HAS REGULARLY FOUND THAT PRODUCTS HAVE BEEN SOLD AT LESS THAN FAIR VALUE IN U.S. MARKETS. IF THE DOMESTIC INDUSTRY IS ABLE TO ESTABLISH THAT IT IS BEING INJURED BY THE DUMPING, THEN ANTIDUMPING DUTIES ARE IMPOSED ON GOODS IMPORTED FROM THE DUMPERS' COUNTRY AT A PERCENTAGE RATE CALCULATED TO COUNTERACT THE DUMPING MARGIN. RELATED TO ANTIDUMPING DUTIES ARE "COUNTERVAILING DUTIES". THE DIFFERENCE IS THAT COUNTERVAILING DUTIES SEEK TO OFFSET INJURIOUS SUBSIDIZATION WHILE ANTIDUMPING DUTIES OFFSET INJURIOUS DUMPING. 5. Consequences faced by dumping WASTE WATER DUMPING IS HARMFUL BECAUSE THE WASTES WE EMIT FROM THE HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS WE USE, AS WELL AS THAT FROM OUR BODIES, WORK THEIR WAY INTO OUR FOOD CHAIN. ACCORDING TO THE YOUTHCANWORLD WEB PAGE, WHEN SUCH TOXINS INVADE OUR WATER, THEY WILL DISSOLVE INTO THE WATER, COME TO REST ON THE BED OF THE WATER BODY, OR BEGIN TO SEEP DOWNWARD. IN TURN, THAT POLLUTION WORKS ITS WAY INTO OUR OCEANS AND RIVERS. 6. Diseases caused by dumping WHEN SEWAGE CONTAMINATES WATER, IT CAUSES WHAT YOUTH CAN WORLD CALLS UTROPHICATION . THE WEB PAGE DEFINES THIS PROCESS AS THE INCREASE IN CONCENTRATION OF THE ELEMENTS NECESSARY FOR LIFE. THE CHEMICALS THAT ARE NATURALLY A PART OF HUMAN WASTE WILL SERVE AS FOOD FOR ALGAE AND OTHER HARMFUL ORGANISMS. THESE LIFE FORMS WILL OVERPOPULATE AND HOARD THE OXYGEN SUPPLY. THIS UPSETS THE NATURAL ECOLOGICAL BALANCE, BECAUSE CREATURES THAT CALL THE WATER HOME WILL BEGIN TO DIE. 7. Food poisoning THE DUMPING OF WASTE WATER INTO OUR WATER SUPPLY ALSO AFFECTS HUMANS TOO. WHEN WE EAT SEA FOOD THAT THE WASTES IN THE WATER HAS CONTAMINATED, THOSE TOXINS MAKE THEIR WAY INTO OUR BODIES, AS THE THINKQUEST WEBSITE SUGGESTS. THE RESULTS CAN BE HARMFUL. GIARDIASIS, DYSENTERY AND CHOLERA ARE AMONG THE DISEASES YOUTHCANWORLD CITES AS THE RESULT OF CONTACT WITH WATER THAT HAS COME INTO CONTACT WITH HUMAN WASTE. MOREOVER, THE SITE ALSO SAYS THAT DETERGENT-LACED WATER CAN CAUSE LIVER AND KIDNEY DAMAGE. 8. How can we control dumping ILLEGAL DUMPING AND OVERSEEING THE ONE -BAG GARBAGE LIMIT ARE STRETCHING HAMILTONS ENFORCEMENT POWERS TO THE LIMIT. THE CITY IS RECEIVING MORE THAN FOUR TIMES AS MANY COMPLAINTS ABOUT ILLEGAL DUMPING OF GARBAGE THAN IT DID IN 2007. AND THE COMPLAINTS, COMBINED WITH ENFORCING THE ONE-BAG LIMIT THAT WENT FULLY INTO EFFECT LAST YEAR, HAVE OUTSTRIPPED STAFFS BYLAW ENFORCEMENT CAPACITY. IN ADDITION, THE COST OF CLEANING UP ILLEGAL DUMPING IS NOW PEGGED AT $700,000 A YEAR. THOSE ARE SOME OF THE FINDINGS IN A REPORT ON ROGUE DUMPING AND LITTER WHICH CITY COUNCILLORS WILL CONSIDER AT A WASTE MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP JULY 6. 9. Efforts taken on dumping COMMUNITY OUTREACH AND INVOLVEMENT THIS MAY BE THE MOST IMPORTANT TOOL IN ENSURING THAT THIS PRACTICE IS EFFECTIVE. THE ORGANIZATION OF SPECIAL CLEANUP EVENTS WHERE COMMUNITIES ARE PROVIDED WITH THE RESOURCES TO PROPERLY DISPOSE OF ILLEGALLY DUMPED MATERIALS INCREASES THE UNDERSTANDING AMONG RESIDENTS OF ILLEGAL DUMPING IMPACTS AND SUPPLIES OPPORTUNITIES TO CORRECTLY DISPOSE OF MATERIALS WHICH MAY OTHERWISE BE ILLEGALLY DUMPED. INTEGRATION OF ILLEGAL DUMPING PREVENTION INTO COMMUNITY POLICING PROGRAMS OR USE OF PROGRAMS SUCH AS CRIME STOPPERS MAY ALSO BE AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO INCREASE ENFORCEMENT OPPORTUNITIES WITHOUT THE ADDITIONAL COST OF HIRING NEW STAFF. PRODUCING SIMPLE MESSAGES RELATING THE COST OF ILLEGAL DUMPING ON LOCAL TAXES AND PROPER DISPOSAL SITES WILL AID IN ELIMINATING THE PROBLEM. HAVING A HOTLINE WHERE CITIZENS CAN REPORT ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES AND EDUCATING THE PUBLIC ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE STORM DRAIN AND WATER QUALITY WILL DECREASE DISPOSAL OF WASTE INTO STORM DRAIN INLETS. 10. THANK U..