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    HYBRID ELECTRICAL VEHICLES

    By

    S. Pramod Kumar

    (07915A0207)

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    Automobiles are a source of considerable pollutionat the global level, including a significant fraction ofthe total greenhouse gas emissions.

    Due to the disadvantages presented in conventional

    vehicles like pollution, oil shortage etc., has led to thedevelopment of electrical vehicles powered bybatteries.

    But it has some limitations like

    An average commute to work is around 40 miles.EV's have a range of 80-100 miles using advanced batterytechnology.While batteries need frequent recharging, they are not theonly way to power an electric car.

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    HYBRID ELECTRICAL VEHICLES(HEVS)

    To overcome those limitations which are

    occurred with EVS, HEVS are developed.

    HEV is just the first step in reducing theenvironmental impacts of automobile use

    with out loosing-off comforts, performance,storage room and extended driving range.

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    HEV model

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    COMPONENTS

    Battery:- Two or more electrochemical energy cellsconnected together to provide electrical energy. The batteriesin a HEV are the energy storage device for the electric motor.

    Generator:- The generator is similar to an electric motor, but

    it acts only to produce electrical power.

    Electric motor:- Advanced electronics allow it to act as amotor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to,it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the car.

    But acting as a generator, it can slow the car down and returnenergy to the batteries.

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    WORKING OF

    HEV

    Motor

    Transmission

    IC Engine

    Generator Battery

    Wheel

    Wheel

    case 1: Low speed - Power is provided by electricmotor using energy supplied by the DC battery

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    case 2: Braking Kinetic energy is converted to electric

    energy during regenerative braking by electric motor and

    supplied to battery.

    Motor

    Transmission

    IC Engine

    Generator Battery

    Wheel

    Wheel

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    Case 3: High speed Power is provided by IC engine and

    electric motor via generator. Generator also charge battery

    during high speed.

    Motor

    Transmission

    IC Engine

    Generator Battery

    Wheel

    Wheel

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    HEV Efficiency

    HEVS efficiency depends upon two key factors:

    Engine size

    Vehicle weight & aerodynamic

    design

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    Engine size = smaller than in a conventional

    vehicle

    Engine is sized to accommodate average

    load not peak load

    Vehicle weight/aerodynamic design:

    Built using special lightweight materials Uses advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag

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    Regenerative Braking

    Electric Motor Drive/Assist

    Automatic Start/ ShutOff

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    Regenerative Braking

    Recaptures kinetic energy normally lost asheat during braking

    Electric motor acts as a generator whenbrakes applied

    Converts kinetic energy to electrical energy,

    stored in batteries

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    Electric Motor Drive/Assist

    Additional Power to assist engine Accelerating,Passing and Hill Climbing.

    So, allows Smaller and More Efficient Engine tobe Used.

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    Automatic Start/Shutoff

    Automatically shuts off the engine when thevehicle comes to a stop and restarts it whenthe accelerator is pressed. This preventswasted energy from idling.

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    HEVs AND AIR POLLUTION

    Decreased fuel consumption results in reducedvehicle emissions

    Ability to operate with smaller, more efficient motormaximizes emission management Strategies

    Result is reduction of harmful pollutants in

    atmosphere

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    Hybrid Reliability

    Hybrids have some of the highest safety ratings of allvehicles

    High-voltage system contains many safety features

    Battery charge is computer controlled extends battery

    life

    Batteries under warranty for 100,000 miles.

    Regenerative braking reduces wear on brakes

    Idle stop extends engine life

    Electric accessories reduce load on Engine.

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    HEV Advantages

    Reduced fuel consumption

    Excellent gas mileage

    Fewer tailpipe emissions

    Lighter batteries than electric vehicles

    Regenerative braking system stores electricalenergy in Batteries

    Uses less fuel to recharge batteries

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    HEV Disadvantages

    Reduced, but not emission-free

    HEVs are partial zero-emission vehicles

    (PZEVs) they produce zero emissions onlywhen engine is not running

    More expensive than conventional Vehicles

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    CURRENT MODELSOF HEVS

    Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid

    Honda Accord Hybrid

    Honda Civic Hybrid

    Ford Escape Hybrid

    GMC Sierra Hybrid

    Toyota Prius Toyota Highlander Hybrid

    According to the Business News on 19th January,

    2009, M&M is planning to Launch Hybrid ElectricVehicles in India in a couple of Years.

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    So, the HEVs have more efficiency, Low

    Fuel Economy, High Reliability and Less

    Air Pollution.

    Optimum Utilisation of these Vehicles will

    yield in good Results, especially

    Reduction of pollution.

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