07 planting systems for row crops staggenborg
TRANSCRIPT
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Planting Systems - An Agronomists View?
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Alternate Row Spacings Narrow row and alternate row configurations have
been of studied as a means to improve yields byimproving light and water use efficiencies.
Karlen et al., (1985) reported 5 to 10% yieldincrease from narrow rows over 38 in rows.
Paszkiewicz (2002) summarized a series of narrowrow studies throughout the corn belt and found:
Yield response to narrow rows ranged from -1.6to 7.6% compared to 30 in rows.
Widdicombe and Thelen (2002) reported
30 to 22 in = 2% yield increase
30 to 15 in = 4% yield increase
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Light Interception
Paszkiewicz (2002) Yield responses were more likely to occur in NW corn
belt compared to other regions of the corn belt.
Attributed advantages to increased light interception inlight limiting environments.
Andrade et al. (2002)
Clearly illustrated that yield increases occur in narrow
rows in response increased light interception
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Narrow Row Corn Study
Years - 1996, 1997, 1998
Row spacings - 15, 20 and 30 inch
Plant populations - 20-, 26-, 32-, and
36,000 plants/a
Locations - Scandia (irrigated), St. John
(irrigated) & Belleville (dryland)
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60
70
80
90
100110
120
130
140
16,000 20,000 24,000 28,000 32,000 36,000 40,000
Plant Population (plts/a)
G
rainYield(bu/a)
15 20 30
Belleville 1996 - Dryland
LSD(0.05) = 9.4
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40
50
60
70
80
90
16,000 20,000 24,000 28,000 32,000 36,000 40,000
Plant Population (plts/a)
G
rainYield(bu/a)
15 20 30
Belleville 1997 - Dryland
LSD(0.05) = 9.4
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100
120
140
160
180
200
220
16,000 20,000 24,000 28,000 32,000 36,000 40,000
Plant Population (plts/a)
G
rainYield(bu/a)
15 20 30
Scandia 1996 & 97- Irrigated
LSD(0.05) = 12.2
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Irrigated Dryland
Row Yield Diff* Yield Diff*
Spacing (in) (bu/a) (bu/a) (bu/a) (bu/a)
15 188.7 13.4 108.3 -5.4
20 185.0 9.7 106.0 -7.730 175.2 --- 113.8 ---
Narrow Row Corn Summary (96-98)Six irrigated site-years and three dryland site-years
* Difference compared to 30 rows
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Plant Irrigated Dryland
Population Yield Diff* Yield Diff*
(plt/a) (bu/a) (bu/a) (bu/a) (bu/a)
20,000 166.4 --- 103.7 ---
26,000 184.0 17.6 107.5 3.732,000 189.8 23.4 111.8 8.0
36,000 193.7 27.3 114.6 10.9
Corn Population Summary (96-98)Six irrigated site-years and three dryland site-years
* Difference compared to 20,000 rows
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Paired Row
Corn
Believed to have the same light
interception characteristics of narrow row
corn (~22 in).
Can be harvested with conventional corn
head.
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Paired Row Corn
- Drills Plant paired row corn with fluted feed or air
seeders.
Hope that skips in adjacent rows willcompensate for each other.
Seeding depth control and seed placement?
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Paired Row Corn - Drill
Near McPherson in 1998
Irrigated - Center Pivot
Planted with air seeder
Yield were adjusted for harvest loss.
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Irrigated Corn 1998
140
150
160
170
180
190
30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000
Plant Population (plts/acre)
Drill 7.5"
Drill 15"
Drill Paired Row
Planter 15"
Planter 30"
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Paired Row Corn StudyAlexander, KS 2000
John Deere 1760 Row Crop Planter & 1860 Air Seeder
Two corn hybrids
Target Plant Populations -
Planter 19,500 & 21,000 seed/a (hybrid specific)
Air Seeder 25,500, 32,500 and 39,000 seed/a
Measured emergence, plant spacing, seeding depth and yield.
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Corn - Paired Row
Alexander, KS 2000
Unit Yield
Seed
Depth
Std. Dev.
in Depth
(bu/a) (in) (in)
Planter 115 1.77 0.30
Air Seeder 104 1.45 0.29
LSD(0.05) 10 0.16 ns
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Corn - Paired Row
Alexander, KS 2000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Miss Quality of Feed Multiple
Index(%
)
Planter
Air Seeder
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Materials and Methods
Six Location-Years: Manhattan (dryland) 2001
Manhattan (dryland) 2002
Powhattan (dryland) 2002
Belleville (dryland) 2002
Rossville (irrigated) 2001
Topeka (irrigated) 2002
Three planting patterns:
30 in, 20 in, and paired row
Previous Crop Soybeans
All location-years
Except Manhattan 2001 Corn
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Materials and Methods
Two plant populations: Dryland: 24,000 and 28,000 plants/a
Irrigated: 26,000 and 30,000 plants/a
Hybrids used: Pioneer 34K77 (2001) & Pioneer 35P12
Yield and yield components were measured.
Grain yield
Ears/Plant
Ears/a
Kernel weight
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Paired Row Corn - Planter
Two locations:
Manhattan (dryland)
Rossville (irrigated)
Two plant populations:
Manhattan: 24,000 and 28,000
Rossville: 26,000 and 30,000
Three planting patterns:
30 in, 20 in, and paired row
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Analysis of Variance2001
Grain YieldPlot Locations
Source Riley Shawnee
Row Configuration (RC) 0.09 0.81
Plant Density (D) 0.46 0.19
RC X D 0.59 0.37
C.V. (%) 22.4 11.8
Mean Yield (bu/a) 41 134
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Analysis of Variance2002Grain Yield
Plot Locations
Source Brown Shawnee Riley Republic
Row Configuration (RC) 0.17 0.77 0.88 0.05
Plant Density (D) 0.44 0.78 0.09 0.74
RC X D 0.09 0.81 0.02 0.32
C.V. (%) 9.4 33.2 6.4 33.3
Mean Yield (bu/a) 67 91 45 15
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Republic 2002
Row
Configuration
Grain Yield
bu/a
30 in 25 a
20 in 12 b
Paired 10 b
means followed by the same letter in the
same column are not different at =0.05
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Analysis of Variance2003Grain Yield
Plot Locations
Source Brown Shawnee Riley Republic
Row Configuration (RC) 0.98 0.30 0.93 0.89
Plant Density (D) 0.53 0.28 0.83 0.74
RC X D 0.52 0.54 0.98 0.22
C.V. (%) 7.9 8.4 14.0 43.3
Mean Yield (bu/a) 83 123 45 56
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Analysis of Variance2004Grain Yield
Plot Locations
Source Shawnee Republic
Row Configuration (RC) 0.04 0.05
Plant Density (D) 0.01 0.21
RC X D 0.24 0.80
C.V. (%) 4.8 13.3
Mean Yield (bu/a) 220 231
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Corn - Paired Row - 2004
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
30-in Paired -
Row
20-in
Yield(bu/a)
a
b b
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
30-in Paired -
Row
20-in
Yield(bu/a)
ab a
ShawneeShawnee
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Paired Row Corn
Narrow rows showed and advantage in high yieldingenvironments in the late 1990s. Narrow rows reduced yieldssignificantly when an extended period of early season waterstress was encountered.
Establishing consistent stands with and air seeder or fluted feed
grain drill in paired rows can be challenging.
Paired rows may have canopy characteristics similar to 20 or 22in rows, but the advantage of these row spacings were notrealized in this study.
If adequate stands can be established in paired rows (non airseeder or fluted feed systems) yields will likely be similar to 30in rows planted with a planter under most dryland situations inKansas.
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Questions?
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Paired Row Corn2001
Row Manhattan Rossville
Spacing Yield Ears/Plant Yield Ears/Plant
bu/a bu/a30 in 36.4 0.8 137.8 1.0
20 in 43.4 1.0 132.4 1.0
Paired 39.9 0.9 133.1 1.0
LSD(0.05) NS NS NS NS
Plant population treatments did not significantly affect yields.
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Corn Yield Loss from Plant Spacing Variability
y = 1.328x + 0.3959
R2
= 0.46
0
4
8
12
16
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Seed Spacing (Standard Deviation)
YieldLoss(%)
0.8
3.2
6.6
10.6
Vanderlip et al., 1988
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Planter SpeedYield
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Speed (mph)
Yield(bu/a)
Powhattan Topeka Powhattan 00
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Finger Pick-Up Test
Use a Kinze Test Stand (Model 3000)
Ran two new meters at : 40100 rpm
Converted to mph at 3 seeding rates
Medium Round Corn Seed
Meter calculates Accuracy, Skips and
Multiples.
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Finger Pick-Up Test
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
RPM
%M
ultiples
0
1
2
3
4
5
%S
kips
Multiples Skips
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Managing Plant Spacing
Select the correct hybrid for your conditions
Plant it at the right time (late April-Early
May)
Plant the correct populationspeed influence
Maintain your planter and adjust it correctly
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Finger Pick-Up Test
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
MPH
%
Skips
24000 28000 32000
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Finger Pick-Up Test
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
MPH
%
Multiples
24000
28000
32000
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Planter Speed Study
Corn Seeding Rates: 23,525 & 27,330 seed/acre
Planter Speeds: 5, 8 and 11 mph
Four row plots
Measured grain yield and plant spacings
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Planter Speed - Corn 2000Multiple Index
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
4 6 8 10 12
Speed (mph)
MulitpleIndex
23525 plts/a
27330 plts/a
LSDs
Pop = ns
Speed = ns
P x S = ???
l d
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0
5
10
15
20
25
4 6 8 10 12
Speed (mph)
MissIndex
23525 plts/a27330 plts/a
Average
LSDs
Pop = ns
Speed = 7.2
P x S = ns
Planter Speed - Corn 2000Miss Index
Pl S d C 2000
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60
70
80
90
100
110
4 6 8 10 12
Speed (mph)
Qualityof
Feed
23525 plts/a27330 plts/aAverage
LSDs
Pop = ns
Speed = 7.6
P x S = ns
Planter Speed - Corn 2000Quality of Feed Index
Pl S d C 2000
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15
20
25
30
4 6 8 10 12
Speed (mph)
Precision
23525 plts/a27330 plts/aAverage
LSDs
Pop = ns
Speed = 3.9
P x S = ns
Planter Speed - Corn 2000Precision Index
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Conclusions
Plant variability can result in 10% yield losses under
extreme conditions.
Skips and doubles increase as planter speed increases,
but skips reduce yields, but doubles increase yields if no
barrenness occurs.
Final plant population should be the first goal and then
worry about plant spacing uniformity.
Few improvements are likely to be gained when using a
new or well maintained planter operated at 4 to 7 mph.
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Experimental Design
Planter-Row Spacing Drill 7.5, 15 and 30 (low pop only)
Planter 15 and 30
Three populations (160, 190 and 210,000) Replicated three times (39 plots)
Planted 30 foot strips about 1000 feet long
Squared plots to about 900 feet long andharvested the center 20 feet
Yield monitor and weigh wagon
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0
3
6
9
12
15
18
120 140 160 180 200
Plant Density (1000 plts/acre)
GrainYield(bu/acre)
30 15
ns
Soybean 2000
100 120 140 160
Plant Density (1000 plts/acre)
30 15 7.5
ns
Planter Drill
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40
50
60
70
80
90
100
120 170 220
Plant Density (1000 plts/acre)
Emergenc
e(%)
30 15
ns
Soybean 2000
120 170 220
Plant Density (1000 plts/acre)
30 15 7.5
Planter Drill
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Conclusions
When yields are extremely low, row
spacing and plant population have little
effect on soybean yields
Soybeans planted with planter units had
greater establishment rates (plants/seeddrop) than soybeans planted with a drill.
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K STATEResearch and Extension
KnowledgeLifefor
http://d/Update2001.ppthttp://d/Update2001.ppthttp://d/Update2001.ppthttp://d/Update2001.ppthttp://d/Update2001.ppthttp://d/Update2001.ppt -
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Planter SpeedTopeka 2001
Emergence (%)
Source 4/28 4/30 5/4
Speed (S) NS NS NS
Firmer (F) NS ** NS
S X F NS NS NS
Expressed as % of final stand as determined on 6/20
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Planter SpeedTopeka 2001
Seed
Spacing Std Dev
Multiple
Index
Miss
Index
(in) (in)
Keaton 7.0 3.35 11.2 12.7
None 7.2 3.68 10.9 14.1
LSD(0.05) NS 0.31 NS NS
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Planter SpeedTopeka 2001
Emergence (%)
4/28 4/30 5/4
Keaton 0.3 36.7 93.0
None 0.0 39.3 89.7
LSD(0.05) NS NS 3.0
Expressed as % of final stand as determined on 6/20
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Planter SpeedPowhattan 2001
Source
Seed
Spacing Std Dev
Multiple
Index
Miss
Index
Speed (S) NS ** ** **
Firmer (F) NS ** NS NS
S X F NS NS NS NS
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Planter SpeedTopeka 2001
y = -0.1362x2
+ 2.13x - 4.1337
y = 1.725x - 1.0083
y = 1.85x + 0.4167
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Speed (mph)
Std. Dev
Multiple Index
Miss Index
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Planter SpeedTopeka 2001
Emergence (%)
Source 4/28 4/30 5/4
Speed (S) NS NS NS
Firmer (F) NS ** NS
S X F NS NS NS
Expressed as % of final stand as determined on 6/20
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Planter SpeedTopeka 2001
Seed
Spacing Std Dev
Multiple
Index
Miss
Index
(in) (in)
Keaton 7.0 3.35 11.2 12.7
None 7.2 3.68 10.9 14.1
LSD(0.05) NS 0.31 NS NS
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Planter SpeedTopeka 2001
Emergence (%)
4/28 4/30 5/4
Keaton 0.3 36.7 93.0
None 0.0 39.3 89.7
LSD(0.05) NS NS 3.0
Expressed as % of final stand as determined on 6/20
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Speed and Planter Rate (1 rep)
5 mph
11 mph
8 mph5 mph
11 mph
8 mph
27,
330
23,
525
Blocking seeding rates made sub plots (speed) easier to implement
380 ft
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Planter Speed Study
Yield was measured using an AgLeader PF3000
yield monitor to estimate weight (distance
measured with a tape).
Plant spacings of 20 plants were measured for
planter performance evaluation.
Planter Speed Corn 2000
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Planter Speed - Corn 2000Yield
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
4 6 8 10 12
Speed (mph)
Yield(b
u/a)
23,525
27,330
S
LSDsPop = ns
Speed = ns
P x S = ??
Pl t S d St d
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Planter Speed Study
27,330
23,525
23,525
27,330
27,330
23,525
PlantSpacingMeasurementArea
Planter Speed Corn 2000
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Planter Speed - Corn 2000Standard Deviation
0
1
2
34
5
67
4 6 8 10 12
Speed (mph)
Mulitple
Index
23525 plts/a
27330 plts/a
LSDs
Pop = ns
Speed = ns
P x S = ns
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Give the crop a head start
Get a proper standBe sure planters
are properly
adjustedBe sure planters
are properly
maintained
Consider slowing
down. 02
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 5 10 15
Speed (mph)
Percentage
Multiple Index
Miss Index
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y = -0.0782x2
+ 0.3442x + 0.5897
R2
= 0.7343
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
Planting Depth (in)
Yield(%o
fMax)
Proper Planting Depth
Planting corn and sorghum deep (2 & 1.5) will reduceearly season mortality under dry soil conditions.
Source:AgWay
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Geary County 1998
Planter Speeds: 3.4, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 mph
Target Population: 27,500 plants/acre
Measured Plant Standard Deviation with a
mechanical tripping lever device.
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Plant Populations and Standard Deviation
y = 0.1862x + 2.7202
R2
= 0.7216
y = -0.1896x + 24.801
R2
= 0.6383
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.02.5
3.0
3.5
4.04.5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Planter Speed (mph)
StandardDe
viation(in)
22.0
22.5
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.526.0
Population(1000plts/a)
Standard Dev
Plant Density
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Vanderlip et al. (1988)
Less than 25% of the yield variability was
accounted for by within-row spacing
variability
In all tests, yield reduction due to variability
in plant spacing was less than 1 bu/A perinch standard deviation in plant spacing
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Plant Spacing
About 3.5 bu/A yield reduction for each
inch of standard deviation in plant
spacing(Krall et al. 1977)
Less than one inch of standard deviation in
plant spacing for reducing planter speedfrom 8 mph to 4 mph
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Osage County Plots
Standard Deviations
Maximum = 6.4
Average = 3.9Minimum = 2.2
Emergence related variability, not planter
speed
Skips and Doubles?
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Skips and Doubles?
Doubles- Plants in the double reduced grain wt/plant by
12% (range 10 to 16%)
- However, no barrenness in the doubles increased
yield/acre by 14 to 26%
Skips
-Plants next to a skip yielded from 9 to 15%higher than the controls
- But the increase was not enough to compensate
for the missing plants
Nafziger, 1996
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Skips and Doubles?
10% skips in a field at 18,000 plants/a willreduce yields by 5% and 8% at 30,000
plants/a. (increasing seeding rates will reduce thenumber of skips)
10% doubles in a field at 18,000 plants/a
will increase yields 8% and 4% at 30,000
plants/acre (reducing plate speed will reduce doubles)
Nafziger, 1996
Drilled Corn
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0
10
20
3040
50
6070
80
10000 15000 20000 25000
Plant Population (plts/acre)
00.2
0.4
0.6
0.81
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2Grain Yield (bu/acre)
Avg Plant Spacing (in)
Plants/row ft
Drilled Corn
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Report - 1888
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Douglas County Soybean Project
80 acre field in southern Douglas county
Worked with K-State in the past on other
projects Curious about differences between split-row
planters and drills for soybeans
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Soil EC and Yield
2000 Soybean 1999 Corn
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Plot Yield vs Distance
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Distance, feet
Yield,
bu/a
c
Planter 15
Drill 7.5
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Soil EC Path
T C i
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Treatment Comparisons
Contrast (X vs Y)
Establishment
(%)
Yield
(bu/a)X-Y X-Y
Planter 15" vs. Drill 15" 21.4 ** 2.1 *
Planter 30" vs. Drill 30" 16.3 ** 1.2 ns
Planter vs. Drill 17.6 ** 1.9 *
Drill 7.5 vs. Drill 15 9.1 ** 1.9 *
Drill 7.5 vs. Planter 15 -12.4 ** -0.2 nsPlanter 15 vs. Planter 30 -1.3 ns -1.4 ns
** indicates significance at the 0.01 level
* indicates significance at the 0.05 level
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