06. p101-144 ¼b¤j©m - 南華大學lbhung/10201-research methods/07.pdf · £joseph nye¢ [ ]soft...
TRANSCRIPT
,
, .
?
, ,
[ ] .
, . ,
, ,
,
. , .
, , , , , .
,
157 (2007.9): 101-144 101
1 £ 2002 ¢,2
, , ,3
,
, . ,
[ ’,
, , ,
? … ,
, £ ¢
, ,
[ ] ?
,
, ,
. , ,
[ ] ,
, ,
,
1. , ,
. ,
, .2. 2002 .3. ,
.
102
.4 [ ]
,5 ,
, £culture-relat-
ed¢ ,
, , ,
. , ,
, [ ’, . ,
,
, , ,
£bon gré mal gré¢, .
1990 ,
, , ,
, …
, , … …
.
, .6 ,
,
4. ,
, , ,
,
.5.
. £creativeindustry¢, £cultural industry¢, ,
. .
.6. OECD ,
.
? 103
£symbol¢… £goût¢
, , ,
,
, , ,7
. ,
,8
. ,
. ,
, £Michael Porter¢ £cluster¢, OECD
£National Innovation System¢,
, ,
, … …
… , …
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
… , ,
£
7. … , .8. , …
,
, , , [ ]
.
104
£Joseph Nye¢ [ ]soft power¢,
, .
, ,
. , £ ,
, ¢,
, [
] ,
,
. , £The Frankfurt School¢
… ,
, ,
, ,
, . ,
.
£Theodor W. Adorno¢ [
]£cultural industry¢ ,9 .
. , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , ,
9. T. W. Adorno & Max Horkheimer, Dialectic of Enlightenment, translatedby John Cumming.
? 105
,
, ,
, . , ,
,
, [ ]£theory of pseudo-culture¢
…[ ]
,10 ,
,
. [ ]
, ,
, .
, [ ]
, .11
, ,
. ,
, £
[ ]£surplus value¢ ¢ ,
£Abraham Maslow¢ ,
, ,
, … , ,[
] . ,
[ ’12 £ £Freud-Marxism¢
10. .
.11. …
, … .12. £Herbert Marcuse¢ , ,
,
106
¢ , ,
.
… …
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
,
.
[ ] , ,
[ ] . , ,
,
, …
£ ¢ , ,
.
,
.
[ ’, ,
, £Johan Huizinga¢
,13
.
£surplus repression¢, .
. One-DimensionalMan-Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society.
13. Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture.Josef Pieper, Leisure, the Basis of Culture.
,« », .
? 107
, ,
, .14 ,
, , ,
[ ] ,
, , ,
,15 , [
] , , … ,
[ ’, ,
, ,
… .16
, ,
, ,
[ ’, [ ’,17
,
, ,
14. ‘ , ]
,
. Nancy Etcoff, Survival of the Prettiest: The Science of Beauty.Etcoff . Virginia Postrel, TheSubstance of Style: How the Rise of Aesthetic Value is RemakingCommerce, Culture, and Consciousness.
15. [ ,
.] Thomas Lewis ,A General Theory of Love;«», , 63. Martin E. P. Seligman, Authentic
Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize your Potential forLasting Fulfillment.
16. , …
, ,
.17. .
108
.18
, …
, .
, [
] , .
19
, ,
, ?20
, …
, [ … ]
, . ,
[ … ]
. , ,
… .
, …
, :
… ,
.
18. .19. ,
, ,
.20.
. ,
, , ,
. ,
.
? 109
… … ,
, .
… .
.
, , , ,
… ,
. ,
, , ,
.
,
, [
] [ ] [ ’,
.
, .
,
. , , [ ]
.21 [ ]
, , ,
[ … ’,
, .
, ?
,
£use value¢ £exchange value¢ ,
.
21. , ,
, … , ,
.
110
,
:
. ,
,
… , ,
, ,
. ,
… , ‘ ’,
…
. [ ].
[ ] [ ]
. …
… .
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, …
, , ,
, .
, , ,
? 111
, , ,
, , … … … .
, ,
, …
. , , ,
. ,
,
. .
… ,
,
… . ,
… ,
,
, .
,
, [
’, , ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
£ ¢.
,
112
,22 ,
.23 , , ,
, …
, £ ¢.24
,
£ ¢ ,
, £meaning¢ , …
. :
£truth¢… £goodness¢… £beauty¢,
. ,
£ ¢ , ,
£evaluation¢, . ,
,
, .
, ,
,
, ; …
[ ]£vulgaire¢ ,25
22. Sir Edward Burnett Tylor ,[ ,
, , … … …
… …
.] ,Primitive Culture: Researches into the Develop-ment of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art and Custom.
23. Culture: expert care and training <beauty culture> Merriam-Webster
,2006 £2006 2 2 ¢.
24. Culture: the act of developing the intellectual and moral faculties espe-cially by education, .
25. , [ ]…[ ] .
£Fernand Braudel¢ civilization , civilisé
… .
? 113
, ,
,
. [ ’,
[ ’. , [ ’26
, [ ’.
?
? ,
, ,
… ,
… .27 , ,
,
,
.
[ ] ,28
, ,
. , ,
. [ ] , …29
… , £Immanuel
Kant¢ £sublime, Erhabene¢, .
… [
26. 121 .27. .28. . culture cul-
tiver , .29. William Hogarth The Analysis of Beauty
.
114
]…[ ] .30 , ,
… , .
£Raymond Williams¢
, [ … …
.]
, [ ] ,
[ ]£modernity¢…[ ]£modern society¢ ,
, ,
,
. [ ]
, [ ] .
, £civilisation¢
… , £culture¢ …
. ,31 …
, . ,
[ ] .
[ ]£cultural relativism¢ ,
,
, [ ] [
]£ ¢,
30. , ,
, , .31. « »£Grammaire de civilisations¢ [
] . Les Editions Arthaud 1987. Penguin 1993.
? 115
£ …
¢, [ ’,
.
?
.
1. David Throsby
,
.32 :
1. .
2. .
3. .33
, , ,
. ,
. , ‘ ’£creative
arts¢,34 … … … … … ,
£ ¢.
… . ,
, [ ]£ ,
… £high culture¢¢, … … …
… … . , …
… .
32. David Throsby, Economics and Culture, p. 112.33. ,p. 4.34. .
116
2. David Hesmondhalgh
£Hesmondhalgh¢ ,35 £cultural in-
dustries¢ £texts¢.
, .
… … … .
, , … … ``
.
, … … .
, … …
… `` ,
.
, £the core cultural industries¢
:
: , …
.
£symbol creators¢ .
: … .
; Video, DVD .
.
. … .
.
Video .
,
£peripheral¢ , .
35. ,David Hesmondhalgh, The Cultural Industries, pp. 1-14.
? 117
.36 , … …
£ ¢…
£borderline¢, .
, …
, £symbol creators¢37 .
, … …
. , … …
. ,
.
3. :
,38 £Les indus-
tries culturelles¢ , [ ] ,
£reproductibilité¢. ,
. .
, .
.
4. £DCMS¢ :
… ,
36. , . ‰
® . « … »http://home.kimo.tw/liuta-ho£2003 2 1 ¢.
37. symbol creators ,
.38. ,Council of Europe/ERICarts, La Politique de la
Culture en France, Council of Europe/ERICarts: Compendium, pp. 3-19.
118
, … .39
£individual¢ .
, … …
.
5. £UNESCO¢ :
… ,
. ,
£ ¢ £ ¢ .40
,
, , .
, ,
… .
.
39. “Those activities which have their origin in individual creativity,skill and talent, and which have their potential for wealth and job cre-ation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property.”The Report of the Regional Issues Working Group: Creative Industries: TheRegional Dimension, p. 10.
40. :It is generally agreed that this term applies to those industries thatcombine the creation, production and commercialisation of contentswhich are intangible and cultural in nature. These contents are typicallyprotected by copyright and they can take the form of goods or services.http://www.unesco.org/culture/industries/trade/html_eng/question1.shtml#1 (accessed September, 2002).
? 119
… … …41
. ,
[ ] £expression¢ ,
,
£material¢ … ,
… , …
. ,
[ ]£ ¢,
[ ] . … …
… … , … ,
, .
, ,
,
, £Jean Baudrillard¢
£l’échange symbolique¢ £la société de consomma-
tion¢, £code¢
… £decode¢ ,42 £Thorstein Veblen¢
,
‘ ’ … … , £Georg
Simmel¢ £fashion¢ £individual-
ity¢ , £imitation¢
41. £Clifford Geertz¢ ,‘
’. .42. The Systeme of Objects£translated by James
Benedict¢ La société de consommation.
120
, £Pierre Bourdieu¢ ,
,
[ ’£capital symbolique¢… £capi-
tal culturel¢, £disctinction¢43 ,44
£Walter Benjamin¢ £aura¢,
,45
. 46
, …
. , ,
.
…
,
,
, , , ,
, ,
, … :
43. distingué .44. , .“Du fait que le capital
symbolique n’est pas autre chose que le capital économique ou culturellorsqu’il est connu et reconnu, lorsqu’il est connu selon les catégories deperception qu’il impose, les rapports de force symbolique tendent àreproduire et à renforcer les rapports de force qui constituent la structurede l’espace social.” £Choses dites, p. 160¢
.45. , :
, `` ,
, .46. , ,
.
? 121
… … :
… , .47
,
, , ,
, , ,
.48
, , …
… , .
,
… … .
£ … … … … ¢:
,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
,
, , ,
, , . ,
, , ,
,
47. £Wihelm Dilthey¢ [ ’
£world-views, Weltanschauungen¢, £
¢ £ ¢.48. , £Jean-Paul
Sarte¢, .
122
. ,
.49 ,
… , .
… , ,
4P£ product, price, place,
promotion¢. ,
,
, ,
.
,
, ,
… ,
. , £icon¢ ,
… .
, … … …
, .
[ ] ,
, ,[ ]£poetic¢
… ,
, .
.
[ ] ,
; …
; …
49. , £ ¢
, .
, .
? 123
. , ,
, , ,
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
.
, … ,
£ ,
.¢50 , ,
, ,
. ,
,
[ ’,
, ,
, .
,
,
, , …
[ ] . ,
, ,
,
.
, , :
, ,
50. ,
, ,
, .
124
, ,
, …
. …
.
.
[ ] [ ]
. … … …
, ,
, . ,
, .
,
, ,
. , ,
, , ,
.51
£poet¢ ,
,
. , [ ] ,
, …
. , [ ] ,
. , £metonymy¢
,
51. , ,
, £MartinHeidegger¢ ,‘ ; ’.
, .
? 125
, ,
, .
,
… . ,
,
, . ,
…
, £authentic¢ ,
, ,
, …
, , … …
. ,
, …
. ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,
, .
, , ,
,
, ,
. , …
,
. authentic
:[ £ , ¢… £
¢’ , .
£poetic¢ £authentic¢ ,
126
,
.
, , ,
… ,
. , ,
£ ¢ , :
, ,
£ ¢,
£ , ¢. ,
,
. ,
… .
, ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
.
…
. , ,
,
, ,
,
. , ,
,
. ,
, [ ].
, ,
? 127
.
,
, ,
, , ,
? :
… ,
, .
, .
? ?
, ,
, £
¢… £
¢, ,
.
, .
, ,
£ ¢ ,
,
, £Richard Caves¢ [
’,52 ,
. …
… . ,
,
52. [ ] [ ’,
.Creative Industries Contracts between Art and Commerce.
« »£ ¢…£ ¢ , … , 134.
128
£
¢, ,
,
.
, ?
,
£structuralism¢ £hermeneutics¢
. … ,
,
, , .53
,
, ,
. ,
… … .
[ ’, …
[ ’, [ ’,
, £Wilhem Dilthey¢…
£Max Weber¢ [ ]
£interpretation¢ [ ]…[ ] .
£understanding, Verstehen¢ £explanation,
Erklärung¢ , ,
[ ] [ ’,
53. £Jean Piaget¢ : …
£ ¢… .
« » , … , 1-11.… , .
? 129
[ ]…[ ]…[
’, ,
, . ,
,
£ motif¢,
, ,
. ,
, , .54
, , ,
,
, ,
£generalization¢ … £popularity¢,
£ ¢ ? ,
£ ¢ … .55
, .
,
54. £Robert Scholes¢ [ ,``
, .]Structuralism in Literature: An Introduction; «
», , 10.55. ,
. ,
.
130
. .
, £
¢ ,
, … .
… .
,
. ,
, ,
. , … ,
. , …
, .
[ ] ? .56
,
, .
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , ?
. , ,
, ,
.
• £Roland Barthes¢
56. , ,‘ ] ,
, , £
¢, ,
.
? 131
,57 « »
£le vêtement
image¢… £le vêtement écrit¢ £le vêtement
réel¢ . ,
… , ,
,
,
. , 58 ,
, , , ,
,
. , £trans-
form颅 £traduites¢… , ,
, … …
… ,
. :[ , …
. , ,
… .’59
, : …‘ ’:
, , ; …‘ ’: , …
… ,‘ ] ‘ ] ; …
57. Roland Barthes, Système de la mode. «
»£ ¢…£ ¢, .58. « » ,[ ,
, £Ferdi-nand de Saussure¢ ,
£sémiologie¢.] , [ ]
. .59. , 289.
132
: .60
, ?
… ?
… ,
, ,
… , ,
£Bordeaux¢ ,
, , [ ]
.
, … … .
, .
,
, ,
. … ,
[
]. [ ]
[ ]£
¢,
: … £ ¢ … … …
£ ¢… … .
, ,
, … ,
£ ¢, … ,
60. , 306-11, [ { }]
, , .
? 133
, .
:
1. [ ] .
2. .
: , …
.
[ ] .
3. :
, [ ]
.
4. , :
, .
5. ,
: , ,
,
… … ,61
,
, . ,
… ;
; ; £
¢ ;
.
6. ,
61. [ ] ,
,‘ ,
, , .]
… … … .
134
[ ] ,
: •
.62 ,
.63
:
…
[ ]…[ ]
.
, , …
… … ,
. , , … … .
, .
,
[ … … … ] ,64
65 , … ,‘
, ’,66 ,
, ,
62. Roland Barthes, Mythologies.63. [ ,
.] ,« », , 87.64. , .65. £ … ¢…
£ ¢… £ … … ¢
£ ¢. [ ]
… .66. , , 85.
? 135
£Ruth Benedict, 1887-1948¢
.67 ,
. ,
… , ,
:[ ]…[ … …
… , …
’, ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,
, .
, £ ¢.
… ,
, .
, …
,
, ,
, .
, , ,
. ,
,
. ,
… … … ,
, , .
136
67. Ruth Benedict, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns ofJapanese Culture.
,
, ,
, .
, ,
, … £ ¢ … … …
£ ¢… … . , £ ¢
? ,68
,
, , … …
. , ,
, , ,
, ,
, … ,
, ,
[ ] ,69
, ,
. … … .
,
… ,
, ,
.70
? 137
68. , ,
. ,
, .69. , …[
] .70. « »,
.
, , .
, ,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
… , ,
, ,
,
,[ … , ]
[ ] ,
, [ ] ,
[ ].
, ‰ ®, …
, .
,
; ,
.
, ,
, ,
. [ ] ,
, ,
,
138
, ,71 ,
, , .
. ,
…
, [ ]
, [ ] ,
… , ,
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
. …
, .
?
. ,
.
, .
,
71. ,
.
? 139
. … …
. ,
,
[ ’, .
140
.[1967] 1994.« ». . : .
.[1984] 1989.« ». . :
.
.[1940] 1992.« ». . :
.
.2003.‰ ®.« …
»http://home.kimo.tw/liutaho£2003 2 1 ¢.
.2005.« ». : .
Adorno, T. W., and Max Horkheimer. [1947] 1972. Dialectic of
Enlightenment. Translated by John Cumming. New York: Herder
and Herder.
Barthes, Roland. [1967] 1998. Système de la mode. Paris: Editions duSeuil/Point. £ :1998.« : »
£ ¢…£ ¢. . : .¢
. 1972. Mythologies. London: J. Cape.
Baudrillard, Jean. 1969. La société de consommation. Paris: Gallimard.. 1987. Choses dites. Paris: Editions de Minuit.
. [1968] 1996. The System of Objects. Translated by James
Benedict. London: Verso.
Benedict, Ruth. 1946. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns
of Japanese Culture. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Braudel, Fernand. [1963] 1987. Grammaire de civilizations. Les
Editions Arthaud. (English edition: 1993. A History of Civiliza-
tions. Translated by Richard Mayne. New York: Penguin Press.)Caves, Richard. 2000. Creative Industries Contracts between Art and
Commerce. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.£
:2005.« : ».
… . : .¢
Council of Europe/ERICarts. 1999. La Politique de la Culture en
? 141
France. Council of Europe/ERICarts: Compendium.
DCMS. 2000. Creative Industries: The Regional Dimension. The Report
of the Regional Issues Working Group. London: DCMS.
Etcoff, Nancy. [1955] 1999. Survival of the Prettiest: The Science of
Beauty. New York: Doubleday.
Hesmondhalgh, David. 2002. The Cultural Industries. London: Sage.
Hogarth, William. [1753] 1997. The Analysis of Beauty. New Haven,
Conn.: Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for British Art by
Yale University Press.
Huizinga, Johan. [1938] 1970. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play
Element in Culture. Translated by R. F. C. Hull. New York: J. & J.
Harper Editions.
Lewis, Thomas, Fari, Amini, and Richard Lannon. 2001. A GeneralTheory of Love. New York: Vintage Books.£ :2001.«
». . : .¢
Marcuse, Herbert. 1964. One-Dimensional Man Studies in the
Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society. Boston: Beacon Press.
Merriam-Webster Online. 2006. http://www.m.w.com/(accessed
February 2, 2006).
Piajet, Jean. [1968] 1970. Structuralism. Translated by ChaninahMaschler. New York: Basic Books.£ 1979
.1984.« ». … . : ¢.
Pieper, Josef. [1948] 1952. Leisure, the Basis of Culture. New York:Pantheon Books.£ 1948 :Muße und Kult;
Was heißt Philosophieren? 2003.« ».
. : .¢
Postrel, Virginia. 2003. The Substance of Style: How the Rise of
Aesthetic Value is Remaking Commerce, Culture, and Conscious-
ness. New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins.
Scholes, Robert. 1974. Structuralism in literature: An Introduction.New Haven: Yale University Press.£ :1994.«
». . : .¢
142
Seligman, Martin E. P. 2003. Authentic Happiness: Using the New
Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting
Fulfillment. New York: Free Press.
Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett. 1958. Primitive Culture: Researches into
the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language,
Art and Custom. Gloucester, MA: Smith.
Throsby, David. 2001. Economics and Culture. Cambridge
Cambridge University Press.
UNESCO. http://www.unesco.org/culture/industries/trade/html_eng/
question1.shtml#1 (accessed September, 2002).
? 143
How Culture Developsin the Cultural Industries?
Liu Ta-hoAssistant Professor
Department of Humanities and Social SciencesCollege of Hakka Studies
National Chiao Tung University
Abstract: This article begins with a review of policies of cultural industryand related concepts. Secondly, it explores aspects of how culture is usedand defined in reality. Through discussing what “culture” means in culturalindustry, the author attempts to see how sociologists participate in andrestudy the cultural industry. By way of several case-studies, this article fur-ther discusses how the concept of “culture” is constructed in cultural indus-try.
The author intends to distinguish cultural activities from cultural indus-tries with the conceptual differences between “use value” and “exchangevalue.” And by doing so, he reconciles the two rivaling sides on the culturalindustries. Moreover, the author proposes a framework for analyzing the cul-tural industries. The framework covers three elements, “meaning,” “aesthet-ics” and “enterprise.” The author considers “poetic” and “authentic” to be thekey elements of the cultural creative industry.
Key words: cultural industry, culture, value, story, poetic, meaning.
144