16 Fuel science and technology (fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation)

conventional method under estimates the insolation. A simpler, more elegant and more accurate 'universal' relationship has been derived for estimating the daily clear sky insolation as a function of the day of the year and the latitude and altitude of a given location.

05/00441 Algorithms to solve qualitative problems in power system state estimation London, J. B. A. et al. International Journal o f Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2004, 26, (8), 583-592. This paper presents two algorithms. The first one allows the identification of critical measurements and critical sets. The second algorithm allows, in a straight and fast way, observability analysis and restoration as well as the updating of the measurements qualitative characteristics in the situation of measurements losses. For such purpose, a Base Case Measurement Set is considered. This measure- ment set contains all the installed and virtual measurements. The proposed algorithms work in a straightforward manner, using a new way based on the relationship between measurements and equivalent states. These states are obtained via triangular factorization of the Jacobian matrix, characterizing the algorithms as numerical. The sparse structure of such matrix allows the use of sparse techniques speeding up the process. The algorithms were tested in the IEEE-14-bus system, as well as in two realistic systems of Brazilian utilities. The results proved the algorithms are reliable, easy to implement and fast.

05/00442 An incorporated algorithm for combined heat and power economic dispatch Su, C.-T. and Chiang, C.-L. Electric Power Systems Research, 2004, 69, (2-3), 187-195. This paper presents an improved genetic algorithm with multiplier updating (IGA_MU) to solve the combined heat and power economic dispatch (CHPED) problem. The improved genetic algorithm (IGA) equipped with an improved evolutionary direction operator (IEDO) and a migration operation can efficiently search and actively explore solutions. The multiplier updating (MU) is introduced to avoid deforming the augmented Lagrange function and resulting in difficulty of solution searching. The proposed approach integrates the IGA and the MU such that it has the merits of automatically adjusting the randomly given penalty to a proper value and requiring only a small- size population for the CHPED problem. Extensive simulations using the proposed method are carried out on various-size systems, and the results are compared with that of the previous methods. Numerical results indicate that the proposed approach has more advantages than other methods in application. Moreover, the proposed algorithm provides an efficacious approach for large-scale systems of the CHPED problem.

05/00443 An integrated assessment modeling tool Carmichael, J. et al. Global Environmental Change Part A, 2004, 14, (2), 171-183. The Georgia Basin Futures Project is an innovative regional scale integrated assessment (IA) exercise, which is being undertaken for the purpose of identifying futures that are desirable to the general public in a region, and for the assessment of appropriate policy approaches to realizing these desired futures. Georgia Basin (GB)-QUEST is an interdisciplinary computer-modelling tool which was developed, based on an earlier prototype, as a central part of this project. This paper describes how GB-QUEST is organized, which IA principles are central to its design, the modelling techniques being employed and the experience of users of the model. The paper suggests that the particular modelling methods used, in combination with the innovative design approach, represents a viable template for future regional IAs.

05/00444 Analysis of heat and mass transfer in porous sorbents used in rotary regenerators Sphaier, L. A. and Worek, W. M. International Journal o f Heat and Mass Transfer, 2004, 47, (14-16), 3415-3430. A new dimensionless formulation, that locally accounts for heat conduction and mass diffusion in solid sorbent materials occurring in either enthalpy exchangers or desiccant wheels has been developed. Governing equations were fully normalized using classical dimension- less groups for heat and mass transfer. The model was validated using previously published results, including experimental data. The pro- posed equations are easily adaptable to incorporate additional features such as the influence of a supporting structure or the effects of flow entrance regions. Finally, results of a test-case are presented, indicating a possible optimization to wheel construction and compact- ness by reducing the felt thickness.

05/00445 Applying model calculations to estimate urban air quality with respect to the requirements of the EU directives on NO2, PMlo and Cells Laupsa, H. and Slordal, L. H. International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 2003, 20, (1 6), 309-320.

Population exposure for N02, PMa0 and C6H 6 for two Norwegian cities has been estimated for the year 2001. Calculated exposure levels have been related to the EU Council Directive limit levels of air quality. A stationary population distribution has been applied in the exposure calculations and a ranking of the most important sources contributing to the exceedances has been established. Results indicate that a considerable portion of the inhibitants are exposed above the proposed limit values of PM~o, while only a small fraction are above the limit value for NOz. No exceedances are found for benzene (C6H6). Furthermore, road traffic is the dominant source contributor to the NO2 exceedances, while both traffic and wood burning can be the dominant contributor for exceedance levels of PMlo, depending on location within the urban area.

05/00446 Benchmark selection impact and uncertainty in emission reductions for selected case study projects Anagnostopoulos, K. et al. International Journal of Environmental Issues, 2003, 3, (4), 436 460. The efficiency of Joint Implementation (JI) and the Clean Develop- ment Mechanism (CDM) can be seriously harmed as investors and hosts of JI/CDM investments are trying to maximize emission reduction credits. The easiest way to invoke gaming in emission reductions is the selection of an overestimated baseline and credit 'non-real ' emission reductions. The baseline that is inherently a counterfactual situation that will never be realized incorporates uncertainty in emission reductions. In order to explore the environmental integrity and the uncertainty associated with the baseline choice, this paper applies a computerized tool to construct, store and compare different types of baselines and benchmarks for projects in Indonesia and the Russian Federation. It analyses the effects of the selection of different benchmarks for the preservation of the effectiveness of the two Kyoto mechanisms and on the range of baseline uncertainty that is calculated for each case study project.

05/00447 Cell homogenization methods for pin-by-pin core calculations tested in slab geometry Yamamoto, A. et al. Annals o f Nuclear Energy, 2004, 31, (8), 825-847. In this paper, performances of spatial homogenization methods for fuel or non-fuel cells are compared in slab geometry in order to facilitate pin-by-pin core calculations. Since the spatial homogenization methods were mainly developed for fuel assemblies, systematic study of their performance for the cell-level homogenization has not been carried out. Importance of cell-level homogenization is recently increasing since the pin-by-pin mesh core calculation in actual three-dimensional geometry, which is less approximate approach than current advanced nodal method, is getting feasible. Four homogenization methods were investigated in this paper; the flux-volume weighting, the generalized equivalence theory, the super-homogenization (SPH) method and the non-linear iteration method. The last one, the non-linear iteration method, was tested as the homogenization method for the first time. The calculations were carried out in simplified colour-set assembly configurations of PWR, which are simulated by slab geometries, and homogenization performances were evaluated through comparison with the reference cell-heterogeneous calculations. The calculation results revealed that the generalized equivalence theory showed best performance. Though the non-linear iteration method can significantly reduce homogenization error, its performance was not as good as that of the generalized equivalence theory. Through comparison of the results obtained by the generalized equivalence theory and the super- homogenization method, important by-product was obtained; de- ficiency of the current super-homogenization method, which could be improved by incorporating the 'cell-level discontinuity factor between assemblies', was clarified.

05/00448 Characteristics and features of a performance evaluation model using a multilevel fuzzy rule-based system Ammar, S. and Wright, R. International Journal o f Technology, Policy and Management, 2003, 3, (3/4), 301-321. The main objective of this article is to describe a methodology developed for performance evaluation of complex organizational units. This methodology has been successfully applied to a variety of situations. It is an integration of analytical tools designed to incorporate several characteristics of the evaluation model. The tools include the use of rule base systems and fuzzy set theory. The development of the methodology has been several years in the making. The various phases and features of the model development are included in this paper. The most extensive application to date is that of developing an evaluation model similar to the credit rating process used for city government bonds. The model utilizes a large number of performance measures including debt, financial and economic data. It also includes qualitative data for evaluating management policies and procedures. Descriptions of the model and the implementation of the analytical tools are presented in the context of the credit rating application.

Fuel and Energy Abstracts January 2005 59