05 the axial skeleton english

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The axial Skeleton The axial Skeleton

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Page 1: 05 the axial skeleton english

The axial SkeletonThe axial Skeleton

Page 2: 05 the axial skeleton english

THE AXIAL SKELETON THE AXIAL SKELETON CONSISTS OF:CONSISTS OF:

• SkullSkull

• VertebraeVertebrae

• RibsRibs

• SternumSternum

• SacrumSacrum

• CoccyxCoccyx

The axial skeleton is harder to puzzle out than the appendicular, because it’s involved in support and protection more than movement. More memorization is required.

Page 3: 05 the axial skeleton english

SKULLSKULL

• skull = skull = craniumcranium + + mandiblemandible

• cranium = cranium = cranial cranial vault vault + + faceface + + basicraniumbasicranium

• A vault without a face or A vault without a face or basicranium is called a basicranium is called a calvariumcalvarium..

• The The splanchnocraniumsplanchnocranium is another name for the is another name for the face.face.

Page 4: 05 the axial skeleton english

SkullSkull

• 29 bones and 32 teeth.29 bones and 32 teeth.

• Most joints are Most joints are immovable, the immovable, the exceptions being those exceptions being those with the mandible and with the mandible and vertebral column.vertebral column.

• The boundaries The boundaries between the bones of between the bones of the vault are marked by the vault are marked by the the cranial suturescranial sutures..

Page 5: 05 the axial skeleton english

THE CRANIAL VAULTTHE CRANIAL VAULT

• FrontalFrontal (anterior) (anterior)

• ParietalParietal (lateral) (lateral)

• TemporalTemporal (lateral) (lateral)

• OccipitalOccipital (posterior) (posterior)

• The parietal and The parietal and temporal are paired temporal are paired (they have a left and a (they have a left and a right). The frontal and right). The frontal and occipital are unpaired occipital are unpaired (there’s one of each). (there’s one of each).

Page 6: 05 the axial skeleton english

SuturesSutures

• The The coronal suture coronal suture is is parallel to the coronal parallel to the coronal plane and forms the plane and forms the posterior border of the posterior border of the frontalfrontal..

• The The sagittal suture sagittal suture is is along the sagittal plane.along the sagittal plane.

• The The squamosal suture squamosal suture is between the is between the temporal temporal and the parietaland the parietal..

• The The lambdoid suturelambdoid suture is is posterior and forms the posterior and forms the superior border of the superior border of the occipital.occipital.

Page 7: 05 the axial skeleton english

FrontalFrontal

• ForeheadForehead

• OrbitsOrbits (anterior and (anterior and inferior)inferior)

• Supraorbital torus Supraorbital torus (brow (brow ridge)ridge)

• Coronal suture Coronal suture (posterior)(posterior)

• Zygomatic process Zygomatic process (lateral)(lateral)

• Billowed internal Billowed internal surfacesurface

• Frontal crest Frontal crest (internal)(internal)

Page 8: 05 the axial skeleton english

ParietalParietal

• Deeply curved.Deeply curved.

• Grooves for Grooves for middle middle meningeal vesselsmeningeal vessels on the on the inside. They go inside. They go back and back and upup. The deepest is the . The deepest is the most anteriormost anterior. It is . It is parallel to the coronal parallel to the coronal suturesuture..

• coronal suture to coronal suture to anterioranterior

• Sagittal suture Sagittal suture mediallymedially

• Squamosal suture to Squamosal suture to inferiorinferior

• Lambdoid suture Lambdoid suture posteriorposterior

Page 9: 05 the axial skeleton english

TEMPORALTEMPORAL

• External auditory meatusExternal auditory meatus (ear canal)(ear canal)

• Squamosal suture Squamosal suture superiorlysuperiorly

• Lambdoid suture Lambdoid suture posteriorlyposteriorly

• Zygomatic process to Zygomatic process to anterioranterior

• Mastoid process w/ digastric Mastoid process w/ digastric groove to groove to posteriorposterior

• External auditory meatusExternal auditory meatus in between mastoid and in between mastoid and zygomaticzygomatic

• Petrous process Petrous process medially medially and internallyand internally

Page 10: 05 the axial skeleton english

OccipitalOccipital

• The back of the head.The back of the head.

• External occipital External occipital protuberance protuberance (posterior)(posterior)

• Lambdoid suture Lambdoid suture (anterior)(anterior)

• Articulates with first Articulates with first cervical vertebrae at cervical vertebrae at occipital condylesoccipital condyles

• Foramen magnumForamen magnum (“big (“big hole”) for spinal cord hole”) for spinal cord (inferior)(inferior)

Page 11: 05 the axial skeleton english

Major bones of the FaceMajor bones of the Face

• FrontalFrontal

• NasalNasal

• ZygomaticZygomatic

• MaxillaMaxilla

Page 12: 05 the axial skeleton english

zygomaticzygomatic

• CheekboneCheekbone

• Articulates with frontal Articulates with frontal (superiorly), maxilla (superiorly), maxilla (medially), and (medially), and temporal (posteriorly)temporal (posteriorly)

• Contributes to orbits Contributes to orbits superiorly and superiorly and mediallymedially

Page 13: 05 the axial skeleton english

MaxillaMaxilla

• Upper jawUpper jaw

• Articulates with Articulates with frontalfrontal (superiorly) and (superiorly) and zygomaticzygomatic (laterally/posteriorly)(laterally/posteriorly)

• DentitionDentition (teeth) (teeth) inferiorlyinferiorly

• Maxillary sinus Maxillary sinus internallyinternally

Page 14: 05 the axial skeleton english

Major bones of the Major bones of the basicraniumbasicranium

• OccipitalOccipital (posterior) (posterior)

• TemporalTemporal (lateral) (lateral)

• SphenoidSphenoid (midline) (midline)

Page 15: 05 the axial skeleton english

SphenoidSphenoid

• Highly complex boneHighly complex bone

• Contributes to vault, Contributes to vault, basicranium, and basicranium, and posterior portion of the posterior portion of the eye orbiteye orbit

• Often recovered in Often recovered in fragmentary state, fragmentary state, usually in connection usually in connection with another cranial bonewith another cranial bone

• To remember its To remember its anatomical orientation, anatomical orientation, think of it resembling think of it resembling bat, butterfly, or owlbat, butterfly, or owl

Page 16: 05 the axial skeleton english

MandibleMandible

• Lower jawLower jaw

• One of two movable One of two movable joints in the skulljoints in the skull

• Articulates with the Articulates with the temporal’s glenoid temporal’s glenoid fossafossa

• RamusRamus

• Condylar process and Condylar process and coronoid processcoronoid process

Page 17: 05 the axial skeleton english

VertebraeVertebrae

• 24 vertebrae: 7 24 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbarlumbar

• Cervical vertebrae are Cervical vertebrae are located in the necklocated in the neck

• Thoracic are located in Thoracic are located in the chestthe chest

• Lumbar are located in Lumbar are located in the lower backthe lower back

• Ribs articulate with the Ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae.thoracic vertebrae.

Page 18: 05 the axial skeleton english

RibsRibs

• 24 ribs (12 pairs)24 ribs (12 pairs)

• Ribs 1, 2, 3-10, and 11-12 Ribs 1, 2, 3-10, and 11-12 are distinguishable with are distinguishable with practicepractice

• Ribs articulate posteriorly Ribs articulate posteriorly and medially with one or and medially with one or two thoracic vertebraetwo thoracic vertebrae

• Articulate anteriorly and Articulate anteriorly and medially with 1) the medially with 1) the sternum 2) costal sternum 2) costal cartilage that attaches to cartilage that attaches to the sternum or 3) the sternum or 3) nothing.nothing.

Page 19: 05 the axial skeleton english

STERNUMSTERNUM

• The breastboneThe breastbone

• Three sections: the Three sections: the manubrium, the manubrium, the gladiolus (or body), and gladiolus (or body), and the xiphoid process.the xiphoid process.

• Can have a naturally Can have a naturally occurring hole in it that occurring hole in it that is possible to mistake is possible to mistake for a gunshot woundfor a gunshot wound

Page 20: 05 the axial skeleton english

Sacrum + CoccyxSacrum + Coccyx

• Sacrum is the posterior, Sacrum is the posterior, medial-most part of the medial-most part of the pelvispelvis

• Sacrum follows a Sacrum follows a vertebral pattern and vertebral pattern and ossifies from five ossifies from five elementselements

• coccyx = tailbone. Very coccyx = tailbone. Very variable. Not always variable. Not always recovered. Sometimes recovered. Sometimes fused to sacrum.fused to sacrum.