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Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status and a case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L.

Siriporn Zungsontiporn Weed Science Group, Plant Protection Research and Development Office, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand 10900

Email: zungss@doa.go.th

Summary

Global invasive plant may invade in some countries, but it is not invasive plant in its native country or in range of distribution. Those plants are utilized in some means, such as vegetable, fruit, ornamental plant or medicinal plant in it native country or even it was invasive plant but people learned how to manage with that plant, they can utilize it. On the contrary way, an invasive plant of any country may not be invasive in any country else. Most of the invasive plants are intentionally introduced to a country for some purpose especially for ornamental plant. Hydrocotyle umbrellata L. was introduced to Thailand as ornamental plant, the plant can grow well and with some habit of invasive plant of this plant, nowadays the plant was found in many natural areas as weed.

Introduction

Most of invasive plant in an area is alien plant which was introduced from different habitat within a country or other country across geographic barrier. Well development of transportation stimulates traveling and international trading which cause of increasing introduction of alien species. Some of introduced alien plants can establish and spread out if it can adapt itself to survive in the new habitat well. If the environment of new habitat is suitable for it growth, the plant may express it invasiveness and compete for space and nutrient with native plant which it may complete over native plants due to lack of it natural enemy in new habitat. If the invasive plant invades to new area widely it may become noxious weed in that area. In the past there were many invasive plants become noxious weeds out side it native range such as Water hyacinth, Giant sensitive plant, Pennisetum grasses. They were introduced to many countries intentionally for some purposes such as ornamental plant, erosion control, soil improvement, forage fodder.

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Global invasive plants in Thailand and its status

The Global Invasive Species Database which developed by Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the World Conservation Union / Species Survival Committee (IUCN/SSC) under the Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) had listed 388 species as invasive species. Among these, there are 205 plant species which are 8 algae/seaweed, 33aquatic plants, 1 fern, 26 grass, 35 herb, 2 palm, 1 sedge, 50 shrub, 27 tree, and 22 vine/climber.

Among those 205 of global invasive plants 71 are exist in Thailand. They are 15 aquatic plants, 10 grasses, 6 herbs, 2 palms, 23 shrubs/trees, 13 vine/climbers and 2 shrubs/climbers. About 29 species are known as introduced plants, other are uncertain or no information about introduction. Most of the plants are utilized by some mean, ornamental plant, medicinal plant, etc. Only 10 species are weed without any utilization such as Arundo donax, Lygodium microphyllum , Neyraudia reynaudiana, Polygonum perfoliatum. Pennisetum polystachyon, P. clandestinum etc. (Table 1)

Since agriculture is one of the main task of Thai population. The plants invaded in agricultural area and becomes troublesome or weed for farmer are shown in Table 2.

Case study of Hydrocotyle umbellata L.

H. umbellata, common name as dollar weed, a member of Apiaceae, was introduced to Thailand as ornamental plant or aquarium plant more than 10 year ago. The plant is attractive for it shiny green round leaf (Fig. 1). Since the plant can propagate easily with stem. New shoot can grow from maxillary bud and seem to be no natural enemy in Thailand. It might be weed in near future. Experiments to evaluate weed potential on this plant were conduced in 2002. They are growth of Dollar weed and competition of Dollar weed and a native plant, Centella asiaitca.

The result shown that Dollar weed can grow well not only in aquatic condition but also in dry condition (Fig.2). The plant can produce new shoot from stem with young leaf if the stem was cut out from the mother plant by the cut part produce root and then can survive in the water and new branch germinate from the bud between stem and petiole (Fig 3). From 1 leaf at beginning of the experiment, the plant can grow up to 174 leaves within 141 day period. (Fig.4). The plant can compete over the native plant, C. asiatica, a member of same family (Fig.5 and Fig.6). These mean the plant has potential of weed.

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Table 1. Global invasive plant in Thailand and its status

Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I

H S T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH

Reference

Ablmoschus moschatus aute toga, algalia, almizcle vegetal, almizcle vegetal, ambretta semi, aukiki, bisameibisch, fau ingo, fau tagaloa, fautia, fou ingo, gombo musqué, gongul, kamang, kamwayang, karereon, metei, musk, musk mallow, o'e'e, okeoke, okra, vakeke, wakeke, wakewake, wakiwaki

chamod ton, Thian chamot, Fai phi

? ? ? 25, 12

Acacia confusa - acacia petit feuille, boiffuring, boiffuring, formosa acacia, formosa koa, ianangi, ianángi, mimosa, pilampwoia, shoshigi, shoshigi, small Philippine acacia, soschghi, sosigi, sosigi, sosugi, sosugi, yanangi

Krathin Taiwan

? ? ? ? 19

Acacia farnesiana acacia jaune, aroma, aroma, aromo, aweet acadia, ban baburi, carambuco, cashia, cassie, debena, Ellington curse, Ellington curse, espino blanco, espino ruco, esponja, esponjeira, huisache, huisache dulce, kandaroma, kandaroma, klu, klu, klu bush, kolu, kolu, mimosa, mimosa bush, needle bush, oki, opoponax, popinac, popinac, rayo, Small's acacia, sweet acacia, tekaibakoa, titima, vaivai vakavotona, Westindische akazie

Kra thin thet ? ? ? ? ? 25, 11

Adenanthera pavonina bead tree, bois de condori, carolina, colales, coral bean tree, culalis, false wili wili, falso-sândalo, kaikes, kolales, kulales, kulalis, la'aulopa, lera, lerendamu, lopa, metekam, metkam, metkem, mwetkwem, olho-de-pavão, paina, peacock flower-fence, peacock tree, pitipitio, pomea, red sandalwood tree, redbeadtree, segavé, telengtúngd, telentundalel, vaivai, vaivainivavalangi

Maklamton, Ma klam ta chang, Mahua daeng

? ? ? ? 1, 2, 10, 9

Alternanthera philoxeroides alligator weed, alligatorweed, pig weed, xi han lian zi cao phak ped ? ? ? ? ?

Anredera cordi floia 'uala hupe, anredera, enredadera del mosquito, filikafa, Gulf madeiravine, heartleaf madeiravine, lamb's tails, Madeira vine, mignonette vine, parra de Madeira, tapau

phak pang ? ? ? 1

Antigonon leptopus chain-of-love, confederate vine, coral bells, coral vine, corallita, dilngau, flores ka'dena, hearts on a chain, kadena de amor, love-vine, Mexican creeper, mountain rose, queen's jewels, rohsapoak, Sandwich Island creeper

Chompu phuang, phuang chomphu

? ? ? ? ? 21,26

Ardisia elliptica - ati popa'a, shoebutton ardisia Ram yai, Thulang kasa

? ? 25, 26

Arundo donax arundo grass, bamboo reed, cana, cane, canne de Provence, carrizo grande, cow cane, donax cane, giant cane, giant reed, narkhat, ngasau ni vavalangi, Pfahlrohr, reedgrass, river cane, Spanisches Rohr, Spanish cane, Spanish reed

O, O luang, O yai

G ? 7

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Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I

H S T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH

Reference

Azolla pinnata ferny azolla, mosquito Fern, water velvet Nae daeng ? ? 17

Buddleja davidii arbre aux papillons, buddleia, butterfly bush, orange eye, summer lilac Racha wadi muang

? ? ? 26

Cabomba caroliniana cabomba, Carolina fanwort, Carolina water-shield, fanwort, fish-grass, Washington-grass, Washington-plant

Bua Sarai ? ? A 15

Caesalpinia decaptetala bois sappan, cat's claw, kraaldoring, liane croc chien, Mauritius thorn, mauritiusdoring, Mysore thorn, puakelekino, shoofly, ubobo-encane, ufenisi, ulozisi, wait-a-bit

Krachai, Kamchai, Nam khong, Nam chai

? ? ? 1

Canna indica achira, African arrowroot, ali‘ipoe, li‘ipoe, apeellap, bakalele, bakare kare, Balisier comestible, balisier rouge, calenda, canna, canna lily, chupa flor, English shot, fa‘i masoa, fagafaga, fagamanu, Fanamanu, gasau ni ga, gwangwa, gwangwaama, Indian shot, luiuenwai, mongos halum-tano, nuaenga, oruuru, pia renga, pia-raroto‘a, poloka, poloke, Queensland arrowroot, riti, te misimisi, tiare papa‘a, toolima, tous-les-mois

Phut tharaksa, Bua lawong, Phutthason

? ? ? ? 25, 26

Casurina equisetifolia chardon penché, musk thistle, nodding plumeless thistle, nodding thistle, plumeless thistle

Son thale ? ? ? ? 25, 2,

Ceratophyllum demersom common hornwort, coon's tail, coon's-tail, coontail, hornwort, rigid hornwort sarai hang ma, sarai khwai, sarai phungchado

? ? A 15

Chromolaena odorata agonoi, bitter bush, chromolaena, hagonoy, herbe du Laos, huluhagonoi, jack in the bush, kesengesil, mahsrihsrihk, masigsig, ngesngesil, otuot, rumput belalang, rumput golkar, rumput putih, Siam weed, Siam-Kraut, triffid weed, wisolmatenrehwei

Sap suea ? ? ? ? 25, 14

Cinnamomum camphora alcanfor, alcanforero, arvore da camphora, campher, camphor laurel, camphor tree, camphre, camphrier, canfora, Japanese camphor, kampferbaum, kuso-no-ki

Karabun, Op choei yuan

? ? ? ? 25, 10, 14

Coccinia grandis , ivy gourd, kiuri awia, kundru, scarlet-fruited gourd Phak tamlueng

? ? ? ? 25, 20, 10, 14

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Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I

H S T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH

Reference

Colubrina asiatica Asian snakewood, hoop with, Indian snakewood, latherleaf, wild coffee Khan song ? ? 25, e

Cryptostegia grandiflora India rubber vine, liane de gatope, palay rubbervine, purple allamanda, rubber vine

Dao Pradap, banburi muang

? ? ? ? 25, 26, 6

Dichrostachys cinerea el marabu, Kalahari-Weihnachtsbaum Krathin hang kra rok

? ? 25, 12

Eichhornia crassipes aguapé, bung el ralm, jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de agua, jacinto-aquatico, jal kumbhi, lechuguilla, lila de agua, mbekambekairanga, wasserhyazinthe, water hyacinth

Phak tob ? ? ? ? ? ? H 25, 4, 9

Elaeis guineensis African oil palm, apwiraiasi, dendê, nu tamara, palmeira-dendê, palmier à huile d'Afrique

Pam namman

? P ? ? 1, 26

Eugenia uniflora Barbados cherry, Brazilian cherry, cayenne cherry, Cayennekirsche, cerese à côtes, cereza quadrada, cerezo de Cayena, cerise carée, cerise de Cayenne, cerise de pays, cerises-cotes, cerisier carré, cerisier de Cayenne, Florida cherry, French cherry, guinda, kafika, kafika palangi, kafika papalangi, menemene, monkie monkie kersie, nagapiry, ñanga-piré, pendanga, pitanga, pitanga-da-praia, red Brazil cherry, Surinaamsche kersh, Surinam cherry, Surinamkirsche, venevene, zoete kers

Mayom farang

? ? ? ? 26

Gymnocoronis spilanthoides

Senegal teaplant, temple plant Phak bung ? ? ? ?

Hiptage benghalensis adimurtte, adirganti, atimukta, benghalen-Liane, chandravalli, haldavel, hiptage, kampti, kamuka, liane de cerf, madhalata, madhavi, Madhavi, Madhavi, madhumalati, madmalati, ragotpiti, vasantduti

Nora ? ? ? ? 3, 12, 26

Houttuynia cordata ch'I, chameleon-plant, chu ts'ai, doku-dami, dokudami, houttuynia, vap ca, yu hsing ts'ao, yu xing cao, zyuyaku

Phak khao thong

? ? ? 10, 6, 22

Hydrilla verticillata Florida elodea, hydrilla, oxygen weed, water thyme, water weed Sarai hang krarok

? ? 15, 27, 17

Hygrophila polysperma East Indian hygrophila, hygro, Indian swampweed, Miramar weed ? ? ? 15

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Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I

H S T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH

Reference

Imperata cylindrica alang-alang, blady grass, Blutgras, carrizo, cogon grass, gi, impérata cylindrique, japgrass, kunai, lalang, ngi, paille de dys, paillotte, satintail, speargrass

Ya kha G ? ? R 10, 27, 17, 7

Ipomoea aquatica akankong, aquatic morning glory, aseri, cancon, Chinese waterspinach, kang kong, kangking, kangkong, kangkun, kangum, kankan, kankum, kongkong, lili vai, liseron d’eau, lorenzo, luve ne tombithi, ndrinikava, ota karisa, seeri, seri, swamp cabbage, swamp morning glory, te kang kong, ung-choi, wa kumala, water bindweed, water spinach

Phak bung ? ? ? ? ? ? 2, 27, 17, 4

Lantana camara ach man, angel lips, ayam, big sage, blacksage, bunga tayi, cambara de espinto, cuasquito, flowered sage, lantana, lantana wildtype, largeleaf lantana, latora moa, prickly lantana, shrub verbean, supirrosa, Wandelroeschen, white sage, wild sage

Phaka Krong ? ? ? ? ? 25, 1, 26,

Leucaena leucocephala acacia palida, aroma blanca, balori, bo chet, cassis, false koa, faux mimosa, faux -acacia, fua pepe, ganitnityuwan tangantan, graines de lin, guaje, guaslim, guaxin, huaxin, horse/wild tamarind, huaxin, ipil-ipil, jumbie bean, kan thin, kanthum thect, koa haole, koa-haole, lamtoro, lead tree, Leucaena, leucaena, liliak, lino criollo, lopa samoa, lusina, nito, pepe, rohbohtin, schemu, siale mohemohe, subabul, tamarindo silvestre, tangan-tangan, tangantangan, te kaitetua, telentund, tuhngantuhngan, uaxim, vaivai, vaivai dina, vaivai ni vavalangi, wild mimosa, wild tamarind, zarcilla

Kra thin ? ? ? ? F/S 25, 22, 1,4

Ligustrum sinensis - Chinese ligustrum, Chinese privet, xiao la Khao tok phra ruang

? ? ? ? ? 2, 26

Limnocharis flava cebolla de chucho, cu neo, kalmi, kengkong, keo neo, limnocharis, manja payal, paku rawan, sawah-flower rush, sawah-lettuce, velvetleaf, yellow bur-hea

talapad ruesi, Bon chin

? ? ? ? ? 4, 27, 17

Limnophila sessiliflora ambulia, Asian marshweed, limnophila, shi long wei Nang om ?

Lonicera japonica Chinese honeysuckle, Hall's honeysuckle, Japanese honeysuckle, Japanisches Geissblatt, madreselva, madressilva

Sai na phueng

? ? ? 2, 10, 26

Lygodium microphyllum Old World climbing fern, small leaf climbing fern, small-leaf climbing fern Li phao yung ? F ?

Melaleuca quinquenervia cajeput, Mao-Holzrose, melaleuca, niaouli, paper bark tree, punk tree Samet ? ? ? S 26

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Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I

H S T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH

Reference

Melia azedarach ilinia, ‘inia, alelaila, amargoseira-do-Himalaio, arbre à chapelets, bakain, chinaberry, chuan liang zi, dake, Indian lilac, indischer Zedrachbaum, jazmin, lelah, lilas des Indes, margosa tree, melia, para‘isu, paraíso, Persian lilac, persischer Flieder, prais, pride-of-India, sendan, Sichuan pagoda-tree, sili, sita, syringa berrytree, tili, tira, umbrella tree, white cedar

Lian ? ? ? ? ? ? 6, 26,

Merremia peltata abui, agon, arosumou, big leaf, big lif rop, fitau, fitaw, fue, fue kula, fue lautetele, fue lautetele, fue mea, fue vao, fue vao, fue vao, grobihi, iohl, iol, kebeas, lagun, merremia, Niaouli-Oelbaum, pohue, puhlah, veliyana, viliyawa, wa bula, wa damu, wa mbula, wa ndamu, wachathal, wiliao, wiliviwa

En luen ? ? 2,

Microstegium vimineum annual jewgrass, Asian stilt grass, bamboograss, Chinese packing grass, flexible sesagrass, Japanese grass, Japanese stilt grass, Mary's grass, Nepal grass, Nepal microstegium, Nepalese browntop, Vietnamese stilt grass

G

Mikania micrantha American rope, Chinese creeper, Chinesischer Sommerefeu, fue saina, liane americaine, mile-a-minute weed, ovaova, usuvanua, wa bosucu, wa mbosuthu, wa mbosuvu, wa mbutako, wa ndamele

? ? (?) (?) ? 27

Mimosa pigra bashful plant, catclaw, catclaw mimosa, chi yop, c olumbi-da-lagoa, eomrmidera, espino, giant sensitive plant, giant sensitive tree, giant trembling plant, juquiri, juquiri grand, kembang gajah, malicia-de-boi, mimosa, mimosa, mimose, putri malu, semalu gajah, sensitiva, trinh nu nhon, una de gato, xao ho

Miyarap yak ? ? M 17, 7, 1

Neyraudia reynaudiana burma reed, cane grass, false reed, silk reed Phong lao G ? 7, 13

Paederia foetida Chinese fever vine, skunk vine, stinkvine Phang hom ? ? ? 5, 21

Panicum repens canota, couch panicum, creeping panic, kriechende Hirse, millet rampant, panic rampant, torpedo grass, torpedograss, Victoria grass, wainaku grass

Ya channakat

? ? 17, 27

Passiflora foetida bedoca, bombom, dulce, fetid pa, kinahulo' atdao, kudamono, lani wai, loliloli ni kalavo, love-in-a-mist, mossy passionflower, pasio vao, passiflore, passionflower, pohapoha, pompom, pwomwpwomw, qaranidila, running pop, scarlet fruited passionflower, sou, stinking passionflower, tea biku, tomates, vaine 'ae kuma, vaine 'initia, vine vao, wild passion fruit, wild water lemon

Kratokrok ? ? ? 5. 14, 27, 17

Pennisetum clandestinum capim-quicuio, kikuyo, kikuyu grass, kikuyu pul, kikuyu tana, kikuyugras, pasto africano, West African pennisetum, xi fei lang wei cao

? ? 7

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Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I

H S T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH

Reference

Pennisetum polystachion dipw rais, feathery pennisetum, mechen katu, missiongrass, o tamata, pwokso, queue de chat, thin napier grass, West Indian pennisetu

Ya khajonjob ? ? 17, 27

Phoenix canariensis Canary date palm, Canary Island date palm, dattier des Canaries, phoenix palm Palm khon nok

? P ? 26

Pistia stratiotes - laitue d'eau, Lechuguilla de agua, lechuguita de agua, pistie, repollo de agua, salade d’eau, tropical duckweed, water lettuce

chok ? ? ? ? 19, 17, 27

Polygonum perfoliatum Asiatic tearthumb, devil's-tail tearthumb, ishimikawa, mile-a-minute-vine, mile-a-minute-weed, minuteweed, tearthumb

Sam khom khiang

? ? 7

Potamogeton crispus curly pondweed, curly -leaved pondweed Naen

Psidium guajava abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas, biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, goaibeira, goavier, goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah, guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase, jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh, kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, ku'ava, kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi, kuawa mom

Farang ? ? ? F 10

Pueraria montana var. lobata

abas, abwas, amarood, amrut, apas, araca, banjiro, bayabas, bayawas, biyabas, dipajaya jambu, djamboe, djambu, farang, goaibeira, goavier, goeajaaba, goejaba, goiaba, goiabeiro, gouyav, gouyave, goyave, goyavier, guabang, guahva, guava, guave, guavenbaum, guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla, guayabo, guayave, guayavo, guwafah, guyaaba, guyabas, guyava, jambu batu, jambu batu, jambu berase, jambu biji, jambu kampuchia, jambu klutuk, jamphal, jamrukh, kautoga, kautoga tane, kautonga, kautonga tane, koejawal, ku'ava, kuabang, kuafa, kuahpa, kuava, kuawa, kuawa ke'oke'o, kuawa lemi, kuawa mom

(?) ? ? C

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Ceylon hill gooseberry, downy myrtle, downy rose myrtle, feijoa, hill gooseberry, hill guava, Isenberg bush, myrte-groseille, rose myrtle

Phruat ? ?

Rottboellia cochinchinensis anguigay, annarai, bandjangan, barsali, bukal, bura, caminadora, capim-camalote, cebada fina, corn grass, dholu, doekoet kikisian, gaho, girum nagei, graminea corredora, guinea-fowl grass, herbe queue-de-rat, itch grass, itchgrass, jointed grass, Kelly grass, kokoma grass, konda panookoo, lisofya, paja peluda, prickle grass, Raoul grass, rice grass, sagisi, sancarana, shamva grass, sugarcane weed, swooate, tsunoaiashi

Ya prong khai, Yakhayong

G ? 17. 27

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Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I

H S T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH

Reference

Rubus moluccanus Som kung ? - ? 11

Rubus rosifolius akala, akalakala, forest bramble, framboisier, frambueso de Africa, Mauritius raspberry, native bramble, native raspberry, ola'a, roseleaf raspberry, thimbleberry

Kulap chan ? ? -

Sagittaria sagittifolia arrowhead, chieh ku, chien tao ts'ao, espadana, flecha de agua, flèche d'eau, giant arrowhead, Hawaii arrowhead, old world arrowhead, pai ti li, Pfeilkraut, pijlkruid, saeta de agua, sagitária, shui p'Ing, suokiu, t'zu ku, wapatoo, yen wei ts'ao

Tao kiat ? ? ? 22, 7

Sorghum halepense Aleppo grass, Aleppo milletgrass, cañuela, Don Carlos, grama China, gumai, herbe de Cuba, Johnson grass, Johnsongrass, kola, sorgho, sorgho d'Alep, sorgo de Alepo, yerba Johnson, zacate Johnson

Ya phong ? G ? F

Spathodea campanulata African tulip tree, Afrikanischer Tulpenbaum, amapola, apär, baton du sorcier, fa‘apasi, fireball, flame of the forest, fountain tree, Indian Cedar, ko‘i‘i, mata ko‘i‘I, mimi, orsachel kui, patiti vai, pisse-pisse, pititi vai, rarningobchey, Santo Domingo Mahogany, taga mimi, tiulipe, tuhke dulip, tulipan africano, tulipier du Gabon

Khae saet ? ? 26

Striga asiatica Asiatic witchweed, buri, common mealie witchweed, isona weed, Matabele flower, mealie poison, mealie witchweed, red witchweed, scarlet lobelia, striga, witchweed

Ya maemot ? Ps ? 17, 13

Syzygium cumini black plum, damson plum, djoowet, doowet, druif, duhat, duhat, faux -pistachier, guayabo pesjua, indian blackberry, jalao, jaman, jambhool, jamblang, jambol, jambolan plum, jambolanier, jambool, jambu, jambul, jambulao, jamelao, jamelon-guier, jamelong, jamelongue, jamélongue, jamelonguier, jammun, jamoen, Java plum, jiwat, Ka'ika, kavika ni India, koeli, koriang, lomboy, lunaboy, ma-ha, Malabar plum, mesegerak, mesekerrak, mesekerrák, mesigerak, paramu, pesjua extranjera, pistati, Portuguese plum, pring bai, pring das krebey, purple plum, salam, va, voi rung

Waa ? ? ? F/S 26, 14, 8

Tradescantia spathacea

(Rhoeo discolor Hance)

- boat lily, boat plant, faina kula, moses in a boat, Moses-in-a-basket, oyster plant, riri mangio, riri raei, talotalo, laupapaki

wan hoi khraeng

? ? ? ? 10, 14, 26

Trapa natans bull nut, European water chestnut, water chestnut, water nut ma ngaeng, Kra chom

? ? ? 16

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5-10

Plant habit status Plant name Common name Thai name I

H S T V/C A OTH V M O W OTH

Reference

Vallisneria spiralis eel grass, freshwater eelgrass, ribbonweed Santawa bai khao

? ? ? ? 15

Zizania latifolia coba, jiao-bai, kuw -sun, kwo-bai, makomo, makomo dake, Manchurian water-rice, Manchurian wild rice, Manchurian wildrice, Manchurian zizania, ricegrass, Wasserbambus, water-bamboo, wild rice stem

No mai nam ? ? G ?

Ziziphus mauritiana aprin, baer, baher, bahir, bedara, ber, bor, Chinee apple, Chinese apple, Chinese date, coolie plum, crabapple, dindoulier, dunk, dunks, dunks, gingeolier, Indian cherry, Indian jujube, Indian plum, jujube, jujubier, liane croc chien, ma-tan, Malay jujube, mangustine, manzana (apple), manzanas, manzanita, manzanita (little apple), perita haitiana, petit pomme, phutsa, pomme malcadi, pomme surette, ponsigne, putrea, tao, tao nhuc, widara, widara, yuyubi, yuyubo

Phutsa ? ? ? F/S 1

Note: I = introduced species Plant habit: H = herb, S = shrub, T= tree, V/C = vine/ climber, A = aquatic plant Oth: F = fern, G = grass, P = palm, Ps = parasitic plant Status: V = vegetable, M = medicinal plant, O = ornamental plant, W = weed Oth: A = aquarium plant, C = cover crop, F = fruit, F/S = fruit/shading, H = handy craft, M = mollusicide, R = roofing

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Table 2. Some noxious weeds in Thailand

Plant species Family Invaded area

Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae upland field

Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae upland field

Commelina diffusa Commelinaceae upland field

Cyanotis axillaries Commelinaceae Paddy field

Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Paddy field

Drymaria cordata Caryophyllaceae Upland field (highland)

Echinocloa colona Poaceae Paddy field and upland field

Echinocloa crus-galli Poaceae Paddy field

Eupatorium adenophorum Asteraceae Upland field (highland)

Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbiaceae Upland field

Fimbristylis dichotoma Cyperaceae Paddy field

Fimbristylis miliacea Cyperaceae Paddy field

Hyptis suaveolens Labiateae Upland field

Marselia crenata Marsileaceae Paddy field and upland field

Mimosa invisa Fabaceae upland field

Monoclhoria vaginalis Pontederiaceae Paddy field

Rottboellia cochinchinensis Poaceae upland field

Spheanoclea zeylanica Sphenocleaceae Paddy field

Typha angustifolia Typhaceae Swamp and wet area

Digitaria sanguinalis Poaceae upland field

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Fig. 1. Hydrocotyle umbrellata L.

Fig. 2. Growth of Dollar weeds in less moist condition.

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Fig. 3. Part of Dollar weed that can use for propagation.

Fig. 4. Growth of Dollar weeds in water.

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Fig. 5. Growth C. asiatica and H. umbrellata growing in the same pot (70 days).

Fig. 6. Growth of H. umbrellata and C. asiatica growing togetherin the

same pot at various ratios.for 98 days.

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Dollar weed can grow well in both high and low moist compete for space and nutrient with other plant very well. In dry condition the plant produce a lot of seeds, but no seedling found in the experimental period. Pakjarurn (2002) reported that substances extracted from this plant can inhibit growth of Mimosa pigra, Echinocloa crus-galli, Pennisetum pedicellatum and Trianthema portulacastrum. This may help plant to compete other plants.

To confirm the result of preliminary evaluation weed potential of Dollar weed in various places. The plant was found many swamp, pond and ditch along road side in many provinces. The plant was also found in high moist land shown ability of competition over other indigenous plants. (Fig.7)

Fig. 7. Dollar weed found in ditch along road side.

Reference Bunyaprapat, N. and Chokchaicharoenporn, O.. 1999. Medicinal Plant…Indigenous

Plant (2). Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University Vol. 2-5.. (in Thai) Chayamrit. K. 1985. Thai Medicinal Plant. Royal Forestry Department. vol.4. pp. 290-

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Department. vol.7. Deeviset, K. (ed) 1999. Indegenous Vegetable of Central Thailand. Institute of Thai

Traditional Medicine. 279p. (in Thai) Deeviset, K. (ed) 1999. Indegenous Vegetable of Southern Thailand. Institute of Thai

Traditional Medicine. 279p. (in Thai)

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Deeviset, K., Prodthanasarn, S., Pinyochuto, J., and Noisaeng, C.. 1999. Indegenous Vegetable of Northern Thailand. Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine. 278p. (in Thai)

Harada, J., Paisooksantivatana, Y., and Zungsontiporn, S.. 1987. Weeds in the Highlands of Northern Thailand : color illustrated. National Weed Science Research Institute Project, Botany and Weed Science division, Department of Agriculture. Bangkok, Thailand. 126p.

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Mahidol University. 1992. Medicinal Plants in Siri Ruckhachati Garden. Amarin Printing Group. Co., Ltd. 257p.

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Phupatpongs, L. 1979. Thai Medicinal Plant. Royal Forestry Department. vol.2. pp. 91-184.

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Phupatpongs, L. 1987. Thai Medicinal Plant. Royal Forestry Department. vol.5. pp. 516-731.

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H.N. Group Col.Ltd. 631p. (in Thai). Weed Science Society of Thailand. 2002. Common Weeds of Central Thailand. Funny

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