Submission
 
 ject: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wirele Peron!l "re! #et$ork %WP"#&
'u()iion *itle: +ltr!-Wide(!nd *utori!l!
,!te 'u()itted: !rc 11 2002!
'ource: !tt Wel(orn "ompan# tre)e'pectru)!
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'ource: !i 'i$i!k "ompan# *i)e ,o)!in!
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"(tr!ct: This document is a Tutorial that describes the ""<s =irst >eport and 7rder on ?ltraWideband
Technolo#6 reliminar# details o= the >@7 are presented as well as backround in=ormation on ?WA
technolo#6 !
Purpoe: This Tutorial is intended to in=orm the membership on the ?WA >@7 and ?WA in eneral6!
#otice: This document has been prepared to assist the B333 %02616 Bt is o==ered as a basis =or
discussion and is not bindin on the contributin indi9idual(s) or oraniCation(s)6 The material in this
document is subect to chane in =orm and content a=ter =urther stud#6 The contributor(s) reser9e(s) the riht
to add* amend or withdraw material contained herein6
4ele!e: The contributor acknowledes and accepts that this contribution becomes the propert# o= B333
and ma# be made publicl# a9ailable b# %02616
 
Editors: Matthew Welborn and Kai Siwiak
Reviewers: Bob Huang, e!! "oerster, ohn M#$orkle, and Mi#hael %&d&k
 
with in!oration about new develo)ents in
ultra-wideband te#hnolog&
 . Histor& o! UWB
 . Relevan#e to 0EEE *+
Submission
"$$1s UWB 2ro#eedings ' /oti#e o! 0n3uir&: Se)teber 455*
' /oti#e o! 2ro)osed Ruleaking: Ma& +++
 . 6ver 5++ do#uents on re#ord
' (overnent, a#adei# and #oer#ial grou)s
' E)iri#al and anal&ti#al studies
' $hara#teri7ed intera#tion e#haniss and easured thresholds !or i)a#t o! UWB signals on governent and #oer#ial s&stes
' "irst UWB Re)ort 8 6rder: 9do)ted "ebruar& ++
' "ull tet o! the R86 is not &et released ;as o! <=44=++>
' "$$ has issued )reliinar& eission guidelines
 
' Signi!i#ant )rote#tion !or sensitive s&stes
 . (2S, "ederal aviation s&stes, et#?
' @owest @iits Ever b& "$$
' 0n#or)orates /T09 re#oendations
'  9llows UWB te#hnolog& to #oeist with eisting radio servi#es without #ausing inter!eren#e
The R&O rules are “designed to ensure that existing and  planned radio services, particularly safety services, are
 protected.” 
"$$ UWB %evi#e $lassi!i#ations
' R86 authori7es A #lasses o! devi#es . %i!!erent liits !or ea#h:
 . 0aging S&stes
4? (round )enetrating radars, wall iaging, edi#al iaging
? Thru-wall 0aging 8 Surveillan#e S&stes
 . $ouni#ation and Measureent S&stes
<? 0ndoor S&stes
 . Cehi#ular Radar S&stes
 
 Application Frequency and for Operation at !art "#
$i%its
ser Restrictions
(2R F5D+ MH7G
4?55 to 4+?D (H7 es
$ouni#ations indoor 8 outdoorGI
<?4 to 4+?D (H7 /o
Cehi#ular to 5 (H7 /o
 
 
 
step b& the $oission
' 6ne #oissioner des#ribes the R86
liits as Jultra'conservative and
Jintentionally at the extre%e end of (hat
F)) engineers * +elieve necessary.
' Be!ore 45++: Wireless Began as UWB
 . @arge R" bandwidths, but did not take advantage o! large s)reading gain
' 45++-+s: Wireless goes Ltuned1
 .  9nalog )ro#essing: !ilters, resonators
 . LSe)aration o! servi#es b& wavelength1
 . Era o! wireless tele)hon& begins: 9M = SSB = "M
 . $oer#ial broad#asting atures, radar and signal )ro#essing
' 45+-5+s: %igital te#hni3ues a))lied to UWB
 . Wide band i)ulse radar 
 .  9llows !or reali7ation o! the HU(E available s)reading gain
' /ow: UWB a))roved b& "$$ !or #oer#iali7ation
 
 . Cer& short )ulse duration F4 nsG
 . Uni!or or non-uni!or inter-)ulse s)a#ing
' 2ulse re)etition !re3uen#& 2R"G #an range !ro
hundreds o! thousands to billions o! )ulses=se#ond
' Modulation te#hni3ues in#lude )ulse-)osition
odulation, binar& )hase-shi!t ke&ing and others
Pulse width Inter-pulse spacing: uniform or variable
 
@arge Relative and 9bsoluteG Bandwidth
' UWB is a !or o! etreel& wide s)read s)e#tru where R" energ& is s)read over gigahert7 o! s)e#tru
 . Wider than an& narrowband s&ste b& orders o! agnitude
 . 2ower seen b& a narrowband s&ste is a !ra#tion o! the total
 . UWB signals #an be designed to look like i)er#e)tible rando noise to #onventional radios
Narrowband (30kHz)
Cer& @ow 2ower S)e#tral %ensit& 2S%G
' "$$ liits ensure that UWB eission levels are e#eedingl& sall
 .  9t or below s)urious eission liits !or all radios
 .  9t or below unintentional eitter liits
 . @owest liits ever a))lied b& "$$ to an& s&ste
' 2art 4A liits e3uate to .4?A dB=MH7
 . "or #o)arison, 2S% liits !or ? (H7 0SM and A (H7 U- /00 bands are +O dB higher )er MH7
 
@arge "ra#tional Bandwidth
' 6riginal "$$ UWB de!inition /2RMG is AP or ore !ra#tional bandwidth
 . "ra#tional Bandwidth is the ratio o! signal bandwidth 4+ dBG to #enter !re3uen#&: f - F ) /F h'F l  0 - /F h1F l  0
' 2reliinar& "$$ rules enable in e#ess o! 4++P !ra#tional bandwidths
 . ?A (H7 aiu bandwidth at .4+ dB )oints
' @arge !ra#tional bandwidth leads to
 . High )ro#essing gain
 
' %ata rates #an s#ale inde)endent o! 2R" b&
integrating bit intervals over ulti)le )ulse
intervals
Multi)ath 2er!oran#e
' Ultra-wide bandwidth )rovides robust )er!oran#e in ulti)ath environents
 
' Man& earl& a))li#ations o! odern
UWB te#hnolog& were in radar s&stes
' Sub-nanose#ond tie resolution leads
to )re#ision ranging and iaging
#a)abilities
relative and #oherent bandwidth
' Si)le R" ar#hite#tures
 . /o )ower a)li!iers re3uired
 . /o 0" !iltering
 . Minial o!!-#hi) #o)onents=low B6M
' @ow transit )ower due to )ower-e!!i#ient odulation te#hni3ues
' Must handle strong narrowband inter!erers
' Ri#h ulti)ath environent
 
' UWB #hara#teristi#s:
 . Siultaneousl& low )ower, low #ost high data-rate wireless #ouni#ations
 .  9ttra#tive !or high ulti)ath environents
' Enables the use o! )ower!ul R9KE re#eiver te#hni3ues
' @ow !ading argin
' Es)e#iall& )roising !or high rates Q4++ Mb)sG
' $andidate 9))li#ations:
 
' 0n-Band 0nter!eren#e
' Signal 2ro#essing Be&ond $urrent %S2 toda& re3uires analog )ro#essingG
' (lobal Standardi7ation
' UWB is #o)leentar& to other radio
te#hnologies in eisting *+ standards
 . 2otential to eet un-served a))li#ation needs
 
' %etails o! eission liits !or UWB devi#es
' %etailed results o! #oeisten#e anal&ses
 
&61 106.
per!tion i li)ited to l!$ enforce)ent fire !nd recue org!ni!tion cientific ree!rc
intitution co))erci!l )ining co)p!nie !nd contruction co)p!nie.
GP'
!nd
 
06/. 16.1
16// 106.
per!tion i li)ited to l!$ enforce)ent fire !nd recue org!ni!tion.
'ur<eill!nce 7te) )!7 !lo (e oper!ted (7 pu(lic utilitie !nd indutri!l entitie.
FS
Aand
 
Submission
Regulations 0nsure E#eedingl& Sa!e ' Example - Effective Noise Figure of a 2dB NF P!
 . "ssumes No #hermal "ntenna Noise $antenna cannot see the earth%
 . "ssumes all &'B devices transmitting simultaneousl( $but reall( #)*"%
 . "ll &'B devices +,m from P! antenna

       d        B

4ocation of 'P"Ns
4 < +?+5A+D 5+?5AM +?+5A+D /et in sae roo
-4* M +?++4**+ A?M5D +?+<4<*D
4M /ets, * in ada#ent roos Ele!t, r ight, above,
below, le!t-above, right-above, le!t-below, right-belowG
2@US 5 a#ross the hall
45-A+ 44 +?+++A*+ 4?M*5 +?+<45DD < /ets 4D in nd ada#ent Roos O 4D a#ross hall
A4-5* 4A +?+++A +?MMD +?+<4* B* /ets, B in <rd ada#et roos O B a#ross hall
55-4D 45 +?+++4<+ +?B+ +?+<<B* DB /ets < in Bth ada#ent roos O < a#ross hall
4D<-B +?++++54 +?*+ +?+<B<5 *+ /ets B+ in Ath ada#ent roos O B+ a#ross hall
#otal Interference 5 6,72879 picowatts0*1 5 -+,869 dBm0*1 5+6,99 times the power from the closest emitter 
' B& th ring, there are D siultaneous transitters added at e3ual distan#e,
&et together the& )rodu#e less the 4= )er#ent o! the total inter!eren#e )ower 
' The tin& re#eived noise does not in#rease without bound
' The ore distant W29/s be#oe insigni!i#ant
' i?e? 0n-building aggregation is insigni!i#ant
 
0n-door 9ggregation 0s 0nsigni!i#ant ' es, 2ower adds @inearl&
' Butas the nuber o! devi#es grows, the energy added +eco%es insignificant 
' i?e? 9ggregation e!!e#t is iaterial
,69
,692
,698
,69:
,69;
Number of )evices
 
6utdoor 9ggregation 0s 0nsigni!i#ant '  9s height goes down
 . Blo#kage b& buildings tends to redu#e the signal, but
 . The shorter )ath tends to in#rease the signal
' 6kuura-Hata )ro)agation odel
 . UWB antenna: -dB average
@ow 9ltitude 9irborne (2S Sa!et& $riteria Satis!ied
'  $it& with ++ UWB devi#es )er s3? kaggregation is insigni!i#ant
 . Eitter densit& !ro /T09 re)ort
 .  9ll devi#es transitting siultaneousl&
 .  9ll devi#es outside, no building attenuation
 . 2lane )asses over highest elevation UWB
' Margin greater than <+dB
R-S3uared
-+2
     d      B     m
     0     *      1     2
Higher 9ltitude 9irborne (2S Sa!et& $riteria Satis!ied
'  $it& with ++ UWB devi#es )er s3? k aggregation is insigni!i#ant
 . Eitter densit& !ro /T09 re)ort
 .  9ll devi#es transitting siultaneousl&
 .  9ll devi#es outside, no building attenuation
 . 2lane dire#tl& over highest elevation UWB
' Margin greater than <+ dB and in#reases with altitude
Hata
R-S3uared