02 what is geography
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Approaches, Themes, Concepts and Tools
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The study of the interaction of all physical and humanphenomena at individual places and of how interactionsamong places form patterns and organize space.
Bergman & Renwick, 2008
Geographers are interested in:
Where things happen and why (location, patterns, distributions).
How each place is made unique by the interaction of differentfeatures and phenomena (both physical and human).
How different places are interconnected through different physicaland human phenomena (i.e. systems, networks...).
The interrelationships between physical and human processes.
How and why the patterns and distributions we know are changing.
How we conceptualize, organize and transform space.
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Physical Geography
ClimatologyGeomorphology
PedologyHydrologyBiogeographyEarth Science
...
Human GeographyEconomic geographyPopulation geography
Cultural geographyPolitical geographyUrban geographyBehavioural geographyHealth geography
...
Geographic Techniques
Cartography
Remote sensingGIS
Regional Geography
EnvironmentalGeography
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Observation Fieldwork
Remote sensing
Using remotesensing to monitor
reforestation inNiger, West Africa.
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Observation Fieldwork
Remote sensing
Representation Maps
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Topographic
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Topological
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Thematic
Fertility Rates, 2008
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Cartograms
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Observation Fieldwork
Remote sensing
Representation Maps
Analysis Theories
Models
GIS
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Geographic Information Systems
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GIS used for mining exploration.
http://www.satimagingcorp.com/galleryimages/arcgis-geographic-information-systems-albania-lg.jpghttp://www.satimagingcorp.com/galleryimages/arcgis-geographic-information-systems-albania-lg.jpg -
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Mapping theaffected areasof the 2010
Pakistan Flood.
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Using GIS for urban planning.
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GIS study of food deserts in Montreal (urban geography).
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Using GIS to determineaccessibility in the
Peruvian Amazon.
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Place and Space
Region
Location
Distance
Accessibility
Spatial Interaction (diffusion)
Scale
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Aplace is a specific geographicallocation that can be described by itsdistinctive physical and human features.
Place is space filled with meaningYi-Fu Tuan
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A region is an area delineated byone or more distinctive characteristics.
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A region is an area delineated byone or more distinctive characteristics.
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Location
Nominal
Absolute
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E.g. 45o15 30 N 12o25 40 E
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Location
Nominal
Absolute
Relative (a.k.a. Situation)
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The Montreal Forum
The Pepsi Forum
http://www.taylornoakes.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Historic+Landmarks+Montreal+During+NHL+Star+-cqvuH4fO43l.jpghttp://www.taylornoakes.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Montreal_Forum_1970.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Niger_saharan_medieval_trade_routes.PNG -
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Location
Nominal
Absolute
Relative (a.k.a. Situation)
Cognitive
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Distance
Absolute
Relative
Cognitive
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Distance is a constraint of geography...
The friction of distanceAs the effort (cost, time, opportunity cost)required to overcome distance increases, thelevel of interaction tends to decrease.
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A shrinking world...
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Accessibility
Proximity
Connectivity
Economic, cultural and social factors...
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Spatial Interaction
Expansion diffusion
Relocation diffusion
Hierarchical diffusion
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Scale
Glocal