02-theories of development. grand theories comprehensive enduring widely applied
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Grand theories Comprehensive Enduring Widely appliedTRANSCRIPT
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02-Theories of Development
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Grand theories• Comprehensive• Enduring• Widely applied
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Grand theories• Psychoanalytic• Behaviorism (Learning theory)• Cognitive
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Psychoanalytic• Freud 1856 – 1936• Development determined by unconscious motives & drives• Freud’s stages• Infancy – the mouth – oral stage• Early childhood – the anus – anal stage• Preschool years – the penis – phallic stage• Adolescence through death – latency – genital
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Psychoanalytic• Erickson 1902 – 1994• Eight developmental stages• 1. Trust vs. Mistrust• 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt• 3. Initiative vs. Guilt• 4. Industry vs. Inferiority• 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion• 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation• 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation• 8. Integrity vs. Despair
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Behaviorism• All behavior is learned• Observable behavior is all that matters• Classical conditioning• Pavlov• One item is associated with another
• Operant conditioning• Skinner• Reinforcement• Punishment
• Social learning• Bandura• Modeling
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Cognitive Theory• Jean Piaget• 4 Stages• Sensorimotor stage
• Object permanence• Preoperational stage
• Language & egocentrism• Concrete Operational stage
• Conservation of matter• Formal operational stage
• Abstract concepts & hypothetical situations
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Cognitive Equilibrium (Piaget)• We want mental balance
(equilibrium)• New ideas create
disequilibrium• How do we incorporate new
ideas to reduce disequilibrium?• Assimilation
• Incorporate into existing ideas (schemas)
• Accommodation• Change our existing ideas
(schemas)
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Sociocultural Theory• We are shaped by our culture• Behavior can not be understood
without studying the context (culture)
• Guided participation• Instruction + shared
involvement• Zone of Proximal Development
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Humanism• Maslow’s Hierarchy• Universal human
needs
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What theories contribute• Psychoanalytic theory – Early childhood• Behaviorism – Environment• Cognitive – Thinking• Sociocultural theory – Culture• Humanism – Universal characteristics• All have strengths & weaknesses• No theory is applicable to all behaviors
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