02 mode of trans defense mechanism

8/13/2019 02 Mode of Trans Defense Mechanism

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Defense Mechanisms


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Objectives To define the following terms: endemic,

epidemic, pandemic, sporadic,

zoonoses, communicable disease,resistance

To understand the different

mechanisms of defense of man (host)against the disease agent


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Reservoirany vehicle in which an infectious

agent lives and multiplies, on which it

depends primarily for survival, and whereit reproduces itself in such manner that itcan be transmitted to a susceptible host


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Modes of Transmission1. Direct Transmissionresults from

actually touching the infected

reservoir


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Modes of Transmissiona. Vertical Transmission

Infection that is transmitted from a parent to

its offspring via infected semen or ovum,through the placenta (transplacental), in thebirth canal, via milk or due to direct contact,such as with contaminated teat skin


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Modes of Transmissionb. Horizontal (Lateral) Transmission Any form of infection transmission

between individuals that is not verticaltransmission

Direct contact, sexual


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Modes of Transmission2. Indirect transmission - transfer of anagent by the following means


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Modes of Transmissiona. Vehicle transmission

Water (typhoid), Food

(Staphylococcal food poisoning),serum/plasma or surgical instruments(HIV, Hepatitis B)


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Modes of Transmissionb. Vector Transmission

arthropod bite (Dengue fever,

Malaria)


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Modes of Transmissionc.Airborne transmission

inhalation of droplets containing

disease agents which remain suspendedin the air for a period of time(Pneumonia, PTB)


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Communicable Disease Illness due to specific infectious agent

or its toxic products arising through

transmission from reservoir tosusceptible host


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Communicable DiseaseMAN MAN

MAN

MANVECTOR, VEHICLE, INTERMEDIATE HOST


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Terms used to describe the periodicityof communicable disease occurrence Endemic

Epidemic Pandemic

Sporadic

Epizootic/Enzootic Zoonoses


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Endemicindicates a disease is moreor less constantly occurring in a

geographic area; continuousoccurrence throughout a period of time,of the usual number of cases in a given

locality


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Sporadicapplies to occasional orinfrequent occurrence of a disease;

intermittent occurrence of a few isolated& unrelated cases in a given locality


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Epidemicsudden increase inprevalence of a disease which is more

or less constantly present or endemicin a community; occurrence is ofunusually large number of cases in a

relatively short period of time


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Epidemicdisproportionate

relationship between the number ofcases and the period of occurrence;determined by the relative largeness of

number in comparison with the usualnumber of cases

The more acute is the disproportion,

the more urgent and serious is theproblem


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Pandemicrefers to epidemicoccurring within more than one country

or territory; simultaneous occurrence ofthe same disease in several countries


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Epizootic/Enzooticrefers to diseasecommon in animals

Zoonosesdiseases of animalstransmissible to man (e.g. rabies from

dogs/cats, brucellosis from cattles)


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General and Specific

Defense Mechanisms

I. Mechanical

A. Natural barriers

Intact skin, respiratory ciliaand secretions, mucousmembranes, vibrissae


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Defense Mechanisms

B. Filtration

Lymph nodes, tonsils,

kidneys, liver and spleen


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Defense Mechanisms

II. Internal Defense

A. Humoral-(also called the antibody-

mediated system) is the aspect of immunity that ismediated by macromolecules found in extracellularfluids such as secreted antibodies, complementproteins and certain antimicrobial peptides.


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Defense Mechanisms

B. Cellular action

INFLAMMATION

Leucocyte infiltrationPhagocytosis

Fibrous tissue barriers

Antibody production


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Defense Mechanisms

B. Cellular action

Formation of specific

circulating antibodies


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Defense Mechanisms

B. Cellular action

Bacteriolysins/bacterilysins- cause death and lysis of

the bacteria


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Defense Mechanisms

B. Cellular action

Opsonins - antibodies

which after fixation to abacterial cell renders it more

susceptible to

phagocytosis


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Defense Mechanisms

B. Cellular action

Complement fixing

antibodiesNeutralizing antibodies

Agglutinins-

conglomeratesorganisms

Precipitins- precipitate

protein products of


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Defense Mechanisms

III. Immunity

specific defense mechanism of

resistance brought about by theinteraction of specific agent andhumoral/cellular factors of the host


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Defense Mechanisms

III. Immunity

A.Active

results from the introduction of anantigen into the antibody

1. Naturally acquiredfrom the invasion of

a pathogen as a resultof a subclinical/clinical or no

actual disease


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Defense Mechanisms

III. Immunity

A.Active

2.Artificially acquiredfrom the introduction of a

living attenuated/dead

pathogen or itscomponent (toxin, toxoid)e. g. BCG, DPT, Polio vaccine


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Defense Mechanisms

III. Immunity

B. Passive

results from the introduction of aserum containing specific antibodieswhich were produced in other persons or

animals


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Defense Mechanisms

III. Immunity

B. Passive

1. Naturally acquired

gained before birth by thefetus from circulating

antibodies from themother


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Defense Mechanisms

III. Immunity

B. Passive

2.Artificially acquiredinjection of immune sera

into the host

e..g. ATS-TetanusERIG- Rabies


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PREVENTIVE MEDICINE The science and art of preventing

disease, prolonging life and promotingphysical and mental health andefficiency


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PREVENTIVE MEDICINE For.. Groups and Communities by Organized

Mass Action (Public Health Practice) Individual and Families by Private Patient

Care (Medical and Dental Practice)


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HYGIENE commonly referred to as Environmental

Sanitation

study the nature of health with a viewto its promotion and preservation


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SANITATIONthe science and art of conservationand promotion of public health through

its control of environment.


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It deals with health problems that arecommon to groups and communities such as:

Water supplyMilk and Food Supplies

Garbage Collection

Sewage and Drainage

Insect Control


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ECOLOGY Study of mutual relationship between

living organism and their environment.


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COMMUNICABLE DISEASE An illness due to specific infectious agent

or its toxic products, arising through

transmission of that agent or its productsfrom reservoir to susceptible hosts, eitherdirectly from an infected person oranimal or indirectly through the agency of

an intermediate plant or animal host or avector or the inanimate environment.


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CONTAGIOUS DISEASE It implies transmission through direct

contact.

The term communicable is morecomprehensive than either infectious orcontagious.


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DISINFECTION Is killing of pathogenic agents outside

the body by chemical or physical

means directly applied


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TYPES Concurrent disinfection- application of

disinfection as soon as possible after

the discharge of infectious materialfrom the body of an infected person


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Terminal Disinfection- indicates theprocess of rendering immediate physical

environment of the patient free frompossibility of conveying the infection toothers


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Defining other Terms Infection- the entry and development or

multiplication of a pathogen in the body

of man and animals Contamination- the presence of a

pathogenic agent on a body surface or

on an inanimate article or substance


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Infectious disease- a disease of man oranimal resulting from an infection

Infestation- lodgement, developmentand reproduction of arthropods on thesurface of the body or in the clothing of

man, or fur of animals


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Resistance- is the sum total of bodymechanisms which interpose barriers to

the progress of invasion of infectiousagents


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Statistics Branch of science dealing with the

frequency of any occurrence of

different attributes of things.


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Biostatistics/Vital Statistics A special branch of statistical study

which deals with the data and laws of

human motality, morbidity and natality


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INDICATORS OF STATE OFCOMMUNITY HEALTHA.Vital Indices

1. Crude birth rate- measure of fertility

2. Crude death rate- risk of dying fromany cause

B.Disease Indices

1. MorbidityA. Incidence Rate- risk of

developing the disease


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B. Prevalence Rate- proportion ofpopulation suffering from a disease

at a given instant of time.2. Mortality

A. Cause-Specific Mortality Rate-

Risk of dying from a specificdisease


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B. Age-Specific Mortality Rate- Riskof dying for a specific age group

C. Case-fatality rate- killing power ofa disease, also reflects care given topatients

D. Proportionate Mortality Rate-proportion of total deaths ascribed toa specific disease


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E. Maternal Mortality Rate- risk ofa woman dying associated with

pregnancy, delivery andpuerperium

F. Stillbirth or Fetal Mortality Rate-

risk of losing the product ofconcepttion before delivery


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G. Infant Mortality rate- risk of dying duringthe first year of life

H. Neonatal Mortality Rate- risk of dyingduring the first 28 days of life

I. Perinatal Mortality Rate- sum f stillbirth andneonatal death rates


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Human Morbidity Number of people who are ill of a

certain disease in a certain locality for

a certain specific period of time


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Human Mortality Number of people who die in a certain

locality for a certain specific period of

time


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Human Natality Number of births in a certain locality

during a certain specific period of time

Resources for Health, Sanitation, Housing,


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Resources for Health, Sanitation, Housing,Public Utilities

Rural health units and their sub-centers

Chest clinics, malaria eradication units

and schistosomiasis control units-DOH Puericulture centers

Tuberculosis Clinics and hospitals of

PTBS


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Clinics run by large industrial firms

Clinics Run by Phil. Med. Asso.

Community hospitals and health centersrun by Phil Med. Care Commission

Voluntary health facilities run by

religious and civic groups

G A i


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Government AgenciesInvolved in Health DOH- primary government agency in

the field of health and runs the bulk of

the govt health facilities The Phil. Medical Care Commission-

makes available medical care through

a health insurance scheme withevolutionary coverage that initiallyincluded employees and population


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The Office of the President- throughthe PGH and the University of the Phil

Infirmary-provides health service to thegeneral population

Govt Agencies- DND, Bureau of

Prisons, DECS- for limited andsegments of population

Mi d C t H lth


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Mixed Center HealthServices Puericulture Center

Phil Tuberculosis Society- dedicated to

the detection and treatment of TB andfor this purpose operates QI, mobile x-rays and provl chest clinics


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Phil Cancer Society- Principallydedicated to cancer detection,

educational campaign to make peoplecancer conscious

Phil National red Cross

Phil Mental Health Association- Phil Heart Center Association

02 mode of trans defense mechanism

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