014 coral reefs

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Coral Reefs

014


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Coral Reef Biology


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Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum Cnideria

Class Hydrozoa- hydroidsClass Scyphozoa- jelliesClass Cubozoa- box jelliesClass Anthozoa- corals and anemones


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The Cnidarian Life Cycle

The HydrozoanLife Cycle


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Class Hydrozoa

Hydrozoan Colony


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Hydrozoan Colonies

Stinging Limu


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Fire Coral


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By-the-Wind-Sailor

A Floating Colony of Polyps


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ColonialityMan-of-War

Phylum Cnidaria


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Close Up of a Portuguese

Man-Of-War


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Class Scyphozoa


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Class Cubozoa

Box Jellies&

Sea Wasps


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Class Anthozoa

Sea Anemones&

Corals: true stony corals and octocorals


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Sea Anemones


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Sea Anemone Anatomy


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Hermatypic corals:

possess zooxanthellae are reef builders

Light: Clear waterWarm temperature: 18-32oC

Low nutrientsLow productivity in water

Ahermatypic corals: no zooxanthellae

rely on tentacular feeding

can live in aphotic zone


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Distribution of Coral Reef Communities


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Cauliflower coral(Pocillopora meandrina)

6 m

0 m

25 m

13 m

Lobe coral(Porites lobata)

Finger coral

(Porites compressa)

Plate coral(Porites rus)

High light levelsModerate wave energy

Moderate light levelsOccasional storm wave energy

Low light levelsLow wave energy

Very low light,Primarily downwellingNo wave energy

T St C l


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True Stony Corals


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True Stony Corals

Hermatypic- reef building, zooxanthellae

Common species:

Acroporidae- table

Acroporidea- rice

Agariciidae- flat lobe, corregated

Faviidae- crust, ocellated

Fungiidae- humpback, mushroom Pocilloporidae- lace, antler, cauliflower

Poritidae- finger, lobe, plate

F il P ill id


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Family Pocilloporidae

Lace coral, antler coral, and cauliflower coral

Pocillopora damicornis

lace

Pocillopora eydouxi

antler

Pocillopora meaandrina

cauliflower


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Family Acroporidae

Table coral, rice coral and spreading coral

Montipora flabellata Montipora patula

rice coral

Montipora capitata Acropora cytheria

table


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Family Poritidae

Finger coral, lobe coral, Evermanns coral, plate and

pillar coral

Porites evermanni

Porites rus Porites compressa

Porites lobata


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Family Agariciidae

flat lobe coral, corrugated coral

Pavona duerdeni

Pavona varians

Flat lobe

corrugated


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Family Fungiidae

Humpback coral, mushroom coral

Fungia scutaria

mushroom


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Family Faviidae

crust coral, ocellated coral

Cyphastrae ocellina

Leptastrea bottae

Leptastrea purpurea


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A Solitary Coral Polyp


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Colonial Coral Polyps


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Zooxanthellae in

Gastrodermal Cells of Corals


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Zooxanthellae:Symbiodinium microadriacticum


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Octocorals, wire corals, black corals,sea pens

Both hard and soft forms exist

non reef-building no photosynthesis

Ahermatypic Corals


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Ahermatypic Corals


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Heterotrophic Nutrition

General feeding modes:1. predaceous carnivores capturing live

prey2. detritus feeding

3. absorption of dissolved organic

matter from surrounding water


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NematocystDischarge


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Photosynthesis

6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12O6 + 6O2

Autotrophic Nutrition


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Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp


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Benefits to the Algal Symbiont

Zooxanthellae gets a place to live

Receive chemical wastes fromanimal metabolism (CO2 & NH3).

Surrounding animal tissues can

concentration substantial amounts of

ultraviolet light absorbing

compounds.


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Benefits to the Coral Host Higher rates of calcification (skeleton

deposition).

Receive DOM & O2

Removal of chemical wastes from

animal metabolism (CO2 & NH3).

Receive chemicals that absorb

damaging ultraviolet light

(Micosporine-like amino acids

(MAAs)).


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Asexual Reproduction

budding and fission accidental fragmentation

nonaccidental fragmentation partial colony mortality

polyp bail-out


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Budding

Polyp within calyx


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FissionPolyp within calyx

Accidental


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Accidental

FragmentationWave Damage


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Nonaccidental Fragmentation

Radial Division in Cycloseris fragilis


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Transverse Division in Fungia scutaria

anthocaulus

anthocyathus


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Transverse Division in Fungia scutaria

stalk regenerates new disk

Partial Colony Mortality


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Partial Colony MortalityThe Phoenix Effect

in Porites compressa

P. Jokiel

Cut surface of a broken

finger showing living

tissue beneath the

surface of the skeletonNormal colony next to

a colony exposed to

freshwater


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Polyp Bail-Out

D. Gulko


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zygote

Sexual Reproduction

planulalarvae

egg

sperm


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Planula Larvae


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Sexual Reproduction

Hermaphroditic vs gonochoric

Broadcast spawning vs brooding

Sexuality


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Sexuality

Acroporasp., a

hermaphoditic coral

Fungia scutaria, a

gonochoric coral

eggs

sperm packet

egg cloud

Hermaphroditism:sexes in same individual

Gonochoric:separate sexes

Brooding Versus


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Brooding VersusBroadcast Spawning

Brooding

eggs develop to planula stage in gastrovascularcavity of parent polyp

Broadcast Spawning

eggs and sperm are shed into the water column

where fertilization and development occurs

broadcast spawnerPocillopora damicornis,

a brooder

planula in polyp

released gametesD. Gulko


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Environmental Factors Affecting

Corals

Water Motion

Depth: photic vs aphotic zone & water

motion Sedimentation

Salinity: 32-35o/oo

Temperature: 18-32 oC

Tidal fluctuations

Nutrients: Eutrophic vs oligotrophic


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HanaumaBayMamala Bay

KaneoheBay

Sunset

Beach
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~leeman/hawempchain.jpg


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Coral reefs presently exist on every island and

shallow bank in the Hawaiian chain

Fringing Reef- 100-1000 years to formyoungest is on west coast of Hawaii

Barrier Reef- 2.5 ma to formKaneohe & Moanalu Bay

Atoll- 10 ma to formfirst atoll French Frigate Shoals, dated 11.7 mya
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~leeman/hawempchain.jpg


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Coral reef growth limited by: wave exposure sea level

Sheltered sites:Hanauma Bay and Kaneohe BayReef accretion ~ 2mm/yr

Wave exposed sites:Mamala Bay and Sunset Beach

Reef accretion ~ 0 mm/yr shallow (1m) and deep (12m)

E i l F Aff i


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Environmental Factors Affecting

Corals

Water Motion

Depth: photic vs aphotic zone & water

motion Sedimentation

Salinity: 32-35o/oo

Temperature: 18-32 oC

Tidal fluctuations

Nutrients: Eutrophic vs oligotrophic


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Oligotrophic vs Eutrophic

Reef Critters
http://www.jaytorborg.com/favorite_meal.htm


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Reef Critters

coralivore
http://www.jaytorborg.com/favorite_meal.htmhttp://www.datacomm.ch/renebu/papua/octopus.jpghttp://www.jaytorborg.com/favorite_meal.htm


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Coral Reefs:Threats

Starfish: crown of thorns (why?)

Coral is a source of building materials

Pollution: particles in the water


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Human impacts on coral

includes:

Aquarium/Souvenir Trade Overfishing

Pollution Dredging Coastal Development

Tourism Global Climate Change Ozone Depletion


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Coral Reefs: Human Impact

Worldwide disappearance

Fishing with explosives

Waste oil dumping

Sediments

Philippines:75% of the reefs damaged

Dynamiting Reef


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Dynamiting Reef

Destructive Resource
http://www.reefcheck.org/blast_fishing.jpg


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Destructive Resource

Extraction Practices


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Toxic Chemical Spills

S di t Pl E t i th O


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Sediment Plume Entering the Ocean

C l S th d i S di t


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Corals Smothered in Sediment


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Dredging

Coastal Development


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Coastal Development


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Anchor Damage


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Diver Damage

Ecotourism


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Ecotourism

Pennekamp Reef, Key Largo, FL

N t D


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Net Damage

Net Entanglement


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Net Entanglement
http://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/graphics/special_offerings/photos/05_turtle_line_lg.jpghttp://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/dailypix/2004/Nov/19/ln06a_b.jpghttp://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/dailypix/2004/Nov/19/ln06a_b.jpghttp://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/graphics/special_offerings/photos/09_debris_seal_lg.jpghttp://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/graphics/special_offerings/photos/05_turtle_line_lg.jpg


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Overfishing and Bycatch
http://www.americanoceans.org/fish/bycatch.jpg


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Introduced Species


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Introduced SpeciesAcanthophora, Eucheuma, & Gracillaria


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Feeding Fish

Hanauma Bay


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Hanauma Bay


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N trients and Algae Gro th


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Nutrients and Algae Growth

Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

Bleaching
http://www.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/invasive_algae/chloro/dictyosphaeria_field.jpghttp://www.hawaii.edu/reefalgae/invasive_algae/chloro/disctyosphaeria_cav_cu.jpg


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Bleaching

Global Bleaching (2002)
http://www.hawaiianatolls.org/images/nwhi2004/maro-corals/maro-coral-2004-65.jpg


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g ( )

none

low

moderate

severe

severityunknown

Acid Rain in Marine Environment


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Acid Rain in Marine Environment

reduces ability of marineorganisms to utilize calcium

carbonate

Coral calcification

rate reduced

15-20%

Skeletal density

decreased,branches thinner


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014 coral reefs

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