01/04/2009 1st ditanet school on diagnostics 1 beam diagnostics at diamond light source guenther...
TRANSCRIPT
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 1
Beam DiagnosticsBeam Diagnosticsat Diamond Light Sourceat Diamond Light Source
Guenther RehmGuenther RehmHead of Diagnostics GroupHead of Diagnostics Group
11stst DITANET school on Diagnostics DITANET school on Diagnostics1 April 20091 April 2009
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 2
Outline
• What is a Light Source?
• Diagnostics Requirements for a Light Source
• Diagnostics in the Injector
• Diagnostics in the Storage Ring
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 3
A Light Source?
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 4
How Is Synchrotron Light Produced?
Synchrotron Light (or Radiation) is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a high energy beam of charged particles (electrons) is deflected by a magnetic field
a single bending magnet produces a wide fan of
radiation
multiple bends in an "undulator" or "wiggler"
magnet give higher intensity and more directed radiation
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 5
A Brief History of Synchrotron Light Sources :
• Discovery: 1947, General Electric 70 MeV synchrotron
• First use for experiments: 1956, Cornell 300 MeV synchrotron
• 1st generation: machines built for other purposes, mainly High Energy Physics
• 2nd generation: purpose-built storage rings for production of synchrotron light
• 3rd generation: higher brightness synchrotron light sources, using mainly ‘insertion devices’ (undulators and wigglers) as the X-ray sources
• 4th generation: LINAC followed by ‘Free Electron Laser’, i.e. a series of undulators producing coherent synchrotron light of even higher peak brightness and shorter duration
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 6
SR and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagneticwaves
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 7
Layout of a 3G Light Source A beam of electrons is accelerated in
a LINAC, further accelerated in a booster synchrotron, then
accumulated in a storage ring.
The circulating electrons emit intense beams of synchrotron light that are
sent along beamlines to the experimental stations.
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 8
235 m
100 MeV Linac
3 GeV BoosterC = 158.4 m
3 GeV Storage RingC = 562.6 m
Experimental Hall and Beamlines
235 m
office building
peripheral labs. and
offices
future long beamlines
technical plant
Layout of Diamond
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 9
Key Parameters of Diamond
Electron Beam Energy 3 GeV
Storage ring circumference 561.6 m
Available space for Insertion Devices 4x8m, 18x5m
Beam current 300 mA
Emittance (hor., vert.) (nm rad) 2.7, 0.03
Minimum ID gap 5 mm
Electron beam sizes (hor., vert) (m) 123, 6
Electron beam divergences (hor., vert) 24, 4 rad
Peak brightness* 2*1020
Peak brightness* (1Å) 1019
* photons/s/mrad2/mm2/0.1%bw
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 10
Diagnostics Requirements• Track charge trough Injector
– Integrating Current Transformers, Faraday Cups and Wall Current Monitors
– Stripline BPMs in transfer paths, buttons in booster– Screens / Cameras / Synchrotron Light Monitors
• Keep stored beam stable– Fast Global Orbit Feedback: Monitor beam position and correct
orbit 10000 per second to sub-um– Transverse Bunch by Bunch Feedback: Monitor bunch motion
and correct after each turn to damp coupled bunch instabilities– Measure betatron tunes without visibly disturbing beam– Monitor beam size, calculate emittance, coupling and energy
spread– Measure stored current and bunch by bunch charge
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 11
230 BLM
5 Faraday-C
7 ICT
2 DCCT
5 SLM
2 Tune Excite
204 BPMs
2 Pinholes
17 Screens
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 12
Faraday Cups, WCMs, ICTs
LTB FC
LINACFC
WCM for LINAC,LTB,BTS
ICT and electronics
ICT shield
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 13
The first bunches on WCM and ICT
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 14
Bunch Charge and Train Structure
from LINAC from booster
WCMs intransferpaths
Buttonin SR
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 15
Booster Current on DCCT
First measurement
Later with extraction after 100ms
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 16
Strip Line BPM Pickups in Transfer Paths
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 17
Screens and Optics
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 18
IEEE1394 Cameras
Camera Repeater
PP
C I
OC
1
Diagnostics VME crate
PP
C I
OC
2
IEE
E1
39
4 P
MC
Eve
nt
Rx
24 V PSU
Repeater
Controls NetworkEvent Network
CameraTrigger
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 19
EDM Camera Display
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 20
Precisely Triggered Acquisition
edge of screen
beam in booster during ramp
kicked beam before main septum
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 21
Image Analysis
1D fits2Dfit
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 22
Orbit Stability Requirements in 3rd Generation Light Sources
mmx 3.121231.0 radradx 4.2241.0' mmy 6.04.61.0
xx 1.0 '1.0' xx
yy 1.0 '1.0' yy
Beam stability should be better than 10% of the beam size
For Diamond nominal optics (at short straight sections)
radrady 4.041.0'
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 23
Motivation and Challenges
• Sources of beam motion:– Insertion devices not fully compensated, ID motion
leads to orbit displacement– Ground vibrations amplified through girders– Magnet power supply drift– Vibrations from water cooling
• Sources of errors in EBPM measurement:– Mechanical / electrical offsets– Noise– Beam current dependence– Pickup thermal motion
Correct as Correct as fast as possiblefast as possible
Minimise or removeMinimise or removefrom correctionfrom correction
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 24
7 BPMs each in 24 cells
Standard BPM
Primary BPM
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
-20
-10
0
10
20
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
-10
-5
0
5
10
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 25
Button Pickup
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 26
Primary BPM with reference pillar
carbon fibrepillar with lowtemperatureexpansioncoefficient
bellows for mechanical isolation
length gauges senseH/V position with 0.5um resolution
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 27
Standard BPM near Quad
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 28
Some BPMs move after beam loss
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 29
Multiplexing in BPM Electronics
• Crossbar switch routes all four inputs through all processing channels in parallel, but permutes routing
• After digitisation, but before further filtering, the permutation is reversed• By averaging over 4 permutations, any differences/drifts between the
channels will be removed (each input will have been routed through each channel during the averaging period)
• By examining the changes in the outputs during permutation, the gains of the individual channels can be retrieved and then digitally equalised to reduce artefacts of switching
A/D
A/D
A/D
A/DCro
ssba
r S
witc
hFPGA
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 30
Pro
cess
or
Controls Network
PS VME crate
eBPM eBPM eBPM eBPM eBPM eBPM eBPM
Cell -m
Cell -n Cell +n
Cell +m
Fast Orbit Feedback
14 Corrector PSUs
PSU 1 PSU 14
PS
U I
F
…
Event Network
FB
Pro
cess
or
PM
C R
ock
et
IO
Pro
cess
or
Diagnostics VME crate
Eve
nt
Rx
PS
U I
F
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 31
FOFB Installation (one of 24 cells)
Power supplyVME crate
Corrector power supplies
Diagnostics rack
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 32
FOFB Performance60mA
Suppressionof beam motion
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 33
Transverse Bunch-by-Bunch Feedback
RFFrontend
Modulatorand
Amplifier
4 AD converters
(slicing)
Digital Signal Processing
DAConverter
History buffer
FPGA based Feedback Processor
Control
System
StriplineKicker
Button
Pickup
4-waySplitter
500 MHz RF clock
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 34
Beam artificially made unstable in both planes:
1) no feedback → horizontally
unstable
2) feedback in horiz. plane only
→ vertically unstable
3) feedback in both planes
→ stable in both planes
Bunch-by-Bunch Feedback in Action
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 35
Tune Measurement:Kick and Fourier Transform
0 500 1000 1500 2000-400
-200
0
200
400horizontal
turns
posi
tion
[um
]
0 20 40 60 80 100-400
-200
0
200
400
turns
posi
tion
[um
]
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50
10
20
30
40
50
tune
ampl
itude
[um
]0 500 1000 1500 2000
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150vertical
turns
posi
tion
[um
]
0 20 40 60 80 100-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
turns
posi
tion
[um
]
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50
2
4
6
8
10
tuneam
plitu
de [
um]
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 36
More Elegant Tune Measurement: Harmonic Excitation and Detection
cos
sin
Exitation
Beam Position Pickup
In phase
Out of phase
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 37
Amplitude and Phase of Beam Response to Swept Sine Excitation
0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22 0.225 0.23-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
tune
in phase signal
out of phase signal
0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22 0.225 0.230
200
400
600
800
tune
mag
nitu
de
0.2 0.205 0.21 0.215 0.22 0.225 0.23-200
-100
0
100
200
phas
e
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 38
Tune Measurement of Individual Bunches
• Only one bunch is excited with swept sine wave
• Tune depends on charge per bunch
• Head-Tail mode leads to asymmetry of Synchrotron sidebands for larger charges
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 39
X-ray Pinhole Cameras
Pinholes
9.6m 3.85m
Sourcepoints
ScreensOptics
Cameras
12.7m
4.5m
d2 d1
Magnification
1
2
d
dm
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 40
Modified Beam Port Absorbers and Pinholes
X/Z translationand rotation
2 stacks of 4 slabs5mm*1mm*30mm
with shims as spacers
Aluminium/Steelexplosion bondedflange as window
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 41
Pinhole Screens and Optics
CdWO4 screen
mirror
50mm macro lensmagnification 1:1
focus and irisremote control
1024x768 camera4.65um pixel
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 42
Pinhole Image Analysis
Skew quads offSkew quads on
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 43
Storage Ring DCCT
First accumulation of stored current at Diamond
Stored current and life time
Decaying beamMachine
development Top-Up mode
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 44
Fill Pattern Measurement by Time Correlated Single Photon Counting
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 45
Acknowledgements
• Diagnostics: Alun Morgan, Cyrille Thomas, Chris Bloomer, Graham Cook
• Controls: Michael Abbott, Isa Uzun,James Rowland, Mark Heron
• Accelerator Physics: Ian Martin, Riccardo Bartolini
• Engineering: Nigel Hammond, Ron Godwin, Darren Simmons
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01/04/2009 1st DITANET school on Diagnostics 46
Thank you for your attention!