iy flá igyka

01' jZksh¾ le,smrh (Vernier Caliper)

ndysr ñkqula ,nd .ekSfï§ msg; ykq fhdod.kS'

is,skavrhl ndysr ú l=vd f,day l=Üáhl È. uekS ,S máhl >klu uekSu

mÍCIK k<hl" l=vd îlrhl

,nd .ekSfï§ we;=,; ykq fhdod.kS'

l=yrhl .eUqr jeks ñkqula ,nd

msg; ykq fhdodf.k uqÿjl msg; ykq fhdodf.k uqÿjl msg; ykq fhdodf.k uqÿjl msg; ykq fhdodf.k uqÿjl ndysr úndysr úndysr úndysr úIaIaIaIalïNh uksk wdldrhlïNh uksk wdldrhlïNh uksk wdldrhlïNh uksk wdldrh

msg; ykq

j~ksh¾ mßudKh

uqᐥ weKh

we;=,; ykq

msg; ykq / ndysr ykq

we;=,; ykq / wNHka;r ykq

.eUqr uksk l+r

1'3 rEmh

3

(Vernier Caliper) Ndú;d lr ñkqï ,nd .ekSu

ula ,nd .ekSfï§ msg; ykq fhdod.kS'

is,skavrhl ndysr úIalïNh uekSu'

l=vd f,day l=Üáhl È. uekSu'

,S máhl >klu uekSu'

l=vd îlrhl fyda isÿrl wNHka;r úIalïNhla jeks.ekSfï§ we;=,; ykq fhdod.kS'

l=yrhl .eUqr jeks ñkqula ,nd .ekSfï§ .eUqr uksk l+r fhdod.kS'

we;=,; ykq fhdodf.k isÿrl we;=,; ykq fhdodf.k isÿrl we;=,; ykq fhdodf.k isÿrl we;=,; ykq fhdodf.k isÿrl wNHka;r úwNHka;r úwNHka;r úwNHka;r úIaIaIaIalïNh uksklïNh uksklïNh uksklïNh uksk wdldrhwdldrhwdldrhwdldrh

.eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k .eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k .eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k .eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k Ndckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrhNdckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrhNdckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrhNdckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrh

uqod yeÍfï hdka;%Kh

ksh¾ mßudKh

uqᐥ weKh

m%Odk mßudKh

wNHka;r ykq

1'1 rEmh

1'4 rEmh

ï ,nd .ekSu

lïNhla jeks we;=,; ñkqula

l+r fhdod.kS'

.eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k .eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k .eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k .eUqr uksk l+r fhdodf.k Ndckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrhNdckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrhNdckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrhNdckhl .eUqr uksk wdldrh

.eUqr uksk l+r

1'2 rEmh

1'5 rEmh

iy flá igyka

4

p,kh fkdjk ykqj wp, ykqjhs' msg; ykq tlla yd we;=,; ykq tlla fuhg iïnkaO fõ'

m%Odk mßudKh ,l=Kq lr we;af;a fuu wp, ykqj u;hs'

p,kh l< yels jk fia ilia lr we;s ykqj ip, ykqj fyj;a i¾mK ykqjhss' msg; ykq

tlla yd we;=,; ykq tlla ip, ykqjg iïnkaO lr we;' Bg wu;rj .eUqr uksk l+r o

iïnkaO lr we;af;a ip, ykqjghs' jZksh¾ mßudKh i,l=Kq lr we;af;a fuu ip, ykqj

u;hs'

wp, ykqj u; ip, ykqj ^i¾mK ykqj& tyd fuyd f.k hdu i|yd fuu uqod yeÍfï

hdka;%Kh fhdodf.k we;'

lsishï ñkqula ,nd .kakd wjia:dfõ§ mdGdxlh lshjd .kakd ;=re i¾mK ykqj

p,kh fkdjk mßÈ isr lsÍug fuu uqßÉÑ weKh fhdod.kS'

jZksh¾ le,smrfhka lshúh yels l=vdu mdGdxlh l=vdu ñkquhs' fndfyda úg m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil Èf.ys;a jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil Èf.ys;a w;r fjki l=vdu ñkqug iudk fõ' kuq;a §¾> l< jZksh¾ mßudKhl l=vdu ñkqu by; wdldrhg ,nd .; fkdyel'

m%Odk mßudKfha i<l=Kla jZksh¾ mßudKfha i<l=Kla iu. iumd; ù we;s wjia:dfõ isg" kej; j;djla i<l=Kq folla iumd; ùu i`oyd jZksh¾ mßudKh p,kh l< hq;= wju ÿr" l=vdu ñkqug iudk fõ'

idudkH jZksh¾ le,smrhl l=vdu ñkqu

l=vdu ñkqu l=vdu ñkqu l=vdu ñkqu l=vdu ñkqu = m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. − jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È.jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È.jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È.jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È.

∗ kuq;a §¾> l< jZksh¾ mßudKhl l=vdu ñkqu fuu iólrKfhka ,nd .; fkdyel'

m%Odk mßudKh ñ,sóg¾j,ska i,l=Kq lr we;s jZksh¾ le,smrhl ñ,sóg¾ fldgia 9la iudk fldgia 10lg fn§fuka jZksh¾ mßudKh ks¾udKh lr we;' l=vdu ñkqu .Kkh lrkak'

m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. = 1 ��

jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È. = 9 10 ��

∴ l=vdu ñkqu = �1 − 9 10 � ��

uqoduqoduqoduqod yyyyeÍfï hdka;%KheÍfï hdka;%KheÍfï hdka;%KheÍfï hdka;%Kh

uqᐥ weKhuqᐥ weKhuqᐥ weKhuqᐥ weKh

l=vdu ñkqul=vdu ñkqul=vdu ñkqul=vdu ñkqu

WodyrKhWodyrKhWodyrKhWodyrKh � ∶

wp, ykqjwp, ykqjwp, ykqjwp, ykqj

ip, ykqjip, ykqjip, ykqjip, ykqj

iy flá igyka

5

= 0.1 ��

m%Odk mßudKh w¾Ow¾Ow¾Ow¾O ñ,sóg¾ñ,sóg¾ñ,sóg¾ñ,sóg¾ j,ska i,l=Kq lr we;s jZksh¾ le,smrhl w¾O ñ,sóg¾ fldgia 19la iudk fldgia 20lg fn§fuka jZksh¾ mßudKh ks¾udKh lr we;' l=vdu ñkqu .Kkh lrkak'

m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. = 1 2 ��

jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È. = (� � ��)×����

∴ l=vdu ñkqu = �1 2 − �� � �×���� � ��

= 0.025 ��

m%Odk mßudKh ñ,sóg¾ j,ska i,l=Kq lr we;s jZksh¾ le,smrhl ñ,sóg¾ fldgia 39la iudk fldgia 20lg fn§fuka jZksh¾ le,smrh ks¾udKh lr we;' l=vdu ñkqu .Kkh lrkak'

fuu .eg¿j úi|Sfï§ idudkH wdldrhg m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil Èf.ys;a jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil Èf.ys;a w;r fjkiska l=vdu ñkqu ,nd .; fkdyel' l=vdu ñkqu .Kkh lsÍug m%Odk mßudKfha fldgia 2l Èf.ys;a" jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil Èf.ys;a w;r fjkiska ,nd .; hq;=h' fuh oS¾> oS¾> oS¾> oS¾> l<l<l<l< jZksh¾ mßudKjZksh¾ mßudKjZksh¾ mßudKjZksh¾ mßudKhhhh f,i y`ÿkajhs'

m%Odk mßudKfha fldgia foll È. = 2 ��

jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgil È. = 39 20 ��

∴ l=vdu ñkqu = �2 − 39 20 � ��

= 0.05 ��

uq,skau ip, ykqj p,kh lsÍug yelsjk mßÈ uqßÉÑ weKh nqre,a lr ykq wE;a

lsÍfuka miq jia;=j ykq w;r isr lrkak' l=yrhl .eUqr uksk wjia:dfõ§ jZksh¾

le,smrfha n`o fldgi .eÜgg isrjk f,i ;nd" l+r m;=f,a .efgk f;la l=yrh ;=<g

.s,ajkak' bkamiq uqßÉÑ weKh ;o lrkak' túg mdGdxlh lshjd .kakd ;=re i¾mK

ykqj p,kh fkdù mj;ajd .; yelsh'

mdGdxl ,nd .ekSfï§ m%Odk mßudKfha lshùug jZksh¾ mßudKfha lshùu

tl;= lsÍfuka mdGdxlh ,nd .; hq;=h'

mdGdxlh mdGdxlh mdGdxlh mdGdxlh = m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu + jZksh¾ mßudKfha lshùujZksh¾ mßudKfha lshùujZksh¾ mßudKfha lshùujZksh¾ mßudKfha lshùu

WodyrKhWodyrKhWodyrKhWodyrKh � ∶

WodyrKhWodyrKhWodyrKhWodyrKh ∶

mdGdxl ,nd .ekSumdGdxl ,nd .ekSumdGdxl ,nd .ekSumdGdxl ,nd .ekSu

iy flá igyka

6

m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu ,nd.ekSfï§ jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH mdGdxlhg fmr we;s ñ,sógr

mdGdxlh igyka lr .; hq;=h' my; olajd we;s wjia:dfõ m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu 2��ls'

iumd; jZksh¾ fldgia ixLHdj 6ls'

mdGdxlh = m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu + jZksh¾ mßudKfha lshùu

= m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu + iumd; jZksh¾ mßudKfha × l=vdu ñkqu fldgia .Kk

= 2 �� + 6 × 0.1 ��

= 2.6 ��

jZksh¾ le,smrfha ykq tlsfkl iam¾Y ù we;s úg m%Odk mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K;a

jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K;a iu. iumd; úh hq;=h' tfia iumd; fkdfõ kï

uQ,dxl fodaIhla we;ehs lshkq ,efí' uQ,dxl fodaIh m%Odk fldgia folls'

1. Ok uQ,dxl fodaIh

2. iDK uQ,dxl fodaIh

jZksh¾ le,smrfha ykqj, øjH ;ekam;a ùu ksid fyda u,lv lEu ("#$$#%&#') ksid ykq tlsfkl iam¾Y jqj;a jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K;a m%Odk mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K;a tlsfkl iumd; fkdù" jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K" m%Odk mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=Kg bÈßfhka msysghs' fuh Ok uQ,dxl fodaIhhs'

a) fodaIh bj;a lsÍug mdGdxlfhka Ok uQ,dxl fodaIh wvq l< hq;=h' fuh iDK uQ,dxl fYdaOkhiDK uQ,dxl fYdaOkhiDK uQ,dxl fYdaOkhiDK uQ,dxl fYdaOkh f,i o y`ÿkajhs'

0

0

10 20

��

l='ñ' 0.1 ��

0

0 l='ñ' 0.1 ��

iumd; jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgia .Kk 3ls' Ok uQ,dxl fodaIh

3 × 0.1 �� = 0.3 ��

fodaIh bj;a lsÍug mdGdxlfhka

0.3 ��la wvq l< hq;=h'

iumd; jZksh¾ fldgi

uQ,dxl fodaIhuQ,dxl fodaIhuQ,dxl fodaIhuQ,dxl fodaIh

Ok uQ,dxl fodaIhOk uQ,dxl fodaIhOk uQ,dxl fodaIhOk uQ,dxl fodaIh

(

)

1'6 rEmh

1'7 rEmh

iy flá igyka

7

jZksh¾ le,smrfha ykq f.ùhdu ksid ykq tlsfkl iam¾Y jqj;a jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K;a m%Odk mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K;a tlsfkl iumd; fkdù" jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=K m%Odk mßudKfha Y=kH ,l=Kg msgqmiska msysghs' fuh iDK uQ,dxl fodaIhhs'

b) fodaIh bj;a lsÍug mdGdxlhg iDK uQ,dxl fodaIh tl;= l< hq;=h' fuh Ok uQ,dxl fYdaOkhOk uQ,dxl fYdaOkhOk uQ,dxl fYdaOkhOk uQ,dxl fYdaOkh f,i y`ÿkajhs'

Ok uQ,dxl fodaIh fl,skau iumd; fldgia .Kkska ,nd .;a;;a iDK uQ,dxl fodaIh fl,skau ,nd .; fkdyel'

uqM jZksh¾ iumd; jZksh¾ l=vdu ñkqu fldgia .Kk fldgia .Kk

jZksh¾ le,smrh Ndú;fhka m%dfhda.slj .; hq;= ñkqï iy .Kkh lsÍï"

a) ,S l=Üáhl È." m<," Wi fiùu ( 2 "�, 4 "�, 6 "� muK ) b) k< lene,a,l øjH mßudj fiùu (1.3 "�, 6"� muK ) c) >k f.da,hl øjH mßudj fiùu d) l=yr is,skavrhl wNHka;r mßudj fiùu

WmlrKfha l=vdu ñkqu = … … … … … … … .. uQ,dxl jro = … … … … … … … ..

a) ,S l=Üáh i`oyd

,S l=Üáfha mßudj = È. × m<, × Wi

0 l='ñ' 0.1 ��

iumd; jZksh¾ fldgi

0

iumd; jZksh¾ mßudKfha fldgia .Kk 6ls' iDK uQ,dxl fodaIh

(10 − 6) × 0.1 �� = 0.4 ��

fodaIh bj;a lsÍug 0.4 ��la mdGdxlhg tl;= l< hq;=h'

− × iDK uQ,dxl fodaIh = =

iDK uQ,dxl fodaIhiDK uQ,dxl fodaIhiDK uQ,dxl fodaIhiDK uQ,dxl fodaIh

mdGdxl yd .Kkh

fYdaê; mdGdxlh

(&) (&&) (&&&)

("�) uOHkH w.h

È. ("�)

m<, ("�)

Wi ("�)

1'8 rEmh

1'1 j.=j

iy flá igyka

8

b) k< lene,a, i`oyd

ndysr úIalïNh -. o" wNHka;r úIalïNh -/ o" È. 0 o kï"

k<h idod we;s øjH mßudj = 12 345� 6� − 2 347

� 6�8 × 0

c) >k f.da,h i`oyd

úIalïNh - jk f.da,fha mßudj= 9: 2 34

�6�

d) l=yr is,skavrh i`oyd

wNHka;r úIalïNh - o" .eUqr 0 o jk

l=yr is,skavrhl l=yrfha mßudj = 2 34�6� × 0

fYdaê; mdGdxlh (&) (&&) (&&&) uOHkH w.h ("�) wNHka;r úIalïNh

-/("�)

ndysr úIalïNh

-.("�)

È. 0 ("�)

fYdaê; mdGdxlh (&) (&&) (&&&) uOHkH w.h ("�) f.da,fha úIalïNh

-("�)

fYdaê; mdGdxlh (&) (&&) (&&&) uOHkH w.h ("�) wNHka;r úIalïNh

-("�)

.eUqr 0 ("�)

1'4 j.=j

1'3 j.=j

1'2 j.=j

iy flá igyka

jZksh¾ uQ,O¾uh fhdod

ish¿u mdGdxl ,nd .ekSfï§ uqßÉÑ weKh ;o lr ip, ykq

mdGdxl lshjd .; hq;=h'

ñkqï WmlrKhlska ñkqula ,nd

fodaIhla ;sfí±hs mÍCId l<

;=kS lïìhl;=kS lïìhl;=kS lïìhl;=kS lïìhl úIalïNh

fya;=j jZksh¾ le,smrfha ;shqKq odr j,g lïìh ;e,S

ñkqula ,nd .ekSug uhsfl%dóg¾

tfiau rn¾ nghla rn¾ nghla rn¾ nghla rn¾ nghla

.ekSu i`oyd jZksh¾ le,smrh iqÿiq fkdfõ' thg fya;=j ykq w;r ysr lsÍfï§ rn¾

ngfha iajNdúl yevh fjkia úh yels ks

úIalïNh uek .ekSu i`oyd iqÿiq jkafka

.eg¿ úi|Sfï§ ksjerÈ wdldrhg i

tkï jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH i<l=Kg fmr we;s m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu

f;dard.; hq;=h'

idudkH jZksh¾ mßudKhidudkH jZksh¾ mßudKhidudkH jZksh¾ mßudKhidudkH jZksh¾ mßudKh

m%Odk mßudKfha fldgia 19la

jZksh¾ fldgia 20lg fnod we;'

l=vdu ñkqu = 1 − 1920 ��

= 0.05 ��

1

;

0 1

=

mdGdxlh = 0.9 � (

1'9 rEmh

1'12 rEmh

(

)

9

jZksh¾ uQ,O¾uh fhdod .kakd WmlrK 1' jZksh¾ le,smrh2' p, wkaùCIh 3' j¾Kdj,Sudkh

ish¿u mdGdxl ,nd .ekSfï§ uqßÉÑ weKh ;o lr ip, ykqj i¾mkh ùu j,lajd

mdGdxl lshjd .; hq;=h'

ñkqï WmlrKhlska ñkqula ,nd .ekSug fmr wksjd¾hfhkau WmlrKfha

fodaIhla ;sfí±hs mÍCId l< hq;=h'

lïNh uekSu i`oyd jZksh¾ le,smrh Ndú;d l<

fya;=j jZksh¾ le,smrfha ;shqKq odr j,g lïìh ;e,S hd yels neúks'

.ekSug uhsfl%dóg¾ bial=remamq wdudkh fhdod.kS'

rn¾ nghla rn¾ nghla rn¾ nghla rn¾ nghla jeks m%;Hia: øjHhl wNHka;r fyda ndysr ú

.ekSu i`oyd jZksh¾ le,smrh iqÿiq fkdfõ' thg fya;=j ykq w;r ysr lsÍfï§ rn¾

ngfha iajNdúl yevh fjkia úh yels ksihs' rn¾ nghl wNHka;r fyda ndysr

.ekSu i`oyd iqÿiq jkafka p, wkaùCIhp, wkaùCIhp, wkaùCIhp, wkaùCIhhs'

fï§ ksjerÈ wdldrhg iQCIuj m%Odk mßudKfha w.h f;dard

tkï jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH i<l=Kg fmr we;s m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu

jl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhjl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhjl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhjl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKh

2 "� 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0.01 "�

0.94 "�

(4 × 0.01) "�

1'12 rEmh

§¾> §¾> §¾> §¾> l<l<l<l< jZksh¾ mßudKhjZksh¾ mßudKhjZksh¾ mßudKhjZksh¾ mßudKh

m%Odk mßudKfha fldgia 19la

jZksh¾ fldgia 10lg fnod we;'

l=vdu ñkqu = 2 − 1910 ��

= 0.1 ��

(

) 1'10 rEmh

rEmfha olajd we;af;a ,S l=Üáhl >klu jZksh¾ le,smrh Ndú;fhka uek we;s wjia:djls'

fuys mdGdxlh f,i tkï 0.74 "�wmg jegfya' kuq;a fuys m%Odk mßudKh f;dardf.k we;s wdldrh fodaI iys;h'

m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh

hq;af;a hq;af;a hq;af;a hq;af;a . > ?@

by; olajd we;af;a j¾Kdj,Sudkfha Ndú;d lrk jl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhls'

1' jZksh¾ le,smrh

3' j¾Kdj,Sudkh

j i¾mkh ùu j,lajd

.ekSug fmr wksjd¾hfhkau WmlrKfha uQ,dxl

Su i`oyd jZksh¾ le,smrh Ndú;d l< fkdyel' thg

hd yels neúks' fujeks

jeks m%;Hia: øjHhl wNHka;r fyda ndysr úIalïNh uek

.ekSu i`oyd jZksh¾ le,smrh iqÿiq fkdfõ' thg fya;=j ykq w;r ysr lsÍfï§ rn¾

rn¾ nghl wNHka;r fyda ndysr

QCIuj m%Odk mßudKfha w.h f;dard.; hq;=h'

tkï jZksh¾ mßudKfha Y=kH i<l=Kg fmr we;s m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu

jl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhjl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhjl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhjl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKh

1'11 rEmh

rEmfha olajd we;af;a ,S l=Üáhl >klu jZksh¾ le,smrh Ndú;fhka uek we;s wjia:djls'

mdGdxlh 0.7 � (4 × 0.01) "�

"� f,i neÆ ne,aug wmg jegfya' kuq;a fuys m%Odk mßudKh f;dardf.k we;s wdldrh fodaI iys;h'

m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh m%Odk mßudKfha w.h úh

?@

by; olajd we;af;a j¾Kdj,Sudkfha Ndú;d lrk jl%dldr jZksh¾ mßudKhls'

iy flá igyka

10

>KldNhla wdldrfha ,S lene,a,l È. fiùfï§ tys

ueÈka tla mdGdxlhla o fofl<jrg wdikakj ;j;a

mdGdxl folla o f,i mdGdxl ;=kla ,nd f.k tajdfha

uOHkH w.fhka ,S lene,af,a È. ,nd .; hq;=h' m<,

iy Wi ,nd .ekSfï§ o by; l%uhu wkq.ukh l<

hq;=h'

mÍCIK k<hl ndysr úIalïNh ,nd .ekSfï§ jZksh¾ le,smrfha ndysr ykq w;r

k<h isr lr mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak' bkamiq mÍCIK k<h 90°lska lrljd

kej; mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak' fuf,i k<fha by< fl<jr wdikakfhka o

my< fl<jr wdikakfhka ;j;a mdGdxl fol ne.ska o f,i úIalïNh i`oyd

mdGdxl 6la ,nd .kak' fuu mdGdxl j, uOHkH w.fhka ksjerÈ úIalïNh ,efí'

mÍCIK k<hl wNHka;r úIalïNh ,nd .ekSfï§ jZksh¾ le,smrfha wNHka;r

ykq k<h ;=<g we;=¿ lrkak' ykq wE;a lrñka isr jk wjia:dj ,nd .kak'

mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak' bkamiq mÍCIK k<h 90°lska lrljd kej; úIalïNh

i|yd mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak' fuu mdGdxl j, uOHkH w.fhka ksjerÈ

wNHka;r úIalïNh ,efí'

mÍCIK k<hl .eUqr uekSfï§ jZksh¾ le,smrh k<fha .eÜg u; isriaj isgqjd l+r

m;=f,a .efgk ;=re my<g hjkak' l+r m;=f,a .efgk wjia:dfõ§ mdGdxlh igyka

lr .kak' bkamiq k<h 90°lska lrljd kej; uq,a wdldrhgu .eUqr i|yd

mdGdxlh igyka lr .kak' fuu mdGdxl fofla uOHkH w.fhka mÍCIK k<fha

.eUqr ,nd.; hq;=h'

.eUqr uekSfï§ uQ,dxl fodaIhla we;a±hs mÍCId l< hq;=hs' ta i`oyd ùÿre ;yvqjla

u; jZksh¾ le,smrh isriaj isgqjd l+r ùÿre ;yvqfõ .efgk ;=re my<g hjkak'

tu wjia:dfõ Y=kH i<l=Kq iumd; fkdfõ kï uQ,dxl fodaIhla we;'

f.da,Sh jia;=jl úIAlïNh ,nd .ekSfï§ tlsfklg ,ïNl ÈYd ;=kla Tiafia

úIalïNh i`oyd mdGdxl ,ndf.k tajdfha uOHkHfhka f.da,fha úIalïNh ,nd

.; hq;=h'

hï ñkqula i`oyd mdGdxl lsysmhla ,ndf.k tajdfha uOHkH w.fhka ksjerÈ w.h

,nd.; hq;=h' fuu .Kkh lr.;a w.h WmlrKfha l=vdu ñkqug .e<mS ;sìh

hq;=h'

;yvqjl >klu i`oyd fjkia ia:dk myl § ,nd.;a mdGdxl ms<sfj,ska

1.15 ��, 1.12 ��, 1.13 ��, 1.14 �� yd 1.14 �� fõ'

a) fuu mdGdxl ,nd.;a WmlrKh jkafka"

uhsfl%dóg¾ bial=remamq wdudkhhs'

fya;=j" ;yvqjl >klu uekSu i|yd iqÿiqu WmlrKh th ùuhs'

1'13 rEmh

iy flá igyka

11

b) fuu mdGdxl ,nd.;a WmlrKfha l=vdu ñkqu jkafka"

0.01 ��

fya;=j" WmlrKh u.ska ,nd.;a ñkqï ish,a,u oYuia:dk follg iSud ùu yd

tajd 0.01 ��ys .=Kdldr ùuhs'

c) ;yvqfõ >klu = �.�B ��C�.�� ��C�.�9 ��C�.�: ��C�.�:��

B

= 1.136 ��

;yvqfõ >klu 1.14 �� fõ'

fya;=j" WmlrKfha l=vdu ñkqu oYuia:dk follg iSud ùu yd" fuu wjika

ms<s;=r l=vdu ñkqfuys tkï 0.01 ��ys .=Kdldrhla úh hq;= ùuhs'

⊗ by; wdldrhg .Kkh lsÍfuka miq ;yvqfõ >klu

1.136 �� f,i igyka lsÍu fhda.H fkdfõ' thg fya;=j

WmlrKfhka ueksh yels jkafka ñ,sóg¾ oYuia:dk follg

muKla ùuhs'

ñkqï WmlrKhlska mdGdxl ,nd .ekSfï§ tu.ska isÿúh yels fodaIh" WmlrKfha

l=vdu ñkqug iudk fõ'

l=vdu ñkqu 0.1mmla jk jZksh¾ le,smrhlska 25.4 mm ñkqula ,nd.;a

wjia:djla i<luq'

a) ñkqfï isÿúh yels fodaIh 0.1mm

b) ñkqfï Nd.sl fodaIh = �.� EE

�B.: EE

= �

�B:

c) ñkqfï m%;sY; fodaIh = �.� EE

�B.: EE × 100%

= 0.39 %

***