01. curs arhitectura in romania.07-08.bis.2011!12!13
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Arhitectura in România in secolele 11-18
– o abordare “regionala” -
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Probleme ale istoriografiei româneşti de arhitectură
– identitate locală (naţională) versus identitate regională
– probleme specifice ale cadrului politico-istoric, cultural al Moldovei, Tării Româneşti, Dobrogei, Transilvaniei şi Banatului
– creaţie populară versus creaţie cultă– programe de arhitectură, condiţionări specifice,
tipologie arhitecturală– Arhitectura in România – o arhitectură a
“diferenţelor”– despre o “geografie a artei si arhitecturii”
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Transilvania. Perioada medievală: sec. 11-15Programe de arhitectură.
Castele si castre regale Aşezări de frontieră / fortificaţii coloniştii
- Cavalerii Ioaniţi / in Banat, o perioadă scurtă de timp
- Cavalerii Teutoni / in Tara Bârsei (fortificaţii)
- Aşezările saşilor (“Saxoni”) – sate şi oraşe / fortificaţii Mici curţi ale boierilor români din Haţeg si Maramureş
Toţi primesc unele avantaje ca recompensa pentru asigurarea pazei graniţelor
Construcţii din lemn ale ţăranilor români: locuinţe, industrii săteşti, biserici
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ORASUL MEDIEVAL
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Reprezentare schematică a planului şi vederii oraşului Sibiu, cca. 1480
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Transilvania. Perioada medievală: sec. 11-15Orientări stilistice.
Căi de consolidare a unui stil local:
• Romanic – Gotic de sursă central europeană pentru arhitectura maghiarilor şi a saşilor; construcţiile acestora din urma au un caracter defensiv pronunţat, ce le conferă o identitate specifică
• Influenţă asupra arhitecturii bisericilor româneşti (Bizantin-ortodoxe) de zid şi de lemn
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Biserica din Herina
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Bisericile romanice din Cisnădioara si Herina, sec.13
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Catedrala din Cluj
• Catedrala din Sebeş
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Goticul bisericilor fortificate săseşti
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• biserici / capele romanesti ortodoxe de curte din zidărie, bisericile satesti de lemn
Biserica parohiala catolica lângă Cluj
Biserica ortodoxa de curte la Strei Sangeorz, Hateg
Bisericile parohiale / capelele catolice (maghiare si sasesti) / si influentele lor asupra:
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Arhitectura româneasca extracarpatică in secolele 11-18
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Bisericile parohiale / capelele catolice (maghiare si sasesti) / si influentele lor asupra:• tiparelor bisericilor moldoveneşti (bizantin-ortodoxe)
Rădăuţi, cca. 1350
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Bisericile parohiale / capelele catolice (maghiare si sasesti) / si influentele lor asupra:• Arhitecturii bisericilor de zid
din Tara Romaneasca
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Premise ale sec. XV : Influenţe transilvane si polone in construcţiile fortificaţiilor Moldovei
Cetăţile de la Neamţ si Suceava
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Hotin
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Arhitectura din Ţara Românească şi Moldova secolelor 14-18, o “arhitectură de ansamblu”
Sec.18 Sec.17 Sec.16 Sec.15 Sec.14
Cetate Mănăs-tire
curte / reşedinţă
han în oraş
Caractere comune:
•Incinta de zid / raţiuni funcţionale şi defensive•Prezenţa unei biserici între componente (in majoritatea cazurilor)•Componente destinate locuirii •Componente / anexe ale funcţiunii de locuire
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Ansamblul mănăstiresc în Moldova
• Compunere şi evoluţie: – sec.16-17, teren plat,
formă rectangulară a incintei, elemente defensive construite cf. tehnicii de lupta şi apărare şi tipului de atac posibil; desprindere a construcţiilor de zidul de incintă
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Ansamblul mănăstiresc în Moldova
• Compunere şi evoluţie: – apare totodată, cu
Slatina, ideea de “mănăstire rezidenţială”, cu indicii clare de utilizare a unor meşteri şi modele din Polonia epocii (palat cu detalii renascentiste şi grădină cu fântână incluse).
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Ansamblul mănăstiresc în Valahia sec.14-17
•Amplasarea ansamblului pe un teren care să ofere maxime posibilităţi defensive şi să conducă la o cât mai redusă “defensivă construită”
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Ansamblul mănăstiresc în Valahia
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Ansamblul mănăstirii Cozia
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Ansamblul curţii de la Brâncoveni
Ansamblul Mitropoliei Bucureşti, Ansamblul mănăstirii Brebu, 1650
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Curtea din Popeşti-Leordeni, 1614
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Peisajul arhitectural moldovenesc
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Peisajul arhitectural moldovenesc - bisericile
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Peisajul arhitectural moldovenesc - bisericile
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Peisajul arhitectural moldovenesc - bisericile sistemul de boltire cunoscut ca susţinut de “arce diagonale”
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Peisajul arhitectural moldovenesc – bisericile sistemul de boltire cunoscut ca susţinut de “arce diagonale” spaţiul interior înalt si îngust
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Peisajul arhitectural moldovenesc - bisericile
“arcele diagonale intersectate”
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Peisajul arhitectural moldovenesc - bisericile sistemul de boltire realizat din arce etajate”
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Peisajul arhitectural moldovenesc - bisericile
pictura exterioara (sec.16) exacerbarea dimensiunii verticale
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O arhitectura neobişnuita: biserica mănăstirii Golia – Iaşi (1650-1660)
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Peisajul arhitectural in Tara Romaneasca – bisericile
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Peisajul arhitectural in Tara Romaneasca – bisericile: planul in cruce greaca înscrisa & planul trilobat tratarea faţadelor
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Peisajul arhitectural in Tara Romaneasca – bisericile: tratarea faţadelor
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Peisajul arhitectural in Tara Romaneasca – bisericile: influente post-bizantine (chiar si otomane) tratarea faţadelor; ancadramentele uşilor; coloanele
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Peisajul arhitectural in Tara Romaneasca – bisericile
tratamentul faţadelor silueta masiva pridvorul exterior
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Renaşterea italiană reflectată in Transilvania, sec. 14 – 15
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Surse preliminare ale Renaşterii transilvane: epoca lui Sigismund de Luxemburg
Domul din Siena
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Sigismund de Luxemburg, rege al Ungariei – 1387-1437 – si împărat al Imperiului Romano-german din 1433•Siena, pardoseala Domului – reprezentarea încoronării, 1434, Domenico di Bartolo di Ghezzo d’Asciano
Portret
de Pisanello
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1453 şi după 1453. “Fapte culturale” contemporane
Pana ~ 1500 – circulaţie şi asimilare a modelelor / tiparelor renascentiste: cai şi locuri de manifestare
• Reflectare redusa in Valahia
• Mahomed II, Cuceritorul şi relaţiile sale cu Italia
• Lorenzo de Medici – patronaj artistic• Mathias Corvinus – patronaj artistic; folosirea
formelor Renaşterii: Castelul de la Buda, Castelul de la Hunedoara, “loggia” de la Sibiu
• Suceava – loc de trecere a artiştilor spre Kremlinul lui Ivan III (Ştefan cel Mare)
• Ivan III – construirea Kremlinului Moscovei
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1453. Cucerirea Constantinopolelui. Urmări politice si culturale.
Mahomed II – Cuceritorul Portret de Gentile Bellini• Da Vinci si Michelangelo chemaţi să construiască un pod peste Bosfor
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•
Renaşterea in Europa de Est
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Castelul de la Hunedoara • “loggia” lui Mathias Corvinus
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Mathias Corvinus şi Andreas Lapicida(sculptor)
• Primăria veche din Sibiu, “loggia”
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Renaşterea italiană reflectata in Transilvania, sec. 16 – 17: programe de arhitectura – locuinţele patriciatului urban si reşedinţele nobiliare extraurbane
câteva repere• Reforma lui Luther, 1517• 1526, Mohacs, Ungaria = Paşalâcul de la Buda• 1541, Principatul Transilvaniei• Secularizarea averilor bisericii• Drumurile comerciale (covoarele de
Transilvania)• Industriile (industria sticlei, cahle de sobe) +
comerţul• Contactele directe cu lumea Renaşterii poloneze
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1. Transilvania: oraşele şi locuinţele
patriciatului urban
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2. Transilvania, reşedinţele
nobiliare extraurbane
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Modernitatea secolului 18
• Transilvania – arhitectura barocă de influenţă vieneză;
manifestări urbane şi rurale– Coloniştii Banatului– biserica unită (greco-catolică), efecte
culturale şi preluarea barocului în arhitectura religioasă
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Construcţii noi: planuri în formă de “U”; grădina barocă, element de mare valoare în compoziţia generală
• Palatul Teleki, Gorneşti, Mureş (1772-1778), faţada principală
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Palatul Teleki, Gorneşti, Mureş, curtea din spate
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Palatul Teleki, Gorneşti, Mureş, detalii ale grădinii
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Sân Paul, Jud. Cluj, palatul, curtea de onoare şi faţada dinspre grădină
Schlosshof, Viena
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Mediul urban
FortificaţiileStructura oraşelorArhitectura
religioasăReşedinţele
nobiliare
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• Alba Iulia
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• Cluj
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Palate urbane • Cluj, Palatul Banffi, Johann Eberhard Blaumann (1774-1785)
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Palatul episcopal (1762-1770), Franz Anton Hillebrand
şi Catedrala romano-catolică din Oradea, 1750-1779, arhitecţi Franz Anton Hillebrand şi Giovanni Battista Ricca
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Timişoara, Piaţa Unirii, Catedrala romano-catolică (1736-1774), arhitect Emmanuel Fischer von Erlach
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Bisericile unite (greco-catolice) şi împrumuturile formal-spaţiale din arhitectura bisericilor catolice contemporane
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Mediul rural Banat, satele de colonizare
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Modernitatea secolului 18• Moldova
– Realizări edilitare urbane de sursă otomană
– Forme continuatoare ale clasicismului bisericii mănăstirii Golia
– O nouă relaţie cu natura – grădinile şi ansamblurile monastice din Munţii Vrancei
– Modernitatea arhitecturii rezidenţiale a lui Constantin Brâncoveanu – influenţe ale arhitecturii italiene şi ale celei sud-dunărene
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Influenţe directe otomane în Moldova: Iaşi, fântâni
Una dintre fântânile de laturnul Spiridoniei, 1765
Fântâna Goliei, 1766
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Constantinopol, fântâni turceşti
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decoraţie exterioară eclectică a bisericilor, cu elemente provenite de la clasicismul Goliei şi cu elemente având ca sursă biserica hanului Stavropoleos din Bucureşti
Biserica Sfinţii Teodori, Iaşi (1761)
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Biserica Sfinţii Teodori, Iaşi (1761)
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Mănăstirile din Munţii Vrancei – Vasilie şi Paisie Velicikovski
arhitectura monastică - o nouă relaţie cu natura
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Modernitatea secolului 18• Valahia
– Coagularea comunităţilor săteşti libere şi a celor de breaslă din mediul urban: se alcătuieşte şi se consolidează o clasă de mijloc absentă până acum – meşteşuguri, comerţ, circulaţie în afara ţării, circulaţia cărţilor populare, preluare de modele din zonele de contact, mai ales sud-dunărene
• Manifestări în arhitectură– Oltenia – culele / arhitectură defensivă a micilor
boieri– În mediul urban, consolidarea parohiilor în jurul
bisericilor de breaslă– Hanurile – Biserici ale comunităţilor săteşti din nordul Olteniei
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Ansamblul mănăstiresc în Valahia
• Sf. Sec.17 – prima jumătate a sec.18, Hurezi, Dintr-un Lemn (transformări), Antim, Aninoasa, Văcăreşti
– Compoziţie dezvoltată în relaţie cu un ax de simetrie, unitară prin tratarea incintei şi legătura dintre volumele ansamblului cu ajutorul unor portice / cursive; gradarea spaţiului liber dintre construcţii: spaţiul mai larg din faţa bisericii, cu rol de “piaţă urbană”
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Ansamblul mănăstiresc în Valahia sf. sec.17 – prima jumătate a sec.18
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Constantin Brâncoveanu şi originalitatea operei lui• Ansamblurile rezidenţiale
sursa italiană grădina, spaţiu arhitectural component al ansamblului, relaţia loggie-grădină-apă
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Drumul probabil şi posibil al modelelor via Constantinopol
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Pare limpede că modelul iniţial este cel italian - trecut sau nu prin filiera Constantinopolelui; pledează pentru aceasta: simetria planului către grădină, prezenţa loggiei, raportul plin-gol şi ritmul golurilor; inclusiv faţada principală pare a fi păstrat ritmul italian al grupării golurilor 2+3+2, întrerupt de introducerea în compoziţie a foişorului de acces, specific arhitecturii secolului al XVII-lea din Ţara Românească. Aşa cum specifică este şi silueta volumului. Cât despre decorul de detaliu, sursa este cea orientală
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Potlogi, ancadramente de stuc la uşi şi ferestre
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Ansamblul palatului de la Mogoşoaia, 1702
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Palatul de la Mogoşoaia şi relaţia loggie-grădină-apă
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Palatul de la Mogoşoaia, loggia
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Palatul de la Mogoşoaia, foişorul şi decoraţia lui de factură orientală
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Cula din Groşerea, Gorj, Romania
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Biserici ale comunităţilor meşteşugăreşti şi comerciale orăşeneşti asimilarea – pe fondul spaţial şi decorativ existent – a unor elemente decorative provenite din Balcani (tipuri de arcaturi, stucatură şi stucatură pictată, decorând tipul de biserică trilobată sau de plan drept)
Biserica hanului Stavropoleos,Bucureşti (1724-1730)
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Biserica hanului Stavropoleos Bucureşti (1724-1730)
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Biserici ale comunităţilor meşteşugăreşti şi comerciale orăşeneşti asimilarea unor elemente decorative provenite din Balcani (tipuri de arcaturi, stucatură şi stucatură pictată, decorând tipul de biserică trilobată sau de plan drept)
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Case de târgoveţi influenţe sud-dunărene şi / sau otomane
Casă din Calea Şerban Vodă, Bucureşti, sf. sec. al XVIII-lea
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Hanurile de oraş, sec.17-18
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Hanuri influenţe sud-dunărene şi / sau otomane (model probabil – caravanseraiul)
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Biserici ale comunităţilor săteşti din nordul Olteniei asimilarea unor elemente decorative provenite din Balcani prin intermediul refugiaţilor de religie ortodoxă de pe teritoriul Imperiului otoman
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Biserica din cimitir, Câinenii Mici, Vâlcea, mijlocul sec. XVIII
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Biserica din Câinenii Mici, Vâlcea, înc. sec. XIX
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Casa din Calea Şerban Vodă, Bucureşti, sf. sec. al XVIII-lea
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Casa din Calea Şerban Vodă, Bucureşti, sf. sec. al XVIII-lea, faţada transformată odată cu alinierea străzii de la sf. sec. XIX
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1453, cucerirea Constantinopolelui de către Otomani
Transilvania
• sec.X, includerea în Regatul Maghiar
• sec.XI-XIII, consolidarea stăpânirii maghiare
TR şi Moldova
• întemeieri: ante 1330, TR; cca. 1350, Moldova
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• 1517, Reforma lui Luther• 1526, Mohacs, Ungaria =
Paşalâcul de la Buda• 1541, Principatul
Transilvaniei
• 1683, Asediul Vienei• 1699, cucerirea
Ardealului; 1718, a Banatului de către habsburgi (1698, biserica greco-catolică)
• 1867, Imperiul Austro-Ungar
• Principate vasale ale Imperiului Otoman
• 1712 (M), 1716 (TR) instalarea domniilor fanariote
• 1821, domnii pământene