001-008 ¦åòç. 5 - ucy.ac.cy · ek¢otikh e¶itpo¶h ™taypo™ ™. ºøtioy,...

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EK¢OTIKH E¶ITPO¶H

~™TAYPO™ ™. ºøTIOY, ¶ÚfiÂ‰ÚÔ˜

™TAYPO™ £EO¢øPAKH™, °IANNH™ H. IøANNOY,

£EO¢øPO™ MAYPO°IANNH™, °EøP°IO™ º. NH™IøTH™,

ANTøNIO™ T™AKMAKH™, MAPIO™ K. ºøKA™, M¤ÏË

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EÎ‰›‰ÂÙ·È Â› ¶Ú˘Ù·ÓÂ›·˜

K·ıËÁËÙ‹ ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˘ A. Z¤ÓÈÔ˘

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K·ıËÁËÙ‹ KˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘ XÚÈÛÙÔÊ›‰Ë

AÓÙÈÚ‡Ù·ÓË AÎ·‰ËÌ·˚ÎÒÓ YÔı¤ÛÂˆÓ

K·ıËÁËÙ‹ AÓÙˆÓ›Ô˘ K. K¿Î·

AÓÙÈÚ‡Ù·ÓË ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ ™¯¤ÛÂˆÓ, OÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË˜

§Â˘ÎˆÛ›·

¶ANE¶I™THMIO KY¶POY

2010

∂Ù‹ÛÈ· ¤Î‰ÔÛ Ë ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ K‡ÚÔ˘

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™∆∞Àƒ√™ ™. ºøTIOY

I‰›ÔÈ˜ ·Ó·ÏÒÌ·ÛÈ ......................................................... 9

XAPI¢HMO™ K. T™OYKA™

KÚ›ÛË, ÊÚfiÓËÛË Î·È ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹: ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ› ÛÙËÓ Ù¤¯ÓË

ÙË˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ................................................................ 13

°IøP°O™ °EøP°H™

H Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙË˜ K‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ 1821........... 31

FRANCESCO BANDARINThe conversation predicament in the age of globalization:heritage values today and tomorrow .............................… 44

APXIE¶I™KO¶O™ A§BANIA™ ANA™TA™IO™

TÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈÂ˜ Î·È ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË.......… 63

Kø™TA™ AZAPIA¢H™

¶ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ· .................................................. 88

MAPIA H§IOºøT√À

£ÂˆÚ›· ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·:

Ë ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ .................… 91

∞NTøNH™ K. KAKA™

MfiÚÊˆÛË: ‰·¿ÓË ‹ Â¤Ó‰˘ÛË ..................................... 105

BA™O™ KAPA°IøP°H™

°È· ÌÈ· Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜ ... 109

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¶ANO™ ¶A¶ANA™TA™IOY

E˘Î·ÈÚ›Â˜ Î·È ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Î·È ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË

˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ ÛÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ...................................... 114

MAPIANNA ¶A¶A™TEºANOY

¶·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË, ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ô ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜

ˆ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi È‰ÂÒ‰Â˜ ............................................ 128

Kø™TA™ A. ºANTH - ¶ANA°IøTH™ ™TAYPINI¢H™

H ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ

Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ...................................... 157

™TAYPO™ ∞. ZENIO™∏ ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙË˜ ·ÚÈÛÙÂ›·˜ ..........................................… 176

001-008 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5 21-02-13 09:24 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·8

I¢π√π™ ∞¡∞§øª∞™π

Ô ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ·ÌÂ›ÏÈÎÙÔ: ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÙÔ˘Ú-

ÎÈÎ‹ Î·ÙÔ¯‹, ÙËÓ Ï·ÓËÙÈÎ‹ Ù·Ú·¯‹, ÙËÓ ˘·ÚÍÈ·Î‹ ‡-

ÓˆÛË, Ò˜ ÔÏÈÙÂ˘fiÌ·ÛÙÂ; ¶ÚˆÙ›ÛÙˆ˜ ÌÂ ‹ıÔ˜ ÂÏÂ˘-

ıÂÚÔÔÈfi, ÙÔ˘Ù¤ÛÙÈÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÛË. ÕÓıÚˆÔÈ Î·È Ï·-

Ô› ·ÌÓ‹ÌÔÓÂ˜, ¿ÁÂ˘ÛÙÔÈ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹˜ ·Ó¿Ù·ÛË˜, ÁÈ· Î·Ó¤Ó· Ïfi-

ÁÔ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÌÂ ÂÏ›‰· Î·È fiÚ·-

Ì· ˙ˆ‹˜. O ¿ÚÚÈ˙Ô˜ ÌÈÎÚÔ·ÛÙfi˜ ÙÔ‡ ÂÚ›Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ì¤ÛÔ˘ fi-

ÚÔ˘, Ô ¿‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ Î·Ù·Ó·ÏˆÙ‹˜ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙˆÓ Î·È È‰ÂÒÓ, ·‰˘Ó·ÙÂ›

Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÂ› ÛÂ ÔÙÈ‰‹ÔÙÂ ˘Ô‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ Î·È Â˘-

ÙÂÏ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ˙ˆ‹.

¶ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÛË ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ, ·ÊÂÓfi˜, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ·˘-

Ù¿ÚÎÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÂ›·, ÛÙË ̄ ÚËÛÈÌÔıËÚ›· Î·È ÙÔÓ ̂ ÊÂÏÈÌÈÛÌfiØ

·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙÔÓ ·Ô¯·˘ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÙ‹ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÓÂ‡ı˘ÓÔ

Ì·˙¿ÓıÚˆÔ. AÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘, Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›· ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜, ·-

ÁÚ·˘ÏÔ‡ÛÂ˜ Û˘ÓÂÈ‰‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÈÎ·Ó¤˜ Ó· ‚ÈÒÛÔ˘Ó Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ ÙÚfiÔ

˙ˆ‹˜: ÙÔÓ £Âfi ˆ˜ ÚÔÛˆÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜ Î·È ·-

Á¿Ë˜Ø ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ̂ ˜ ‰ˆÚÂ¿Ø ÙÔ Û˘Ó¿ÓıÚˆÔ ̂ ˜ ·‰ÂÏÊfiØ ÙË Ê‡ÛË

ˆ˜ Ì¤Á· Ô›ÎÔ.

∆fiÙÂ ı· Á›ÓÂÈ Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ ·ÙÚ›‰· Â›Ó·È Ô ¤Úˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂ-

Ú›·, Ë ·Á·ËÙÈÎ‹ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ÌÂ Ô,ÙÈ‰‹ÔÙÂ ·ÏËıÈÓfi. ŒÙÛÈ, ·-

ÙÚÈˆÙÈÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ·˘ı˘¤Ú‚·ÛË Î·È Ë ·˘ÙÔÚÔÛÊÔÚ¿, Ô˘ ı·

ÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰›ÓÂÈ˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ̆ Ô¯ÚÂÔ‡Û·È. Ÿ¯È ÌfiÓÔ

ÛÂ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ÔÏ¤ÌÔ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÂ Î·ÈÚfi ÂÈÚ‹ÓË˜. ™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ·-

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ÙÚÈÒÙË˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ·Î¤Ú·ÈÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁfi˜, Ô ÁÚËÁÔÚÒÓ È·ÙÚfi˜, Ô ·ÏË-

ıÂ‡ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜. ¶·ÙÚÈÒÙË˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ÔÏ›ÙË˜ Ô˘ ÏËÚÒÓÂÈ ·ÁfiÁ-

Á˘ÛÙ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÊfiÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘, Ô ‰¿ÛÎ·ÏÔ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛÊ¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·-

ıËÙ¤˜. ¶·ÙÚÈÒÙË˜ Â›Ó·È fiÔÈÔ˜ ÔÍ‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Â˘·ÈÛıËÛ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÚÈ-

ÙÈÎ‹ Ì·˜ ÛÎ¤„Ë, fiÔÈÔ˜ ÂÎÊ¤ÚÂÈ ÏfiÁÔ ·ÓıÚˆÔÔÈfi, ‹ıÔ˜ Ú‹ÍË˜

Î·È Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË˜ ÌÂ Ô,ÙÈ‰‹ÔÙÂ Ô‰ËÁÂÙÂ› ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ˙ˆ‹.

EÓÙ¤ÏÂÈ ·ÙÚÈÒÙË˜ Â›Ó·È fiÔÈÔ˜ Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊ¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙËÓ Â‡Ú˘ıÌË ÏÂÈ-

ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÂ›·˜, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÔÔÈfi Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ.

¢ÈfiÙÈ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙË ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ÙË˜ ·ÙÚ›‰·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÔÚıÒÓ ·Ó-

ıÚˆ›ÓˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ, Ë Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Î·È Ë ‚›ˆÛË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ È‰Âˆ-

‰ÒÓ, ·ÊÔ‡ ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÌÂ ̄ ·Ï·ÚÔ‡˜ Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜, ̆ Ô-

ÓÔÌÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÍÈÔÎÚ·Ù›· Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÌÔÚ·ÏÈÛÌfi, ·‰˘Ó·ÙÂ›

Ó· ‰È·Ê˘Ï¿ÍÂÈ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙfi ÙË˜ ·Á·ıfi: ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÌÔ-

ÙÚÔ›·. E›Ó·È Ë ‚›ˆÛË ‹ıÔ˘˜ ·ÓÈ‰ÈÔÙ¤ÏÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÓÂ‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÎÔÈÓÔ-

ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ô˘ ÂÈÊ¤ÚÂÈ ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ıÂÛÌÒÓ, ÙËÓ ·ÏËıÈÓ‹ ·˘ÙÔ-

‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË, ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹ ıˆÚ¿ÎÈÛË, ÙËÓ ÔÈÔÙÈÎ‹ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÙË˜

˙ˆ‹˜.

ŸÏ· ÙÔ‡Ù· ÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍ·ÓÙÏÂ›-

Ù·È ÛÙÔ ¤Ï·ÛÛÔÓ Â›Â‰Ô, ÛÙËÓ ÂÍÈÛÔÚÚfiËÛË ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ˘Ô¯ÚÂÒ-

ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÎfiˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È

ÛÙÔ ÌÂ›˙ÔÓ, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË ÙË˜ ÊÈÏfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë˜

ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ. ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏË

Û˘Ì‚›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÁˆÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÒÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ÛÙË ÌÂÙÔ¯ÈÎ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙˆÓ

˘Â˘ı‡ÓˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ. ∫·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÚÔˆıÂ›Ù·È ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË

ÚÔÔÙÈÎ‹: Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ Ó· Î·ıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·È fi¯È ÙÔ Û‡-

ÛÙËÌ· ÙÔÓ ¿ÓıÚˆÔØ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· Î·ıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È

fi¯È Ë ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎËØ fi¯È Ë ÔÛfiÙËÙ· ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Ó·

Î·ÙÂ˘ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙË ˙ˆ‹. K·È ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ˙ˆ‹˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ·ÚÌÔÓ›· ÌÂ ÙË

Ê‡ÛË Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÏ˘ÓÛË ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜Ø ÂÚˆÙÈÎ‹ Ì¤ıÂÍË Î·È fi¯È

ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎ‹ ÂÎÙfiÓˆÛËØ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë Î·È fi¯È ÓÔÌÈÎÈÛÙÈ-

Î¤˜ Ú˘ıÌ›ÛÂÈ˜. ¶ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ˙ˆ‹˜ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎ‹ Î·ÏÏÈ¤ÚÁÂÈ·

Î·È fi¯È Û˘ÛÛÒÚÂ˘ÛË ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓØ ˙ˆ‹ Î·È fi¯È ÂÈ‚›ˆÛËØ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆ-

Ó›· Î·È fi¯È ÏËÚÔÊfiÚËÛË. ∆fiÙÂ Ô ÙfiÔ˜ Ô‰Â‡ÂÈ ¤Ú·Ó ÙË˜ Î·Ù·-

Ó¿ÏˆÛË˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÛÌÔ‡, ÙË˜ ÌÔÓÔÌÂÚÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë˜ Î·È

10 ™ T A Y P O ™ ™ . º ø T I O Y

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ÙË˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛÈ·Î‹˜ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹˜. ∆fiÙÂ ÙÔ Î¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÌË‰ÂÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Û¯‹-

ÌÈ·, Ô ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ·Ô‰ÈÒ¯ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÔÓÔÏÈıÈÛÌfi, Ë ÊÈÏ·ÓıÚˆ›· Î·È Ë

ÊÈÏ·ÏÏËÏ›· ˘ÂÚ‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù›Û¯˘ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ÙÔ¯‹.

°È’ ·˘Ùfi ÚˆÙ·Ú¯ÈÎfi Î·ı‹ÎÔÓ fiÏˆÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Ë ·ÂÌfiÏËÛË

ÙË˜ ·Ú¯‹˜ ÙË˜ ‹ÛÛÔÓÔ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜. ∞¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ Ï·˚ÎÈÛÌfi Î·È

ÙË ıˆÂ›· ÙˆÓ Ì·˙ÒÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·‰ÂÈ¯ıÂ› Ë Ì·ıËÙÂ›· Î·È Ë ¿-

ÛÎËÛË, Ë Û˘Ó¿ıÏËÛË ÛÙÔ Ìfi¯ıÔ ÙË˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜. ¢ÈfiÙÈ Ù›ÔÙÂ ·˘-

ıÂÓÙÈÎfi ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÙ·È ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ù›ÌËÌ· ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi. O ÔÏ›ÙË˜,

Ô ÂÏÂ‡ıÂÚÔ˜ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜, ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ·ÁÒÓ·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·

Â›Ó·È ¿ıÔ˜ ˘·ÚÍÈ·Îfi, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ·ÓıÚˆÈ¿ ‰ÂÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·ÏÏ¿

Î·ÏÏÈÂÚÁÂ›Ù·È.

K·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, fiÛÔÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Î·È ÚÔ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹

ÙË˜ ‹ÛÛÔÓÔ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜, ÚÔÛÊ¤ÚÔ˘Ó Î¿ÎÈÛÙË ˘ËÚÂÛ›· ÛÙÔÓ

ÙfiÔ. √È ¿ÓÙÂ˜ ÔÊÂ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· Ì¿ıÔ˘Ó, ÌÂ ÏfiÁÈ· Î·È Ì¤ Ú¿ÍÂÈ˜, fiÙÈ

Ë ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›· Î·È Ë ·Á¿Ë, Ë ·‰ÂÏÊÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È Ë ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡ÓË, Â›Ó·È

‚ÈÒÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÔÎÙÒÓÙ·È È‰›ÔÈ˜ ·Ó·ÏÒÌ·ÛÈ.

* * *

√ ·ÚÒÓ ÙfiÌÔ˜ ÙË˜ ¶ÂÚÁ·ÌËÓ‹˜ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÈ ÙÔ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Îfi ¤-

ÙÔ˜ 2009-2010. ∂Î Ì¤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙË˜ ∂Î‰ÔÙÈÎ‹˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Â˘¯·ÚÈÛÙÒ

ıÂÚÌ¿ fiÏÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛ¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÎÂ›ÌÂÓ· ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘.

∞Ó. ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˜ ™. ºˆÙ›Ô˘

¶ÚfiÂ‰ÚÔ˜

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Ã·Ú›‰ËÌÔ˜ ∫. ∆ÛÔ‡Î·˜∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘

∫ƒπ™∏, ºƒ√¡∏™∏ ∫∞π ∫√π¡∏ §√°π∫∏:

™∆√Ã∞™ª√π ™∆∏¡ ∆∂Ã¡∏ ∆∏™ ∏°∂™π∞™

ÛÎËÓ‹ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÎ·Ï˘ÙÈÎ‹, ·fi ÂÎÂ›ÓÂ˜ Ô˘ ÛÂ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó

Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚÂ›˜ ·ÎfiÌË ÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË fiÙÈ ÙÔ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô‡ÏÈÔ

‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ï‹ ÁÚ·ÊÂÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹ Û‡ÛÎÂ„Ë, Î·ÊÂÓÂÈ·Î‹

Û˘ÁÎ¤ÓÙÚˆÛË ‹ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎfi˜ Ïfi¯Ô˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ˘Â‡ı˘ÓË˜

ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÛ›·˜. ™ÙÈ˜ 23 √ÎÙˆ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2008, ÂÓÒÈÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜

∫Ú·ÙÈÎÒÓ ªÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂˆÓ ÙË˜ µÔ˘Ï‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∞ÓÙÈÚÔÛÒˆÓ, Ô

ÕÏ·Ó °ÎÚ›ÓÛ·Ó, ÚÒËÓ ÚfiÂ‰ÚÔ˜ ÙË˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈÎ·ÓÈÎ‹˜ √ÌÔÛÔÓ-

‰È·Î‹˜ ∆Ú¿Â˙·˜ (FED), ¤¯ÂÈ ÎÏËıÂ› Ó· Î·Ù·ı¤ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰Ú·-

Ì·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ ÎÚ›ÛË Ô˘ ÁÓÒÚÈÛ·Ó ÔÈ Û‡Á-

¯ÚÔÓÂ˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›Â˜ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· Â‚‰ÔÌ‹ÓÙ· ̄ ÚfiÓÈ·. √ ÚfiÂ‰ÚÔ˜

ÙË˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ Ã¤ÓÚ˘ °Ô˘¿ÍÌ·Ó ÚˆÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ÂÚ›ÊËÌÔ «ª·¤-

ÛÙÚÔ»: «∞Ó·Î·Ï‡„·ÙÂ Î¿ÔÈÔ „ÂÁ¿‰È...»; ¶ÚÈÓ ÚÔÏ¿‚ÂÈ Ó·

ÙÂÏÂÈÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË, Ô °ÎÚ›ÓÛ·Ó Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÂÈ: «…„ÂÁ¿‰È

ÛÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÌÂ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÔ˘Ó […] Ò˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÂ›

Ô ÎfiÛÌÔ˜ […]»; «ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ·ÓÙÈÏËÊı‹Î·ÙÂ fiÙÈ Ë ¿Ô„‹

Û·˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, Ë È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›· Û·˜, ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÛˆÛÙ‹;», Â·-

Ó¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ô °Ô˘¿ÍÌ·Ó. «∞ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜», ··ÓÙ¿ Ô °ÎÚ›ÓÛ·Ó.

¶ÚÈÓ ÙÔ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ô °Ô˘¿ÍÌ·Ó ·Ú¤ıÂÛÂ ‰ËÏÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘

°ÎÚ›ÓÛ·Ó, ÛÙÈ˜ ÔÔ›Â˜, Ô ÙfiÙÂ ÚfiÂ‰ÚÔ˜ ÙË˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈÎ·ÓÈÎ‹˜

√ÌÈÏ›· ÛÙË °ÈÔÚÙ‹ ÙˆÓ °Ú·Ì¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓÂ ÛÙËÓ ∞›ıÔ˘Û· ∆ÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘

¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙÈ˜ 27 π·ÓÔ˘·Ú›Ô˘ 2010.

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√ÌÔÛÔÓ‰È·Î‹˜ ∆Ú¿Â˙·˜, ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ˙Â fiÙÈ, ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÌÂ Ù·

Û‡ÓıÂÙ· ·Ú¿ÁˆÁ·, Ë ·˘ÙÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË ÙË˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜, ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·-

ÛÌfi ÌÂ ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙË˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË˜ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓˆÓ, ·Ú-

ÎÔ‡Ó Î·È, Î·Ù¿ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, ‰ÂÓ ¯ÚÂÈ·˙fiÙ·Ó Î˘‚ÂÚÓËÙÈÎ‹ ·Ú¤Ì-

‚·ÛË. √ °ÎÚ›ÓÛ·Ó ÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛÂ fiÙÈ «ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ» ¤Î·ÓÂ Ï¿ıÔ˜.

™ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÒÈÔÓ ÙË˜ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹˜ ·ÈÙÈÔÏfiÁËÛÂ ÙËÓ

ÙfiÙÂ ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÎ·ÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ ÙËÓ Ù˘ÈÎ‹ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·

Ô˘, Î·Ù’ ·Ú¯‹Ó, ‰È¤ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÂ˜ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜: «ŸÛÔÈ ·fi

Ì·˜, Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÁÒ, ÚÔÛ¤‚ÏÂ·Ó ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔÓ Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓ ÙˆÓ

‰·ÓÂÈÛÙÒÓ Ó· ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÂ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Â›Ó·È ÛÔÎ·ÚÈÛÌ¤-

ÓÔÈ [ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË]». ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, fiÏ· ı· ‹Ù·Ó Î·Ï¿ ·Ó Ë

Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡ÛÂ ÙË ıÂˆÚ›·!

∂‰Ò ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ˘Ú‹Ó·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜: Ë ·Ó·Áˆ-

Á‹ ÙˆÓ È‰ÂÔÙ˘ÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜ ÛÂ È‰ÂÔÏË-

„›· (fiˆ˜ ¤ÌÌÂÛ· ÔÌÔÏfiÁËÛÂ Ô °ÎÚ›ÓÛ·Ó). √È È‰ÂÔÏËÙÈÎÔ›

·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙÈ˜ È‰¤Â˜ ̂ ˜ Î·ı·Ú¤˜ Ï·ÙˆÓÈÎ¤˜ «ÌÔÚÊ¤˜» -

Û˘Á¯¤Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ¯¿ÚÙË ÌÂ ÙÔ ¤‰·ÊÔ˜. ŸÙ·Ó ÔÈ È‰¤Â˜ ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó

Ï·ÙˆÓÈÎ‹ ˘fiÛÙ·ÛË ·›ÚÓÔ˘Ó ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙË˜ Â-

ÌÂÈÚÈÎ‹˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. √È È‰ÂÔÏË„›Â˜ ˘ÔÎ·ıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ

ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÌÂ ·ÊËÚËÌ¤ÓÂ˜ Î·Ù·ÛÎÂ˘¤˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜ ··ÁˆÁÈÎ¿

·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤ÙÔÈÌÂ˜ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜.

∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, fiÌˆ˜, Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ï‹ÙÂ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·ÙÔÈ-

ÎÔ‡Ó ÛÂ ¤Ó·Ó ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎfi Î·È, Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ, ·ıÂÚ¿Â˘Ù· ·ÙÂÏ‹

ÎfiÛÌÔ. Ÿˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‰ÂÓ ̆ ¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Â˘ÎÏÂ›‰ÂÈÂ˜

Â˘ıÂ›Â˜ ÁÚ·ÌÌ¤˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘Ê›ÛÙ·Ù·È ¤Ó· ·ÌÈÁ¤˜ «›‰ÈÔÓ Û˘ÌÊ¤-

ÚÔÓ» Ô˘ Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÂ› ·ÓÙÔ‡ Î·È ¿ÓÙ· ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ.

∆Ô «›‰ÈÔÓ Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓ», Ë ÎÈÓËÙ‹ÚÈ· ‰‡Ó·ÌË ÙË˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙË˜

·ÁÔÚ¿˜, Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È Î·È ÂÎÊÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÛÂ

‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¿ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎ¿-ıÂÛÌÈÎ¿-‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎ¿ Û˘ÌÊÚ·˙fiÌÂÓ·. ∆Ô

Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓ ÙË˜ ÊÚÔÓÙ›˙ÂÈ Î·È Ë Grameen Bank (Ë ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓË «ÙÚ¿-

Â˙· ÙˆÓ ÊÙˆ¯ÒÓ») Î·È Ë Royal Bank of Scotland (ÌÈ· ·fi ÙÈ˜

‚ÚÂÙ·ÓÈÎ¤˜ ÙÚ¿Â˙Â˜ Ô˘ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛÂ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¿ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÙÔ

2009 ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·ÔÊ‡ÁÂÈ ÙË ¯ÚÂÔÎÔ›· ÙÔ˘), ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÂ

‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ.

14 X A P I ¢ H M O ™ K . T ™ O Y K A ™

013-030 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:27 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·14

ª· «ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔÓ Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÛÂ Â› Û·Ú¿ÓÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·

Î·È ·Ú‹Á·ÁÂ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·», ·Ó·ÊÒÓËÛÂ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘

Ô °ÎÚ›ÓÛ·Ó, ˘ÔÓÔÒÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ·Ó¤ÌÂÓÂ Î·È ÙÒÚ·. ¡·È,

ÛÙÔÓ Ï·ÙˆÓÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏ-

ıfiÓÙÔ˜, ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ «ÙÚÈ‚‹», Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Ú¤Ô˘Ó ÌÂ ÚÔ‰È·-

ÁÂÁÚ·ÌÌ¤ÓË ÔÌ·ÏfiÙËÙ·Ø ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, «Ù· Ú·-

ÎÙ¿» ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó, Ë ÂÓ‰Â¯ÔÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·Ú·‰ÔÎÂ›, ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜

ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ·ÊËÚËÌ¤ÓˆÓ È‰ÂÒÓ ÌÂÙ·‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ·È. ∞fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ï‹-

ÙÂ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÓÙÔ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ˜

ÎÚ›ÛÈÌÂ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜Ø ˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂ ÂÎÏÂÙ˘ÛÌ¤ÓË ÎÚ›ÛË, fi¯È ‰ÔÁÌ·ÙÈ-

ÛÌfi.

∆È ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË (judgment); °È·Ù› ·ÎfiÌË ÎÈ ·Ô‰Â-

‰ÂÈÁÌ¤Ó· Â˘Ê˘Â›˜ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ÂÓ›ÔÙÂ ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· ·ÛÎ‹ÛÔ˘Ó

Î·Ï‹ ÎÚ›ÛË; √ ∫·ÓÙ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ̂ ˜ «ÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÛÎ¤-

ÊÙÂÙ·È Î·ÓÂ›˜ ÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ (particular)» —Ù· ·ÚÈÛÙÔÙÂÏÈÎ¿

«Î·ı’ ¤Î·ÛÙ·»— Î·È Ó· ÙÔ ˘¿ÁÂÈ ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈÎ‹ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·. ¶Â-

Ú·ÈÙ¤Úˆ, ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ‰‡Ô Â›‰Ë ÎÚ›ÛË˜ —ÙËÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎ‹ (deter-minant) Î·È ÙË ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎ‹ (reflective) ÎÚ›ÛË.

™ÙËÓ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ÎÚ›ÛË, Ë ÁÂÓÈÎ‹ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· (.¯. Î·ÓfiÓ·˜, ·Ú-

¯‹, ÓfiÌÔ˜) Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈ˙fiÌ·ÛÙÂ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·

ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ˘·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË˜ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË˜.

¶.¯., ¤Ó· ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ˙ËÙ¿ Ó· ÚÔÛÏ¿‚ÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó Î·ıËÁËÙ‹. √

ÓfiÌÔ˜ ÚÔ‚Ï¤ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍÂÙ·ÛıÂ› Ë ˘Ô„ËÊÈfiÙËÙ· Î¿ÔÈ-

Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ô ̆ Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ‰È‰·ÎÙÔÚÈÎfi. ∞Ó

Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ̆ Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ ‰È·ı¤ÙÂÈ, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ̆ Ô„ËÊÈfi-

ÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ Î·Ù·›ÙÂÈ. ∏ ˘fiıÂÛË ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Û·Ê‹˜: Ë Û˘ÁÎÂ-

ÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ˘¿ÁÂÙ·È Â‡ÎÔÏ· ÛÂ ¤Ó·Ó ÁÂÓÈÎfi Î·ÓfiÓ·.

∆Ô ‰È¿ Ù·‡Ù· ÚÔÎ‡ÙÂÈ ·ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙÈÛÙ·.

™ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙË˜ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ÎÚ›ÛË˜, Ù· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È

ÈÔ ÂÚ›ÏÔÎ·. ∂›Ó·È Ô Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ›Ó·Î·˜ ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎ‹˜

ˆÚ·›Ô˜; ¶ÔÈÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ˘Ô„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘-

ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË ı¤ÛË; ¶Ô‡ ÔÊÂ›ÏÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÂÚ›ÂÚÁ· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù·

·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·ÛıÂÓ‹; ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÈÎ·ÓÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Ù· ·ÈÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙË˜

Ù¿‰Â Û˘ÓÙÂ¯Ó›·˜; ◊Ù·Ó ÂıÓÈÎ¿ ÂˆÊÂÏ‹˜ Ë ˘Ô¯ÒÚËÛË ÙË˜

∫ ƒ π ™ ∏ , º ƒ √ ¡ ∏ ™ ∏ ∫ ∞ π ∫ √ π ¡ ∏ § √ ° π ∫ ∏ 15

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∂ÏÏ¿‰·˜ ÛÙË ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë ÌÂ ÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›· ÛÙ· ÿÌÈ·; ŒÚÂÂ Ó·

Ê‡ÁÔ˘Ó ÔÈ S-300 ·fi ÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ; ™Â Ù¤ÙÔÈÂ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜, ÙÔ

«Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ» Â›Ó·È ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ÁÂÓÈÎ‹ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ·Ô˘-

ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ, ‹, ÎÈ ·Ó ·ÎfiÌË ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ, Â›Ó·È ·Û·Ê‹˜ Î·È Û‡ÓıÂÙË, Î·È

Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÔÚÈÛıÂ›Ø ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂ ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈÎ‹ ·Ú¯‹ Ó· Ì·˜ Î·ıÔ-

‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË. ™ÙË ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ÎÚ›ÛË

¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ ¤Ó· «Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ» ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· Ì·˜ Î·È, ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘

Ó· ÙÔ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂ ÌÈ· Â·ÚÎ‹ ÁÂÓÈÎ‹ ·Ú¯‹

ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ó· ÙÔ ˘¿ÁÔ˘ÌÂ. ∏ ·Ú¯‹ ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙË-

Ù· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓË Î·È Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ. ∂‰Ò ·Ú¯›˙Ô˘Ó

Ù· ‰‡ÛÎÔÏ·.

∏ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· (ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎ‹˜) ÎÚ›ÛË˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÈÎ·-

ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙÂ ÙËÓ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ¿ÛÙÔÙÂ

Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘, ‰›¯ˆ˜ Ó· ÙÔ ˘¿ÁÔ˘ÌÂ ¿ÎÚÈÙ· ÛÂ Î¿ÔÈ· ÁÂÓÈ-

Î‹ ·Ú¯‹. ∞ÓÙÈÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ÙË˜ ÎÚ›ÛË˜ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙÔÙÂ Ù· Î·ıã ¤Î·-

ÛÙ· —Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜. °È· Ó· Ù· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ

fiÌˆ˜ ¯ÚÂÈ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙÂ ÁÂÓÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú¯¤˜Ø ¤Ó· ·Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÙÔ Î·ı’ ¤Î·-

ÛÙÔÓ ‰Â ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Î·Ù·ÛÙÂ› ·ÓÙÈÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ (ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎ‹˜) ÎÚ›ÛË˜.

ŸÙ·Ó ÔÈ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÂ˜ ÁÂÓÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·ı›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È ‰ÔÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¤˜

Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›Â˜, ·ÔÏÈıˆÌ¤ÓÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜ Î·È ÚÔ˘ÙÈÓÒ‰ÂÈ˜ ÓÔËÙÈÎ¤˜

Û˘Ó‹ıÂÈÂ˜, ÙfiÙÂ Ô ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎfi˜ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˜ ÙË˜ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË˜ Ô˘ ·-

ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ, Ë Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ¿ ÙË˜, Ë Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂ-

ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ È‰ÈÔÛ˘ÁÎÚ·Û›·, ‰ÂÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÔÚ·Ù‹, Ì·˜ ‰È·ÊÂ‡ÁÂÈ,

¯¿ÓÂÙ·È ˘·ÁfiÌÂÓË ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ú·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ÁÂÓÈÎ¤˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈÂ˜. ∂‰Ò

‰ÔÎÈÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ë ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ¿ Ì·˜ Ó· ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ: ·Ó ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹,

ÙËÓ «Î·ı·ÚfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ fiÚ·ÛË˜», fiˆ˜ ¤ÏÂÁÂ Ô µÈÙÁÎÂÓÛÙ¿ÈÓ, Ó·

‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Â›Ì·ÛÙÂ Û˘ÓËıÈÛÌ¤ÓÔÈ Î·È

ÙÔ˘ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡.

∂Î ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÚÔÎ‡ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ·

Â›¯Â ¯¿ÛÂÈ Ô Î. °ÎÚ›ÓÛ·Ó, ÛÂ fiÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Ó¤· ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔÔÈÎÔ-

ÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿‰˘ÛË ÙË˜ ÔÔ›·˜ Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹

ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ Ô Ì·ÎÚÔ‚ÈfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ÚfiÂ‰ÚÔ˜ ÙË˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈÎ·ÓÈÎ‹˜ √ÌÔ-

ÛÔÓ‰È·Î‹˜ ∆Ú¿Â˙·˜ ̆ ‹ÚÍÂ Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎ‹. √ ̄ ÚËÌ·ÙÔÔÈÎÔÓÔ-

ÌÈÎfi˜ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· ·ÍÈÔÛËÌÂ›ˆÙË ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ·ÍË ÙÔ˘

16 X A P I ¢ H M O ™ K . T ™ O Y K A ™

013-030 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:27 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·16

·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡. ∫¿ÙÈ Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÈÔ ·Ó·‰‡ıËÎÂ ÛÙÈ˜

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓÂ˜, ·ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚˆÌ¤ÓÂ˜, ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¿

ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›Â˜, Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÙÚÈ¿ÓÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·.

∏ ÁÂÓÈÎ‹ ·Ú¯‹ fiÙÈ ÔÈ «‰·ÓÂÈÛÙ¤˜ ÌÂÚÈÌÓÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔÓ Û˘ÌÊ¤-

ÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜» Î·È, ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÈÛÔÚÚÔÂ› ÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, Î·ı›-

ÛÙ·Ù·È ·ÔÏÈıˆÌ¤ÓÔ˜ Î·ÓfiÓ·˜ fiÙ·Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· Ó·

˘¿ÁÂÈ Î·ÓÂ›˜ ÛÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ̄ ÚË-

Ì·ÙÔÈÛÙˆÙÈÎÒÓ È‰Ú˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‡ÛÙÂÚÔ˘ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡.

™ÙÔÓ ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi-‚ÈÔÌË¯·ÓÈÎfi Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi ÙÔ ÂÈÛfi‰ËÌ¿ ÛÔ˘

˘fiÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· —Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó¿ÚÙËÛË ÙË˜ ÂÚÁÒ‰Ô˘˜

ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿˜ ÛÔ˘, ÛÂ ¤Ó· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È ¯ÚÔÓÈÎÒÓ

ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ. ™ÙÔÓ ÂÍ·¸ÏˆÌ¤ÓÔ, ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓÔ ¯ÚËÌ·-

ÙÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi ÙË˜ «Ìfi¯ÏÂ˘ÛË˜», ÙÔ ÂÈÛfi‰ËÌ¿ ÛÔ˘

ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ·˘ÍËıÂ› (‹ Ó· ÌÂÈˆıÂ›) Î·Ù¿ ÔÏ‡ ¯ˆÚ›˜ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË

ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·. ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ·

·˘ÙÔ‡ Ô˘ Ô ¡·Û›Ì ∆·Ï¤Ì Â‡ÛÙÔ¯· ·ÔÎ·ÏÂ› «∂ÍÙÚÂÌÈÛÙ¿Ó»

—ÔÈ fiÔÈÂ˜ ·ÔÎÏ›ÛÂÈ˜ ÌÂÁÂı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Ù·¯‡Ù·Ù·, ÂÈÊ¤ÚÔÓÙ·˜

ÎÔÏÔÛÛÈ·›Â˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜. ™ÙÔ ∂ÍÙÚÂÌÈÛÙ¿Ó Ù· ·ÎÚ·›· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ·

‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔ‚ÏÂÊıÔ‡Ó, ÁÈ ·˘Ùfi Î·È Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ

‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ (ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· Î·Ù’ ÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÂÈ˜

ÛÙÔ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔÈÛÙˆÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·) ‰ÂÓ ‚ÔËı¿ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·. ∆· Ô-

Ê¤ÏË Â›Ó·È ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔÈ Â›Ó·È Î·È ÔÈ Î›Ó‰˘-

ÓÔÈ. √È Ú˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ∂ÍÙÚÂÌÈÛÙ¿Ó Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ

Ó· Â›Ó·È Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú¿ ÚÈ„ÔÎ›Ó‰˘ÓÂ˜, ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÌÂÈ-

ÚÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ È‰ÂÔÏËÙÈÎ¤˜. ∏ ÛÙ·ıÂÚfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ÙfiÛÔ

ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ fiÛÔ Ë Î·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·. °È· Ó· ·ÔÊÂ˘¯ıÂ› Ë ÎÚ›ÛË ¯ÚÂÈ-

¿˙ÂÙ·È ÎÚ›ÛË!

∏ ÎÚ›ÛË ··ÈÙÂ› ˘ÁÈ‹ ÛÎÂÙÈÎÈÛÌfi ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÂ È‰ÂÔÏË„›Â˜,

¿ÓÔÈÁÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎ‹ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË˜

ÙË˜ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓfi˜ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓÔ˘. √È ÂÂÓ‰˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÙÚ¿Â˙Â˜

Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ï.¯. ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈÎÚ‹ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎ¤˜ ÂÌÔÚÈÎ¤˜ ÙÚ¿-

Â˙Â˜, Ù· Ó¤· Û‡ÓıÂÙ· ̄ ÚËÌ·ÙÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¿ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó

Ô˘ÛÈˆ‰Ò˜ ·fi Ù· Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ÁÓˆÛÙ¿. °È· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ .¯. Ù·

Ó¤· ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¿ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ÂÓÛˆÌ·ÙÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙfiÛÔ Û‡ÓıÂ-

∫ ƒ π ™ ∏ , º ƒ √ ¡ ∏ ™ ∏ ∫ ∞ π ∫ √ π ¡ ∏ § √ ° π ∫ ∏ 17

013-030 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:27 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·17

ÙË ÁÓÒÛË, ÙËÓ ̆ Ê‹ ÙË˜ ÔÔ›·˜ ·ÎfiÌ· ÎÈ ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ Ù· ÂÌÔÚÂ‡-

ÔÓÙ·È ‰ÂÓ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ï‹Úˆ˜, ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ó· ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È ÛÂ ·Ó˘-

ÔÏfiÁÈÛÙÔ˘˜ (Î˘ÚÈÔÏÂÎÙÈÎ¿) ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘˜. ∏ ÁÂÓÈÎ‹ ·Ú¯‹ «ÔÈ ‰·-

ÓÂÈÛÙ¤˜ ÌÂÚÈÌÓÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔÓ Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜» ÂÎ›ÙÂÈ ÛÂ È‰Â-

ÔÏË„›· ÛÂ Ù¤ÙÔÈÂ˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜, ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Ï‹-

ÙÂ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Î·ı’ ¤Î·ÛÙ· ÙË˜ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ¿ Â-

ÍÂÏÈÛÛfiÌÂÓË˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó.

∞Ó Ô Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ ÙË˜ È‰ÂÔÏË„›·˜, ÙË˜ Û˘Ó‹ıÂÈ·˜, ‹ ·Ï¿ ÙË˜

‰È·ÓÔËÙÈÎ‹˜ ÓˆıÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Ì·˜ ̂ ıÂ› Ó· ̆ ¿ÁÔ˘ÌÂ ¿ÎÚÈÙ· Ù· Î·ı’

¤Î·ÛÙ· ÛÂ ÁÂÓÈÎ¤˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈÂ˜ (ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÎÙÈÌÔ‡ÌÂ Ûˆ-

ÛÙ¿ ÙËÓ Î·ÈÓÔÊ¿ÓÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜), Ô Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ ÙË˜ ·‰È·ÊÔÚ›·˜ Ì¿˜ ˆ-

ıÂ› Â›ÛË˜ Ó· ÌËÓ ·ÛÎÔ‡ÌÂ Â·ÚÎÒ˜ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË Ì·˜. ∏ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú-

¯›· ÙÂ¯ÓÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ Î·È Ë ·ÛËÌ·ÓÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰Ë-

ÌfiÛÈÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙÔ˘ Î·Ù·Ó·ÏˆÙÈÎÔ‡-ÌÈÓÙÈ·ÎÔ‡

Ó·ÚÎÈÛÛÈÛÌÔ‡, Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÔÍ˘‰ÂÚÎ‹, ÏÈÁfi-

ÙÂÚÔ ·Ú·ÙËÚËÙÈÎ¿, ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈÌ¤Ó· Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó Â˘-

ı‡ÓÂ˜Ø Ë ·Ú·›ÙËÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË Â¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·.

°È· ÙË Ã¿Ó· ∞Ú¤ÓÙ ÛÂ ·˘Ùfi ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È Ë ‰È·‚fiËÙË

«ÎÔÈÓÔÙÔ›· ÙÔ˘ Î·ÎÔ‡»: ÛÙËÓ ·‰È·ÊÔÚ›· Î·È ÙË Û˘Ó·ÎfiÏÔ˘-

ıË ·Ú·›ÙËÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ·˘ÙfiÓÔÌË ÎÚ›ÛË. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ·Ú·›ÙËÛË

Â¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ·ÚÓÂ›Ù·È Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙÂ›.

∞Ó Î·È Ë ÎÚ›ÛË ‰ÂÓ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ÙË ÛÎ¤„Ë, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ÛÎ¤„Ë

·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÂ ·ÊËÚËÌ¤ÓÔ˘˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜ («·Ó··Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜

·fiÓÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ» Ï¤ÂÈ Ë ∞Ú¤ÓÙ) Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È ÌÂ Ù·

Û·Ê‹ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙË˜ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹˜, ÂÓÒ Ë ÎÚ›ÛË ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ-

Ì¤Ó· Î·ı’ ¤Î·ÛÙ·, ‰›¯ˆ˜ Ó· ̆ fiÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÂ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË˜

ÙfiÛÔ Û·Ê‹ fiÛÔ Ë ÛÎ¤„Ë, ÂÓ ÙÔ‡ÙÔÈ˜ Ë ÎÚ›ÛË ·ÛÎÂ›Ù·È Â·ÚÎÒ˜

ÌfiÓÔ fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÛÎ¤ÙÂÙ·È. °È· ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ·, Ë ÎÚ›ÛË Â›Ó·È

«˘Ô-ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚˆÙÈÎÔ‡ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÙË˜ ÛÎ¤-

„Ë˜, ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ› ÙË ÛÎ¤„Ë, ÙËÓ Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ÂÌÊ·Ó‹ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÙˆÓ

Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ fiÔ˘ ÔÙ¤ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ì·È ÌfiÓÔ˜ Î·È ¿ÓÙÔÙÂ ÔÏ˘¿-

Û¯ÔÏÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÌÔÚÒ Ó· ÛÎÂÊÙÒ». °È· ÙËÓ ∞Ú¤ÓÙ, Ë ÛÎ¤„Ë Û˘Ó-

‰¤ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ÌÂ ‰˘Ô ÙÚfiÔ˘˜.

¶ÚÒÙÔÓ, ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ Ô˘ Ë ÛÎ¤„Ë Û˘Ó›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÛÂ ¤Ó·Ó «ÛÈˆ-

18 X A P I ¢ H M O ™ K . T ™ O Y K A ™

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ËÚfi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ» ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘, ı¤ÙÂÈ ˘fi ÎÚÈÙÈ-

Î‹ ‰ÈÂÚÒÙËÛË ÂÌÂ‰ˆÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈÂ˜ Î·È ·Ô‰ÂÎÙÔ‡˜ Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜

Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ë ÎÚ›ÛË Ó· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆıÂ› ÛÙ· Î·ı’ ¤-

Î·ÛÙ· ̄ ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÚÔÛÊ‡ÁÂÈ ·Ó·ÎÏ·ÛÙÈÎ¿ ÛÂ ÚÔ-Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓÂ˜

¤ÓÓÔÈÂ˜. ∏ ÛÎ¤„Ë ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Ó¤Ô˘˜

Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜ Î·È Ó¤Â˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈÂ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÛÎ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿

¯·Ï·ÚÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ·Ú·‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ, ·ÂÏÂ˘ıÂ-

ÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ·fi ·ÔÏÈıˆÌ¤ÓÔ˘˜ Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜. √ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ-

Îfi˜ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÂÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ ·ÔÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔÈÂ› ÚÔ˘ÙÈÓÒ‰ÂÈ˜ ÓÔËÙÈ-

Î¤˜ Û˘Ó‹ıÂÈÂ˜ Î·È Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎ¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜.

¢Â‡ÙÂÚÔÓ, Ô ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi

ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË (conscience). ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ ·ÔÛ·ÊËÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙÈ˜

·Í›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ —ÙÈ ÂÈı˘ÌÂ›, ÙÈ ÂÈ‰ÈÒÎÂÈ, Î·È ÁÈ·Ù›. ∏ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË —

‰ËÏ·‰‹, Ë Â›ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ Î·È Ò˜ ̆ ËÚÂÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È— ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È

··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ Ó· ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜

Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· fiÌˆ˜ ˘·ÁÔÚÂ‡ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÙÈ

Ó· ÌËÓ Î¿ÓÂÈ, ÙÈ Ó· ·ÔÊÂ‡ÁÂÈ. ™ÙÔÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ı¤ÙÔ˘ÌÂ

ÙÈ˜ Ú¿ÍÂÈ˜ Ì·˜ ̆ fi„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÛÈˆËÚÔ‡ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ‹ Ì·˜Ø ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘-

ÌÂ fiÙÈ ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÌÂ ÛÂ Î¿ÔÈÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔÓ —ÛÙË Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛ‹ Ì·˜— Î·È

·Û¯›˙Ô˘ÌÂ Ó· Â›Ì·ÛÙÂ ·˘ıÂÓÙÈÎÔ› (¤Ó· ÌÂ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi Ì·˜). «∆Ô

¿ÙÔÌÔ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÛÈˆËÚ‹ Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏ›· (ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂÍÂ-

Ù¿˙Ô˘ÌÂ ÙÈ Ï¤ÌÂ Î·È ÙÈ Î¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ)», ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ› Ë ∞Ú¤ÓÙ, «‰ÂÓ ÙÔ

ÂÈÚ¿˙ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÊ¿ÛÎÂÈ, ÎÈ ·˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÈÎ·Ófi ‹

Úfiı˘ÌÔ Ó· ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· fiÙÈ Ï¤ÂÈ ‹ Î¿ÓÂÈ».

¶¿ÚÙÂ ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∞, ‰ÈÂ˘ı˘ÓÙ‹ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË˜ ÍÂÓÔ‰Ô¯ÂÈ-

·Î‹˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Î·Ù¤ÏËÍÂ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· fiÙÈ Ô ̆ Â‡-

ı˘ÓÔ˜ ∆ÚÔÊ›ÌˆÓ Î·È ¶ÔÙÒÓ µ, ·Ú¿ ÙÈ˜ Î·Ï¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ‰fiÛÂÈ˜

ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÊÔÛ›ˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÛË, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È

Ï¤ÔÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘, fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÂÍÂÏ›¯ıËÎÂ

ÌÂ ÙËÓ ¿ÚÔ‰Ô ÙÔ˘ ̄ ÚfiÓÔ˘, ÎÈ ¤ÚÂÂ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÎ·Ù·ÛÙ·ıÂ›. ªÂÙ¿

·fi ÔÏ‡¯ÚÔÓË ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÛÙËÓ ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÛË, ÎÈ ¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·-

ÛıÂ› Â·ÚÎÒ˜ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ µ, Ô ∞ ‰È·ÌfiÚÊˆÛÂ ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿

ÌÂ (·) ÙÔ Ò˜ ¿ÂÈ Ë ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ò˜ ı· ‹ıÂÏÂ Ó· ËÁ·›-

ÓÂÈ, Î·È (‚) ÙÈ ÚfiÏÔ ¤·È˙Â Ô µ Î·È ÙÔ ÙÌ‹Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·

∫ ƒ π ™ ∏ , º ƒ √ ¡ ∏ ™ ∏ ∫ ∞ π ∫ √ π ¡ ∏ § √ ° π ∫ ∏ 19

013-030 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:27 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·19

ÙË˜ ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÛË˜ Î·È ÙÈ ÚfiÏÔ ı· ¤ÚÂÂ Ó· ·›˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ.

√È ÛÎ¤„ÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ·Ï¤˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÎÚ›-

ÛÂÈ˜: ÎÚ›ÛË ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÔ ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛËØ Î·È ÎÚ›-

ÛË ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÔ ÔÈ· ı· ¤ÚÂÂ Ó· Â›Ó·È. ∏ ÚÒÙË ÎÚ›ÛË

Â›Ó·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ (reality judgment) ÂÓÒ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ·ÍÈÔ-

ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ (value judgment). ∏ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÙÔÓ Ô‰Ë-

ÁÂ› ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÙÚ›ÙË ÎÚ›ÛË —ÙË ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹— ÙÈ ‰¤ÔÓ ÁÂÓ¤Ûı·È

(action judgment).ŸÙ·Ó ÏÔÈfiÓ Ô ∞ ‰ÈÂÚˆÙ¿Ù·È «¡· Û˘ÓÂ¯›ÛÂÈ Ô µ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ô

˘Â‡ı˘ÓÔ˜ ∆ÚÔÊ›ÌˆÓ Î·È ¶ÔÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÍÂÓÔ‰Ô¯Â›Ô;», Ë ·¿ÓÙË-

ÛË Ô˘ ı· ‰ÒÛÂÈ ı· ÚÔÎ‡„ÂÈ ·fi ÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎ‹ ÂÈÎfiÓ· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ

Û¯ËÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ µ, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÈÎfiÓ· ‰ÂÓ ··ÚÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ¤Ó·Ó

Î·Ù¿ÏÔÁÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ‰fiÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ µ, ·ÏÏ¿ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÌÈ· ÂÚÌËÓÂ›·

ÙˆÓ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ÂÈ‰fiÛÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘, ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ô ∞, ˆ˜ ÚÔ˚-

ÛÙ¿ÌÂÓfi˜ ÙÔ˘, Û˘Ó¿ÁÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Èı·Ó¤˜ ÂÈ‰fiÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ µ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ.

∏ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞ ı· Â›Ó·È Î·Ï‹ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ Ô˘ ÂÚÌËÓÂ‡ÂÈ ÌÂ Û˘ÓÂ-

ÎÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ fiÛÔ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· Î·ı’ ¤Î·ÛÙ·.

∏ ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ¤ıÂÛÂ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘

—Ë ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÎÚ›ÛË Ô˘ ÚÔ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ·— ı· ÚÔÎ‡„ÂÈ ˆ˜

·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË˜ ·ÏÏËÏfi‰Ú·ÛË˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔ-

ÁÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ. √ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ı· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ

ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰‡Ô ÚˆÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜: ÙË ÊˆÓ‹ ÙË˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙË-

Ù·˜ (Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ÎÚ›ÛÂÈ˜) Î·È ÙË ÊˆÓ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ (·ÍÈÔ-

ÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ÎÚ›ÛÂÈ˜). ¶Èı·ÓfiÙ·Ù· ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÍ‹˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹ (‹ Î¿ÔÈ·

·ÚfiÌÔÈ·):

«¡· ÌÂÙ·ÎÈÓ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÔÓ µ ÛÂ ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿»;

«ª¿ÏÏÔÓ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ·ÏÏÔ‡. •¤ÚÂÈ Î·È ·Á·¿ ÙÔ

·ÓÙÈÎÂ›ÌÂÓfi ÙÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯·ÛÂ ÙÔ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ·

ÙË ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿. ¢ÂÓ ·›ÚÓÂÈ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜, Î·ı˘ÛÙÂÚÂ›, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È

Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤ÓÔ˜».

«¡· ÙÔ˘ ‰ÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÚfiˆÚË Û˘ÓÙ·ÍÈÔ‰fiÙËÛË»;

«¢ÂÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È. ∂›Ó·È Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙÔ ÚÔ‚ÏÂfiÌÂÓÔ fiÚÈÔ ËÏÈ-

Î›·˜».

«¡· ÙÔÓ ·ÔÏ‡ÛÔ˘ÌÂ»;

20 X A P I ¢ H M O ™ K . T ™ O Y K A ™

013-030 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:27 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·20

«¢ÂÓ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ‰›Î·ÈÔ. À‹ÚÍÂ ¤Ó·˜ ·ÊÔÛÈˆÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂ-

ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· Ì·˜. ∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÈÎÔ-

Á¤ÓÂÈ· Î·È, ÛÙ· ÂÓ‹ÓÙ· ¤ÓÙÂ ÙÔ˘, ‰ÂÓ ı· ‚ÚÂÈ Â‡ÎÔÏ· ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿

·ÏÏÔ‡. £· ‹Ù·Ó ÛÎÏËÚfi Ó· ·›ÚÓ·ÌÂ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·fiÊ·ÛË».

«∞Ó ÙÔ˘ ‰›Ó·ÌÂ ¤Ó· ÛÂ‚·ÛÙfi ÔÛfiÓ ·Ô˙ËÌ›ˆÛË˜ ÌÂ ÙËÓ

·fiÏ˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘»;

«£· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Û·ÌÂ ¤Ó· Î·Îfi ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ. ¢ÂÓ ·ÓÙ¤¯Ô˘-

ÌÂ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¿ Ó· ‰›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÙfiÛÔ ÁÂÓÓ·Èfi‰ˆÚÂ˜ ·Ô˙ËÌÈÒÛÂÈ˜».

«¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÒÚ·»;

«¡·È».

¶ÚÔÛ¤ÍÙÂ fiÙÈ fiÏ· Ù· ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›· Ô˘ ı· ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰ÂÔ-

ÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ∞ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌ·, ·ÏÏ¿ ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÎ

ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓË. £· ÚÔÎ‡„ÂÈ ˆ˜ ·ÓÔÈ¯Ùfi (open-ended) ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÙÔ˘. ∞fi ÙË ÌÈ·

ÌÂÚÈ¿, Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔÓ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ, Ô ∞ ı¤ÙÂÈ ˘fi ‰ÈÂÚÒ-

ÙËÛË ÂÌÂ‰ˆÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈÂ˜, fiˆ˜ .¯. ÙËÓ «ÂÚÁ·ÛÈ·Î‹ Â›‰Ô-

ÛË», ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ Ô˘, ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎ¿ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ, ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· Â-

ÛÙÈ·ÛıÂ› ÛÙ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿ (ÛÙ· Î·ı’ ¤Î·ÛÙ·) ÙË˜

Â›‰ÔÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ µ. ∆È ¤Î·ÓÂ, fiÙÂ, Ô‡, ̆ fi ÔÈÂ˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜, ÌÂ ÙÈ

·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·;

™˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, Ô ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË. √

∞ ·ÔÛ·ÊËÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ·Í›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ —ÙfiÛÔ ÙË ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙË˜ ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÛË˜

·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÂ ¤Ó·Ó ·ÊÔÛÈˆÌ¤ÓÔ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ô-

ÙÚÔ‹ ÙË˜ Èı·Ó‹˜ ÛÙÚ¤‚ÏˆÛË˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ ·fi ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÓ·Èfi‰ˆÚË

·Ô˙ËÌ›ˆÛË ·fiÏ˘ÛË˜— Î·È ·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÙÂ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ

ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÙÈÎfi Û˘ÓÔÌÈÏËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘. √ ∞ ı· ·ÛÎÔ‡ÛÂ

Î·Î‹ ÎÚ›ÛË ·Ó ÂÚÌ‹ÓÂ˘Â ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘· ÙËÓ Â›‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ µ Î·È

ÚÔ¤‚·ÈÓÂ ÛÂ ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘Â˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈÂ˜ (.¯. ·fiÏ˘ÛË ‹ ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›-

ıÂÙfi ÙË˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ¿ÎÚÈÙË ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÙË˜ ÌÂÈˆÌ¤ÓË˜ Â›‰ÔÛË˜),

‰›¯ˆ˜ Ó· ˘Ô‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ‚¿Û·ÓÔ ÙˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔ-

ÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÔÎ‡ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙË

‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘.

∏ ÎÚ›ÛË ·ÔÎ·Ï‡ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÛÎ¤ÙÂÙ·È Î·ÓÂ›˜

ÎÚÈÙÈÎ¿. ™ÙËÓ ÂÌÏÔÎ‹ Ì·˜ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, Ô «¿ÓÂÌÔ˜

∫ ƒ π ™ ∏ , º ƒ √ ¡ ∏ ™ ∏ ∫ ∞ π ∫ √ π ¡ ∏ § √ ° π ∫ ∏ 21

013-030 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:27 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·21

ÙË˜ ÛÎ¤„Ë˜» ‰ÂÓ ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÁÓÒÛË ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ÎÚ›ÛË -«ÙËÓ

ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÔ ÛˆÛÙfi ·fi ÙÔ Ï¿ıÔ˜, ÙÔ fiÌÔÚÊÔ

·fi ÙÔ ¿Û¯ËÌÔ». ∏ ÎÚ›ÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÚÔ˚fiÓ Ù˘ÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈ-

ÛÌÔ‡, ·ÏÏ¿ ·fiÊ·ÓÛË ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔØ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÂ

ÙË vita contemplativa Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÂ ÙË vita activa. ŸÙ·Ó

Ô ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ù›˙ÂÈ, Ë ÛÎ¤„Ë ·ÙÚÔÊÂ›Ø fiÙ·Ó

·Ô˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎ‹ ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÛ›·, Ë ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ·›ÛıËÛË ÌÂÈ-

ÒÓÂÙ·È. ∫·È ÛÙÈ˜ ‰‡Ô ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜, Ë ÎÚ›ÛË ·Ì‚Ï‡ÓÂÙ·È, ÊÙˆ-

¯·›ÓÂÈ.

¶¿ÚÙÂ ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÒËÓ ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù‹ Î·È ̆ Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ Î.

¶·˘Ï›‰Ë, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÙÔ 2009 Î·ÙËÁÔÚ‹ıËÎÂ ÁÈ· ÂÌÏÔÎ‹ ÛÂ ̆ fi-

ıÂÛË ‰È·ÊıÔÚ¿˜ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ï·È¿ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÀÔ˘ÚÁfi˜

¡·˘ÙÈÏ›·˜. Ÿˆ˜ ÚÔ‚Ï¤ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ EÏÏËÓÈÎfi ™‡ÓÙ·ÁÌ·,

ÎÏ‹ıËÎÂ Ó· ·ÔÊ·ÓıÂ› Ë µÔ˘Ï‹ ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ·Ó Ô Î. ¶·˘Ï›‰Ë˜

ı· ·Ú·ÂÌfiÙ·Ó ÛÂ ÂÈ‰ÈÎfi ‰ÈÎ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ. √È ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙfiÙÂ

Î˘‚ÂÚÓÒÓÙÔ˜ ÎfiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÂÚÈ‹Ïı·Ó ÛÂ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ı¤ÛË: ·fi ÙË

ÌÈ· ÌÂÚÈ¿ Ó· ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÔ˘Ó ÌÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙfiÙÂ ÁÓˆÛÙ¿ ‰Â-

‰ÔÌ¤Ó· Ô˘ ‹Úı·Ó ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÛÈfiÙËÙ· ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎ·˙fi-

ÌÂÓË ÂÌÏÔÎ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÒËÓ ˘Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡, ÂÓÒ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ·Ó

„‹ÊÈ˙·Ó ˘¤Ú ÙË˜ ·Ú·ÔÌ‹˜, Èı·ÓfiÙ·Ù· ı· ˆıÔ‡Û·Ó ÙËÓ

Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ó· ÚÔÛÊ‡ÁÂÈ ÛÂ ÚfiˆÚÂ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜, ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ

‰È¤ıÂÙÂ ÎÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÌÈ·˜ ÌfiÓÔÓ „‹ÊÔ˘.

¶Ò˜ ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ, ÛÂ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ¤Ó·˜ ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù‹˜; ∆È

ÛÙ·ıÌ›˙ÂÈ; ∞ÚÎÂÙÔ› ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù¤˜ ÙÔ‡ ÙfiÙÂ Î˘‚ÂÚÓÒÓÙÔ˜ ÎfiÌÌ·ÙÔ˜

‰ÂÓ ‰›ÛÙ·Û·Ó Ó· ÔÌÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Ô˘ ıÂÛÌÈÎ¿

ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÙ¤ıË, ·Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ¤ÚÂÂ Ó· ·Ú·ÂÌÊıÂ› Ô Î. ¶·˘Ï›‰Ë˜

‹ fi¯È, ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô ÛÙË ÛÎ¤„Ë ÙÔ˘˜. ¢›¯ˆ˜ ˘ÂÎÊ˘Á¤˜

·Ó¤ÊÂÚ·Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·¿ÓÙËÛ·Ó ÌÂ ÙËÓ

„‹ÊÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó ·Ó Ë ¯ÒÚ· ı· Ô‰ËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ÛÂ ÚfiˆÚÂ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜

‹ fi¯È. ªÈ· ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù‹˜ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ·Ó¤ÊÂÚÂ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊÔ› ÙË˜

‰ÂÓ „‹ÊÈÛ·Ó «·ÔÏ‡Ùˆ˜ Î·È 100% Î·Ù¿ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË»Ø ¿ÏÏ· ÎÚÈ-

Ù‹ÚÈ· ÂÌÊÈÏÔ¯ÒÚËÛ·Ó.

¶Ò˜ Ó· ÂÚÌËÓÂ‡ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù¤˜ ‰ÂÓ

„‹ÊÈÛ·Ó «·ÔÏ‡Ùˆ˜ Î·Ù¿ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË»; ∏ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË ÔÈÛıÔ-

22 X A P I ¢ H M O ™ K . T ™ O Y K A ™

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¯ÒÚËÛÂ, Ô˘ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ¿ÏÏ·, Í¤Ó· ÚÔ˜ ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË

ÎÚ›ÛË, ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÂÌÊÈÏÔ¯ÒÚËÛ·ÓØ Ô ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤-

Ï·‚Â Ï‹Úˆ˜ ̄ ÒÚ·, Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎ‹ ÏÔÁÔ‰ÔÛ›· ÛÙÔ ÛÈˆËÚfi Û˘ÓÔ-

ÌÈÏËÙ‹ ‰ÂÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ. √È ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙÂ˜ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ú·Ó ÙÈ˜ ‰¤-

Ô˘ÛÂ˜ ·ÔÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜ (ÂÓ ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤Óˆ: Ó·

·ÔÙÚ¤„Ô˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ÚfiˆÚÂ˜ ÂÎÏÔÁ¤˜ Î·È, ¿Ú·, Ó· ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó

Ó· Â›Ó·È ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù¤˜), ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÂÚÈfiÚÈÛ·Ó, ÛÙ¤ÓÂ„·Ó,

ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ· ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜.

∞ÛÎÔ‡ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË Ì·˜ fiÙ·Ó ·Û¯›˙Ô˘ÌÂ Ó· ÂÙ‡¯Ô˘ÌÂ ·ÌÂ-

ÚÔÏË„›· Î·È Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË Ì·˜

ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. ∆fiÛÔ Ë ·ÌÂÚÔÏË„›· fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÂÓÈ-

Û¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÁÎ˘ÚfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ ÎÚ›ÛË˜.

ªÂ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÔÏË„›· ÂÙ˘¯·›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ë ∞Ú¤ÓÙ ÔÓÔÌ¿-

˙ÂÈ «·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÛÎ¤„Ë» —ÙËÓ Î·ÓÙÈ·Ó‹ «‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓË

ÓÔÔÙÚÔ›·». ŸÙ·Ó ÛÎ¤ÊÙÔÌ·È ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ ı¤Ì·, fiÛÔ ÈÔ

ÔÏÏ¤˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¤˜ ı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ê¤ÚÓˆ ÛÙÔ Ì˘·-

Ïfi ÌÔ˘ Î·È fiÛÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Â›Ó·È Ë ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÌÔ˘ Ó· Ê·ÓÙ¿˙Ô-

Ì·È ˆ˜ ı· ·ÈÛı·ÓfiÌÔ˘Ó ·Ó ‹ÌÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ, ÙfiÛÔ

ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È Ë «·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÛÎ¤„Ë» ÌÔ˘ Î·È

ÈÔ ¤ÁÎ˘Ú· Î·ı›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù¿ ÌÔ˘. ∏ ÂÁÎ˘ÚfiÙË-

Ù· ÙË˜ ÎÚ›ÛË˜ ÌÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·fiÛÙ·ÛË Ô˘

ÌÔÚÒ Ó· ¿Úˆ ·’ fi,ÙÈ ÂÓ‰Â¯ÔÌÂÓÈÎÒ˜ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË

ÌÔ˘ (.¯. ÙÔ Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓ ÌÔ˘, ÙËÓ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÌÔ˘ Ó· Â›Ì·È ·ÚÂÛÙfi˜

Î.Ï.) Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÌÔ˘ Ó· ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‡Óˆ ÙË ÛÎ¤„Ë ÌÔ˘,

Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ̆ fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. ∏ ÎÚ›ÛË ÌÔ˘ Î·ı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ÈÔ

¤ÁÎ˘ÚË fiÙ·Ó ÔÍ‡Óˆ ÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚfiÏËÙË ·ÓÙ›ÏË„‹ ÌÔ˘ (impartialperception) Î·È, Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, ·fi ÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÌÔ˘ Ó· Ê·ÓÙ¿-

˙ÔÌ·È Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎ¿ ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÌ·È Â˘ı¤ˆ˜.

¶.¯., fiÙ·Ó ÂÈÛÎ¤ÙÔÌ·È ÌÈ· ¿ÌÊÙˆ¯Ë ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈ¿ ÛÙÔ ¡¤Ô

¢ÂÏ¯›, ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓˆ ÙË ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ıÏÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›·

˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ÂÎÂ›. °È· Ó· Î·Ù·Ï‹Íˆ ÛÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË, ‰ÂÓ

·ÚÎÂ› Ó· ‚Ï¤ˆ, Ó· Ì˘Ú›˙ˆ Î·È Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ˆ (‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì-

‚¿ÓÔÌ·È ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎ¿) ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÛÙË ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈ¿, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ó· Ê·ÓÙ¿-

˙ÔÌ·È —Ó· ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙÒ ÛÙÔ Ì˘·Ïfi ÌÔ˘— Ò˜ ı· ¤ÓÔÈˆı· ·Ó

∫ ƒ π ™ ∏ , º ƒ √ ¡ ∏ ™ ∏ ∫ ∞ π ∫ √ π ¡ ∏ § √ ° π ∫ ∏ 23

013-030 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:27 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·23

˙Ô‡Û· ÛÂ Ù¤ÙÔÈÂ˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜. ∏ ÎÚ›ÛË ÌÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ

ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎ‹ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„‹ ÌÔ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÌÔ˘ Ó·

Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÔÌ·È Î¿ÙÈ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÌ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ·ÈÛı‹-

ÛÂÒÓ ÌÔ˘. ∏ ÎÚ›ÛË ÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ¤ÁÎ˘ÚË ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì-

‚¿ÓÂÙ·È Ù· Î·ı’ ¤Î·ÛÙ· ÂÓÒ, Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, ·Û¯›˙ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·-

Ù¿ ÙÔ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ ÈÔ ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈÎ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ (‰Ë-

Ï·‰‹ ÈÔ ÁÂÓÈÎ‹).

∏ ÂÁÎ˘ÚfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ ÎÚ›ÛË˜ ÌÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ÙËÓ

·ÌÂÚÔÏË„›· ÌÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚÒ Ó·

Â›Ûˆ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ —·fi ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ¿ ÙË˜ (commu-nicability). √È ÎÚ›ÛÂÈ˜ Ì·˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È È‰ÈÔÛ˘ÁÎÚ·ÛÈ·Î¤˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ··-

Ú·›ÙËÙ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜, ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ ¤Ó·Ó ÎÔÈÓfi

ÎfiÛÌÔ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Ê·ÓÂÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÂ fiÏÔ˘˜ ÌÂ ¤Ó·Ó Ï›ÁÔ-ÔÏ‡ ÎÔÈÓfi

ÙÚfiÔ. ŸÙ·Ó ÎÚ›Óˆ (·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÈÛıËÙÈÎÒÓ

ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ), ÔÙ¤ ‰ÂÓ ÎÚ›Óˆ ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· Ì¤Ó·, ÁÈ· Ù· Î¤ÊÈ ÌÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë

ÎÚ›ÛË ÌÔ˘ ÂÌÂÚÈ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰¤ÛÌÂ˘Û‹ ÌÔ˘ Ó· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ‹Ûˆ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›-

ÛË ÌÔ˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜Ø ı¤Ïˆ Ó· Â›Ûˆ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÁÎ˘-

ÚfiÙËÙ¿ ÙË˜. ∏ ÎÚ›ÛË ÂÌÂÚÈ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÈıÒ.

°È· Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÎÚ›ÛÂÈ˜ Ì·˜ ¤ÁÎ˘ÚÂ˜ (‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜ ·fi

ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜) Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ̆ ÂÚ‚Ô‡ÌÂ ÙËÓ ̆ ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ Ì·˜,

·Â˘ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ —ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ·›ÛıËÛË, ÙÔ

sensus communis— Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ¿ Ì·˜. ∏ ÎÚ›ÛË

¤¯ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Ú›˙Â˜ ÙË˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfi ÎfiÛÌÔ Ô˘ ÌÔÈÚ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙÂ ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜

¿ÏÏÔ˘˜. ∆ËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂÒÓ Ì·˜ ÂÁÁ˘ÒÓÙ·È

ÔÈ ¤ÓÙÂ ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂÈ˜ Ì·˜, ÔÈ ¿ÏÏÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ, Î·È Ë ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹

(«Ë ¤ÎÙË ·›ÛıËÛË») Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎ¤˜ Ì·˜ ·ÈÛı‹ÛÂÈ˜

ÛÂ ¤Ó·Ó ÎfiÛÌÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ÌÂ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ÌÂ ÙÔÓ

Ù˘ÈÎfi Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÌfi, Ë ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ·fi ÙË

ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙÔ˘, Ë ÎÚ›ÛË ·Â˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ˙ËÙ¿

ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ —Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ‹.

∆Ô ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ·›ÛıË-

Ì· fiÛˆÓ ·ÔÎÙÔ‡Ó ÙË «‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓË ÓÔÔÙÚÔ›·».

∏ ·ÌÂÚÔÏË„›· Î·È Ë ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙ·Ó

ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÂÓÂÚÁÂ› ÌÂ ÁÓÒÌÔÓ· ÙË ‰È¸ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎ‹ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘

24 X A P I ¢ H M O ™ K . T ™ O Y K A ™

013-030 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:27 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·24

ıÂÛÌÔ‡ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÂ›. ™ÙË £ÂˆÚ›· ÙˆÓ ∏ıÈÎÒÓ∞ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ, Ô ÕÓÙ·Ì ™ÌÈı ÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ fiÙÈ «Ë Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ Ô˘Û›·

ÙË˜ ·ÚÂÙ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÔÍÂ›· Î·È ¤ÓÙÔÓË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Ú¤ÂÈ·

(propriety) ÙË˜ ‰È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ì·˜». ∞˘Ù‹ Ë «Â˘Ú¤ÂÈ·» ÚÔÎ‡-

ÙÂÈ fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ «¿ıÔ˜» ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Û˘Ì›ÙÂÈ ÌÂ ÙÔ «¿ıÔ˜»

Ô˘ ı· Â›¯Â ¤Ó·˜ «·ÌÂÚfiÏËÙÔ˜ ıÂ·Ù‹˜» ·Ó ‹Ù·Ó ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘.

√ «·ÌÂÚfiÏËÙÔ˜ ıÂ·Ù‹˜» ÂÓÛ·ÚÎÒÓÂÈ ÙË ‰È¸ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎ‹ ÏÔÁÈ-

Î‹ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ. ¢ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ› ÙËÓ

··Ú·›ÙËÙË ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙÔ˘ ·ÙfiÌÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ È‰ÈÔÙÂÏÔ‡˜

Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÂÚ-·ÙÔÌÈÎ¿ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Û˘ÌÂ-

ÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÂÎÊ¤ÚÂÈ Î·Ï‹ ÎÚ›ÛË fiÙ·Ó, ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ¿ÏÏˆÓ,

ÂÌÊÔÚÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ·Í›Â˜ Ô˘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· Û˘Ó¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÔ

ıÂÛÌfi ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ. ŸÙ·Ó ÔÈ ÎÔÈÓ¤˜ ·Í›Â˜ ıÚ·‡ÔÓÙ·È —

fiÙ·Ó, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ·Ó¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ È‰ÈÔÙÂÏÂ›˜, ÂÈÌ¤ÚÔ˘˜ ·Í›Â˜, fiˆ˜

Û˘Ó¤‚Ë ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙË˜ µÔ˘Ï‹˜ ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ, ·ÊÔ‡ Î¿ıÂ

ÎfiÌÌ· ÂÍ¤‰ˆÛÂ Î·È ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ fiÚÈÛÌ· ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÌfi‰È· ÚÔ·-

Ó·ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹ ÂÈÙÚÔ‹ ÙË˜ µÔ˘Ï‹˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÔÌ‹

¶·˘Ï›‰Ë—, ÙfiÙÂ Ë ‰È¸ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎ‹ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘ ıÂÛÌÔ‡ ·ÙÚÔÊÂ›

Î·È ÂÍ·ÛıÂÓÂ› Ô «·ÌÂÚfiÏËÙÔ˜ ıÂ·Ù‹˜». ∆Ô ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÙfiÙÂ ‰Ú·

«È‰ÈˆÙÈÎ¿», ‰›¯ˆ˜ ËıÈÎ‹ ˘Í›‰·, Ë Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÂÚÂ›Ù·È

ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ÎÚ›ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ì‚Ï‡ÓÂÙ·È: ·ÓÙ› Ô ‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘Ù‹˜

Ó· ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ, ÌÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘ÓËı¤ÓÙ· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·, ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË

ÂÓfi˜ ÚÒËÓ ̆ Ô˘ÚÁÔ‡ Ô˘ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ‰È·ÊıÔÚ¿, ÌÂÙ·Ï-

Ï¿ÛÛÂÈ ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÍ˘ËÚÂÙÈÎ¿ ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Î·ÏÂ›Ù·È Ó·

··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈØ ·˘Ù··Ù¿Ù·È.

∏ Î·ÓÙÈ·Ó‹ ÎÚ›ÛË Â›Ó·È ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·ÚÈÛÙÔÙÂÏÈÎ‹ ÊÚfi-

ÓËÛË. Ÿˆ˜ Î·È Ë ÎÚ›ÛË, Ë ÊÚfiÓËÛË Û˘Ó˘Ê·›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÁÂÓÈÎfi ÌÂ ÙÔ

ÂÈÌ¤ÚÔ˘˜Ø ˘ÏÔÔÈÂ› Î·ıÔÏÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜, ÛÂ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÂ˜

ÂÈÌ¤ÚÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜. ∞˘Ùfi Ô˘, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ, ÚÔÛı¤ÙÂÈ Ë ÊÚfi-

ÓËÛË Â›Ó·È ÙÔ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfi-ËıÈÎfi ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÛÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙË˜ ·ÙÔ-

ÌÈÎ‹˜ ÎÚ›ÛË˜. ¶ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó·, Ì·˜ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÏËÊıÔ‡-

ÌÂ ‰È·˘Á¤ÛÙÂÚ· (·) ÙÈ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â·Ú-

Î‹ ¿ÛÎËÛË ÙË˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎ‹˜ ÎÚ›ÛË˜Ø (‚) ÙËÓ ·Ó·fiÊÂ˘ÎÙ· ËıÈÎ‹

‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË Î¿ıÂ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜Ø Î·È (Á) ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙË˜

∫ ƒ π ™ ∏ , º ƒ √ ¡ ∏ ™ ∏ ∫ ∞ π ∫ √ π ¡ ∏ § √ ° π ∫ ∏ 25

013-030 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:27 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·25

ËÁÂÙÈÎ‹˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·ÏÏÈ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÙË˜ ÎÚ›ÛË˜.

™ÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ Ô˘ ··ÚÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ¤ÏÏÔÁ· fiÓÙ·, ¤Ó·˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈ-

ÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯ÚÂˆÌ¤ÓÔ˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ÛÂ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜

ÛÎÔÔ‡˜, fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÂ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ¿ «ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÚÈÛÙÂ›·˜» Ô˘ Ú˘ı-

Ì›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘. ¶.¯., Ë ∑‹ÌÂÓ˜ ∂ÏÏ¿˜

˘fiÛ¯ÂÙ·È, ÛÂ ‰È·Ê‹ÌÈÛ‹ ÙË˜, Ó· «Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÙË˜

ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜». ™ÙÔ˘˜ «Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚËÛÈ·Î‹˜ Û˘ÌÂ-

ÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜» ÚÔ˜ Ù· Ì¤ÏË ÙË˜, Ë ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÛÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË

ÙË˜ ÛÙË «Û‡ÓÓÔÌË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿» Î·È ‰ÂÛÌÂ‡ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ «Ë ·ÎÂ-

Ú·ÈfiÙËÙ· Î·ÙÂ˘ı‡ÓÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ì·˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿-

ÙÂ˜ Ì·˜, ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ÁÂÓÈ-

ÎfiÙÂÚ·». ∏ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· ̆ ÈÔıÂÙÂ› ÙÔ ÏÂÍÈÏfiÁÈÔ ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÊÂÏÒÓ

ÛÎÔÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙË˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÈÎ‹˜ Â˘Ú·Í›·˜ —ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ, ‰ËÏ·-

‰‹, ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Ù· «ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÚÈÛÙÂ›·˜» Ô˘

ÔÊÂ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ù· Ì¤ÏË ÙË˜.

∂›Ó·È ·Ó·fiÊÂ˘ÎÙÔ. ∆Ô ‰ÈÔÈÎÂ›Ó Ô˘‰¤ÔÙÂ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·Ï‹

‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ‚ÂÏÙÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Î¿ÔÈˆÓ ÌÂÁÂıÒÓØ ÂÌÂÚÈ¤¯ÂÈ

ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Î·È ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ› Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎ¿ «ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÚÈÛÙÂ›·˜»,

¯ˆÚ›˜ Ù· ÔÔ›· Ë ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Î·Ó ÂÊÈÎÙ‹. ø˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·

¤ÏÏÔÁˆÓ fiÓÙˆÓ ÌÈ· ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÛË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ·ÔÊ‡ÁÂÈ ÙËÓ

·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÂ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÚÈÛÙÂ›·˜ —ÛÂ ·ÚÈÛÙÔÙÂÏÈÎ¤˜ «·ÚÂÙ¤˜»-

Ô˘ Ú˘ıÌ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙË˜. ŸÙ·Ó ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÛÙÔÓ ·fiË¯Ô

ÙÔ˘ ÚˆÙÔÊ·ÓÔ‡˜ ÛÎ·Ó‰¿ÏÔ˘ ‰ˆÚÔ‰ÔÎ›·˜ ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÔÏÈÙÈ-

ÎÒÓ Î·È ÛÙÂÏÂ¯ÒÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ ·fi ÙË ∑‹ÌÂÓ˜ ∂ÏÏ¿˜,

Ë ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· ÂÈ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÛÂ ‰È·ÊËÌ›ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ Ù· Î·ı·Ú¿ ÔÛÔÙÈÎ¿

ÙË˜ ÂÈÙÂ‡ÁÌ·Ù· («™ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, Â‰Ò Î·È ÂÎ·ÙfiÓ ÔÎÙÒ ̄ ÚfiÓÈ·,

ÌÂ 3100 ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌÂÓÔ˘˜, 400,5 ÂÎ·ÙÔÌÌ‡ÚÈ· Â˘ÚÒ ÂÁ¯ÒÚÈ· ÚÔ-

ÛÙÈı¤ÌÂÓË ·Í›· Î·È ‰ÂÎ¿‰Â˜ ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ¤ÚÁ·, Ë Siemens ¤¯ÂÈ ··-

ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÂ ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ˙ˆÙÈÎ¿ ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·, Î¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹

ÙË˜ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ˙ˆ‹, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·»), ·ÔÛÈˆÒÓÙ·˜

ÙËÓ ËıÈÎ‹ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÎ·Ó‰¿ÏÔ˘, ·Ó·ÈÚÂ› ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÏÔÁÔ ¯·Ú·-

ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙË˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙË˜, ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ

‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÙË˜ ÛÙ· «·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎ¿» ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·, ÂÍ·ÈÚÒ-

ÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚÈÎ‹ «Ú¿ÍË» —Ù· Ì¤Û· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›ÙÂ˘ÍË ÙˆÓ

26 X A P I ¢ H M O ™ K . T ™ O Y K A ™

013-030 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:27 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·26

·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ.

∏ ÂÙ·ÈÚ›· Ô˘ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ Î·Ù·ÊÂ‡ÁÂÈ ÛÂ ‰ÈÂÊı·ÚÌ¤ÓÂ˜

Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ÛÙÈ˜ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ

·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ·, ·Ó·ÁÎ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ˙ÂÈ Û¯È˙ÔÊÚÂÓÈ-

Î¿: ·fi ÙË ÌÈ· ÌÂÚÈ¿ Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯ÚÂˆÌ¤ÓË Ó· ÂÈÎ·ÏÂ›Ù·È Ù·

«ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÚÈÛÙÂ›·˜» Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Î·ÙÂ˘ı‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÈ˜ Û˘ÌÂ-

ÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÙË˜, ÂÓÒ ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË Ù· Î·Ù··Ù¿ ÌÂ ÙË

Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙË˜. ∞ÎfiÌË ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚ·, Â›Ó·È ˘Ô¯ÚÂˆÌ¤ÓË Ó· ·-

ÔÎÚ‡ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÛÌÂ‡ÛÂÒÓ ÙË˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ›‰Èfi ÙË˜

ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi Î·È Ó· Î·Ù·ÛÎÂ˘¿˙ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÔÈÔÓÂ› «È‰ÈˆÙÈÎ‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ·»

ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ÙË˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ÙË ÛÙÂÚÂ› Ù· ÎÚÈ-

Ù‹ÚÈ· ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛˆÛÙÔ‡ ·fi ÙÔ Ï¿ıÔ˜.

ø˜ ¤ÏÏÔÁ· fiÓÙ· Â›Ó·È ·‰‡Ó·ÙÔÓ Ó· ·ÚıÔ‡ÌÂ (·ÙÔÌÈÎ¿ ‹ Û˘Ï-

ÏÔÁÈÎ¿) ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Â‰›Ô˘ ÙË˜ ËıÈÎ‹˜ ‰ÈÂÚÒÙËÛË˜, ·ÎfiÌË ÎÈ ·Ó ÙÔ

ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡ÌÂ. ªÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ, ‚Â‚·›ˆ˜, Ó· ·ÔÎÚ‡„Ô˘ÌÂ ·fi ÙÔÓ

Â·˘Ùfi Ì·˜ ÙËÓ ËıÈÎ‹ ‚¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Ì·˜ (fiˆ˜ ¤Î·-

ÓÂ Ë ∑‹ÌÂÓ˜), ·ÏÏ¿ ÙfiÙÂ ·ÚÓÔ‡Ì·ÛÙÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÔÁË Ê‡ÛË Ì·˜, Ë

ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÚÔ¸fiıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ Ì·˜ —ÏÔÁÈ-

Îfi ·‰È¤ÍÔ‰Ô. √ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÎÚ‡ÙÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ËıÈÎ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Â˘ı‡-

ÓÂ˜, ·ÚÓÂ›Ù·È Ó· ı¤ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ·,

Ô˘ ÌfiÓÔÓ fiÓÙ· ÌÂ «·˘ÙÔÛ˘ÓÂ›‰ËÙË ÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎ‹

ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·», Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Â‡ÛÙÔ¯Ë ÊÚ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÃÚ‹ÛÙÔ˘ °È·ÓÓ·Ú¿,

Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÁÎ·ÛÌ¤Ó· Ó· ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó: «Ò˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ̇ ˆ»; ŸÔÈÔ˜ ‰È·-

ÙÂ›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÂÓÂÚÁÂ› «Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ÔÚıfiÓ ÏfiÁÔÓ» ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÊÂ‡ÁÂÈ ÙÔ

ÛˆÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi-·ÚÈÛÙÔÙÂÏÈÎfi ÂÚÒÙËÌ·, ·ÎfiÌË ÎÈ fiÙ·Ó ÙÔ ·Ú·Î¿-

ÌÙÂÈ.

∆· ¿ÙÔÌ· Ì˘Ô‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÚÈÛÙÂ›·˜ Ô˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎ¿

˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÂÌÏÔÎ‹

ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÈ˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙË˜. ∞˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ-

Îfi È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ «ËıÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÙÒÓ» ‰ÈfiÙÈ, ÛÂ

·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ «‰È·ÓÔËÙÈÎ¤˜», ÔÈ ËıÈÎ¤˜ ·ÚÂÙ¤˜, Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ

ÙÔÓ ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏË, ‰ÂÓ ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ·ÏÏ¿ «ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ

ÂıÈÛÌfi» («Ë ‰’ ËıÈÎ‹ ÂÍ ¤ıÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÁ›ÁÓÂÙ·È») (1103·17)Ø ·Ô-

ÎÙÔ‡ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ·ÚÂÙ¤˜ fiÙ·Ó ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡Ì·ÛÙÂ ÛÂ ·˘Ù¤˜.

∫ ƒ π ™ ∏ , º ƒ √ ¡ ∏ ™ ∏ ∫ ∞ π ∫ √ π ¡ ∏ § √ ° π ∫ ∏ 27

013-030 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:27 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·27

√È ËıÈÎ¤˜ ·ÚÂÙ¤˜ (.¯. ı¿ÚÚÔ˜, ÁÂÓÓ·ÈÔ‰ˆÚ›·, ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›·,

·ÊÔÛ›ˆÛË) ·ÔÎÙÒÓÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ «ÂıÈÛÌÔ‡», ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ

˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÁÈÔÈ Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ò˜ ¤Ó·˜ ÂÓ¿ÚÂÙÔ˜ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜

Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊ¤ÚÂÙ·È. ∆È Û˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ «ı¿ÚÚÔ˜» Ï.¯. ‰ÂÓ ÌÔ-

ÚÂ› Ó· ÔÚÈÛıÂ› ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ Û˘-

ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ÔÔ›Â˜ Î·ÏÂ›Ù·È Ó· ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ ¤Ó·˜

¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜. ∏ ›‰È· Ú¿ÍË ÌÔÚÂ› ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ó· Â›Ó·È

¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË ‰ÂÈÏ›·˜, ÛÂ ÌÈ·Ó ¿ÏÏË fiÌˆ˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ÂÈÔ-

Ï·ÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ™ÙÔ Ì¤ÙÚÔ Ô˘ ÂÎÙÈı¤ÌÂı· ÛÂ ̆ Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÚÈ-

ÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ı¿ÚÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ¿˜ Ì·˜, Î·ÏÏÈÂÚ-

ÁÔ‡ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÎÚ›ÛË Ì·˜ ÂÚ› ı¿ÚÚÔ˘˜ —ÛÂ ÔÈÂ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ Ó·

ÙÔ ÂÈ‰Â›ÍÔ˘ÌÂ.

√ ÊÚfiÓÈÌÔ˜ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ ÛÙ·

Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ¿ ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÚÈÛÙÂ›·˜ Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊ¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙÔ

ÎÔÈÓfi Î·Ïfi ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘, Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ó· Û˘Ó˘Ê·›-

ÓÂÈ ÙÔ «Î·ı’ fiÏÔ˘» (Î·ıÔÏÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜) ÌÂ Ù· «Î·ı’ ¤Î·-

ÛÙ·». ∫¿ÙÈ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ··ÈÙÂ› ÂıÈÛÌfi ÛÙÈ˜ ËıÈÎ¤˜ ·Í›Â˜ ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓfi-

ÙËÙ·˜, ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈÎ‹ ÔÍ‡ÓÔÈ· Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÏËÚfiÙËÙ·. ∏

·›ÛıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ Î·ÏÔ‡ ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈ fiÛÔ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÙ·È Ë ÎÔÈÓ‹

·›ÛıËÛË —Ë ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹, ÙÔ sensus communis— Ô˘ ‰¤ÓÂÈ Ù·

¿ÙÔÌ· ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Î·ÏÏÈÂÚÁÂ›Ù·È Ë Û˘Ó-·ÓÙ›ÏË„‹ ÙÔ˘˜.

∏ ·˘ÙÔ-Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ˆ˜ ÌÂÏÒÓ ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜,

ÁÈ· ÙÔ Î·Ïfi ÙË˜ ÔÔ›·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Â˘ı‡ÓË Ó· ÌÂÚÈÌÓÔ‡Ó, Î·ÏÏÈÂÚ-

ÁÂ›Ù·È fiÙ·Ó Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· ÂÎÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È ÛÂ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÚÈÙÒ-

ÛÂÈ˜ ÊÚfiÓÈÌË˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÂÎ Ì¤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ËÁÂÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆Ô‡-

ÙÔ ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÔÈ ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜, ex officio, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ù· ÈÔ ÔÚ·Ù¿ ÛËÌÂ›· ·-

Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·. √ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ-

ÛˆÌ·ÙÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ÙˆÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ÔÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔ-

Ú¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÈı˘ÌËÙfi Î·È ÙÈ fi¯È. ∏ Û¯¤ÛË

ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ ÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfi Â‰›Ô ‰Ú·-

ÛÙËÚÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È, ÛÂ Î¿ÔÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ, ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ Ù·

ËÁÂÙÈÎ¿ ÚfiÙ˘· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. À¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿

ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ ÎÔÈÓÔ‡˜ Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜, ·˘ÙÔ-ÂÚÈÔÚÈ˙fiÌÂÓÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÛÎËÛË

ÙË˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜, Î·È ˘ËÚÂÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi Î·Ïfi ÌÂ ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡ÓË,

28 X A P I ¢ H M O ™ K . T ™ O Y K A ™

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Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·, Î·È ÁÂÓÓ·ÈÔ‰ˆÚ›·, ÔÈ ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÎÏ›Ì· Â-

ÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÚÔ¿ÁÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ‹ «Â˘‰·ÈÌÔÓ›·».

ŸÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÔÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ô ÂÚÁ·ÏÂÈ·Îfi˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜

ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ (‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë Â›ÙÂ˘ÍË ÛÙÂÓ¿ ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎÒÓ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈ-

ÎÒÓ ÛÎÔÒÓ), ÙfiÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Ô ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÈ ÌÈ·

‰È·ÎÚÈÙ‹ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· Î·È Î·ı›ÛÙ·Ù·È ıÂÛÌfi˜ —«ÌÈ· ËıÈÎ‹ ÎÔÈ-

ÓÔÔÏÈÙÂ›·» Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ.

∫·Ïfi˜ ËÁ¤ÙË˜, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Â›Ó·È Ô «ÊÚfiÓÈÌÔ˜» ËÁ¤ÙË˜: ·˘Ùfi˜

Ô˘ ı¤ÙÂÈ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜, ÈÎ·ÓÔ‡˜ Ó· ÂÌ-

Ó¤Ô˘Ó ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜, Î·È, Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Ò˜ Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ̆ ÏÔÔÈ-

Â› ÛÂ ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÂ˜ ÂÚÈÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜. ¢Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ Ë

ÊÚfiÓËÛË ̆ ÏÔÔÈÂ› Î·ıÔÏÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜, Ë ·ÙÔÌÈÎ‹ ‰Ú¿ÛË Â›Ó·È

ÊÚfiÓÈÌË fiÙ·Ó ÚÔ¿ÁÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi Î·Ïfi ÙË˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË˜ Û˘ÏÏÔ-

ÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÌÂÙ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ. ∏ ·ÙÔÌÈÎ‹ Â˘‰·ÈÌÔÓ›·

Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ ÌÂ ÙË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ‹ Â˘‰·ÈÌÔÓ›·. ∏ ÊÚfiÓËÛË, ÏÔÈ-

fiÓ, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ·Ï‹ ·ÙÔÌÈÎ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·: Ì·ı·›ÓÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È

Î·ÓÂ›˜ ÊÚfiÓÈÌÔ˜ ˙ÒÓÙ·˜ «ÂÓ¿ÚÂÙ·» ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘. ŸÏ·

Ù· Ì¤ÏË ÙË˜ ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÛË˜ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎ¿ «Âı›˙ÔÓÙ·È» ÛÙË ÊÚfiÓËÛË —

fiÏÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ «ÊÚfiÓÈÌÔÈ». ∏ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ

Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ËÁ¤ÙË ÙÔÓ Î·ıÈÛÙ¿, ÂÎfiÓÙ·-¿ÎÔÓÙ·, Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎfi

ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿˜. ∏ ÊÚfiÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÓ¤ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Ó·

Î·ÏÏÈÂÚÁÔ‡Ó ÙË ÊÚfiÓËÛË ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË ÙÔ˘˜.

∏ ÊÚfiÓËÛË Î·È Ë ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ÎÚ›ÛË ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÚÈ-

ÁÚ·ÊÔ‡Ó ·ÏÁÔÚÈıÌÈÎ¿. ªÔÚÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓÔ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÈ˜

Ú¿ÍÂÈ˜ ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ÙÈ˜ ÂÓÛ·ÚÎÒÓÔ˘Ó, Î·Ù¿ ÙÂÎÌ‹ÚÈÔÓ ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ

Ô˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ËÁÂÙÈÎ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘ÌÂ Î·Ï‹

ÎÚ›ÛË ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙËÓ Î·Ï‹ ÎÚ›ÛË fiÙ·Ó ÙË Û˘Ó·-

ÓÙÔ‡ÌÂØ ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Â›Ó·È Î˘ÎÏÈÎfi. √ ÊÚfiÓÈÌÔ˜ ËÁ¤ÙË˜ ¤¯ÂÈ

Â›ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÔÚ¯ËÛÙÚˆÙ‹ ÙË˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ‹˜

ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·˜Ø ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ Ô˘, ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ Ú¿ÍÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘, ÌÂÚÈÌÓ¿

ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi Î·Ïfi —ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Î·È Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹-

ÚÈ· ·ÚÈÛÙÂ›·˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó¤¯Ô˘Ó Î¿ıÂ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓË Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·.

∏ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ÎÚ›ÛË Ô˘ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜ Ì·˜ ‰ÂÓ

·Ó·Ù‡ÛÛÂÙ·È ÛÙÈÁÌÈ·›·, ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ¤ÚÁÔ ˙ˆ‹˜. ∏ ‰È·ÈÛıËÙÈÎ‹

∫ ƒ π ™ ∏ , º ƒ √ ¡ ∏ ™ ∏ ∫ ∞ π ∫ √ π ¡ ∏ § √ ° π ∫ ∏ 29

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Û‡ÏÏË„Ë ÙË˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, Ë ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹ ÛÎ¤„Ë Î·È Ë ËıÈÎ‹

Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙË ‚ÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, ÙËÓ ¿ÛÎË-

ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Â·˘ÙÔ‡. ∏ „˘¯ÈÎ‹

ˆÚÈÌfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ÂÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ÌÂ Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜ Ì·˜ Û˘Ì-

‚·‰›˙ÂÈ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·fiÊÂ˘ÎÙÔ˘ ËÁÂÙÈÎÔ‡ Ó·Ú-

ÎÈÛÛÈÛÌÔ‡. °È· Ó· ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ˜ Î·Ï¿ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ˜ Â›ÁÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ

ÂÌÔ‰›ˆÓ Ô˘ Ô Â·˘Ùfi˜ ÛÔ˘ ‹ Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÛÔ˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ø ÁÈ· Ó·

ËÁÂ›Û·È, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ì¿ıÂÈ˜ Ó· ˘ËÚÂÙÂ›˜. «∆Ô ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÙÂÛÙ ÁÈ·

¤Ó·Ó ËÁ¤ÙË», ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ› Ô °Ô˘fiÏÙÂÚ §›Ì·Ó, «Â›Ó·È Ó· ·Ê‹ÛÂÈ

›Ûˆ ÙÔ˘, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛË Î·È ÙË

ı¤ÏËÛË Ó· Û˘ÓÂ¯›ÛÔ˘Ó».

30 X A P I ¢ H M O ™ K . T ™ O Y K A ™

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°ÈÒÚÁÔ˜ °ÂˆÚÁ‹˜∞Ó. ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘

∏ ™Àªµ√§∏ ∆∏™ ∫À¶ƒ√À

™∆∏¡ ∂¶∞¡∞™∆∞™∏ ∆√À 1821

È ÂıÓÈÎ¤˜ Â¤ÙÂÈÔÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌfiÓÔ Ì¤ÚÂ˜ ·ÓËÁ˘ÚÈÛÌÒÓ

Î·È ·ÚÂÏ¿ÛÂˆÓ. ∂›Ó·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Ì¤ÚÂ˜ ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔ-

‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·˘ÙÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜. ∏ ÂÓ‰ÔÛÎfiËÛË ·˘Ù‹

ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·. ™ÙÚÂ‚Ï¤˜ ÚÔÛÏ‹-

„ÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÚÈÓ ÌÂÚÈÎ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Â›¯·Ó Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÂ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜

·Ú·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÂÈ˜. ™ÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ ÙË˜ ‰ÂÎ·ÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ’50 ·Ú¤Ï·˘-

Ó·Ó ÌÂ ÊÔ˘ÛÙ·Ó¤ÏÂ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Î·Ù·‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ Ì·˜,

ˆ˜ Ó· ÌËÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÈÌËÌ¤ÓË Ë ‚Ú¿Î· ÙˆÓ À‰Ú·›ˆÓ, ÙˆÓ

∫ÚËÙÈÎÒÓ, ÙˆÓ Ã›ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ∫˘Ú›ˆÓ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÒÓ. √È ›‰ÈÂ˜ ·-

Ú·Ó·ÁÓÒÛÂÈ˜ Â›¯·Ó Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ¿ÚÓËÛË ›‰Ú˘ÛË˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙË-

Ì›Ô˘, ÛÙË ·Ú·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙË˜ ÓÙÔÔÏ·ÏÈ¿˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÁÎ·Ù¿ÏÂÈ-

„Ë ËıÒÓ Î·È Û˘ÓËıÂÈÒÓ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ó‹‰·Ó ‰‹ıÂÓ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ÂıÓÈÎ¿

ÔÚ¿Ì·Ù·.

H ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÔÌÈÏ›· Â›Ó·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÌÈ· ·¿ÓÙËÛË ÛÂ ÌÂÙ·-

ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÛÙÚÂ‚ÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ·fi ÙËÓ

¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÌÂ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ K‡ÚÈÔÈ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ‹Û·Ó

ÌÈÛıÔÊfiÚÔÈ Î·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi Î›ÓËÌ· ‹Ù·Ó ˘fiıÂÛË ÌÈ·˜ ·ÛÙÈ-

Î‹˜ ÂÏ›Ù. TÔ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ Î·Ù·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ Ë ¤ÚÂ˘Ó·.

√ÌÈÏ›· ÛÙÔÓ ÂÔÚÙ·ÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ∂ıÓÈÎÒÓ ∂ÂÙÂ›ˆÓ ÙË˜ 25Ë˜ ª·ÚÙ›Ô˘ 1821 Î·È

ÙË˜ 1Ë˜ ∞ÚÈÏ›Ô˘ 1955 Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÌÂ ÙË ºÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ-

Î‹ ™¯ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ∫·Ô‰ÈÛÙÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ ÛÙËÓ

∞›ıÔ˘Û· ∆ÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÛÙÈ˜ 23 ª·ÚÙ›Ô˘ 2010.

O

031-043 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:28 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·31

¶ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ë Î·È Ï·ÙÂÈ¿ ‹Ù·Ó Ë Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ K˘Ú›ˆÓ

ÛÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ 1821. Afi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÙË˜ ‰Ú·-

ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙË˜ ºÈÏÈÎ‹˜ EÙ·ÈÚÂ›·˜ ÔÏÏÔ› ‰È·ÚÂÂ›˜ K‡ÚÈ-

ÔÈ, ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎfi, Ì˘Ô‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙ· Â-

·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿ Û¯¤‰È· ÙˆÓ ºÈÏÈÎÒÓ. TËÓ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ Ì‡ËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ

ÈÂÚ·Ú¯ÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔÎÚ›ÙˆÓ ÙË˜ K‡ÚÔ˘ ·Ó¤Ï·‚Â Ô ÌÂÙÛÔ‚›-

ÙË˜ ÁÈ·ÙÚfi˜ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚÈÔ˜ ⁄·ÙÚÔ˜, ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ·-

fiÛÙÔÏÔ˘˜ ÙË˜ ºÈÏÈÎ‹˜. K·ÚÔÊfiÚÔ ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ ¤Ú·ÛÌ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·fi

ÙÔ ÓËÛ› ÙÔ 1819, fiˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÕÚıÚÔ 15 ÙÔ˘ °ÂÓÈÎÔ‡

™¯Â‰›Ô˘ ÙË˜ ºÈÏÈÎ‹˜ EÙ·ÈÚÂ›·˜, Ô˘ Û˘ÓÙ¿¯ıËÎÂ ÛÙÔ IÛÌ·‹ÏÈÔ

ÙË˜ BÂÛÛ·Ú·‚›·˜, ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ÙÔ˘ ∫‡ÚÈÔ˘ ÊÈÏÈ-

ÎÔ‡ X·Ú¿Ï·ÌÔ˘ M¿ÏË, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Â›¯Â ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ‰Ú¿-

ÛË ÛÙËÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙËÌ¤ÓË EÏÏ¿‰·.

™Â ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÓÔÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ™¯Â‰›Ô˘, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË

Û‡ÛÎÂ„Ë ÙˆÓ ºÈÏÈÎÒÓ, ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ OÎÙÒ‚ÚË ÙÔ˘ 1820, ı·

ÛÙ·ÏÂ› ÛÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ Ô °ÔÚÙ‡ÓÈÔ˜ ºÈÏÈÎfi˜ AÓÙÒÓÈÔ˜ ¶ÂÏÔ›‰·˜

ÌÂÙ·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÈÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ AÏ¤Í·Ó‰ÚÔ˘ Y„ËÏ¿ÓÙË ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ

AÚ¯ÈÂ›ÛÎÔÔ K‡ÚÔ˘ K˘ÚÈ·Ófi, ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙÔ-

ÔÈÔ‡ÛÂ ÌÂ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ‹ Û˘ÓıËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, fiÙÈ ÏËÛ›·-

˙Â Ë ¤Ó·ÚÍË ÙË˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜, ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô˘, fiˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È.

«O ÊÈÏÔÁÂÓ¤ÛÙ·ÙÔ˜ Î‡ÚÈÔ˜ ¢ËÌ‹ÙÚÈÔ˜ ⁄·ÙÚÔ˜ ÌÂ ÂÂ‚·›ˆÛÂ

ÂÚ› ÙË˜ ÁÂÓÓ·›·˜ Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿˜, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›·Ó Ë ˘ÌÂÙ¤Ú· M·Î·-

ÚÈfiÙË˜ ˘ÂÛ¯¤ıË ÚÔ˜ ·˘ÙfiÓ ‰È¿ ÙÔ ™¯ÔÏÂ›ÔÓ ÙË˜ ¶ÂÏÔÔÓÓ‹-

ÛÔ˘.

ŸıÂÓ ˆ˜ ÁÂÓÈÎfi˜ ¤ÊÔÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô˘ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ›Óˆ ¯Ú¤Ô˜

ÌÔ˘ ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔÓ Ó· Â˘¯·ÚÈÛÙ‹Ûˆ ÙËÓ YÌÂÙ¤Ú·Ó M·Î·ÚÈfiÙËÙ·

Î·È Ó· ÙËÓ ÂÈ‰ÔÔÈ‹Ûˆ fiÙÈ Ë ¤Ó·ÚÍÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ ™¯ÔÏÂ›Ô˘ ÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ».

¶¤Ú·Ó ·fi «Ù·˜ ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿˜ Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È Ù·˜ ˙ˆÔÙÚÔ-

Ê›·˜» Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÌ¿‰· K˘Ú›ˆÓ ºÈÏÈÎÒÓ ¤ÛÂ˘ÛÂ ÛÙË MÔÏ-

‰Ô‚Ï·¯›· ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘

Y„ËÏ¿ÓÙË. O µÔ‡ÏÁ·ÚÔ˜ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Îfi˜ NÈÎÔÏ¿È TÔÓÙfiÚˆÊ ÛÙÔ

ÂÚ›ÊËÌÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ H B·ÏÎ·ÓÈÎ‹ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙË˜ EÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ E·-Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛÂ ÙÔ˘˜ Ê·Î¤ÏÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯Â›ˆÓ

ÙË˜ O‰ËÛÛÔ‡, ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·Ù·ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ «·ÔÎ·ÏÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ ºÈÏÈ-

32 ° I ø P ° O ™ ° E ø P ° H ™

031-043 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:28 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·32

ÎÒÓ ÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙˆÓ ˘fi ÎÚ¿ÙËÛÈÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏ›¯ÓË OÚÁÎÈ¤‚» ·fi ÙË

ÚˆÛÈÎ‹ ·ÛÙ˘ÓÔÌ›·, fiÔ˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È Ù· ÔÓÔÌ·Ù· ÙÂÛÛ¿ÚˆÓ

∫˘Ú›ˆÓ. ÕÁÓˆÛÙÔ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ fiÛÔÈ ∫‡ÚÈÔÈ ¤ÂÛ·Ó ÛÙÈ˜ ·-

Ú·‰Ô˘Ó¿‚ÈÂ˜ ËÁÂÌÔÓ›Â˜ Î·È fiÛÔÈ ‰È¤Ê˘Á·Ó ÛÙËÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙË-

Ì¤ÓË EÏÏ¿‰·. K‡ÚÈÔ˜ ÓÂÎÚfi˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ô Z‹ÓˆÓ AÁÁÂÏ‹ ·fi ÙË

§¿ÚÓ·Î· Ô˘ ·Ó·ÙÈÓ¿¯ıËÎÂ ÌÂ ÙÔ °ÈˆÚÁ¿ÎË OÏ‡ÌÈÔ ÛÙË MÔ-

Ó‹ ÙÔ˘ ™¤ÎÔ˘.

O Û˘ÓˆÌÔÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙËÓ

K‡ÚÔ Â›¯·Ó ÙÚ·ÁÈÎ‹ Î·Ù¿ÏËÍË, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÙÔ‡˜ ¯ÂÈÚÈ-

ÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ AÚ¯ÈÂÈÛÎfiÔ˘ K˘ÚÈ·ÓÔ‡, Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÙ·Ó fi-

ÙÈ Ë ÁÂÈÙÔÓ›· ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·Ï›ˆÓ ·¤ÎÏÂÈÂ Î¿ıÂ Â·Ó·-

ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ‹ ‰Ú¿ÛË, ÁÈ·Ù› ÛÂ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ ÓËÛ› ı· ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó

‚ÔÚ¿ ÙˆÓ Ï‡ÎˆÓ ÙË˜ K·Ú·Ì·Ó›·˜. H K‡ÚÔ˜ ¤ÚÂÂ Ó· ÂÚÈÔ-

ÚÈÛÙÂ› ÛÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ÙÚÔÊÔ‰fiÙË Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ ÂÓÈÛ¯˘Ù‹.

OÈ ¿ÊÚÔÓÂ˜ Î·È ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈÒ‰ÂÈ˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈÂ˜ Î¿ÔÈˆÓ ∫˘Ú›ˆÓ ÊÈÏÈ-

ÎÒÓ, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ¤Ó·ÚÍË ÙË˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ ÛÙËÓ EÏÏ¿‰·, Â¤ÙÚÂ-

„·Ó ÛÙÔÓ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË ÙÔ˘ ÓËÛÈÔ‡ Ó· ·ÊÔÏ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·ÙÔ›ÎÔ˘˜

Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ó· ÂÈ‰ÔıÂ› ÛÂ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÛÊ·Ê¤˜ ÙˆÓ

·Ú¯ÈÂÚ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÚÔ˘¯fiÓÙˆÓ ÙÔÓ IÔ‡ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1821. OÈ ÛÊ·Á¤˜

Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊËÎ·Ó ÛÙ· Û˘ÁÎÏÔÓÈÛÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· ÙË˜ Â·Ó¿-

ÛÙ·ÛË˜. O AÓ‰Ú¤·˜ K¿Ï‚Ô˜ ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈ¤Ï·‚Â ÙÈÌËÙÈÎ¿ ÛÙ· HÊ·›-ÛÙÂÈ·:

ÎÁã

¢È¿ Û·˜, ËÚÒˆÓ ÎÔ¿‰È·,

‰ÂÓ Êı¿ÓÔ˘Ó Ë X›Ô˜, Ë K‡ÚÔ˜Ø

ÙˆÓ K˘‰ˆÓÈÒÓ ‰ÂÓ Êı¿ÓÔ˘ÛÈÓ,

ÙË˜ K¿ÛÛÔ˘ Î·È ÙË˜ KÚ‹ÙË˜

Ë Î·ÙÔÈÎ›·È.

ŸÛÔÈ ‰È¤Ê˘Á·Ó ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÛÊ·Á¤˜ Î·Ù¤ÏËÍ·Ó ÛÙËÓ E˘ÚÒË Î·È

ÛÙËÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙËÌ¤ÓË EÏÏ¿‰·, fiÔ˘ Û‡ÛÙËÛ·Ó Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¤˜

ÂÈÙÚÔ¤˜ Î·È ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ˘Ú‹ÓÂ˜, ÌÔ˘ÏÔ‡ÎÈ·. ¢¤Î· ·fi

«ÙÔ˘˜ Î·Ù¿ ıÂ›·Ó ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·Ó, ÂÓ E˘ÚÒË ‰È·Ûˆı¤ÓÙ·˜ ∫˘Ú›-

∏ ™ À ª µ √ § ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∫ À ¶ ƒ √ À 33

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Ô˘˜», fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó, ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÛÙÈ˜ 6 ¢ÂÎÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘

1821 ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Î˘ÚÈ·Î‹ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÚÔÎ‹Ú˘ÍË, ÙÔ ÚÒ-

ÙÔ ÂıÓÈÎfi Î˘ÚÈ·Îfi Ì·ÓÈÊ¤ÛÙÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ÓËÛÈÔ‡

Î·È ÙËÓ ¤ÓˆÛË ÌÂ ÙËÓ EÏÏ¿‰·.

¶ÔÏÏÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ê˘Á¿‰Â˜ ÛÙËÓ E˘ÚÒË ·ÊÔ‡ ÂÚÈÏ·Ó‹-

ıËÎ·Ó ÛÂ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ̄ ÒÚÂ˜ Î·Ù¤ÏËÍ·Ó ÛÙÔÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙËÌ¤ÓÔ ÂÏ-

ÏËÓÈÎfi ¯ÒÚÔ, fiÔ˘ ‹‰Ë Â›¯·Ó ÊÙ¿ÛÂÈ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ K‡ÚÈÔÈ ÂıÂÏÔ-

ÓÙ¤˜. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Â›¯·Ó ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ K·Ó¿ÚË Ô˘,

Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË, ÙÔÓ IÔ‡ÓÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1821 Â›¯Â ·Ú¿ÍÂÈ

ÛÙÔÓ fiÚÌÔ ÙË˜ AÛÚfi‚Ú˘ÛË˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· K·Ú·‚¿ Î·È §·‹ıÔ˘

ÁÈ· ·ÓÂÊÔ‰È·ÛÌfi. ÕÏÏÔÈ Â›¯·Ó ÍÂÊ‡ÁÂÈ ÌÂ Ù· ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ¿ Î·Ú¿‚È·

Ô˘ Î·ıfiÏË ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙË˜ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ ‰ÚÔ‡Û·Ó

ÛÙ· Î˘ÚÈ·Î¿ ·Ú¿ÏÈ·.

O °¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÚfiÍÂÓÔ˜ ÛÙË §¿ÚÓ·Î· ÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ¿

ÛÙÈ˜ 18 ºÂ‚ÚÔ˘·Ú›Ô˘ 1823: «T· ¤ÓÔÏ· ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ¿ ÏÔ›· ÛÙ·ıÂ-

ÚÒ˜ ‰È·‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÏÏËÏ· ÂÈ˜ Ù·˜ ı·Ï¿ÛÛ¿˜ Ì·˜, fiÔ˘ ÂÍÂÌË‰¤-

ÓÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎ‹ Ó·˘ÛÈÏÔ˝· Û˘ÏÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÏÔ›· ÂÈ˜

·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÏÈÌ¤Ó· ˘fi Ù· ˘ÚÔ‚fiÏ· ÙÔ˘ ÊÚÔ˘Ú›Ô˘».

§›ÁÔ˘˜ Ì‹ÓÂ˜ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÁÈ· Ù·

ÊÈÏÂÏÏËÓÈÎ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÛı‹Ì·Ù·, ÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÛÙÈ˜ 8 IÔ˘Ï›Ô˘: «H K‡ÚÔ˜

ı· ‹ÙÔ ÔÏ‡ ‹Û˘¯Ô˜ ·Ó Ë ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÌÈ·˜ ‰ˆ‰ÂÎ¿‰Ô˜ ÂÍÔÏÈ-

ÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ „·ÚÈ·ÓÒÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÔÏÔ‡Û·Ó

ÂÚ› ÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ, Î·È Î·ı’ ÂÎ¿ÛÙËÓ Î¿ÌÓÔ˘ÛÈÓ ·Ô‚¿ÛÂÈ˜, ‰ÂÓ

˘¤ı·ÏÂÓ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÁÚ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÚÊÂÙÒ‰Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÚ·-

ÙÔ‡».

H ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÒÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ ÛÙ· Î˘ÚÈ·Î¿ ·Ú¿ÏÈ· ÂÍË-

ÁÂ› ÙÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi K˘Ú›ˆÓ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙÒÓ Ô˘ ¤ÊÙ·Û·Ó ÛÙËÓ

Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙËÌ¤ÓË EÏÏ¿‰·. AÚÈıÌfi ‰˘Û·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ ÌÂ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜

ÙÔ˘ Î˘ÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡.

Afi Ù· ·ÔÌÓËÌÔÓÂ‡Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÒÓ, ·fi Ù· ¤ÁÁÚ·Ê·

Ô˘ ÛÒ˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ EıÓÈÎ‹ BÈ‚ÏÈÔı‹ÎË, ÛÙ· °ÂÓÈÎ¿ AÚ¯Â›· ÙÔ˘

KÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, ÛÙÔ IÛÙÔÚÈÎfi AÚ¯Â›Ô ÙÔ˘ YÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô˘ EÍˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ Î·È

ÛÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÌÈÎÚ¿ ÙÔÈÎ¿ ·Ú¯Â›· Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ¿ÏÏÂ˜

ËÁ¤˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ¿Óˆ ·fi 500 K‡ÚÈÔÈ ¤ÊÙ·Û·Ó ÛÙËÓ

34 ° I ø P ° O ™ ° E ø P ° H ™

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EÏÏ¿‰· Î·È ¤Ï·‚·Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÁÒÓ· ·fi ÙÔ 1821 Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ

1829. AÓ ÏËÊıÂ› ˘fi„Ë fiÙÈ Ô ÏËı˘ÛÌfi˜ ÙË˜ K‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ

ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·˘Ù‹ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚ›Ô˘ 80.000, ÙfiÙÂ Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Î‹ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ-

¯‹ ÛÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÍÂ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ÛËÌ·Û›·.

¶ÔÏÏÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂıÂÏÔÓÙ¤˜ ‰È·ÎÚ›ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙÈ˜ Ì¿¯Â˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜

Ó·˘Ì·¯›Â˜ ÙË˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜. O ™ÙÚ·ÙËÁfi˜ M·ÎÚ˘ÁÈ¿ÓÓË˜ ÁÚ¿-

ÊÂÈ ÛÙ· ·ÔÌÓËÌÔÓÂ‡Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘: «TfiÙÂ ÂÎÂ› fiÔ˘ ÚÈ¯Ù‹Î·ÌÂÓ

ÛÙÔ ÁÈÔ˘ÚÔ‡ÛÈ, ÌÔ˘ ÏËÁÒıË ‚·Ú¤ˆ˜ Î·È ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·¤ı·ÓÂÓ Ô

Î·Ïfi˜ Î·È ÁÂÓÓ·›Ô˜ ·ÙÚÈÒÙË˜ MÈ¯¿ÏË˜ K˘Ú·›Ô˜, ·Ô‡ÛÙÂÈÏ·

ÙË˜ ÏÂÁ‹˜ Î·È ‹ÁÂÓ ÂÈ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÁÁÏÈÎ‹Ó ÊÚÂÁ¿Ù· fiÙ·Ó ÎÈÓÙ˘ÓÂ‡-

·ÌÂÓ ÂÈ˜ ÙÔ NÈfiÎ·ÛÙÚÔ…».

O ª·ÎÂ‰fiÓ·˜ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ‹˜ NÈÎfiÏ·Ô˜ K·ÛÔÌÔ‡ÏË˜, Ô˘ Â›¯Â

Ï¿‚ÂÈ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÍÔ‰Ô ÙÔ˘ MÂÛÔÏÔÁÁ›Ô˘, ÛÙ· ÂÚ›ÊËÌ·

™ÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎ¿ AÔÌÓËÌÔÓÂ‡Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ ‚Â‚·ÈÒÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ì·˙› ÙÔ˘

ÛÙÔ MÂÛÔÏfiÁÁÈ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÔÚÎ›·˜ ÔÏÂÌÔ‡ÛÂ Ô

∫‡ÚÈÔ˜ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ‹˜ NÈÎfiÏ·Ô˜ X·Ù˙ËÛ¿‚‚·˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ «ÂÊÙ¿

ÏËÁ¤˜ Â›¯ÂÓ Ï¿‚ÂÈ Î·È ÌÔ˘ ¤ÏÂÁÂÓ ·ÎfiÌË Ô ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯‹˜ fiÙÈ ı·

‚·ÛÙ¿ÍË».

™Ù· ·ÔÌÓËÌÔÓÂ‡Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ 1821 ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó

ÔÏÏ¤˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ ·ÙÚÈˆÙÈÛÌfi ÂÒÓ˘ÌˆÓ

Î·È ·ÓÒÓ˘ÌˆÓ ∫˘Ú›ˆÓ ·ÏÏËÎ·ÚÈÒÓ. K‡ÚÈÔÈ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ‹-

Ú·Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÈ˜ Ì¿¯Â˜ ÙË˜ ¶ÂÏÔÔÓÓ‹ÛÔ˘, ÛÙ· ¢ÂÚ‚ÂÓ¿ÎÈ· Î·È

ÛÙÔ˘˜ M‡ÏÔ˘˜, ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÔÚÎ›· ÙË˜ TÚÈÔÏÈÙÛ¿˜ Î·È ·ÏÏÔ‡.

ÕÏÏÔÈ ·ÁˆÓ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÔÚÎËÌ¤ÓÔ MÂÛÔÏfiÁÁÈ ‹ ¤‰Ú·Û·Ó

ÛÙË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· fiˆ˜ Ô Î·ÂÙ¿Ó Iˆ¿ÓÓË˜ K‡ÚÈÔ˜ ÂÓÒ ¿ÏÏÔÈ Ô-

Ï¤ÌËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓ E‡‚ÔÈ·, ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÛÙÚ·ÙÂ›· ÙË˜ X›Ô˘ Î·È ÛÙËÓ AÙÙÈ-

Î‹. TË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ∫˘Ú›ˆÓ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÒÓ ‚Â‚·ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó Ù· ÈÛÙÔ-

ÔÈËÙÈÎ¿ Ô˘ ÂÍ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË Ï‹ÍË ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÒÓ· Í·ÎÔ˘ÛÙÔ›

ÔÏ·Ú¯ËÁÔ› ÙË˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜.

O °¤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ MÔÚÈ¿ ‚Â‚·ÈÒÓÂÈ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· fiÙÈ: «O Î.

MÈ¯·‹Ï K‡ÚÈÔ˜ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ 1821 ‹ÏıÂÓ ÂÈ˜ ¶ÂÏÔfiÓËÛÛÔÓ ÌÂÙ¿

ÙÔ˘ Ì·Î·Ú›ÙÔ˘ K·ÂÙ¿Ó NÈÎÔÏ‹ ZÂÚ‚¿ Î·È ÂÛÙ¿ıË ˘fi ÙËÓ

Ô‰ËÁ›·Ó ÌÔ˘ ÂÈ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÔÚÎ›·Ó ÙË˜ TÚÈÔÏÈÙ˙¿˜».

O M·ÎÚ˘ÁÈ¿ÓÓË˜ Î·È Ô ™˘ÚÔÌ‹ÏÈÔ˜ ÈÛÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË

∏ ™ À ª µ √ § ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∫ À ¶ ƒ √ À 35

031-043 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:28 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·35

ÂÓfi˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘ K˘Ú›Ô˘, ÙÔ˘ £ÂÔ¯¿ÚË A‚Ú·¿Ì, Ô˘ ˘ËÚ¤ÙËÛÂ

Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ‰È·Ù·Á¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ «·’ ·Ú¯‹˜ ÂÈ˜ ÙÔÓ ˘¤Ú ·ÓÂÍ·Ú-

ÙËÛ›·˜ ÈÂÚfiÓ ·ÁÒÓ· Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÙÔ˘˜ 1829 ˆ˜ ˘·ÍÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜

ÏÔ¯›·˜, ·ÚÂ˘ÚÂıÂ›˜ ÂÈ˜ Ù·˜ ÂÍ‹˜ Î·Ù¿ ÙˆÓ Â¯ıÚÒÓ Ì¿¯·˜ ÔÈfiÓ

ÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ M‡ÏÔ˘˜, BÂÚ‚ÂÓ¿, TÚ›ÔÏÈÓ, ™ÙÂ‚¤ÓÈÎÔ, §ÂÈ‚·‰›·, £‹-

‚·˜ Î·È ÂÈ˜ ÙËÓ ¶¤ÙÚ·Ó».

O M·ÎÚ˘ÁÈ¿ÓÓË˜, Ô ¶ÂÙÚfiÌÂË˜, Ô KÚÈÂ˙ÈÒÙË˜ Î·È Ô XÔÚÌfi-

‚·˜ ÈÛÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ K‡ÚÈÔ˘ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ‹ ¶·‡ÏÔ˘

Iˆ¿ÓÓË TÔ˘ÊÂÍ‹ ÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ: «… ˘ËÚ¤ÙËÛÂ ÙËÓ ·ÙÚ›‰·

ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎÒ˜ ˆ˜ ˘·ÍÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÓËÁˆÓ›ÛıË ÌÂı’ ËÌÒÓ ÂÈ˜

Ù·˜ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ™ÙÂÚÂ¿Ó EÏÏ¿‰· Î·Ù’ Â¯ıÚÒÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙËıÂ›Û·˜

Ì¿¯·˜ Î·ı’ fiÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ¤ÌÔ˘ ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ˆÓ ÚÔı˘Ì›·Ó

Î·È ·Ó‰ÚÂ›·Ó, Â˘Â›ıÂÈ·Ó Î·È ¿ÂÈÚÔÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎ‹Ó ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ·

Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ·Ú’ ËÌÒÓ ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ¯¿ÚÈÓ ÙË˜ ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡ÓË˜ Î·È ·ÏË-

ıÂ›·˜…».

™ÙÔ˘˜ K‡ÚÈÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÔÏ¤ÌËÛ·Ó ÛÙËÓ IfiÓÈÔ º¿Ï·ÁÁ· Î¿Ùˆ

·fi ÙÈ˜ ‰È·Ù·Á¤˜ ÙÔ˘ K·ÚfiÁÏÔ˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ Ë Î˘ÚÈ·-

Î‹ ÛËÌ·›· ÙË˜ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ Ë ÔÔ›· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ

EÏÏËÓÈÎfi IÛÙÔÚÈÎfi Î·È EıÓÔÏÔÁÈÎfi MÔ˘ÛÂ›Ô. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ·

ÏÂ˘Îfi ÙÂÙÚ¿ÁˆÓÔ ÌÂ Á·Ï¿˙ÈÔ ÛÙ·˘Úfi Ô˘ ÛÙÔ ¿Óˆ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚfi

ÙÂÙÚ¿ÁˆÓÔ Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÔÚıfiÁÚ·ÊË ÂÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ™HMEA E§H-

NHKI ¶ATPH™ KY¶POY.

¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎ·Ó ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈÎ¿,

Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ÌÂ ˆ˜ ÌÓËÌfiÛ˘ÓÔ ÙÈÌ‹˜ Î·È ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ K˘Ú›ˆÓ ·-

ÁˆÓÈÛÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ’21 ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙfi˜ Ô ÙfiÔ˜ ÙË˜ Î·Ù·-

ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜.

- O °È¿ÓÓË˜ ¶·Û·fiÚÙË˜ ·fi ÙËÓ KÔ›ÏË ÙË˜ ¶¿ÊÔ˘ ÔÏ¤-

ÌËÛÂ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÔÚÎ›· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ¤ÍÔ‰Ô ÙÔ˘ MÂÛÔÏÔÁÁ›Ô˘. °‡ÚÈ-

ÛÂ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË Ï‹ÍË ÙÔ˘ AÁÒÓ· ÛÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ, ÂÚ‹Ê·ÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÏ-

ÏËÓÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ ‰È·‚·Ù‹ÚÈÔ, Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ¯¿ÚÈÛÂ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÒÓ˘ÌÔ ¶·Û·-

fiÚÙË˜.

- O ª¿ÚÎÔ˜ IÂÚÒÓ˘ÌÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔ ŸÌÔ‰Ô˜, Ô ºÚ·ÁÎ›ÛÎÔ˜

AÓÙˆÓ›Ô˘ ·fi ÙËÓ AıË¤ÓÔ˘ Î·È Ô XÚÈÛÙÔÊ‹˜ A˘Í¤ÓÙË ·fi Ù·

¶¤Ú· Á‡ÚÈÛ·Ó Î·È ·˘ÙÔ› ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË Ï‹ÍË ÙÔ˘ AÁÒÓ· ÛÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ.

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031-043 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:28 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·36

- OÈ ·‰ÂÏÊÔ› K˘Ú›‰ËÌÔ˜ Î·È K˘ÚÈ·Ófi˜ °ÂˆÚÁÈ¿‰Ë˜ ·fi

ÙË §Â˘ÎˆÛ›·, ÚˆÙÔÛÙ¿ÙËÛ·Ó ÛÂ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È

ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏÂ˘ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙË˜ K‡ÚÔ˘.

- O º˘Ï·ÎÙ‹˜ Iˆ¿ÓÓÔ˘ ·fi ÙË M·Ú·ı¿Û· ¤ÊÙ·ÛÂ ÛÙËÓ Â·-

Ó·ÛÙ·ÙËÌ¤ÓË EÏÏ¿‰· ÙÔ 1826 Î·È ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Í·Ó·Á‡ÚÈÛÂ ÛÙÔ

ÓËÛ›.

- O XÚÈÛÙfi‰Ô˘ÏÔ˜ KÔÎÎÈÓfiÊÙ·˜ ·fi ÙË TÛ¿‰· ÙË˜ ¶¿ÊÔ˘

ÔÏ¤ÌËÛÂ ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÈÔÚÎ›· ÙÔ˘ MÂÛÔÏÔÁÁ›Ô˘.

- O £ÂÔ¯¿ÚË˜ X·Ù˙ËËÏ›·˜ ·fi ÙË §¿ËıÔ ÁÈÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ X·Ù˙ËË-

Ï›· ÚÔÎÚ›ÙÔ˘ Ô˘ ÂÎÙÂÏ¤ÛÙËÎÂ ÙÔÓ IÔ‡ÏË ÙÔ˘ 1821 ÔÏ¤ÌËÛÂ

ÛÂ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ Ì¿¯Â˜ Î·È ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ¤ÁÈÓÂ ·ÍÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙÔÓ

Ù·ÎÙÈÎfi ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÛÙÚ·Ùfi. E›Ó·È Ô ·Ô‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÈËÙ‹ N·Ô-

Ï¤ÔÓÙ· §··ıÈÒÙË.

- O AÓÙÒÓÈÔ˜ I·ÎÒ‚Ô˘ §Ô˝˙Ô˘ ·fi ÙË §¿ÚÓ·Î· ÏËÁÒıËÎÂ

Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙË˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ Î·È Á‡ÚÈÛÂ ÛÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ ÙÔ

1831 Î·È ·Ó·‰Â›¯ıËÎÂ ÛÂ ÛÔ˘‰·›Ô ¤ÌÔÚÔ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi

·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÙË˜ fiÏË˜.

- O X·Ù˙Ë¯ÚÈÛÙfi‰Ô˘ÏÔ˜ M·ÎÚ‹˜ ·fi ÙË TÛ¿‰·, Ô §Ô˝˙Ô˜

¶··¯Ú›ÛÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙË M·Ú·ı¿Û·, Ô £ÂÔ¯¿ÚË˜ TÚ›„ÈÌÔ˜ ·fi ÙË

™ˆÙ‹Ú· AÌÌÔ¯ÒÛÙÔ˘, Ô X·Ú¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ ºÚ¿ÁÎÔ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ K·Ï·-

‚·Ûfi, Ô ™Ù·‡ÚÔ˜ X·Ù˙Ë·ÓÙˆÓ›Ô˘ ·fi ÙËÓ K˘ıÚ¤· Î·È Ô K˘ÚÈ¿-

ÎÔ˜ XÚ›ÛÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙË B·‚·ÙÛÈÓÈ¿, ·ÊÔ‡ ‹Ú·Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÂ ‰È¿ÊÔ-

ÚÂ˜ Ì¿¯Â˜, Á‡ÚÈÛ·Ó ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎÔ‡ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜

ÛÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ.

- ™ÙÔ Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi ÙË˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ ˘ËÚ¤ÙËÛ·Ó Ô Iˆ¿ÓÓË˜

°ÂˆÚÁ›Ô˘ ·fi ÙË MÂÏ·Ó‰Ú›Ó· ÙË˜ KÂÚ‡ÓÂÈ·˜, Ô XÚ›ÛÙÔ˜ ¶··-

ÓÈÎÔÏ¿Ô˘ ·fi ÙÔ KÔÈÏ¿ÓÈ Î·È Ô °È¿ÁÎÔ˜ ºÚ·ÁÎÔ‡‰Ë˜ ·fi ÙË

§ÂÌÂÛfi.

- O °ÈˆÚÎ¿Ù˙Ë˜ X·Ù˙Ë¤ÙÚÔ˘ ¶ÂÙÚ·Î›‰Ë˜ ·fi ÙËÓ K˘ıÚ¤·,

Ô X·Ù˙Ë¤ÙÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÙ¤ OÈÎÔÓfiÌÔ˘ K˘ı¤ÚÂÈÔ˜ fiˆ˜ ˘¤ÁÚ·-

„Â ÙËÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ‹ ‰È·Î‹Ú˘ÍË ÙË˜ 6Ë˜ ¢ÂÎÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 1821, ‡-

ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ó‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙËÓ E˘ÚÒË, ¤ÊÙ·ÛÂ ÛÙËÓ

Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙËÌ¤ÓË EÏÏ¿‰·, ¤Ï·‚Â Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÂ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ Ì¿¯Â˜ Î·È

·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Â¤ÛÙÚÂ„Â ÛÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ.

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ŒÓ·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ∫‡ÚÈÔ˘˜ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ‹Ù·Ó

Ô Iˆ¿ÓÓË˜ ™Ù·˘ÚÈÓfi˜ Ô˘ ÁÂÓ‹ıËÎÂ ÙÔ 1804 ÛÙÔ ¯ˆÚÈfi §fiÊÔ˘

ÙË˜ §ÂÌÂÛÔ‡ Î·È ¤ı·ÓÂ ÙÔ 1887 ÛÙËÓ Aı‹Ó·. O ™Ù·˘ÚÈÓfi˜

Â›Ó·È Ô ÌfiÓÔ˜ ∫‡ÚÈÔ˜ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ‹˜ Ô˘ Ì·˜ ¿ÊËÛÂ ·ÔÌÓËÌÔ-

ÓÂ‡Ì·Ù·. ŒÁÚ·„Â ÙËÓ ¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ›· ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÂÙÂÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ‚›Ô˘ÌÔ˘, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÂÍÈÛÙÔÚÂ› ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË

Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ÙÔÈÓ‹ ÛÙ·‰ÈÔ‰ÚÔÌ›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ EÏÏ¿‰·.

O ™Ù·˘ÚÈ·Ófi˜ ˘‹ÚÍÂ ·˘ÙfiÙË˜ Ì¿ÚÙ˘Ú·˜ ÙË˜ ‰ÔÏÔÊÔÓ›·˜

ÙÔ˘ K·Ú·˚ÛÎ¿ÎË ·fi ·‰ÂÏÊÔÎÙfiÓÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ¯¤ÚÈ. °Ú¿ÊÂÈ: «O

K·Ú·˝ÛÎÔ˜, ¿Ì· ‰È¤Ù·ÍÂÓ ÙÔÓ ˘·ÛÈÛÙ‹Ó ÙÔ˘ Ó· Î·Ù·‰ÈÒÍË

ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ÈÂ›˜, ¤ÛÙÚÂ„ÂÓ Ô›Ûˆ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘ÓıÂ›˜ ÙË˜ Ì¿Ó‰Ú·˜

ÈÎ·ÓfiÓ ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ·. TfiÙÂ Â›‰ÔÌÂÓ ÂÎ˘ÚÛÔÎÚfiÙËÛÈÓ fiÏÔ˘ ·fi

ÙÔÓ ËÌ¤ÙÂÚÔÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙfiÓ Î·È Â˘ı‡˜ Ô ˘ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹Û·˜ ·ÓÂÌÂ›¯ıË ÂÈ˜

ÙÔÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙfiÓ. A˘Ùfi˜ ‹ÙÔ Ô ÂÈÎ·Ù¿Ú·ÙÔ˜ ‰ÔÏÔÊfiÓÔ˜ ÙÔ˘

K·Ú·˝ÛÎÔ˘. OÈ ÔÊı·ÏÌÔ› ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÙÚfiÊÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ ÂÓ ÚÈ‹ ‰È¤ÙÚÂÍ·Ó

ÙÔÓ ‰ÔÏÔÊfiÓÔÓ Î·È ÙÔÓ ·Ú¯ËÁfiÓ Î·È:

- ºÚÈÎÙfiÓ, ÌÂ Ï¤ÁÂÈ, Â¯¿ıËÌÂÓ.

- ¶Ò˜, Ò˜; ÙÔ˘ ··ÓÙÒ.

- E›‰Â˜ ÙÔ fiÏÔ Ô˘ ¤ÂÛÂÓ ÏËÛ›ÔÓ ÙÔ˘ K·Ú·˝ÛÎÔ˘; EÎÂ›-

ÓÔ˜ fiÔ˘ ¤ÊÂ˘ÁÂ ÙÔÓ Â‚¿ÚÂÛÂÓ!

- TÔÓ Â›‰·, ÙÔÓ Â›ÔÓ, Î·È ÛÙÚ¤Êˆ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÊı·ÏÌÔ‡˜ ÌÔ˘. E›‰·

ÙÔÓ K·Ú·˝ÛÎÔÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓÙ· ÙÔÓ ‰‡Ô ÂÎ ‰ÂÍÈÒÓ Î·È ‰‡Ô ÂÍ ·ÚÈ-

ÛÙÂÚÒÓ, Î·È ÙÔÓ ÌÂÙ¤ÊÂÚÔÓ ÂÈ˜ ÙÔ ÛÙÚ·ÙÔÂ‰·Ú¯Â›ÔÓ».

OÈ ÈÔ ÁÓˆÛÙÔ› ∫‡ÚÈÔÈ Â·Ó·ÛÙ¿ÙÂ˜, ÔÈ ·Á·ËÌ¤ÓÔÈ ÙË˜

Î˘ÚÈ·Î‹˜ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜, Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÙÚÂÈ˜ ·‰ÂÏÊÔ› £ËÛÂ›˜, Ô

K˘ÚÈ·Ófi˜, Ô NÈÎfiÏ·Ô˜ Î·È Ô £ÂfiÊÈÏÔ˜, Û˘ÁÁÂÓÂ›˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂıÓÔ-

Ì¿ÚÙ˘Ú· K˘ÚÈ·ÓÔ‡ ÌÂ ÔÏ‡ÏÂ˘ÚË ‰Ú¿ÛË Ì¤Û· Î·È ¤Íˆ ·fi

ÙËÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙËÌ¤ÓË EÏÏ¿‰·. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÚÒ-

ÙÂ˜ ·ÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈÂ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÓËÛÈÔ‡, ÌÂ ¤ÓÙÔÓË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹, ÔÏÈ-

ÙÈÎ‹, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·.

O AÚ¯ÈÌ·Ó‰Ú›ÙË˜ £ÂfiÊÈÏÔ˜, Î·Ù¿ ÎfiÛÌÔ £ÂÌÈÛÙÔÎÏ‹˜ £ËÛ¤-

·˜, Â›Ó·È ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ˜ Ô˘ ·ÂÚ›ÛÎÂÙ· ÌÔ›Ú·ÛÂ ÙÈ˜ ÚÔÎËÚ‡ÍÂÈ˜ ÙË˜

ºÈÏÈÎ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔ ÚfiÛ¯ËÌ· ÛÙÔÓ ·ÈÌÔ‚fi-

ÚÔ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÓËÛÈÔ‡ KÔ˘ÙÛÈÔ‡Î MÂ¯Ì¤Ù Ó· ı¤ÛÂÈ ÛÂ ÂÓ¤Ú-

38 ° I ø P ° O ™ ° E ø P ° H ™

031-043 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:28 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·38

ÁÂÈ· Ù· ˘Ô¯ıfiÓÈ· Û¯¤‰È¿ ÙÔ˘. ¢È¤Ê˘ÁÂ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ EÏÏ¿-

‰· fiÔ˘, ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¶··ÊÏ¤ÛÛ·, ¤-

Ï·‚Â Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÂ ÔÏÏ¤˜ Ì¿¯Â˜. ¶ÂÚ›ÊËÌÔ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ·Ú¿ÙÔÏÌÔ

Û¯¤‰Èfi ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ‰ÔÏÔÊÔÓ›· ÙÔ˘ IÌÚ·˝Ì Ô˘ ÚfiÙÂÈÓÂ ÛÙÔÓ KÔ-

ÏÔÎÔÙÚÒÓË. MÈ· ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›·˜ Ô˘ ı· ·Ó·Ï¿Ì‚·ÓÂ Ô

›‰ÈÔ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ıÂˆÚ‹ıËÎÂ ÙfiÛÔ ÂÍˆÊÚÂÓÈÎ‹ ·fi ÙÔÓ °¤ÚÔ ÙÔ˘ MÔ-

ÚÈ¿, Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ›ÊıËÎÂ

O NÈÎfiÏ·Ô˜ £ËÛ¤·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÈÔ ÁÔËÙÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ Ê˘ÛÈÔÁÓˆÌ›· ÙË˜

ÂÔ¯‹˜. §fiÁÈÔ˜, Â˘·ÙÚ›‰Ë˜, ·ÓÙÈÊ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜

Ú¿ÍÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·ÙfiÚıˆÓÂ Ó· ÚÔ¯ˆÚÂ› ¿ÏÏÔÙÂ ÌÂ ÙÔ Û·ı› Î·È

¿ÏÏÔÙÂ ÌÂ ÙÔ ÊÚ¿ÎÔ. OÈ ∫‡ÚÈÔÈ Ê˘Á¿‰Â˜ ÙÔÓ ·Ó¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó «E›-

ÙÚÔÔÓ ÙË˜ N‹ÛÔ˘ K‡ÚÔ˘», ˘‹ÚÍÂ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ô ÚÒÙÔ˜ ·ÈÚÂÙfi˜

¿Ú¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË˜ ÓÂfiÙÂÚË˜ Î˘ÚÈ·Î‹˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜. ™Ù· ÚÒÙ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·

ÙË˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ Û˘ÓÙfiÓÈ˙Â ·fi ÙË M·ÛÛ·Ï›· ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ

°¿ÏÏˆÓ ÊÈÏÂÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ ÛÙËÓ EÏÏ¿‰·, ÂÓÒ ̂ ˜ E›ÙÚÔÔ˜ ÙË˜ N‹ÛÔ˘

¤ÛÙÂÈÏÂ ÛÙÔ §ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ˘ıÂ› ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜

Ô›ÎÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ «™›Ù˘» ÙËÓ ·Ú·¯ÒÚËÛË ‰·ÓÂ›Ô˘ ÁÈ· ·ÂÏÂ˘ı¤ÚˆÛË

ÙË˜ K‡ÚÔ˘. ¢ÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ‹Ù·Ó Ô ª·˘ÚÔ‚Ô‡-

ÓÈÔ˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁfi˜ NÙÂ O˘˝ÓÙ˙ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·Ù¤ıËÎÂ ÌÂ ¤‰Ú· ÙÔ

§ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂÈ ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎ‹ ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏÂ˘-

ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÓËÛÈÔ‡. AÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Ô NÈÎfiÏ·Ô˜ £ËÛ¤·˜ Î·Ù¤‚ËÎÂ Î·È

Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÛÙÔ MÔÚÈ¿, ·Ó¤Ï·‚Â ̆ ·ÛÈÛÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Y„ËÏ¿ÓÙË Î·È ÔÚÁ¿-

ÓˆÛÂ ÙÔ ™ÒÌ· ÙˆÓ ºÈÏÂÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ. MÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ·ÁÒÓ· ‹ÁÂ ÙÔ 1833

ÛÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ fiÔ˘ ˘ÔÎ›ÓËÛÂ ÛÙ¿ÛË Î·Ù¿ ÙË˜ ÙÔ˘ÚÎÈÎ‹˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎË-

ÛË˜, Ô˘ ¤ÌÂÈÓÂ ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ˆ˜ «E·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ £ËÛ¤·». TÔ 1834

‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÙËÎÂ ÚfiÍÂÓÔ˜ ÙË˜ EÏÏ¿‰·˜ ÛÙË BËÚ˘Ùfi.

AÓ¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂıÓÔÌ¿ÚÙ˘ÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ

Ó· ·Ó·ÊÂÚıÔ‡Ó ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÚÂÂ›˜ ∫‡ÚÈÔÈ ÈÂÚ¿Ú¯Â˜ Ô˘ Ì·ÚÙ‡-

ÚËÛ·Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ‹ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·: Ô ¢ËÌËÙÛ¿Ó·˜ ºÈÏfiıÂÔ˜

X·Ù˙‹˜ Î·È Ô NÈÎÔÌË‰Â›·˜ Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ K·Ú‡‰Ë˜.

O ºÈÏfiıÂÔ˜ X·Ù˙‹˜ Î·Ù·ÁfiÙ·Ó ·fi ÙË §Â˘ÎˆÛ›· Î·È ˘‹ÚÍÂ

ÁÈ· Â›ÎÔÛÈ ¤ÓÙÂ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· E›ÛÎÔÔ˜ ¢ËÌËÙÛ¿Ó·˜. EÓ›Û¯˘ÛÂ Û˘-

ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·, ÙÈ˜

ÂÚ›ÊËÌÂ˜ Û¯ÔÏ¤˜ ÙË˜ ¢ËÌËÙÛ¿Ó·˜, ÙË˜ ™Ù¤ÌÓÈÙÛ·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ B˘Ù›-

∏ ™ À ª µ √ § ∏ ∆ ∏ ™ ∫ À ¶ ƒ √ À 39

031-043 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:28 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·39

Ó·˜. º˘Ï·Î›ÛÙËÎÂ ÛÙËÓ TÚ›ÔÏË ÚÔÏËÙÈÎ¿ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ TÔ‡ÚÎÔ˘˜

Ï›ÁÔ ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ¤Ó·ÚÍË ÙË˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜. ™ÙËÓ ÔÌËÚ›· ̆ ¤ÊÂÚÂ Ù·

¿Ó‰ÂÈÓ· Î·È ¤ı·ÓÂ ÛÙË Ê˘Ï·Î‹ ÛÙÈ˜ 10 ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 1821, Ï›ÁÔ

ÚÈÓ Ô KÔÏÔÎÔÙÚÒÓË˜ ÌÂÈ ÛÙËÓ fiÏË. °Ú¿ÊÂÈ Ô ºˆÙ¿ÎÔ˜ ÛÙ·

AÔÌÓËÌÔÓÂ‡Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ¢ËÌËÙÛ¿Ó·˜ ºÈÏfiıÂÔ: «K·Ù‹ÁÂ-

ÙÔ ·fi ÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ. O Â›ÛÎÔÔ˜ Ô‡ÙÔ˜ ‹ÙÔÓ ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ËÛ˘¯ˆÙ¤ÚˆÓ

·Ú¯ÈÂÚ¤ˆÓ Î·È ÔÏ‡ ÂÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎfi˜, ÛÂ‚fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ·fi fiÏËÓ ÙËÓ

Â·Ú¯›·Ó ÙË˜ K·Ú˘Ù·›ÓË˜. EÊ˘Ï·Î›ÛıË ‰Â Î·È ·˘Ùfi˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙˆÓ

¿ÏÏˆÓ ÚÔ˘¯fiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ·Ú¯ÈÂÚ¤ˆÓ Î·È Ù˘Ú·ÓÓÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ ·¤ı·ÓÂÓ

ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ Ê˘Ï·ÎÒÓ ÙË˜ TÚÈÔÏÈÙÛ¿˜».

ŒÓ·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ K‡ÚÈÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÁˆÁ‹ IÂÚ¿Ú¯Ë˜ Ô NÈÎÔÌË‰Â›-

·˜ Aı·Ó¿ÛÈÔ˜ K·Ú‡‰Ë˜ ·fi ÙË §¿ÚÓ·Î·, Û˘ÓÔ‰ÈÎfi˜, ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó

ÛÙÔ ¶·ÙÚÈ·Ú¯Â›Ô Î·È Û˘ÓÂÏ‹ÊıË Ì·˙› ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ¶·ÙÚÈ¿Ú¯Ë °ÚËÁfi-

ÚÈÔ Eã. °¤ÚÔÓÙ· Î·È ¿ÚÚˆÛÙÔ ÙÔÓ ¤Û˘Ú·Ó ÛÙÔ ¶·ÚÌ¿ K·Ô˘-

ÛÔ‡ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙÔÓ ÎÚÂÌ¿ÛÔ˘Ó. ™ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙË˜ Ì·ÚÙ˘ÚÈÎ‹˜ ÙÔ˘

ÔÚÂ›·˜ ·Ú·Î·ÏÔ‡ÛÂ: «K‡ÚÈÂ, ÌË ÌÂ ·Ú·‰ÒÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙ· ıËÚ›·

Î·È ·Ú¿Ï·‚Â ÙËÓ „˘¯‹ ÌÔ˘ ÛÙ· ¯¤ÚÈ· ÛÔ˘ ÂÓ ÂÈÚ‹ÓË». EÍ¤-

ÓÂ˘ÛÂ ÚÈÓ ÊÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÈÎÚ›ˆÌ·. OÈ ‰‹ÌÈÔÈ ‰ÂÓ ÛÂ‚¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó

ÙÔ ÓÂÎÚfi. KÚ¤Ì·Û·Ó ÙÔ ¿„˘¯Ô ÛÒÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·Á¯fiÓË.

H ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Î˘ÚÈ·Î‹ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÛÙÔÓ AÁÒÓ·, ÔÈ ÛÊ·Á¤˜ Î·È ÔÈ

‰ÈˆÁÌÔ› ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔ ÓËÛ› ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ ÛÙËÓ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·-

ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÚ›ÌÂÙÚÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚÈÔıÂÙÔ‡Ó Ì¤Û· ÛÙ· Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ó·-

ÁÂÓÓËÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÙ·Ó ̂ ˜ ·fiÙÔ-

ÎÔ ÙË˜ Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜. E›Ó·È ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi fiÙÈ ÙÔ °ÂÓ¿ÚË ÙÔ˘

1824 ÔÌ¿‰· Î·ÙÔ›ÎˆÓ ÙË˜ BÔÛÙÒÓË˜ Î·Ù·ı¤ÙÂÈ «ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ŒÓÙÈ-

ÌÔÓ °ÂÚÔ˘Û›·Ó Î·È BÔ˘Ï‹Ó ÙˆÓ HÓˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¶ÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ ÂÓ KÔÁÎÚ¤-

Ûˆ Û˘ÓÂÚ¯ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ» ̆ fiÌÓËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÙË˜ EÏÏ¿‰·˜,

ÙÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ÂÏÂ‡ıÂÚÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È

«fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ ·fi Ù·˜ ·ÎÙ¿˜ ÙË˜ NÔÙ›Ô˘ EÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ·fi Ù·˜

Ó‹ÛÔ˘˜, È‰È·›ÙÂÚˆ˜ ‰Â ÙËÓ KÚ‹ÙËÓ Î·È ÙËÓ K‡ÚÔÓ».

H ·ÂÏÂ˘ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙË˜ K‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È Ë ¤ÓÙ·Í‹ ÙË˜ ÛÙÔ ˘fi ›-

‰Ú˘ÛË ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ‹Ù·Ó Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ∫‡ÚÈÔ˘˜ Î·È

ÙÔ˘˜ ∂ÏÏ·‰›ÙÂ˜ ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜. K·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂ· ÙË˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ ·fi

ÙÔ 1823 Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ 1826 ı· ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË

40 ° I ø P ° O ™ ° E ø P ° H ™

031-043 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:28 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·40

Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ, ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË˜ ÔÔ›·˜ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÂÈÚ·ÙÈ-

Î‹ ÂÎÛÙÚ·ÙÂ›· ÛÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ Î·È ÙÔ §›‚·ÓÔ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·‚Ô˘ÏÂ‡ÛÂÈ˜

ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ¡·˝ÙÂ˜ πfiÙÂ˜ Î·È Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· Û‡Ó·„Ë ‰·ÓÂ›Ô˘

ÁÈ· ·ÂÏÂ˘ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙË˜ K‡ÚÔ˘.

ŸÏ· Ù· Û¯¤‰È· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÂÏÂ˘ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙË˜ K‡ÚÔ˘ ÙÂÏÈÎ¿

Ó·˘¿ÁËÛ·Ó. OÈ ∫‡ÚÈÔÈ ÂÓ·fiıÂÛ·Ó ÙÈ˜ ÂÏ›‰Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ Iˆ-

¿ÓÓË K·Ô‰›ÛÙÚÈ·, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ·fi ÙË ÌËÙ¤Ú· ÙÔ˘ Î·Ù·ÁfiÙ·Ó

·fi ÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Î˘ÚÈ·Î‹ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎ‹ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· °ÔÓ¤ÌË Ô˘ Â›¯Â

ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÂ‡ÛÂÈ ÛÙ· EÙ¿ÓËÛ·.

O K·Ô‰›ÛÙÚÈ·˜ ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ô ÌfiÓÔ˜ ŒÏÏËÓ·˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ Ô˘

‰ÈÂÎ‰›ÎËÛÂ ÌÂ Â›ÛËÌË ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊË ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ K‡ÚÔ. ™ÙËÓ Ô-

Ï‡¯ÚÔÓË ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ∫˘ÚÈ·ÎÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Â›ÛËÌÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈ-

Îfi ¤ÁÁÚ·ÊÔ ÚÔ˜ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ÛÒÌ· ‹ Í¤ÓË Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Ô˘ Ó· ı¤ÙÂÈ

ı¤Ì· ÂÓÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÛË˜ ÙË˜ K‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜.

O K˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÙË˜ ÙÔÓ OÎÙÒ‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1827 Ï›ÁÔ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË Ó·˘Ì·-

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ÔÈÔÓ fiÌˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó; ™ÙÔ ’21 ‹ ÛÙËÓ EıÓÈÎ‹ AÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË; OÈ

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Francesco BandarinDirector of Unesco

THE CONSERVATION PREDICAMENT IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION:

HERITAGE VALUES TODAY AND TOMORROW

would like first of all to thank the University of Cyprusand the Leventis Foundation for this invitation to deliv-er the 4th Dinos Leventis Memorial Lecture. It is a great

honour for me to be associated with your activities.In this lecture I will discuss some issues that are of great

importance for the future of conservation: what does the "value"of heritage mean to contemporary society? What are the para-digms of conservation in the age of information technology andglobal exchanges?

These questions are clearly linked to other, more complexinterpretations of the dynamics of modern society, and cannot beseen separately from the discussion of the evolution of values incontemporary philosophical debate (Unesco, 2004).

This discussion has a long tradition and its own history, andthus allows us –I believe– to look for the elements we need toforesee the future of conservation in society.

In many ways this exercise is even more necessary today, asa form of “revalidation” of the system of values underscoringcultural and natural conservation, in view of the cultural

√ÌÈÏ›· ÛÙËÓ Eã EÙ‹ÛÈ· ¢È¿ÏÂÍË ÂÈ˜ MÓ‹ÌË KˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˘ §Â‚¤ÓÙË Ô˘ ¤-

ÁÈÓÂ ÛÙËÓ ∞›ıÔ˘Û· ∆ÂÏÂÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ K‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙÈ˜ 23 ª·˝Ô˘ 2008.

I

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changes brought about by economic and social processes.Let me start by observing that heritage and conservation are

fundamentally modern concepts.Until about two centuries ago, neither of them existed in the

sense we use them today.Of course, there were concepts such as “antiquity ” or

“nature,” intended as sources of inspiration, information andreflection, but conservation was essentially viewed as documen-tation and philological study, not as the protection of a physicalelement.

Hence, the cultural values involved were essentially restrict-ed to a small intellectual elite, and rulers who could make useof culture as a tool for the affirmation of their power.

It was only with the French Revolution that the modern con-cept of heritage developed and conservation became the subjectof public policies and public interest.

The story of this transformation is extremely important tounderstanding how the values of heritage have evolved andhow they are now challenged by social transformations.

The past two centuries have been characterized by greatdevelopments in the field of heritage conservation, by manyindisputable successes –easy to assess when we consider the roleheritage plays in our collective identity, in education, tourism,etc.– as well as by many failures, especially linked to the manydestructive wars that have marked the history of the world.

But overall, we can say that conservation has become an areaof public interest on the global scale, and that today no govern-ment in the world can afford not to include heritage conserva-tion within its responsibilities. Furthermore, large public andprivate resources have been invested in this area, to an extentunknown in the past, and whether we consider them sufficientor not, we cannot deny that this sector benefits from a great andgrowing public attention.

Is this enough to preserve and enhance the values of her-

T H E C O N S E R VA T I O N P R E D I C A M E N T 45

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itage? In many cases, the protection of monuments or naturalareas has neither prevented their commercialization nor has itprevented the emergence of new processes that are graduallyaltering and destroying their value.

In reality, there is a gap between the tools for heritage pro-tection that have been made available and the challenges posedby the global society.

This gap is a risk, and a challenge, for those who believe thatheritage is an irreplaceable value of modern societies.

In discussing this issue, I will make use primarily of theexperience gained by the World Heritage Convention, the fore-most international tool of heritage conservation, in a way a pointof arrival for the modern concepts of heritage and conservation.

HERITAGE: A CHAPTER IN THE HISTORY OF IDEAS

The emergence of the modern concept of heritage has been theobject of important research and critical analysis in recentdecades (Babelon and Chastel 1980).

This effort has helped us to position it within the evolutionof ideas and the development of public policy.

There is agreement among scholars that the emergence of theconcept of heritage as an object of public policy is linked to theage of the Enlightenment and to the changes in European socialstructures brought about by the French Revolution Europe atthe end of the eighteenth century.

However, these fundamental developments would not havebeen possible without two major advancements in the history ofculture: the humanistic rediscovery of antiquity in the 15th-16thcenturies and the growth of the “antiquarian” interest in docu-mentation and diffusion of ancient heritage that took place in the17th and 18th centuries.

While it is obviously impossible to draw a line between oneperiod and the next, and between the intentions and the prac-tices that guided the efforts of generations of intellectuals in the

46 F R A N C E S C O B A N D A R I N

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search for the “values” of the ancient world and in their docu-mentation and reinterpretation, it is certainly possible to identi-fy the different thrusts.

The rediscovery of the ancient past by the humanists was afundamental tool for the reorganization of cultural life at the endof the Middle Ages, when in many European societies a new fig-ure –the intellectual– emerged on the political and culturalscene. The work of the early Italian humanists was essential inestablishing an interest in the past and in enhancing the politi-cal powers new attitude toward the past, symbolized by theedicts issued by the Popes (such as Pius II and Martin V) tolimit the destruction of the remains of ancient Rome.

While a great ambivalence predominated for a long time (forat least two centuries the Colosseum was considered a quarryfor the new works of the papacy), this new attitude reflects therecognition of the value of the ancient monuments. This valueis linked to the rediscovery and revalorization of the culture ofantiquity, but also to the passion for beauty and harmony thatmotivated the great artists of the Renaissance inspired by theideas of the greatest theoretician of the return to the classic, LeonBattista Alberti.

It must be noted that this trend, while not universal, was notunique to Italy. In England at the same time, perhaps for rea-sons linked to the valorization of the national heritage, therewere clear statements by the political powers in support of con-servation of the ancient monuments. Also at the same time,King François I of France paid his respects to the Roman ruinsof Nîmes and ordered the demolition of the houses built overthem (to no avail, apparently).

The study of ancient monuments gradually became the basisfor any artistic creation of the Renaissance and beyond, asshown by the works of Serlio and Palladio in the Italian contextand, for example, Philibert de l’Orme, Juan de Herrera or InigoJones in other European contexts.


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However, for many centuries the growing importance ofantiquity in cultural life was not sufficient to ensure conserva-tion of the remains of the ancient world, except to a limitedextent.

The centre of scholars’ and humanists’ attention was indeedthe documentation of the antiquities, the systematic census of allthe remains and their representation with images.

This remarkable effort, initiated in the 16th century, lasted forover two centuries, and embraced all types of ancient relics,starting with classical Greece and Rome, extending to Egypt andother civilizations, and also covering the field of national antiq-uities, including Roman and gothic remains.

This form of “iconographic” conservation represents in itselfa growing consciousness of the richness of the past and itsimportance for modern culture.

Interestingly enough, this effort is parallel to, and often coin-cides with, the development of scientific understanding ofnature: in the works of Cassiano Dal Pozzo, for instance, onefinds examples of natural heritage next to the documentation ofantiquities.

The 18th century saw the blossoming of the work of the anti-quarians, who built their virtual museums by retracing anddepicting with great precision (another novelty if compared withthe previous practice) the remains of the past.

The examples are numerous, but perhaps the most famousare those of Bernard de Montfaucon who in 1722 publishedL'antiquité expliquée et representée en figures, the most com-plete inventory of all types of antiquities (monuments, coins,jewelry, houseware, images, etc.).

And the interest was not limited to classical antiquity, as in1729 the same Montfaucon began publishing his studies ofFrench monuments.

While Julien-David Leroy published Les ruines des plusbeaux monuments de la Grèce in 1770, the English antiquarians


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also published their documentation of antiquities. Famousexamples include the work of James Athenian Stuart and itsillustrator Nicholas Revett on “ The Antiquities of Athens” of1762, or that of Robert Adam on “ The ruins of the Palace ofDiocletian” of 1764.

Two important movements, both of great relevance for thefounding of a conservation culture, accompanied this huge doc-umentation effort: the development of scientific archaeology,with the discovery of Pompei and Ercolanum, and the creationof the first modern Museum, the British Museum by Sir WilliamHamilton and Sir Hans Sloane in 1766.

All this illustrates the type of “values” associated with antiq-uity (not yet heritage) in the age initiated by humanism: essen-tially the values of beauty and of inspiration through artistic cre-ation.

All this would change dramatically with the collapse of theAncien Régime and the Revolution. With the creation of a newsocial order, the meaning of heritage and its value for societywere to be radically redefined (Poulot, 2006).

The French Revolution is well known for its destruction ofimportant cultural heritage. The destruction of the royal tombsof the Cathedral of Saint Denis was perhaps the most symbolicamong the many that affected historical monuments of thechurch or of the aristocracy.

However, the Revolution was able to recognize almost imme-diately the importance of heritage for the founding of a neworder, and to define its role in society. The famous “Letters toMiranda” of Quatremère de Quincy (1796) are a testimony tothis awareness and a clear statement on the need to establish aproper practice of conservation.

This awareness was based on the principle that the legacy ofthe past was the “property ” of the people, and as such consti-tuted “patrimony ” of public interest. It was on this basis thatthe most enlightened spirits of the time were able to push for-


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ward legislation aimed at prohibiting the destruction and favor-ing conservation, as well as starting a proper system of inven-tory and documentation.

The Revolution, as well as the new social order brought aboutby Napoleon, needed new values, and found them in a novelvision of the past, both as accumulated wealth and a source ofinspiration for the new production.

It is interesting to note how the new paradigm of heritagewas inspired by “economic” values, clearly reflected in the ter-minology adopted, and how this aspect has been able to crossmany other historical moments and persists unchanged eventoday. I will return to this later.

The value of heritage in the post-revolution society was pri-marily linked to the new national ideology, as heritage was aprimary source of legitimation for the new nation-states ofEurope and the Americas, and a source of identity for its peo-ple.

Similarly, and for similar purposes, heritage has a value as asource of knowledge, as a witness of history and as an educa-tional tool.

The pre-revolution values of heritage, i.e., beauty and artis-tic importance, are also considered, albeit less seriously.

It is impossible to dissociate this transition in the values ofheritage from the significant social changes brought about by theIndustrial Revolution, as these have had a far-reaching effect,invluencing even contemporary approaches to conservation.

The appearance of modern serial production enhanced the“unique” value of heritage as an irreplaceable good, linked to aspecific moment of creation ndustrial production, on the otherhand, emphasizes mass reproducibility over uniqueness.

It is not by chance that the “commercial” use of heritage as asource of inspiration for industrial products originated in thesame context that generated the Industrial Revolution.

In the period following the Revolution a new vision of her-


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itage was introduced a new vision of heritage, based on the con-cept of the historical monument. Nobody has explored thedevelopment of this concept better than Françoise Choay, in hermilestone book “ The Allegory of Heritage” (Choay, 1992).

Choay distinguishes between the concept of “Monument,” asan expression of the need to preserve the memory of a societyor of a social group, and “Historical Monument,” an artifact isselected as an expression of artistic value and a testimony ofknowledge. As Riegl had already indicated (Riegl, 1903), thefirst is a creation that is intended as such, the second is definedafter its creation.

The “institutionalization” of heritage that followed theFrench Revolution and the creation of a specialized body of con-servators was society’s response to the emergence of this conceptand a clear manifestation of its value in the public domain.

The 19th century witnessed the development of an importantintellectual debate around heritage and the creation of the meth-ods and institutions needed to preserve the legacy of the past.In a way, we can say that most modern concepts and attitudestowards heritage were largely founded 100-150 years ago,owing to the believes of a group of theoreticians and adminis-trators who saw in the preservation of the monuments of thepast one of the pillars of social and cultural order (Jokiletho,1998).

In his book “ The Seven Lamps of Architecture,” John Ruskinidentified in the value of “memory ” one of the key functions ofarchitecture, as expression of the "pietas" towards our past(Ruskin, 1856).

While his romantic views led him to the extreme of denyingthe possibility of restoring the monuments, and to praise ruinsas testimonies to the passage of time, he was nevertheless instru-mental in enhancing the value of heritage in the development ofsocial ethics, and also in defining it –perhaps for the first time-as heritage of universal value.


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This vision was shared by William Morris, who made it oper-ational through industrial design and production (Morris, 1878).

Ruskin and Morris brought significant innovations to thevision of heritage, by extending the concept of monument to thevernacular architecture and -for the first time - to urban ensem-bles.

But their main contribution, from the point of view of themodern concept of heritage, was their activism for the protectionof heritage not only in European countries but beyond, in Egyptand Turkey. They are without doubt the fathers of the univer-salism embodied in the World Heritage Convention.

This important phase did not develop without contradictionsand even clashes between different visions of heritage. The mostremarkable was the clash between the romantic vision of Ruskinand the militant interventionism professed and practiced byViollet-Le-Duc in France (Viollet-Le-Duc, 1863-1872).

In a direct and harsh confrontation with the champions ofRomanticism, Viollet-Le-Duc saw restoration of a building asthe reconstitution of a “complete” and “ideal” state of the mon-ument, one perhaps that never existed.

The practice of Viollet-Le-Duc brought major interventionsand alterations to French monuments, such as Notre Dame inParis or the city of Carcassonne. While other positions emerged,such as the vision of Camillo Boito in Italy, who favored respectfor the authenticity of monuments as well as an active restora-tion practice, the polarization just described remained alive fora long time, and may not even yet have completely vanished(Boito, 1893).

The richness of the debate on the values of heritage expressedduring the 19th century cannot easily be summarized, and con-stitutes in and of itself a field of study.

However, in looking at the way values were interpreted, it isimpossible not to mention the work of the Austrian art histori-an Alois Riegl (1858-1905) and in particular his seminal work,


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The modern cult of monuments (Riegl, 1903).

Riegl was the first to develop a theory on the value of her-itage and the first to try to interpret the different –and some-times contradictory– facets of heritage in modern society. Rieglidentified two categories of heritage value. The first was the val-ue of “memory ” (erinnerungswerte) and referred –similar to theapproach of Ruskin– to the “antiquity ” of heritage as an impor-tant element of the historic monument. The value of antiquitydoes not require a special culture to be appreciated; on the con-trary, it is easily and directly perceived by the masses. Rieglanticipated what has become the most important value of mon-uments in the 20th century.

The second category of value has to do with the “contempo-rary ” and the “used” value of monuments, a character thatallows the distinction between archaeology and ruins. The usevalue has an “art” value and a value of the “new ”(neuheitswert). The first refers to the artistic qualities of theancient monument that we are still able to perceive, while thesecond refers to the “untouched” appearance of the work of art,that confers to the monument a higher value in the eyes of themasses.

It is interesting to observe how this very modern analysisunderlies the contradictions among the different values of her-itage that must be negotiated and mediated in the practice ofconservation and restoration.

Riegl's theory has been of great importance in the develop-ment of the modern approach to heritage. However, his interestremained linked to the 19th-century concept of heritage, essen-tially represented by the historic monument.

An important extension of the concept concerns, as we havealready seen, the urban areas. It may seem strange to modernsensitivities that during the first three to four centuries of inter-est in the heritage of antiquity, no consideration was given to theurban areas. Perhaps a justification can be found in the com-


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plexity of this type of heritage, in its rapid transformation andin the lack of proper documentation.

The reality is that we have to wait for the work of Ruskin andMorris to be appreciated and applied in terms of the historiccity; likewise, with the theorization by the great Austrian archi-tect Camillo Sitte, whose fundamental work “City PlanningAccording to Artistic Principles” (Sitte, 1889) established thebasis for the modern study of the morphology of cities and theirevolution.

Sitte’s work in turn, opened the way for Gustavo Giovannoni(Giovannoni, 1996), who was able to elaborate, in the first halfof the xxth century, the basis of the modern theories of urbanconservation, incorporating social and aesthetic values.

The rich contribution of 19th and early 20th century theoriesis visible today in the documents that express the main princi-ples of conservation, starting with the 1931 Athens Conferenceand culminating in the 1964 Venice Charter, still the referencedocument for the practice of conservation and restoration, whosepractical and theoretical complexity was explored by the mostarticulate thinker of the late 20th century, Cesare Brandi (Bran-di, 1963).

This Charter is the culmination of a century of reflection anddebate on the nature of heritage and on the principles of restora-tion, and in this sense it defined and concluded an historical era.Its insufficiencies would become more evident in the second halfof the 20th century and beyond, and would spark an importantdebate, still underway at the present time.

REVISITING HERITAGE VALUES TODAY

Heritage today is an important dimension of the social and cul-tural life in all societies in the world.

While the concept of heritage has a clear western origin, theglobalization of values in the second half of the 20th century


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has turned it into a concept of universal recognition, as attent-ed by the global interest in the numerous UNESCO safeguard-ing campaigns, spearheaded by the saving of the Abu-Simbeltemple in the 1950’s.

The World Heritage Convention symbolizes this globalnature of heritage, and has led the way to the expansion of theconcept of heritage as well as to the innovation in its value par-adigms (UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2007).

The concept of heritage today indeed encompasses a muchbroader typology of cultural and natural sites than those identi-fied in the course of the 19th century. Besides urban historicareas, several elements of vernacular architecture connected torural or industrial production have been recognized as heritagetypes, the most important perhaps being what is termed Indus-trial Archaeology. Furthermore, new categories of itinerariesand cultural routes have acquired importance.

The expansion of the chronological span of archaeologicalresearch has enlarged the field of interest of conservators andrestorers.

Another important category of cultural heritage that formspart of the modern approach are the gardens and landscapesreferred to as “cultural landscapes.”

While gardens had been always associated with the discus-sions on art and architecture, the importance of landscapes as apoint of interaction between man and nature was only recog-nized at a later stage.

But perhaps the most significant evolution in the modernconcept of heritage derives from the integration of natural andcultural heritage.

As we have seen, these two aspects were not so distinct in theminds of the early antiquarians of the 16th-18th centuries, asvery often their scientific interest and taxonomic effort weredirected at both realms.

However, a clearer separation occurred with the institution-


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alization of heritage in the 19th century. Natural heritage con-servation became a movement in the later part of the 19th cen-tury, mainly in America, when the same vein of romanticismthat we found in Ruskin became one of the founding forces ofthe new nation.

It was there that the modern concepts of natural heritage con-servation were created, centred on the pioneering work of RalphWaldo Emerson and John Muir, and the prescient vision ofTheodore Roosvelt.

This “merging” of heritage values is embodied in the WorldHeritage Convention, the only international legal instrument thatencompasses both cultural and natural heritage.

While differences in criteria and concepts of integrity andauthenticity still exist and will probably continue to exist, thisnew approach has allowed a revision of our inherited value sys-tem.

The elements that have been subject to a conceptual revisionare not of secondary importance, as they touch the very sub-stance of heritage and the way in which societies conceive it.

Most of these revisions have been sparked by the interna-tionalization of the value of heritage conservation, and in a wayrepresent a reaction against an overly western approach to her-itage.

On the first aspect, an important reappraisal of the concept of“authenticity ” was needed to adjust western principles to a vari-ety of situations where the value of monuments was not inex-tricably linked to the material conservation, but rather had to dowith the traditional knowledge associated to it, or the symbol-ic/spiritual world of which the monuments were an expression.

The 1994 Nara Conference tried to address this issue with aconclusive declaration that affirms the importance of the " local"definition of authenticity and its linkage to the specific culturethat expresses the forms of heritage (Nara Conference, 1994).

This new relativism has been extremely important in expand-


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ing the concept of heritage and in reinterpreting the modality ofits production and identification. However, the potential of thisapproach has not yet been fully explored.

In particular, while the Nara approach has been successful indealing with some specific cultural approaches, especially thosein Asian societies, (it has not been used to integrate into west-ern contexts), even in situations where the symbolic/spiritualelements are paramount.

The need to adapt the concepts inherited from the Europeantradition to the emerging global vision of heritage has prompt-ed the development of new categories.

We have already discussed the emergence of the heritage cat-egory of Cultural Landscapes, initially derived from the worksof geographers, and later integrated by other disciplines such asanthropology and sociology.

This concept is interesting in terms of its latitude, as itencompasses a great diversity of heritage typologies, summariz-ing under the heading of “interaction between man and nature.”

The concept of cultural landscapes has thus made it possibleto identify as heritage the architectural tradition of gardens andparks for example, as well as territorial areas of less “formal”genesis, such as agricultural or mining landscapes.

But the most innovative use of the concept has, in my view,been the identification of heritage values of traditional andindigenous societies, where the spiritual elements have para-mount importance over the material ones.

The concept has undoubtedly helped to mitigate the exclu-sivity of the western approach to heritage. However, I believethat even in this case the concept has not yet been used to itsfull potential. In practice, this category has been self-restrictedto rural areas, as if the interaction of man and nature concernedonly non-urban environments.

Furthermore, the identification of non-material values hasbeen limited to traditional societies, as if modern society did not


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have spiritual (not necessarily religious) dimensions.This contradiction is evident and most surprising in the case

of urban historic areas, which tend to be defined mostly for their“monumental” values and not for the “identity ” values that theyundoubtedly embody for their inhabitants and for the commu-nities that use them (not necessarily local).

An historic city can easily be defined as a cultural landscape,as it fully matches the definition and the cultural content of thecategory. But the traditional approach limits –for the timebeing– this important extension of the concept.

The present debate highlighted by these examples hasopened an even broader issue, which is likely to become a cen-tral one in the future: what is the meaning of the “universality ”of heritage?

The entire history of the concept of heritage in western soci-ety, including its later introduction at the global level, is basedon the principle that its value has a universal dimension. And,indeed, this is what the World Heritage Convention is all about.

On the other side, modern anthropology and the social sci-ences indicate that there are no scientific or absolute criteria forthe justification of universally recognized values in the identifi-cation and conservation of cultural and natural heritage (Choay,2006). As a result, if heritage is the transmission of a series ofvalues to the future generations, each society has the right toselect the set of elements it deems worth conserving.

A similar discussion has been initiated in modern philosophy,on the possibility of making rending universal the “naturalistic”character of western civilization (Descola, 2005).

While the separation of man and nature is a basic feature ofthe western approach, it is not found in other cultures, espe-cially in the Asian and African contexts.

But because this separation is key to the concept of heritageas developed in the western context, a redefinition of categoriesand the value system of heritage will be necessary in the future.


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This critique of western universalism is far from altering thepractice of national and international heritage systems, but it isan important indicator of the direction that future discussions onheritage values will take.

As the protection of cultural diversity becomes the keydimension of cultural policies, heritage values are bound to bere-considered and re-assessed in the future.

FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR HERITAGE CONSERVATION

I noted earlier that an economic concept lay at the very originof the modern concept of heritage: heritage as legacy, as own-ership (this is also reflected in the terminology that accompaniesheritage in the different languages: values, property, patrimony,etc.).

This aspect of heritage was overshadowed in the latter pastof the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century bythe predominance of other values, such as those linked to iden-tity and antiquity.

However, in the past half century the economic dimension ofHeritage has again become a dominant feature, one that also-brings new opportunities and new challenges.

This economic emphais is clearly linked to the emergence oftourism as one of the fastest growing world industries and to theincreased demand for educational, leisure and research uses atcultural and natural sites.

Public administrations at with the national and local leveltend to see heritage essentially as an asset for growth, and haveoften favored development over conservation.

The effects of this policy are plain to see: at many heritagesites tourist flows affect conservation, compromise the veryquality of the experience and on the lives of the communitiessurrounding.

Economic development is clearly an essentially positive


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process, especially when it helps the stabilization of communi-ties. However, if it is allowed to progress without sustainablelogic, it can constitute a threat.

The case of Galapagos symbolizes the danger of uncontrolledtourism to sensitive environments, with the related processes ofmigration, urbanization and excessive uses of resources.

At many “iconic” sites, such as Ankgor in Cambodia, ChichenItzà in Mexico, Mont St. Michel in France and Venice andFlorence in Italy, mass tourism has become unmanageable andpotentially destructive.

But tourism is only one of the challenges that the new cen-tury has brought to heritage. The end of the “short century ”has brought with it great political instability and new threats toheritage, highlighted by the destruction of the Bamyan Buddhasin 2001. As a symbol of cultural and religious identity, heritageis often the target of attacks and destruction, as we have unfor-tunately witnessed in the recent conflicts taken place in Europe,the Middle East, Africa and Central Asia.

The destruction has not only affected cultural heritage: thecase of the parks of the Congo and the killing of rare and endan-gered species are evidence that natural heritage has become thetarget of armed conflicts.

The world is currently witnessing –and will, continue to doso in the coming decades– one of the largest economic growthsin history. The implications of this growth-migrations, urbangrowth, infrastructure development and increased in energy pro-duction and consumption –all contain elements of threat for her-itage conservation. These threats, matched by the impacts of cli-mate change induced by man-related carbon emissions, consti-tute the challenges of the 21st century.

Are we equipped to meet them? Looking at the present situ-ation, there seems to be reason for pessimism.

There is little doubt that, in spite of the considerable advance-ments in the technical and institutional infrastructure, heritage


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is today in a state of siege. The present century has inheritedmany of its fundamental cultural values from the efforts of ear-lier conservators, policy makers, scholars and humanists whohave identified and preserved the legacy of human history andof nature.

The task of maintaining –even strengthening– the values ofaesthetic enjoyment, learning, cultural identity and dialogue,environmental quality and economic development lies in thehands of the present generation.

It is among the most critical missions of our civilization.


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MÂ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÏfiÁÈ· ÂÍ‹ÁËÛÂ ÙË ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍ›· ÙÔ˘ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ «Ì¿ÚÙ˘-

64 A P X I E ¶ I ™ K O ¶ O ™ A § B A N I A ™ A N A ™ T A ™ I O ™

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«ÌÈ· Ó¤· ıÚËÛÎÂ›·, ·˘Ù‹ ÙÔ˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ IÛÏ¿Ì».2

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Û›·, ÌÂ ÙÚ·ÁÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·. TË MÂÁ¿ÏË ¢Â˘Ù¤Ú· (29.3.-

2010), ‰‡Ô ÓÂ·Ú¤˜ ÎÔ¤ÏÂ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÊÔÚ¿, ÛÎfiÚÈÛ·Ó ÙÔ ı¿Ó·-

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ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚÈ¿ÓÙ· ÂÓÓ¤· ÓÂÎÚÔ‡˜ ·Ó¤Ï·‚Â ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi Ï›ÁÔ Ô NÙfi-

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ÎËÚ‡ÛÛÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ı· ÂÂÎÙ·ıÔ‡Ó Î·È, «ÌÂ ÙË

‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ AÏÏ¿¯», ı· ÛÙÂÊıÔ‡Ó ÌÂ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·.

H ÚÒÙË ‰ÂÎ·ÂÙ›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÎÔÛÙÔ‡ ÚÒÙÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Â›Ó·È ÁÂÌ¿-

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ÛËÌÂ›· ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ¿ÏÏ· ·ÔÙ˘¯ËÌ¤Ó·, ¿ÏÏ· ÌÂ ÙÚ·ÁÈÎ¿ ·Ô-

T ƒ √ ª √ ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ π ∫ ∂ ™ ∂ ¡ ∂ ƒ ° ∂ π ∂ ™ 65

1. ∆Ô µ‹Ì· ÙË˜ ∫˘ÚÈ·Î‹˜, 31.12.2009.

2. Thomas Freedman, New York Times, ∏ ∫·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹, 8.1.2010.

3. ∏ ∫·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹, 31.3.2010, 2,3Ø 11.4.2010.

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ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈÒÓ. TÔ ·Û›ÁÓˆÛÙÔ ÎÙ‡ËÌ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ¶‡ÚÁÔ˘˜

ÙË˜ N¤·˜ YfiÚÎË˜ ÛÙÈ˜ 11 ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2001, ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó ¿Ï-

Ï·, ÙÔ 2002 ÛÙÔ M·Ï› ÙË˜ IÓ‰ÔÓËÛ›·˜, ÙÔ 2003 ÛÙËÓ KˆÓÛÙ·-

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ÛÙË BÔÌ‚¿Ë Î·È ·Ó·Ú›ıÌËÙ· ÛÙÔ πÚ¿Î Î·È ÛÂ ÔÏÏ¿ ·ÎfiÌË Ì¤-

ÚË. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· «·Û‡ÌÌÂÙÚÔ fiÏÂÌÔ» Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÈÊÓÈ-

‰È¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Î‹ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹.

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Ù·Ó Â›‰· fiÙÈ Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙÔ Google ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘ıÂ› 141.000

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4. Ch. Townshed, Terrorism. A Short Introduction, Oxford University Press,Oxford 2002. √È ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÂ›Â˜, Ô˘ ÚˆÙÔÛÙ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔÓ fiÏÂÌÔ ÂÓ·-

ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙË˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜, ÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ̂ ˜ «˘ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌ¤ÓË ̄ Ú‹ÛË ‚›·˜

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ÛÂÈ ‹ Ó· ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›Â˜». Ch. Townshed, Terrorism. A ShortIntroduction, Û. 3. ¶Ú‚Ï. ™Ù. §˘ÁÂÚfi˜, ™Ù·˘ÚÔÊfiÚÔÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÛÙ·˘Úfi. πÛÏ·ÌÈÎ‹ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, ∏.¶.∞. Î·È ¡ÂÔÔıˆÌ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜, §È‚¿ÓË˜, Aı‹Ó· 2010, Û. 25-31.

∂ÈÏÂÎÙÈÎ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ‚Ï. ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘.

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·ÚÂÏıfiÓ, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ∂‚Ú·›ÔÈ ZËÏˆÙ¤˜ ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ·ÈÒÓ·, ÙÔ ÌÔ˘-

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‰¤Î·ÙÔ ¤Ó·ÙÔ ·ÈÒÓ·. ™ÙË ÌÂÏ¤ÙË Inside Terrorism ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È

fiÙÈ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯·Ó ÂÌÊ·ÓÈÛıÂ›

ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙÔ 1980. M¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ 1994 ÂÓÙÔ‡ÙÔÈ˜, ÙÔ ¤Ó· ÙÚ›ÙÔ (16

·fi 49 ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÒÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ) «ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó

Ó· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌËıÔ‡Ó ̂ ˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ̂ ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ‹

Î·È Ù· Î›ÓËÙÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜». K·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ¿ÏÏ·ÍÂ ¿ÏÈ ÙÔ Â-

fiÌÂÓÔ˜ ¤ÙÔ˜, ÁÈ· Ó· Êı¿ÛÂÈ Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÛÙÔ ‹ÌÈÛ˘ (26 ·fi 56).5

√È ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÌÂ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Ó·ÚÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜

‰ÂÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ‚¤‚·È· ÛÙÈ˜ ·ÎÚ·›Â˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈÎ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜

Î·Ù¿ ‰˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ. ∂›Ó·È Â›ÛË˜ ÁÓˆÛÙ¤˜ ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂÈ˜

¶ÚÔÙÂÛÙ·ÓÙÒÓ Î·È ƒˆÌ·ÈÔÎ·ıÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ πÚÏ·Ó‰›·, ÔÈ Û˘Á-

ÎÚÔ‡ÛÂÈ˜ ™Ô˘ÓÈÙÒÓ Î·È ™ÈÈÙÒÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ™ÈÈÙÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ™ÈÈÙÒÓ

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Û·Ú› ÛÙÔ ∆fiÎÈÔ ÙÔ 1995 ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ·›ÚÂÛË AumShinrikyo (À„›ÛÙË ∞Ï‹ıÂÈ·).

∏ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·, Ô˘ ‰ÂÛfi˙ÂÈ ÛÙÈ˜ Ì¤ÚÂ˜ Ì·˜ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜

ÚÔÛÎ‹ÓÈÔ Î·È ··Û¯ÔÏÂ› fiÏÔ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ÁÓÒ-

T ƒ √ ª √ ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ π ∫ ∂ ™ ∂ ¡ ∂ ƒ ° ∂ π ∂ ™ 67

5. Br. Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, Victor Gallancz, London 1998, ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ·fi

ÙËÓ ÔÙÈÎ‹ ÁˆÓ›· ÙË˜ Rand Corporation. ∏ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Î·Ù¿

ÙÔÓ Hoffman: «¶ÚÒÙÔ, ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÂÚ‚·ÙÈÎ‹ Î·È fi¯È ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·. ¢ÈÂÍ¿-

ÁÂÙ·È ÛÂ ¿ÌÂÛË ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛË ÚÔ˜ Î¿ÔÈ· ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ··›ÙËÛË ‹ ÚÔÛÙ·-

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Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË˜ ‰ÔÏÔÊÔÓ›·˜. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ÙÔ ÈÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi, ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ-

Û·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Â˘ı˘ÓıÔ‡Ó ÛÂ ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙÂ ¿ÏÏË ·ÚÌfi‰È· ·Ú¯‹, ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙË

‰ÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘˜». °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ·ÎÚfiÙËÙÂ˜ ‚›·˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ›Â˜, ‚Ï. ª. Geof-froy et J. G. Vaillancourt (dir), La Religion à l’Extreme, Mediaspaul, Montréal2009, ÂÈ‰ÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì, Û. 169-218.

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ÌË ÙË˜ ˘ÊËÏ›Ô˘, ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÚ›· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ¿. ¶ÚÒÙÔ, ¤Ó· ·ÌÂÛfi-

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ÓÈÛÙÒÓ Ó· ı˘ÛÈ·ÛıÔ‡Ó ¿ÌÂÛ·, fi¯È ·ÏÒ˜ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÙÔ˘

ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÂ ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÂÈ‰ËÙ‹ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ ı·Ó¿ÙÔ˘. ∫·È

ÙÚ›ÙÔ, ¿ÚÈÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙË˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Â˘ÚËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚË-

ÛÈ·Î‹ Ù·ÎÙÈÎ‹.6

∞ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆÂ˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙË˜ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎ‹˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·-

Ù›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÍÂÈ˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÓÙÂ‡ÍÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÓˆÛÙfiÙÂÚÔ˘ Úˆ-

Ù·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ‹ ÙË˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ì·˜, ÙÔ˘ √Û¿Ì· ÌÈÓ §¿ÓÙÂÓ. π‰È·›ÙÂ-

Ú· ÙÔ ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ «∫‹Ú˘ÍË ÔÏ¤ÌÔ˘ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙˆÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈÎ·ÓÒÓ Ô˘

Î·Ù¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ÁË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÈÂÚÒÓ ÙfiˆÓ». M‹Ó˘Ì· ·fi ÙÔÓ Osamabin Mohamet bin Laden ÛÙÔ˘˜ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔ˘˜ ·‰ÂÏÊÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÂ

fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Î·È ÈÔ ÂÈ‰ÈÎ¿ Û’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎ‹

¯ÂÚÛfiÓËÛÔ (1996). ∆Ô ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ·˘Ùfi, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÁÚ¿ÊËÎÂ ÛÙÔ ∞Ê-

Á·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó ÛÙÈ˜ 23 ∞˘ÁÔ‡ÛÙÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ 1996, Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· È‰ÈfiÙ˘Ô ÌÔ˘-

ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈÎfi Î‹Ú˘ÁÌ·, ÌÂ Ï‹ıÔ˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔ ∫ÔÚ¿ÓÈÔ Î·È ÛÙÈ˜

Ã·ÓÙ›ı, ÌÂ ·Ó¿ÌÂÈÍË Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ-

‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÌÂ ÚËÙÔÚÈÎ¤˜ Û˘ÁÎÈÓËÛÈ·Î¤˜ ÂÍ¿ÚÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ·Â˘ı‡ÓÔ-


6. M. Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God. The Global Rise of ReligiousViolence, University of California Press, Berkley, London 2001Ø W. Laqueux, TheNew Terrorism. Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction, Phoenix Press, London22001Ø Fr. Burgat, Face to Face with Political Islam, I. B. Tauris, London, NewYork 2003Ø ¢. ∞. ™ˆÙËÚfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ∞. ÃÔ˘ÏÈ¿Ú·˜, ™. ƒÔ‡ÛÛÔ˜, ¶. ™ÎÏÈ¿˜, √ TÚ›-ÙÔ˜ KfiÛÌÔ˜. ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹, ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, ‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜, ¶··˙‹ÛË˜, Aı‹-

Ó· 2005, È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Û. 314-315Ø M. Desai, Rethinking Islamism. The Ideology of theNew Terror, I. B. Tauris, London, New York 2007Ø Am. Blom, L. Bucaille, L.Martinez (eds), The Enigma of Islamist Violence, Hurst, London 2007. °È· ÙÔÓ

·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Ù˙È¯·ÓÙÈÛÌfi, ‚Ï. R. Hrair Dekmejian, Islam in Revolution.Fountamentalism in the Arab World, Syracuse University Press 1995. ∂ÏÏËÓ.: ∂·-Ó·ÛÙ·ÙËÌ¤ÓÔ πÛÏ¿Ì. √ ÊÔÓÙ·ÌÂÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, ÌÙÊÚ. ∞ı. ª·-

ÏÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, ¶··˙‹ÛË˜, Aı‹Ó· 2007, Û. 422-447. °È· ÙËÓ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ

ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ ∆·ÏÈÌ¿Ó, ‚Ï. Ant. Giustozzi, Koran, Kalashnikov and Laptop: theNeo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan, Hurst, London 2007. °È· ÙÈ˜ ÔÈÎ›ÏÂ˜ ·ÓÙÈ-

ı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú·‚ÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, ‚Ï. L. Smith, The Strong Horse. Power, Politics and theClash of Arab Civilizations, Doubleday, New York 2010. °È· ÙËÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎ‹ ÙÚÔÌÔ-

ÎÚ·Ù›· ‚Ï. ¤ÚÁ· ÌÓËÌÔÓÂ˘fiÌÂÓ· Î·È ÛÙÈ˜ ¿ÏÏÂ˜ ˘ÔÛËÌÂÈÒÛÂÈ˜.

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·68

ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ Î·È Î·Ù·Ï‹ÁÂÈ ÛÂ Ì·ÎÚfiÛ˘ÚÙË ÚÔÛÂ˘¯‹.

∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔÈ˜, Ë ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÚËÙÔÚÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÓ §¿ÓÙÂÓ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È

ÚˆÙfiÙ˘Ë. ¶ÂÚÈ¤ÚÁˆ˜, ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÔÏ‡ ÌÂ ÙË ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÚËÙÔ-

ÚÂ›· ÙÔ˘ ‰È¿ÛËÌÔ˘ ¶¿· √˘Ú‚·ÓÔ‡ µã, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜, ÛÙÔ Î‹Ú˘ÁÌ¿

ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÈ˜ 27 ¡ÔÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 1095 ÛÙÔÓ ∫·ıÂ‰ÚÈÎfi ¡·fi ÙË˜ fiÏÂˆ˜

∫ÏÂÚÌfiÓ ÙË˜ °·ÏÏ›·˜, ·ÚfiÙÚ˘ÓÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ‡˜ ÙË˜ ¢‡ÛÂˆ˜

Ó· ÍÂÎÈÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¶ÚÒÙË ™Ù·˘ÚÔÊÔÚ›·.

Ÿˆ˜ Â›¯Â Î¿ÓÂÈ Ô √˘Ú‚·Ófi˜ µã ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙË˜ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË˜ ̄ ÈÏÈÂ-

Ù›·˜ Ì.Ã., ¤ÙÛÈ Î·È ÛÙÈ˜ Ì¤ÚÂ˜ Ì·˜ Ô ÌÈÓ §¿ÓÙÂÓ ‚Â‚·ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜

Ô·‰Ô‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ·ÓÙ·ÌÔÈ‚¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÛÔ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜ ÂÚÈ-

Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó fiÛÔ˘˜ ¯¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË Ì¿¯Ë. √È ·Ì·ÚÙ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ı· Û˘Á¯ˆ-

ÚËıÔ‡Ó, Ë Á‹ÈÓË ̇ ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘ fiÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙË˜ Ï‡Ë˜ ı· ·Ú·¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙË

ı¤ÛË ÛÙË ¯·Ú¿ ÙË˜ ·ÈˆÓÈfiÙËÙÔ˜. ¶·Ú·ı¤ÙÂÈ Ì¿ÏÈÛÙ· ¤Ó· ÎÂ›ÌÂ-

ÓÔ ÙˆÓ Ã·ÓÙ›ı, ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ô ∞¯Ì¤ÓÙ Î·È Ô ∞Ù ∆ÈÚÌÈı› ·ÊËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È:

«ŒÓ·˜ Ì¿ÚÙ˘Ú·˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· ·ÈÛı·ÓıÂ› ÙÔÓ fiÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ı·Ó¿ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¿

Û·Ó ¤Ó· ÙÛ›ÌËÌ·... ∆· ÚÔÓfiÌÈ· ÙÔ˘ Ì¿ÚÙ˘Ú· Â›Ó·È ÂÁÁ˘ËÌ¤Ó·

·fi ÙÔÓ ∞ÏÏ¿¯. ™˘Á¯ˆÚËÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÎÈfiÏ·˜ ÛÙ·ÁfiÓ·

ÙÔ˘ ·›Ì·Ùfi˜ ÙÔ˘, ı· Ô‰ËÁËıÂ› ÛÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÛÔ Î·È

ı· ÛÙÔÏÈÛıÂ› ÌÂ Ù· ÛÙÔÏ›‰È· ÙË˜ ›ÛÙË˜, ·ÓÙÚÂÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ÌÂ ˆÚ·›Â˜

Á˘Ó·›ÎÂ˜, ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜ ·fi ÙË ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Ù¿ÊÔ˘, ÂÍ·-

ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ÙËÓ ËÌ¤Ú· ÙË˜ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆ˜, ÛÙÂÊ·ÓˆÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ÌÂ ÙÔ ÛÙÂ-

Ê¿ÓÈ ÙË˜ ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ·˜, ¤Ó· ÎfiÛÌËÌ· Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ Î·È ·fi ÔÏfiÎÏË-

ÚÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ, ·ÓÙÚÂÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ÌÂ Â‚‰ÔÌ‹ÓÙ· ‰‡Ô ·ÁÓ¿ Ô˘Ú› [fiÌÔÚ-

ÊÂ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·‰Â›ÛÔ˘], Î·È Ë ÌÂÛÔÏ¿‚ËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ· ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Â‚‰Ô-

Ì‹ÓÙ· Û˘ÁÁÂÓÂ›˜ ÙÔ˘ ı· Á›ÓÂÈ ‰ÂÎÙ‹».7

√È ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ÂÈı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ¢‡ÛÂˆ˜ ÛÙÔ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó Î·È ÙÔ

T ƒ √ ª √ ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ π ∫ ∂ ™ ∂ ¡ ∂ ƒ ° ∂ π ∂ ™ 69

7. √Û¿Ì· ÌÈÓ §¿ÓÙÂÓ, ¶Ò˜ ÊÙ¿Û·ÌÂ ÛÙÈ˜ 11 ™ÂÙÂÌ‚Ú›Ô˘ 2001, K¿ÎÙÔ˜,

∞ı‹Ó· 2001, Û. 147. ¶ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ‚Ï. Û. 103-162. BÏ. ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ·: G. Kepel,Jihad, Expansion et Déclin de l’Islamisme, Gallimard 2000. ∂ÏÏËÓ.: ∆˙È¯¿ÓÙ, Ô IÂÚfi˜¶fiÏÂÌÔ˜, ÌÙÊÚ. ∂Ï. ∆ÛÂÚÂ˙fiÏÂ, ∫·ÛÙ·ÓÈÒÙË˜, Aı‹Ó· 2001, Û. 462-472Ø Ant.Basbous, L’Islamisme. Une Révolution Avortée, Hachette, Paris 2002. ∂ÏÏËÓ.: πÛÏ·-ÌÈÛÌfi˜. MÈ· ·ÔÙ˘¯ËÌ¤ÓË Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ÌÙÊÚ. ™Ù. µÏÔ˘Ù¿ÎË, ¶··‰‹Ì·˜, Aı‹-

Ó· 2003, Û. 54-76. BÏ. Î·È Ol. Roy, L’Islam Mondialisé, Seuil, Paris 2002. ∞ÁÁÏ.:

Globalized Islam. The Search for a New Ummah, Hurst and Company, London 2004,

È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÎÂÊ. 7: On the Path to War: Bin Laden and Others, Û. 290-325.

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·69

πÚ¿Î ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó ·ÊÔÚÌ‹ Ó· Í˘Ó‹ÛÂÈ ˙ˆËÚ¿ ÛÙË ÛÎ¤„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÏ·-

ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ Ô ÂÊÈ¿ÏÙË˜ ÙˆÓ ™Ù·˘ÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ. ∂Ó‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ ·-

ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙÂ˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· Î›ÓËÙÚ· Î·È ÛÙÈ˜ ÔÏÈ-

ÙÈÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¤˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ Ô‰‹ÁËÛ·Ó ÛÙÈ˜ ™Ù·˘ÚÔÊÔÚ›Â˜

Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Â˜ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎ¤˜ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜. ∏ LorettaNapoleoni ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Û· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ¿Ô„Ë

Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·: «¶ÚÈÓ ·fi ¯›ÏÈ· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, Ë

[ƒˆÌ·ÈÔÎ·ıÔÏÈÎ‹] ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· Î·ı·Á›·ÛÂ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ™Ù·˘ÚÔÊÔÚ›Â˜

Ì›· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÁÚfiÙÂ˜ ÙË˜ ¢˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜

Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓË Ù¿ÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÌfiÚˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÙÚ·Â˙ÈÙÒÓ, Ë

ÔÔ›· ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÂ ÙÔ ¤Ì‚Ú˘Ô ÙË˜ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ÌÂÛÔ·ÛÙÈÎ‹˜ Ù¿-

ÍË˜. ªÂ ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ, Û‹ÌÂÚ·, ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÊÚ·Á›ÛÂÈ ÙË

Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË Ù˙È¯¿ÓÙ ÌÂ ÌÈ· ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÛÊÚ·Á›‰·, ÁÈ· Ó· ÚÔˆ-

ı‹ÛÂÈ Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¿ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¿ Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓÙ· ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÌÔ˘-

ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÊÙˆ¯ÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚË-

Ì·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ. ªÈ· Ó¤·, ·ÚÔÛ‰fiÎËÙË Û˘ÌÌ·¯›· ÛÊ˘ÚËÏ·-

Ù‹ıËÎÂ Á‡Úˆ ·fi ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì ÁÈ· Ó· ÔÏÂÌ‹ÛÂÈ Ù· ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈ-

Î¿ ÔÏÈÁ·Ú¯ÈÎ¿ Î·ıÂÛÙÒÙ· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙÔ˘˜

‰˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙ¤˜. ∞˘ÙÔ› Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ·ÒÙÂÚÔÈ ÛÙfi¯ÔÈ ÙË˜

Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË˜ Ù˙È¯¿ÓÙ».8 µÂ‚·›ˆ˜, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÔÌÔÈfiÙËÙÂ˜

˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÔÏÏ¤˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈ-

ÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ‰¤Î·ÙÔ˘ ·ÈÒÓ· Î·È ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈË-

Ì¤ÓË˜ ˘ÊËÏ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÎÔÛÙÔ‡ ÚÒÙÔ˘.

∆Ô ‚·ÛÈÎfi Û‡ÓıËÌ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÛfi˙ÂÈ ÛÙÈ˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÂ˜ ÂÈıÂÙÈ-

Î¤˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈÂ˜ ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ô fiÚÔ˜ Ù˙È¯¿ÓÙ (jihad).

∏ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÙË˜ Ï¤ÍÂˆ˜ ˆ˜ «ÈÂÚfi˜ fiÏÂÌÔ˜», ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ô-

Ï‡Ùˆ˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜. ∆˙È¯¿ÓÙ Î˘ÚÈÔÏÂÎÙÈÎ¿ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ: «ÙÔ Ó· ·ÁˆÓ›-


8. L. Napoleoni, Modern Jihad, Tracing the Dollars behind the Terror Networks.∂ÏÏËÓ.: √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ÙÔ˘ TÚfiÌÔ˘, Ô N¤Ô˜ IÂÚfi˜ ¶fiÏÂÌÔ˜, ÌÙÊÚ. ∂Ú. ª·ÚÙ˙È-

ÓfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, ™‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔÈ √Ú›˙ÔÓÙÂ˜, Aı‹Ó· 2005, Û. 182. ™¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ Ù· ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-

ÌÈÎ¿ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÂˆÓ, ‚Ï. ∂. Berman, Radical, Religious, andViolent. The New Economics of Terrorism, The MIT Press, Cambridge Mass.,London 2009.

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·70

˙ÂÙ·È, Ó· ·ÏÂ‡ÂÈ Î·ÓÂ›˜», Î·È ÌÔÚÂ› Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· Ó· ·Ô‰ÔıÂ›

ˆ˜ «¿ÏË».9 √ÚÈÛÌ¤ÓÔÈ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔÈ ̆ ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ô Ù˙È-

¯¿ÓÙ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎ‹ ¿ÏË, ¿ÏÏÔÈ fiÙÈ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ

¿Ì˘Ó· Î·Ù¿ ÙË˜ ‰È·ÊıÔÚ¿˜ ÙË˜ ›ÛÙÂˆ˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ËıÈÎ‹˜ Î·È fi¯È

ÙÔÓ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfi fiÏÂÌÔ. ∞ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÎÚ·›Ô˘˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÛÂ

ÔÏÏ¤˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÂËÚÂ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈÎ‹ ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›·, ÙÔ

ÓfiËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Ù˙È¯¿ÓÙ Â›Ó·È: ·ÌÂ›ÏÈÎÙÔ˜ fiÏÂÌÔ˜ Î·Ù¿ ÙˆÓ «·›-

ÛÙˆÓ». √ ËÁ¤ÙË˜ ÙË˜ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈÎ‹˜ ∞‰ÂÏÊfiÙËÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞›-

Á˘ÙÔ Sayyid Qutb (Ì¤Û· ÂÈÎÔÛÙÔ‡ ·ÈÒÓ·), ÌÂ Û·Ê‹ÓÂÈ· ‰È·-

Î‹Ú˘ÍÂ: «√ £Âfi˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÌÈ· ·ÈÙ›· ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÔÏÔÊÔÓ›·

—fiÙ·Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜— Î·È ·˘Ùfi˜ Ï¤ÁÂÙ·È jihad.

Œ¯ÂÈ ÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÙÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¿ÈÛÙÔ˘ ÌÂ ÙÔ Û·Ê¤-

ÛÙÂÚÔ Î·È ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÚfiÔ: ·˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó Ì¿-

¯ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ £Âfi. ∞˘ÙÔ› Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó Ì¿¯ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ù·

Â›‰ˆÏ·. ¶ÔÏÂÌ‹ÛÙÂ ÏÔÈfiÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô·‰Ô‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ™·Ù·Ó¿ Û›ÁÔ˘Ú·,

‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ù›ÔÙÂ ¿ÏÏÔ ·Ú¿ ·‰‡Ó·ÌÔÈ».10 Ÿˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Ë

Mary Habeck: «√È ÈÂÚÔÔÏÂÌÈÛÙ¤˜ ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ Î›ÓËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜

T ƒ √ ª √ ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ π ∫ ∂ ™ ∂ ¡ ∂ ƒ ° ∂ π ∂ ™ 71

9. Ch. Townshed, Terrorism. A Short Introduction, Û. 127. ŒÁÎ˘ÚË Î·È ÔÏ‡-

ÏÂ˘ÚË ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ‚Ï. R. Peters, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam, MarkusWiener Publ., Princeton, 1996. °ÂÓÈÎ¿ ¤ÚÁ· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ T˙È¯¿ÓÙ ÛÂ Â˘Úˆ·˚Î¤˜

ÁÏÒÛÛÂ˜, ‚Ï. Û. 197-202Ø M. Habeck, Knowing the Enemy, Yale University2006. ∂ÏÏËÓ.: √È Ì·¯ËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ £ÂÔ‡. ∏ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È Ù· Û˘Óı‹Ì·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÈÂÚÔ‡ÔÏ¤ÌÔ˘, ÌÙÊÚ. ª. ªÂÓ¿, ∆Ô˘Ú›ÎË˜, Aı‹Ó· 2008. «OÈ Ù˙È¯·ÙÈÛÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ

ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎfi ‹ È‰ÂÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ·ÁÒÓ· Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜

ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ‰ÈÂÍ·¯ıÂ› ÂÈÚËÓÈÎ¿Ø ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ë ‡·ÚÍË ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ‹ ÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙË-

Ì¿ÙˆÓ ÌÂ ‰È·Ù¿ÍÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·‚È¿˙Ô˘Ó Ù· Î·ıÔÚÈÛÌ¤Ó· fiÚÈ· ÙË˜ ™·Ú›·˜ ·Ô-

ÙÂÏÂ› Ú¿ÍË Â›ıÂÛË˜ ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ ÙÔ˘ IÛÏ¿Ì, Ë ÔÔ›· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛıÂ›

ÌÂ Â·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ‹ ‚›·», Û. 170. G. Kepel, Jihad, Expansion et Déclin del’Islamisme. EÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ·fi ÙÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ Ì¤ÙˆÔ ÛÙË M¤ÛË AÓ·ÙÔÏ‹, ‚Ï. J.Hider, The Spiders of Allah. Travels of an Unbeliever on the Frontline of Holy War,Doubleday, London, Toronto 2009Ø Ah. Rashid, Le retour des Talibans, Delavilla,Paris 2001.

10. Sayyid Qutb, The East Religion of Islam, 1967. ¶Ú‚Ï. G. Kepel, Le Prophèteet Pharaon, Paris 1993, Û. 33-72Ø K. ¶¿ÙÂÏÔ˜, ∆Ô Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ πÛÏ¿Ì. H Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛËÌÂ ÙË ¢‡ÛË. ªÈ· ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎ‹ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, π. ™È‰¤ÚË˜, Aı‹Ó· 2006, Û.

238-241Ø Tariq Ali, The Clash of Fundamentalisms. Crusades, Jihads and Modernity,Verso, London 2003. ∂ÏÏËÓ.: ∏ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÊÔÓÙ·ÌÂÓÙ·ÏÈÛÌÒÓ. ™Ù·˘ÚÔÊÔ-

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·71

Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÌÈÎÚ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ‚›·ÈˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ

Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÔÏÔÊÔÓ‹ÛÂÈ ¯ÈÏÈ¿‰Â˜ ¿Ó‰ÚÂ˜, Á˘Ó·›ÎÂ˜ Î·È ·È‰È¿.

∞ÂÓ·ÓÙ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ‰ÔÍ·ÛÌ¤ÓÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯ÔÓÙÂ˜ Û’ ¤Ó· ‰Ú¿Ì·

Û˘Ì·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙË ÌÔ›Ú· ÙÔ˘ Îfi-

ÛÌÔ˘ Î·È ı· Î·Ù·Ï‹ÍÂÈ ÙÂÏÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙË Ó›ÎË ÙˆÓ Î·ÏÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ÂÓ¿ÚÂ-

ÙˆÓ Î·È ·ÏËıÈÓÒÓ ÈÛÙÒÓ».11 √ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎfi˜ Ê·Ó·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È

˘·ÚÎÙfi˜ Î·È ÌÔÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÌÂ ˘ÚÎ·ÁÈ¿ ÛÂ ‰¿ÛÔ˜, ÌÂ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ¿ÓÂÌÔ.

¶¤Ú· ·fi Ù· ¿ÌÂÛ· ÙÚ·ÁÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·, Ë Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË È-

ÛÏ·ÌÈÎ‹ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÊ¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙÈ˜ ‰˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›Â˜

ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÂ˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¤˜ ÂÈ‚·Ú‡ÓÛÂÈ˜, ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÒÛÂÈ ÙÔ Ú˘ı-

Ìfi ̇ ˆ‹˜, Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ‰Â ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÎÙÈÓ¿ÍÂÈ ËÊ·ÈÛÙÂÈ·Î‹ Ï¿‚· Êfi‚Ô˘ ·Ï-

Ï¿ Î·È ÍÂÓÔÊÔ‚›·˜. ∆ÂÏÈÎ¿, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ıËÎÂ ¤Ó·˜ Ê·‡ÏÔ˜ Î‡-

ÎÏÔ˜. ∏ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ÚÔÎ·ÏÂ› Êfi‚Ô. ∞ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ô Êfi‚Ô˜ ‰È·-

ÊfiÚˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ, ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙÂ› ÙËÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·. ∆Ô ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·

Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÛÙÈ˜ Ì¤ÚÂ˜ Ì·˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·˘ÍËıÂ› Ô Êfi‚Ô˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔÓ ÈÛÏ·-

ÌÈÎfi fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ.

∆Ô ∂ÚÂ˘ÓËÙÈÎfi πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ Pew Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛÂ ÌÈ· ÙËÏÂ-

ÊˆÓÈÎ‹ ÛÊ˘ÁÌÔÌ¤ÙÚËÛË ÛÂ ‰Â›ÁÌ· 14.030 ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ, ÛÂ ‰ÂÎ·-

ÙÚÂ›˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ 1 ∞ÚÈÏ›Ô˘ ¤ˆ˜ ÙÈ˜ 14 ª·˝Ô˘ 2006, ÌÂ ÙÔ

ÂÚÒÙËÌ·: ¶ÈÛÙÂ‡ÂÙÂ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ Î·È

Î·ÙÔ›ÎˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÁÂÓÈÎ¿ Î·Ï¤˜ ‹ ÁÂÓÈÎ¿

Î·Î¤˜; «°ÂÓÈÎ¿ Î·Î¤˜», ·¿ÓÙËÛ·Ó ÔÈ °ÂÚÌ·ÓÔ› Î·Ù¿ 70%, ÔÈ

°¿ÏÏÔÈ Î·Ù¿ 66%, ÔÈ ‰Â µÚÂÙ·ÓÔ› Î·È πÛ·ÓÔ› Î·Ù¿ 61%/. ∂Ï·-

ÊÚÒ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ

ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÂ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜. ™ÙË °ÂÚÌ·Ó›· ıÂˆÚÔ‡Ó

Î·Î¤˜ ÙÔ 60% ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ, ÛÙË °·ÏÏ›· ÙÔ 58%, ÛÙË ª.

µÚÂÙ·Ó›· ÙÔ 62%.12


«OÈ ıÈ·ÛÒÙÂ˜ ÙÔ˘ KÔ˘ÙÌ ÛÙÔ IÛÏ·ÌÈÎfi T˙È¯¿ÓÙ, Ô˘ ÂÓÒıËÎ·Ó ÌÂ ÙË ÛÙÚ·-

ÙÔÏfiÁËÛË O˘¯·ÌÈÙÒÓ AÚ¿‚ˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ OÛ¿Ì· ÌÈÓ §¿ÓÙÂÓ ÁÈ· Ó· Û¯ËÌ·-

Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ AÏ K¿ÈÓÙ·, ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ “EÌÈÚ¿ÙÔ ÙÔ˘ AÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó” ‹Ù·Ó ÙÔ

ÌfiÓÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ·ÏËıÈÓÔ‡ IÛÏ¿Ì. TÔ Î·ıÂÛÙÒ˜ ÙˆÓ T·ÏÈÌ¿Ó Û·Ó ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘

·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜».

11. ª. Habeck, ÌÓËÌ. ¤ÚÁ., Û. 171.

12. ∏ K·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹, 24.6.2006, ÌÂ Ù›ÙÏÔ «T· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÙË˜ Î·¯˘Ô„›·˜

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·72

ªÈ· ¿ÏÏË ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ·fi ÙÔ «∂˘Úˆ·˚Îfi ¶·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÁÈ·

ÙËÓ •ÂÓÔÊÔ‚›· Î·È ÙÔ ƒ·ÙÛÈÛÌfi», Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì‚Ô˘ÏÂ˘ÙÈÎfi

fiÚÁ·ÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ∂˘Úˆ·˚ÎÔ‡ ∫ÔÈÓÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘, ¤‰ÂÈÍÂ fiÙÈ Ë ÈÛÏ·ÌÔ-

ÊÔ‚›· ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ‰˘Ó·ÌÒÓÂÈ. √ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ fiÛˆÓ ‰È¿ÎÂÈÓÙ·È

‰˘ÛÌÂÓÒ˜ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì ·ÚÔ˘Û›·ÛÂ ·‡ÍËÛË Î·Ù¿ 60% ÛÂ

¤Ó· ¯ÚfiÓÔ.13

∞ÛÊ·ÏÒ˜, Ë ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ Êfi‚Ô˘, ÙË˜ ÍÂÓÔÊÔ‚›·˜, ÙË˜ Â¯ıÚfi-

ÙËÙÔ˜ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÙËÓ ÂÓ‰Â‰ÂÈÁÌ¤ÓË ÛÙ¿ÛË

ÛÙ· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÙË˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜.

µã. ∫∞∆∞Ãƒ∏™∏ ∆∏™ £ƒ∏™∫∂À∆π∫∏™ ™À¡∂π¢∏™∂ø™ ∫∞π ∞¡∞¡∏æ∏

1. ªÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÓÈ·›· ÛÙ¿ÛË

¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÙË˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ªÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÔÌ¿‰· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›-

ÏË„Ë fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ú¿ÍÂÈ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓÙÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘

Ù˙È¯¿ÓÙ.14

∂›Ó·È ‚Â‚·ÈˆÌ¤ÓÔ fiÙÈ ÛÂ ÔÏÏ¤˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈÂ˜

˘‹ÚÍÂ ÌÈ· ¤ÓÙÔÓË ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›·, ı· ¤ÏÂÁÂ Î·ÓÂ›˜ ¤Ó· ÓÙÔ¿ÚÈ-

ÛÌ· ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÈ‰‹ÛÂˆ˜. ∞fi ·ÓÙÈÎÂ›ÌÂÓ· Ô˘ ‚Ú¤-

ıËÎ·Ó fiÙÈ ·Ó‹Î·Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚˆÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÙ˘‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙË

¡¤· ÀfiÚÎË, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ, ·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ Î·ı·ÚÒ˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ‹ Î·È

Ì·¯ËÙÈÎ‹ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›·, ˘‹ÚÍÂ Î·È ¤ÓÙÔÓË ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹, Ë Ô-

Ô›· Û˘Ó¤‚·ÏÂ ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ÓÔËÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ı˘ÌÈÎÔ‡ ·˘ÙÒÓ

Ô˘ ·Ó¤Ï·‚·Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÛË.15 °È· ÂÎ·ÙÔÌÌ‡ÚÈ· ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿-

ÓÔ˘˜, ÔÈ Ú¿ÍÂÈ˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜ ÛÙË ¢‡ÛË ·ÔÎ·ÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È «ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·-

ÙÈÎ¤˜» Â›Ó·È Ú¿ÍÂÈ˜ ËÚˆÈÎ¤˜, «Ì·ÚÙ˘ÚÈÎ¤˜», ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ̆ ÂÚ¿ÛÈ-

ÛË ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì. ŒÙÛÈ, ‚Ï¤Ô˘ÌÂ ÌËÙ¤ÚÂ˜ Ó· ·Ú·ÎÈÓÔ‡Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿

ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘¯‹ ÙÔ˘˜ fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ù¿ ÍÂÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ÌÂ ÙÔ

T ƒ √ ª √ ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ π ∫ ∂ ™ ∂ ¡ ∂ ƒ ° ∂ π ∂ ™ 73

IÛÏ¿Ì-¢‡ÛË˜. MÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔÈ Î·È XÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ› ÛÂ 12 ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÛÂ

¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÙË˜ International Herald Tribune Ò˜ ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ÌÂÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Â».

13. M. ¢ÂÏËı·Ó¿ÛË˜, «£ÂÚÈÂ‡ÂÈ Ë ÈÛÏ·ÌÔÊÔ‚›· ÛÙËÓ E˘ÚÒË», H K·ıË-ÌÂÚÈÓ‹, 14.1.2007.

14. A. Basbous, ÌÓ. ¤ÚÁ. ¶·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ·ÎÚ·›ˆÓ ÎËÚ‡ÎˆÓ. Û. 270-274.

15. Herald International Tribune, H K·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹, 29-30.9.2001.

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·73

∫ÔÚ¿ÓÈÔ ÛÙÔ ¯¤ÚÈ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·, Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÂÔ›ıËÛ‹

ÙÔ˘˜, ˘„›ÛÙË˜ ·˘ÙÔı˘Û›·˜ (‚Ï. ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Î·ÌÈÎ¿˙È ÛÙÔ ∂˚Ï¿Ï

ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹Ï, ÙÔÓ π·ÓÔ˘¿ÚÈÔ 2007). ∏ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÛÎ¤„Ë ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜

‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙË˜ Ï·‚˘Ú›ÓıÔ˘˜ Î·È ·ÚÔÛ‰fiÎËÙÂ˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó·-

ÁˆÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙÈ˜ ˘ÚËÓÈÎ¤˜ ÂÎÚ‹ÍÂÈ˜.

À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó, ·ÛÊ·ÏÒ˜, ÎÔÚ·ÓÈÎ¿ Â‰¿ÊÈ· Ô˘ ·ÚÔÙÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÂ

Ì·¯ËÙÈÎ‹ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ·›ÛÙÔ˘˜. ¶.¯. «ŸÙ·Ó ·Ú¤ÏıˆÛÈÓ

ÔÈ ÈÂÚÔ› Ì‹ÓÂ˜, ÙfiÙÂ ÊÔÓÂ‡ÂÙÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏ˘ıÂ˚ÛÙ¿˜ fiÔ˘ ·Ó Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹-

ÛËÙÂ, ˙ˆÁÚÂ›ÙÂ ‰Â ÔÏÈÔÚÎÔ‡ÓÙÂ˜ Î·È ÂÓÂ‰ÚÂ‡ÔÓÙÂ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜. ∂¿Ó

fiÌˆ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÓÔ‹ÛˆÛÈÓ, Â¿Ó ÙËÚ‹ÛˆÛÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÂ˘¯‹Ó, Â¿Ó ÂÏÂ‹ÛˆÛÈÓ,

¿ÊÂÙÂ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÂÏÂ˘ı¤ÚÔ˘˜, Î·ıfiÙÈ Ô £Âfi˜ Â›Ó·È Ì·ÎÚfiı˘ÌÔ˜ Î·È

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ÓÙ¿ÙÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ·›ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÊÔÓÂ‡ÂÙÂ Î·È Î·Ù·ÛÊ¿˙ÂÙÂ, Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙÔ‡ÓÙÂ˜

ÛÙÂÚÚÒ˜ Ù· ‰ÂÛÌ¿ ÙÔ˘ ·È¯Ì·ÏÒÙÔ˘... ŸÛÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ›! ∂¿Ó Û˘Ó‰Ú¿-

ÌËÙÂ ÙÔÓ £ÂfiÓ ÂÓ ÙË Ì¿¯Ë ·˘ÙÔ‡ Î·Ù¿ ÙˆÓ ·›ÛÙˆÓ, Î·È Ô £Âfi˜ ı·

Û˘Ó‰Ú¿ÌË ̆ Ì¿˜, Î·ÙÂ˘ı‡ÓˆÓ Ù· ̆ Ì¤ÙÂÚ· ‰È·‚‹Ì·Ù·» (47:4, 8).

™‹ÌÂÚ·, ÔÏÏÔ› ÌÂÙÚÈÔ·ıÂ›˜ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔÈ ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ

ÎÔÚ·ÓÈÎÔ› ·˘ÙÔ› ÛÙ›¯ÔÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ·ÛıÔ‡Ó Î·È Ó· ÂÚÌËÓÂ˘-

ıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÏ¤¯ıËÛ·Ó.

¢È·ÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔÈ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔÈ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙ¤˜ Î·È ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜ Î·Ù·‰È-

Î¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Ì¤ıÔ‰Ô ÙË˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ

ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛıÂ› ˆ˜ Ù˙È¯¿ÓÙ.17 ∆·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· fiÌˆ˜ ˙Ë-

ÙÔ‡Ó Â›ÌÔÓ· Ó· Î·Ù·‰ÈÎ·ÛıÂ› Î·È Ë ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· Ô˘ ·ÛÎÂ›-

Ù·È ·fi ÌË-ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔ˘˜ ÌÂ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜ ÛÂ ¿ÏÏ·


16. TÔ KÔÚ¿ÓÈÔÓ, ÌÙÊÚ. °. I. ¶ÂÓÙ¿ÎË˜, AÓ. KˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓ›‰Ë˜, Aı‹Ó·È

21886. Afi ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË Î·Ù·¯ˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ÎÔÚ·ÓÈÎ¿ ̄ ˆÚ›·.

17. ¶.¯. Ô ÚÒËÓ ªÂÁ¿ÏÔ˜ ªÔ˘ÊÙ‹˜ ÙË˜ AÈÁ‡ÙÔ˘ MÔ˘¯¿Ì·ÓÙ ™·ÁÈ¤ÓÙ

T·ÓÙ·Ô˘›, ‰ÈÂ˘ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ AÏ A˙¯¿Ú, «ÙÔ M¿ÚÙÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1996 Î·Ù·‰›Î·ÛÂ ¤ÓÙÔ-

Ó· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÙÂ˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ». «AÚÓÂ›Ù·È Ó· ıÂˆÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÔÈ Î·-

ÌÈÎ¿˙È Ì¿ÚÙ˘ÚÂ˜ ·Ó ÛÎÔÙÒÓÔ˘Ó ·ıÒÔ˘˜, Á˘Ó·›ÎÂ˜ Î·È ·È‰È¿». A. Basbous,ÌÓËÌ. ¤ÚÁ., Û. 277-278. BÏ. Î·È ¢È·Ï¤ÍÂÈ˜ Î·È ÔÌÈÏ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ MÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ MÔ˘ÊÙ‹

ÙË˜ ™˘ÚÈ·Î‹˜ AÚ·‚ÈÎ‹˜ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Sheikh Ahmad Kuftaro, The Way ofTruth, World Quran School, Damascus 2004, English text, University of A-rizona. ¶Ú‚Ï. P. N. Trivedi, Terrorism has no Religion, M. D. Publications, NewDelhi 2009.

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·74

Ì¤Ùˆ· (.¯. ÛÙË °¿˙·). π‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙË Ï‡ÛË ÙÔ˘

·Ï·ÈÛÙÈÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.

√È Î‡ÎÏÔÈ ·˘ÙÔ› ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ ∫ÔÚ¿ÓÈÔ Â›Ó·È ÁÂÌ¿ÙÔ

·ÚÔÙÚ‡ÓÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÌÂÙÚÈÔ¿ıÂÈ·, Â˘Û¤‚ÂÈ·, ̆ ÔÙ·Á‹ ÛÙÔ ı¤ÏËÌ·

ÙÔ˘ £ÂÔ‡. ∫·È ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ·Í›ˆÌ· ÁÈ· ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì ·Ú·-

Ì¤ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› «ÛËÌÂ›Ô» (aya) ıÂ˚Îfi. ∏ ·ÍÈÔ-

Ú¤ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ Î¿ıÂ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘ÌÊ˘‹˜ ÌÂ ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘. ™ÙÔ

·Ô¯·ÈÚÂÙÈÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÚÔÛÎ‡ÓËÌ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË ª¤ÎÎ·, Ô ªˆ¿ÌÂı ÙfiÓÈ-

ÛÂ: «ø ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ! ∂Ï¿Û·ÌÂÓ ˘Ì¿˜ ¿ÚÛÂÓ Î·È ı‹Ï˘, Î·Ù·Ù¿Í·-

ÓÙÂ˜ ˘Ì¿˜ ·Ó¿ Ô›ÎÔ˘˜ Î·È Ê˘Ï¿˜, fiˆ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ËÛıÂ ÌÂÙ·Í‡

˘ÌÒÓ. √ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ·Ú¿ Ùˆ £ÂÒ Â›Ó·È Ô ÊÔ‚Ô‡ÌÂÓÔ˜ ÙÔÓ ∫‡-

ÚÈÔÓ» (49:13). (∫·Ù¿ ¿ÏÏË, ÂÚÌËÓÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË: «... µÂ‚·›-

ˆ˜ Ô ÈÔ ÙÈÌËÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ·fi Û·˜ —ÛÙ· Ì¿ÙÈ· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÏÏ¿¯— Â›Ó·È Ô

ÈÔ ÂÓ¿ÚÂÙÔ˜»).18

∆ËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ· ·Ô‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì Î·È ÁÈ·

ÙÔ˘˜ Ô·‰Ô‡˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÌÔÓÔıÂ˚ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ıÚËÛÎÂÈÒÓ.19 ™¤‚ÂÙ·È

Î·È ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÂ‡ÂÈ Ù· ‰ÈÎ·ÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ÌË-MÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ, ÙˆÓ

dhimmis (ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÂ˘ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ). ∆Ô ∫ÔÚ¿ÓÈÔ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·-

Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÁÂÓÈÎÒ˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÌË-MÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔ˘˜ Î·È, ÛÂ ÂÈ‰ÈÎ¤˜

ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜, ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ô·‰Ô‡˜ ÙÔ˘ πËÛÔ‡. ™Ù· ÎÔÚ·ÓÈÎ¿ ·˘Ù¿

Â‰¿ÊÈ· ¿ÏÏÔÙÂ ‰È·Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Î¿ÔÈ· Û˘Ì¿ıÂÈ·, ¿ÏÏÔÙÂ ÌÈ·

Û·Ê‹˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË. ¶.¯. «£· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ë˜ fiÙÈ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒ-

ˆÓ ÔÈ ∂‚Ú·›ÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ¶ÔÏ˘ıÂ˚ÛÙ·› ÂÈÛÈÓ Â¯ıÚÔ› ¿ÛÔÓ‰ÔÈ ÙˆÓ

ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ Î·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î·ÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ› Â›Ó·È ÔÈ Ì¿Ï-

ÏÔÓ ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈÌ¤ÓÔÈ Ó· ·Á·ÒÛÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛÙÔ‡˜ [‰ËÏ. ÙÔ˘˜ MÔ˘-

ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔ˘˜]» (5:85). ŸÌˆ˜ ·ÏÏÔ‡ Î·Ù·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ÔÓ Î·È

ÙˆÓ ÌÂÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰Â: «ŸÛÔÈ ÈÛÙÔ›! ªË Û˘Ó¿ÙÂÙÂ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÌÂÙ¿

ÙˆÓ ∂‚Ú·›ˆÓ, Ô‡ÙÂ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙˆÓ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÒÓ, Ô‡ÙÔÈ Â›Ó·È Ê›ÏÔÈ

·ÏÏ‹ÏˆÓ» (5:56). ŒÙÛÈ ÔÈ Î·Ù¿ Î·ÈÚÔ‡˜ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ·ÓÈÎ¤˜ ËÁÂ-

T ƒ √ ª √ ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ π ∫ ∂ ™ ∂ ¡ ∂ ƒ ° ∂ π ∂ ™ 75

18. TÔ IÂÚfi KÔÚ¿ÓÈÔ, ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· Î·È ‰·¿Ó·È˜ I. ™. §¿ÙÛË, Aı‹Ó· 1978

(˘fi ÔÌ¿‰Ô˜ ·ÓˆÓ‡ÌˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÊÚ·ÛÙÒÓ).

19. D. Marshall, God, Muhammad and the Unbelievers, Curzon, Surrey TW9

1999.

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·75

Û›Â˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ Â˘¯¤ÚÂÈ·, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÔ‡ÌÂÓÂ˜ Û˘Ó-

ı‹ÎÂ˜, Ó· ̆ ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ÎÔÚ·ÓÈÎ¿ ̄ ˆÚ›· Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÂ˘ÎÔ-

Ï‡ÓÔ˘Ó.

2. ∞˜ ¤ÏıÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÒÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ‰Â‰ÂÈÁÌ¤ÓË ‰ÈÎ‹ Ì·˜ ÛÙ¿ÛË. ∞-

Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ‰›ÏËÌÌ· «∏ ¢‡ÛË Î·È ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì. ™‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ‹

Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌfi˜;», Ô πˆ¿ÓÓË˜ µ·Ú‚ÈÙÛÒÙË˜, ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂ ÙÔÓ

™. ƒÔ‡ÛÛÔ, Î·Ù·Ï‹ÁÂÈ ÛÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ·: «√ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

‚·ÛÈÛÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÛÌfi Î·È ÛÙË ıÂÛÌÈÎ‹ Î·ÙÔ¯‡ÚˆÛË

ÙË˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi˜

ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Î·È ÛÙ· Î·ÈÓÔ‡ÚÁÈ· Î¿ıÂ ÊÔÚ¿ ÚÂ‡Ì·Ù· È‰Â-

ÒÓ Î·È ËıÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ‰‡Ô ÙÈÓ¿ ‰ÂÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔ‡Ù·È Ó· Ú¿ÍÂÈ:

‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÂÈÏ¤ÍÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù˘ÊÏ‹ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÌÂ ÙÔ ÌÔ˘ÛÔ˘Ï-

Ì·ÓÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ, ... Ô‡ÙÂ fiÌˆ˜ Î·È Ó· ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ fiÔÈÔ

¯ˆÚ›˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌfi».20

∞ÛÊ·ÏÒ˜, ÙÔ Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ· Â›Ó·È ÔÚıfi. ™ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô fiÌˆ˜

·˘Ùfi ı· ı¤Ï·ÌÂ Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË:

™˘¯Ó¿ ·ÓÙÈ·Ú·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È «Ë ¢‡ÛË Î·È ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì». ™Â ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ·

fiÌˆ˜ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, ÚÔÛ‰›‰ÂÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ˜

ÙfiÓÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi-ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì, Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈ-

Îfi. ∂ÓÒ, ¤ÌÌÂÛ· ‹ ¿ÌÂÛ·, Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÂ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÌÔ›Ú· Ô ıÚËÛÎÂ˘-

ÙÈÎfi˜ ˘Ú‹Ó·˜ Î·È ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì. ∞˘Ùfi˜ fiÌˆ˜ ÙÚÔÊÔ-


20. BÏ. I. M. µ·Ú‚ÈÙÛÈÒÙË ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ™. ƒÔ‡ÛÛÔ, ∆˘ÊÏÔ› ÛÙÚ·-ÙÔ›. ∏ ¢‡ÛË Î·È Ë ·ÂÈÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÊÔÓÙ·ÌÂÓÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡, ∫·ÛÙ·ÓÈÒÙË˜,

Aı‹Ó· 2008, ÎÂÊ. 7: H ¢‡ÛË Î·È ÙÔ IÛÏ¿Ì. ™‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ‹ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌfi˜;, Û.

152-170. EÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘ÛÂ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÔ ÙÈ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ

MÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔÈ Î·È ÙÈ Ë ¢‡ÛË, ‚Ï. ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔ˘ ‰È·ÓÔÔ˘Ì¤-

ÓÔ˘ Akbar S. Ahmed, Islam under Siege. Living Dangerously in a Post-HonorWorld Policy, Cambridge U.K. 2003, Û. 152-160. ™¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ‰È·-

ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈ˚ÛÏ·ÌÈÎ‹ Î·È ·ÓÙÈ‰˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÚËÙÔÚÈ-

Î‹, ‚Ï. ÓËÊ¿ÏÈ· ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË F. Halliday, Islam and the Myth of Confrontation, I. B.Tauris, London, New York, New ed. 2003. ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ ‰›ÏËÌÌ· ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÙ·È

ˆ˜: ™‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ‹ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·. µÏ. Amin Saikal, Islam and the West. Conflict orCooperation?, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2003. ™ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ‹ Û‡Á-

ÎÚÔ˘ÛË, ‚Ï. Â›ÛË˜ H. Goddard, A History of Christian - Muslim Relations,Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 2000, Û. 177-194.

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·76

‰ÔÙÂ›, ÂÌÓ¤ÂÈ Î·È ÓÂ˘ÚÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì (ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤-

ÓÂ˜ ÌÂÙ·Ê˘ÛÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂÈ˜, ÌÂ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ‰ÔÁÌ·ÙÈ-

ÎÒÓ ·ÍÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ı¤ÛÂˆÓ, ËıÈÎ‹ ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·, ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ÈÂÚfi, ·-

ÔÏ‡ÙÔ˘, ·‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙÂ˘ÙÔ˘ Î‡ÚÔ˘˜).21

√ fiÚÔ˜ «¢‡ÛË» ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎ¿ Î·È

ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¿ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›· Ô˘ ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÒıËÎ·Ó ·ÊÂÙËÚÈ·-

Î¿ ̆ fi ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÌÂÙÂÍÂÏ›¯ıËÎ·Ó ·-

fi ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ¿ÏÏÂ˜ Ù¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏ‡ÌÔÚÊÔ˘ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡.

™‹ÌÂÚ· ‰Â ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÂÎÎÔÛÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ¢‡ÛË. ∞fi

·˘Ù‹˜ ÙË˜ ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜, Ë ·ÓÙÈ·Ú¿ıÂÛË ÌÂ ÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì —ÛÙË Û‡ÓıÂ-

ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘— ı¤ÙÂÈ ÛÙË ¢‡-

ÛË ÌÈ· ÚfiÛÎÏËÛË ·˘ÙÔÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·˘ÙÔÛ˘ÓÂÈ‰ËÛ›· ÙË˜. ∏

·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓË ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ ·‰È·ÊÔÚ›· ÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈ-

Îfi ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎfi ÙË˜ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·. ∞ÏÏ¿ Ô‡ÙÂ Ô fiÚÔ˜ ¢‡ÛË Û˘ÌÂÚÈ-

Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ fiÏÔ ÙÔ ̄ ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∏ ƒˆÛ›· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Â›ÛË˜

ÛÙÔ ÛÙfi¯·ÛÙÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙÒÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÒÓ. √È ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ-

Ô‡ÌÂÓÔÈ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, fiÚÔÈ «¢‡ÛË», «πÛÏ¿Ì» ‰ÂÓ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Ï‹-

ÚË ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯›·. √ ¤Ó·˜ Â›Ó·È, ÂÙ˘ÌÔÏÔÁÈÎ¿, ÁÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi˜-ÔÏÈ-

ÙÈÛÙÈÎfi˜, ÂÓÒ Ô ¿ÏÏÔ˜ Î·ı·ÚÒ˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ÂÚÈÔ-

Ú›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÁÂˆÁÚ·ÊÈÎ¿ Û‡ÓÔÚ·.

™Â ÌÈ· ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË Û˘Ó¤ÓÙÂ˘ÍË ÙÔ˘, Ô ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi˜ Edward Lutt-wak, Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê¤·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÍ·›ÚÂÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ∏ ÌÂÁ·ÏÂÈÒ‰Ë˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙË-ÁÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹˜ ∞˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·˜,22 ÂÍËÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯‹

·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÒÓ ÛÙÈ˜ È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÂÎÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ Î˘Ì¿-

ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì, ÂÂÛ‹Ì·ÓÂ fiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÙË˜ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈ-

T ƒ √ ª √ ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ π ∫ ∂ ™ ∂ ¡ ∂ ƒ ° ∂ π ∂ ™ 77

21. BÏ. ËÌ¤ÙÂÚÔ IÛÏ¿Ì. £ÚËÛÎÂÈÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË, ¶ÔÚÂ˘ı¤ÓÙÂ˜, Aı‹Ó·

1975Ø ∞ÎÚ›Ù·˜, ¤Î‰. 15Ë, 2006. AÓ¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎÔ‡ Ù˙È¯·ÓÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ‚Ï. G.Weigel, Faith, Reason and the War. Against Jihadism, Doubleday, New York 2009.

O Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê¤·˜ ÂÈÌ¤ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ¢‡ÛË Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ˘fi„Ë ÙË˜ ÙÈ˜

ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ Ú›˙Â˜ ÙÔ˘ Ù˙È¯·ÓÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÂÓÂÚ-

ÁÔ‡Ó ‚›·È· ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙÔ˘ £ÂÔ‡.

22. Ed. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire, Beiknap ofHarvard University Press, Cambridge, Aı‹Ó· 2009. ¶Ú‚Ï. EÏ. °Ï‡Î·Ù˙Ë-

AÚ‚ÂÏ¤Ú, °È·Ù› ÙÔ B˘˙¿ÓÙÈÔ, EÏÏËÓÈÎ¿ °Ú¿ÌÌ·Ù·, Aı‹Ó· 2009, Û. 185.

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·77

ÓÔ˘fiÏÂˆ˜, «Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ¤·ÈÍÂ Ë ÙÚÈÏ‹ Î·È ÈÛ¯˘ÚfiÙ·ÙË

Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÒÓ, Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ‹, ̄ ÚÈ-

ÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎ‹ Î·È ÚˆÌ·˚Î‹. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¤Î·ÓÂ Ó· ·ÈÛı¿-

ÓÔÓÙ·È ˘ÂÚ‹Ê·ÓÔÈ Î·È ‰˘Ó·ÙÔ› ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔÈ ÂÓfi˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡

ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ∂›¯·Ó ‚·ıÈ¿ ÁÓÒÛË ÙË˜ ·Ú¯·›·˜ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎ‹˜ ·È‰Â›·˜,

¿Ú· ‹Ù·Ó ÛÂ ı¤ÛË Ó· Î·Ù·ÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ Á‡Úˆ ÙÔ˘˜. ◊Ù·Ó

‚·ı‡Ù·Ù· ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ›: Â›¯·Ó ÙfiÛÔ ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ›ÛÙË ÛÙÔÓ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈ-

ÛÌfi, Ô˘ ÂÌÂ›˜ ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚÔÈ ÌÂ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÌÔÚÔ‡-

ÌÂ Ó· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÏËÊıÔ‡ÌÂ. ∫·È ‚·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ‡˜ ÚˆÌ·˚-

ÎÔ‡˜ ıÂÛÌÔ‡˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÓfiÌÔ˘˜, ÙÔ ÛÙÚ·Ùfi, ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜».23 ™˘Á¯Úfi-

Óˆ˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÂÈÏÒÓ, ÔÈ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÔ› ̄ ÚËÛÈÌÔ-

Ô›ËÛ·Ó ÌÂ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË ÂÈ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ· ÙË ‰ÈÏˆÌ·Ù›·.

√È Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜, ‚¤‚·È·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÈ ‚¿ÛÂÈ˜ —·È-

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Ú¿ÛÙÈ· ÛËÌ·Û›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚı‹ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙË Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË ÙÚÔÌÔ-

ÎÚ·Ù›·. ∞Ó ıÂÏ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Ó· Î¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÌÈ· ·˘ÙÔÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹, ÙfiÛÔ Ë

·È‰Â›· fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ›ÛÙË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ‰È·‚ÚˆıÂ› ÛÙÔÓ ·-

Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Î¿ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∫·È ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó

Ó· ˘ÔÓÔÌÂ‡ÔÓÙ·È. ∂ÓÒ ÛÙÔÓ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ·Ú·ÙËÚÂ›Ù·È

ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘Ó·ÈÛı‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, Î·È

Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÓıÔ˘ÛÈ·ÛÌfi˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì ÛÂ Ó¤Â˜ ÂÚÈÔ-

¯¤˜ ÌÂ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¿ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¿ Ì¤Û·, ÛÙÔ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈ-

Îfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÓÂÙ·È, ·ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, ̆ Ô‚¿ıÌÈÛË ÙË˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜

ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÈ‰‹ÛÂˆ˜ Î·È ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙË˜ ·Í›·˜ ÙË˜.

∫·ÈÚfi˜ Ó· Û˘ÓÂÈ‰ËÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÎÂ› Ë ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹

ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÔ¯‹˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙ¿ÛÂˆ˜ ÙË˜

ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì·˜. ∏ ·Ó¿ÓË„Ë, Ë ·Ó·˙ˆÔÁfiÓËÛË Î·È fi¯È Ë ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔ-

Ô›ËÛË ÙË˜ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎ‹˜ ›ÛÙÂˆ˜, Ë ‚›ˆÛË ÙË˜ Ô˘Û›·˜ ÙË˜, ÙË˜

‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Î¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÙË˜ ı· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ‡˜

Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘˜ √ÚıÔ‰fiÍÔ˘˜, Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿

Ì·˜ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎ¤˜ ·Í›Â˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó


23. H K·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹, 28.3.2010, T¤¯ÓÂ˜ Î·È ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, Û. 8.

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ÙÔÓ ˘Ú‹Ó· ÙÔ˘ ̄ ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎÔ‡ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡, ÙËÓ ÂÎÏËÎÙÈÎ‹ ·ÓÙÔ¯‹,

Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfi ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘.

3. √È ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÈı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ¤‰ˆÛ·Ó Û˘Á-

¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ Ó¤· ÒıËÛË ÛÙÈ˜ Â·Ê¤˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ‰È·ÓÔÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ‰È·-

ÊfiÚˆÓ ıÚËÛÎÂÈÒÓ, ÌÂ ÛÎÔfi ÙÔ ‰È·ıÚËÛÎÂÈ·Îfi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ. ∆· ÙÂ-

ÏÂ˘Ù·›· ‰¤Î· ̄ ÚfiÓÈ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÏËı‡ÓÂÈ Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈ·. ∞ÓÙ›

ÁÈ· Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙfiÛÔ ¤ÓÙÔÓ· ¤¯ÂÈ

ÌÈÏ‹ÛÂÈ Ô Samuel Huntington,24 ÙÔ ˙ËÙÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Â›Ó·È Ô

‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ, Ë ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÌÔÓÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘˜

Û˘Ó‡·ÚÍË. ¶ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·ÙÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË ·˘Ù‹ ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó

Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÔ˘Ó Ù· ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ‰È·ıÚËÛÎÂÈ·Î¿ Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈ· Î·È ÔÈ ·-

ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔÈ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ›, fiˆ˜ Ë «¢È¿ÛÎÂ„Ë ÙˆÓ £ÚËÛÎÂÈÒÓ ÁÈ·

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ÛÎÂÈÒÓ ·fi ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ.

¢ÂÓ ÙÚ¤ÊÔ˘ÌÂ, ‚Â‚·›ˆ˜, „Â˘‰·ÈÛı‹ÛÂÈ˜ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿-

ıÂÈÂ˜ ı· ÚÔÛÊ¤ÚÔ˘Ó Û‡ÓÙÔÌ· ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜ Ï‡ÛÂÈ˜. √‡ÙÂ, ·-

ÛÊ·ÏÒ˜, ‰È·Ê·›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÏÏ¿ ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ÁÈ· ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ ÛÂ ıÂÔÏÔÁÈ-

Î¿ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· (.¯. Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÁÈ· Ù· ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎ¿ ‰fiÁÌ·Ù· ‹ ÙÈ˜

ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÔ ∫ÔÚ¿ÓÈÔ Î·È ÙÔÓ

ªˆ¿ÌÂı). À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó fiÌˆ˜ ·Ó·ÓıÚÒÈÓ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, fiˆ˜ Ë

ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, Ë ÂÈÚ‹ÓË, Ë Û˘ÌÊÈÏ›ˆÛË

ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÒÓ, Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, Ë ‰ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡ÓË,

Ù· Ó·ÚÎˆÙÈÎ¿, Ë ‚ÈÔËıÈÎ‹ Î.Ï., Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÓÙÈÎÂ›-

ÌÂÓÔ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ. √È Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó

ÛÙËÓ ̆ ¤Ú‚·ÛË ·Ú·ÓÔ‹ÛÂˆÓ, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÓËÊ·ÏÈfiÙÂÚË˜

ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÈ‰‹ÛÂˆ˜, ÒÛÙÂ Ó· Î·Ù·Ï¿‚Ô˘ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜

Î·È Ù· ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ. √ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ˜

·fi ÙË ÛÈˆ‹, Ì¤Û· ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Î·ÏÏÈÂÚÁÂ›Ù·È Ë Î·¯˘Ô„›· Î·È

Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙÔ Ì›ÛÔ˜. ∂› Ï¤ÔÓ, ÔÈ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜, ÌÂ Ù· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ·-

Ó·ÎÔÈÓˆı¤ÓÙ· Î·È ÌËÓ‡Ì·Ù·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ· ÛÂ È‰¤Â˜

T ƒ √ ª √ ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ π ∫ ∂ ™ ∂ ¡ ∂ ƒ ° ∂ π ∂ ™ 79

24. S. P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of WorldOrder, A. Touchstone Book, New York 1997.

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·79

Î·Ù·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÓÓÔ‹ÛÂˆ˜. √È È‰¤Â˜ ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰ÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘˜

Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌË ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎ‹ Î·È Â›‰Ú·ÛË.

√È ¶ÚÔÎ·ı‹ÌÂÓÔÈ ÙˆÓ √ÚıÔ‰fiÍˆÓ ∂ÎÎÏËÛÈÒÓ, ÛÙÔ ÙÂÏÈÎfi

ª‹Ó˘Ì· ÙË˜ ™˘Ó¿ÍÂˆ˜ Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓÂ ÙÔÓ √ÎÙÒ‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2008 ÛÙËÓ

∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ÔÏË ÙfiÓÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ó· Û˘ÓÂ¯ÈÛıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ‰È·-

¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎÔ› Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ıÚËÛÎÂÈ·ÎÔ› ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔÈ, «È‰È·ÈÙ¤-

Úˆ˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ πÔ˘‰·˚ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì, ‰Ôı¤ÓÙÔ˜ fiÙÈ Ô ‰È¿-

ÏÔÁÔ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÙÔÓ ÌfiÓÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÂÈÏ‡ÛÂˆ˜ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ

·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÒÓ, È‰È·ÈÙ¤Úˆ˜ ÂÈ˜ Ì›·Ó ÂÔ¯‹ ̂ ˜ Ë ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹,

Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›·Ó ·È ·ÓÙÔ›·È ‰È·ÈÚ¤ÛÂÈ˜, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ

Î·È ÂÎÂ›ÓˆÓ ÂÓ ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÈ ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ›·˜, ·ÂÈÏÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÂÈÚ‹ÓËÓ Î·È

ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ».25

∂‰Ò Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛËÌ·ÓıÂ› fiÙÈ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ Ô˘ Û¤‚ÂÙ·È ÙÈ˜

ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ Î·È ·fi„ÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Û˘Á-

ÎÚËÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ·Ô¯ÚˆÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙË˜ ›ÛÙÂÒ˜ Ì·˜. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ·-

·ÈÙÂ› Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ÁÓÒÛË ÙË˜ ›ÛÙÂÒ˜ Ì·˜ Ì·˙› ÌÂ Û˘ÓÂ¯‹ ‚›ˆ-

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¯ÂÈ ÛÙÈ˜ ‰È·ıÚËÛÎÂÈ·Î¤˜ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜, ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÙÂıÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˜

Ó· ·ÚÓËıÂ› ÙËÓ ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍË Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‹ Ó· Î¿ÓÂÈ Û˘Ì‚È‚·-

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‚·ÛÌfi˜ ‹ Ë ÛÈˆ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Ë ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹ ÛÎ¤„Ë, Ë Ì·ÚÙ˘Ú›·

ÙÔ˘ ıËÛ·˘ÚÔ‡ ÙË˜ ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍË˜ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂˆ˜ Î·È ıÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÚÔ˜

¿Û· Î·ÙÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË.

¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ· ÌÂ ÙÔ ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎfi ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ, ÛÙÈ˜ ÔÏ˘ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈ-

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Ó›· ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂ-


25. «M‹Ó˘Ì· ÙˆÓ ¶ÚÔÎ·ıËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ OÚıÔ‰fiÍˆÓ EÎÎÏËÛÈÒÓ», E›ÛÎÂ-„È˜ 692 (2008) Û. 23. BÏ. ÏÂ›ÔÓ·, His All Holiness Ecumenical PatriarchBartholomew, Encountering the Mystery, Doubleday, New York 2008, Û. 216-

224: The Importance of Interfaith DialogueØ ∞Ú¯ÈÂ›ÛÎÔÔ˜ ∞Ï‚·Ó›·˜ AÓ·-

ÛÙ¿ÛÈÔ˜, ¶·ÁÎÔÛÌÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È OÚıÔ‰ÔÍ›·, ∞ÎÚ›Ù·˜, Aı‹Ó· 2000, Û. 136-168: O

¢È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÌÂ ÙÔ IÛÏ¿Ì.

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Ù·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓ‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ.

™ÙËÓ ∞Ï‚·Ó›· .¯., fiÔ˘ ˙Ô‡ÌÂ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÛÂ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÔÏ˘-

ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, ·˘Ùfi ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ ÚÔÛ·ı‹ÛÂÈ ÌÂ ÂÈÙ˘¯›·

ÛÙ· Â›ÎÔÛÈ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ̄ ÚfiÓÈ· ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ‚›Ô˘. ∂ÁÎ·Ù¿ÏÂÈ„Ë

ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ıÚËÛÎÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ô‰ËÁÂ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ó¤ˆÓ ÂÎ-

ÊÚ¿ÛÂˆÓ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Ê·Ó·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÙÂÏÈÎ¿ Î·Ù·Ï‹ÁÔ˘Ó ÛÂ

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Ó¤ÚÁÂÈÂ˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ˘Ú·‡ÏÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÒÓ.

∂Ó‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Û· ̆ ‹ÚÍÂ ÙÔ 2007 Ë ÚfiÙ·ÛË 138 MÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿-

ÓˆÓ ‰È·ÓÔÔ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ µ·ÙÈÎ·Ófi, ÙÔ˘˜ ¶ÚÔÎ·ı‹ÌÂÓÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ

√ÚıÔ‰fiÍˆÓ ∂ÎÎÏËÛÈÒÓ, ÙÔ˘˜ ∞ÁÁÏÈÎ·ÓÔ‡˜ Î.Ï. ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·fi

ÎÔÈÓÔ‡ ÌÂÏ¤ÙË ÙË˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÙË˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÙË˜ ·Á¿Ë˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÃÚÈ-

ÛÙÈ·ÓÈÛÌfi Î·È ÛÙÔ πÛÏ¿Ì.26 ∏ ÔÔ›· fiÌˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂ›ÓÂÈ ¯ˆÚ›˜

Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·.

4. π‰È·›ÙÂÚ·, Ù· ÎÚ¿ÙË Î·È ÔÈ Ï·Ô› Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÂÎ ·-

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ÛÙ· ı¤Ì·Ù· ÙË˜ ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡ÓË˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘Ì¤ÓË.

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‰ÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ∏ÓˆÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙÂ›Â˜, fiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙË˜

ª¤ÛË˜ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏ‹˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ·ÓÂÈÊ‡Ï·ÎÙ· ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï. ∞ÏÏ¿

Î·È ÔÈ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔÈ ÔÊÂ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· Î·Ù·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ Ù˙È¯·‰È-

T ƒ √ ª √ ∫ ƒ ∞ ∆ π ∫ ∂ ™ ∂ ¡ ∂ ƒ ° ∂ π ∂ ™ 81

26. An Open Letter and Call from Muslim Religious Leaders, October 13,

2007. H ÂÈÛÙÔÏ‹ ·Ú¯›˙ÂÈ: «√È ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓÔÈ Î·È ÔÈ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ› ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó

Ì·˙› ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙÔ ‹ÌÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡. ÃˆÚ›˜ ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡-

ÓË Î·È ÂÈÚ‹ÓË ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ·˘ÙÒÓ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÔÈÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó·

˘¿ÚÍÂÈ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ÂÈÚ‹ÓË ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∆Ô Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ·fi

ÙËÓ ÂÈÚ‹ÓË ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ªÔ˘ÛÔ˘ÏÌ¿ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÒÓ. √È ‚¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ’ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ

ÂÈÚ‹ÓË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÔÎ·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ‹‰Ë ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó. ∂›Ó·È Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ıÂÌÂÏÈˆ‰ÒÓ

·Ú¯ÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ›ÛÙÂˆÓ: ·Á¿Ë ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ £Âfi Î·È ·Á¿Ë ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û˘Ó¿ÓıÚˆÔ. ∞˘Ù¤˜

ÔÈ ·Ú¯¤˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Í·Ó¿ Î·È Í·Ó¿ ÛÙ· ÈÂÚ¿ ÎÂ›ÌÂÓ· ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·-

ÓÈÛÌÔ‡». BÂ‚·›ˆ˜ Ë ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›·, Â› ÙË ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ KÔÚ·Ó›Ô˘

Î·È ·Ó·ÊÔÚÒÓ ÛÙËÓ AÁ›· °Ú·Ê‹, ÂÌÂÚÈ¤¯ÂÈ ÔÏÏ¤˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›Â˜.

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·81

ÛÙ¤˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î·È ÁÈ’ ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ËıÈÎfi Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. ∏

·Ó·ÛÙ¿ÙˆÛË Î·È Ë ·ÂÈÏ‹ ı· Û˘ÓÂ¯›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÔÈ ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎ¤˜

ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›Â˜ ‰ÂÓ ·‡Ô˘Ó Ó· ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ‰ÔÏÔÊÔÓÈÎ¤˜ ÂÓ¤Ú-

ÁÂÈÂ˜ ÙˆÓ ‚ÔÌ‚ÈÛÙÒÓ ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›·˜ ˆ˜ «Ì·ÚÙ˘ÚÈÎ¤˜».

ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙË˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹˜

ÎÚ›ÛÂˆ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË˜ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜27 ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ̆ ¤Ú-

‚·ÛË ÙË˜ ·‰ÈÎ›·˜, ÈÛfiÚÚÔË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È Î·ÏÏÈ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÙË˜ ·Ï-

ÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë˜ ÛÂ fiÏ· Ù· Â›Â‰·. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ Â‡ÛÙÔ¯Ë ÂÈÛ‹Ì·ÓÛË

ÙÔ˘ ª·¯¿ÙÌ· °Î¿ÓÙÈ, «Ë ·Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ̄ ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‚›·˜».

™ÙÔÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ·ÈÒÓ·, ÔÏÏ¤˜ ·fi ÙÈ˜ Î·Ù·ÈÂ˙fiÌÂÓÂ˜ ÎÔÈ-

ÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›ÛıËÎ·Ó ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÎÔÌÌÔ˘ÓÈÛÙÈÎfi Û‡-

ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘ Â›¯Â Ù·˘ÙÈÛıÂ› ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ̆ ÏÈÛÌfi. ™‹ÌÂÚ· ÂÌÊ·-

Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ¤Ó·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ fiÏÔ˜ ¤ÏÍÂˆ˜ ÁÈ· ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÎÈÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙ·

fiÚÈ· ÙË˜ ÂÍ·ıÏÈÒÛÂˆ˜, È‰›ˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞Û›· Î·È ÙËÓ ∞ÊÚÈÎ‹: ¤Ó·

ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi πÛÏ¿Ì, Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ› ÙË ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ›-

ÛÙË ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ‰ÈÛÙ¿˙ÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ÈÔ ·ÎÚ·›Â˜ ÌÂıfi‰Ô˘˜. √È ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-

ÌÈÎ¿ ·ÓÂÙ˘ÁÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›Â˜, Ô˘ ÍÂÎ›ÓËÛ·Ó ·fi ÙË ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈ-

Î‹ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ¯ˆÚ›˜ fiÌˆ˜ Ó· ÌÂ›ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘ÓÂÂ›˜ ÛÙËÓ ÏËÚfiÙËÙ·

Î·È ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙË˜, È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ÙË˜ ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡ÓË˜ Î·È ÙË˜

·Á¿Ë˜, ÔÊÂ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ÊÚÔÓÙ›ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ¿ ‰›Î·ÈÂ˜

ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· Â˘ı‡ÓË ÙÔ˘˜. ∞Ó Ù· ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ¤ıÓË Û˘ÓÂ¯›ÛÔ˘Ó Ó·

·‰È·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ıÏ›ˆÛË ÂÎ·ÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÓıÚÒˆÓ

Ì·˜, ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ ÔÏÏ¤˜ ÂÎÏ‹ÍÂÈ˜ Î·È ÔÏÏ¤˜ ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÒ-

ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÂ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· ÛËÌÂ›· ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË.

5. ª¤Û· ÛÙ· ·ÏÏÂ¿ÏÏËÏ· Ú‹ÁÌ·Ù· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÂ˜ ‰È¯Ô-

ÛÙ·Û›Â˜, Ë √Úıfi‰ÔÍË ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›·, ˆ˜ ™ÒÌ· ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‡, Î·ÏÂ›Ù·È Ó·

Û˘ÓÂ¯›˙ÂÈ ·‰È¿ÎÔ·, ÛÂ Î¿ıÂ ÙfiÔ Î·È ¯ÚfiÓÔ, ÙË ‰È·ÎÔÓ›· ÙË˜

«Î·Ù·ÏÏ·Á‹˜» (µã ∫ÔÚ. 5:18-20), ÙË˜ Û˘ÌÊÈÏÈÒÛÂˆ˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌ›ˆÓ

‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛÂ Ô ÃÚÈÛÙfi˜. ∑ÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ Ì˘ÛÙ‹-


27. °È· ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈÎ‹ ÂÓËÌ¤ÚˆÛË ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÙË˜ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜, ‚Ï. D. S. Landes, TheWealth and Poverty of Nations. Why Some are so Rich and Some so Poor, Little, Brownand Company, London 1998, 198Ø ∞Ú¯ÈÂ›ÛÎÔÔ˜ ∞Ï‚·Ó›·˜ AÓ·ÛÙ¿ÛÈÔ˜, «OÈ

ıÚËÛÎÂ›Â˜ Î·È Ë ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘», ™‡Ó·ÍË 94 (2005) Û. 41-52Ø M. Yumus,°È· ¤Ó· ÎfiÛÌÔ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·, ÌÂÙÊÚ. ¢. BÔ‡‚·ÏË˜, §È‚¿ÓË˜, Aı‹Ó· 2007.

063-087 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:42 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·82

ÚÈÔ ÙË˜ ÂÓ ÃÚÈÛÙÒ ÛˆÙËÚ›·˜, ÙË˜ ™·ÚÎÒÛÂˆ˜ ÙÔ˘ §fiÁÔ˘, ÙÔ˘

™Ù·˘ÚÔ‡ Î·È ÙË˜ ∞Ó·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆ˜, Ë ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ‰È·ÎËÚ‡ÙÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÂ-

ÍÈ¯Ó›·ÛÙË, ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Û· ÙË˜ ÁÓÒÛÂˆ˜ ·Á¿Ë ÙÔ˘ ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‡

(‚Ï. ∂Ê. 3:19) Î·È ˘ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈÂÚfiÙËÙ· Î·È ·ÍÈÔÚ¤ÂÈ·

ÙÔ˘ Î¿ıÂ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓÔ˘ ÚÔÛÒÔ˘, ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙ‹Ùˆ˜ Î·Ù·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ÂıÓÈ-

ÎfiÙËÙÔ˜, ıÚËÛÎÂ›·˜, ÂÓÔ¯‹˜ ‹ ·ÚÂÙ‹˜. ∂›ÌÔÓ· Ù¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË˜

‚›·˜. ¶ÚÔ¿ÓÙˆÓ, ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ‰ÈÎ·›ˆÌ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ Ó· ·Á·‹-

ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ·Á·ËıÂ›, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ¤ÙÛÈ ÌfiÓÔ ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÓÂÙ·È. «√ £Âfi˜ ·-

Á¿Ë ÂÛÙ› Î·È Ô Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÂÓ ÙË ·Á¿Ë ÂÓ Ùˆ £ÂÒ Ì¤ÓÂÈ Î·È Ô £Âfi˜ ÂÓ

·˘ÙÒ» (πˆ. 4:16). °È’ ·˘Ùfi Ë ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ‹ ÔÙÈÎ‹ ÁˆÓ›·, ·fi ÙËÓ Ô-

Ô›· ‚Ï¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÙÔ˘ Ô ÃÚÈÛÙÈ·Ófi˜ ÛÙÔ ÙÔÈÎfi ‹ ·ÁÎfi-

ÛÌÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô, Ë ‚·ÛÈÎ‹ ËÁ‹ ÂÌÓÂ‡ÛÂˆ˜ Î·È ÂÓÂÚÁÂ›·˜ ·Ú·Ì¤-

ÓÂÈ Ë ·Á¿Ë ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ·ÚÔÛÌ¤ÙÚËÙÂ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·Ô-

Î·Ï‡ÙÂÈ Ë ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ∞Á›· °Ú·Ê‹.

∏ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›· ÙË˜ ·Á¿Ë˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰ÂÛÌÂ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÂÔÈı‹-

ÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÏÏÔ˘. «ª·Î¿ÚÈÔ˜ ¿ÓıÚˆÔ˜ ˆ˜ ¿ÓÙ· ¿ÓıÚˆÔÓ ÂÍ

›ÛÔ˘ ·Á·‹Û·È ‰‡Ó·Ù·È» (ª¿ÍÈÌÔ˜ √ÌÔÏÔÁËÙ‹˜).28 ∏ ̄ ÚÈÛÙÈ·-

ÓÈÎ‹ ·Á¿Ë ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÍ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ·Ó·ÓıÚÒÈÓÂ˜, ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÂ˜ ‰È·-

ÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜. ∫·Ó¤Ó·˜ ÊÚ·ÁÌfi˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÛÙÂ›ÏÂÈ, Ô‡ÙÂ

ÂıÓÈÎfi˜ Ô‡ÙÂ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎfi˜. ∞˘Ù‹ «Ë ÙÂÏÂ›· ·Á¿Ë ¤Íˆ ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ

ÙÔÓ Êfi‚ÔÓ» (∞ã πˆ. 4:18). ∫¿ıÂ Êfi‚Ô. ∫·È Ì·˜ ÁÂÌ›˙ÂÈ ‰‡Ó·ÌË

Î·È ÂÏ›‰·.

∂Ó Î·Ù·ÎÏÂ›‰È: ŸÏÔÈ ÔÊÂ›ÏÔ˘ÌÂ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÔ‡ÌÂ ÛÙË ̄ ÚËÛÈÌÔ-

Ô›ËÛË ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÔÏÂÌÈÎ¤˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂÈ˜, Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È

ÁÈ· ÙË ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙË˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜. ∏ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÂ›

Ó· ÂÎÚÔÛˆÂ› Î·Ó¤Ó· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi. ™˘ÓÈÛÙ¿ ÙËÓ ¿ÚÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ô-

ÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙËÓ Â¿ÓÔ‰Ô ÛÙË ÓÔÔÙÚÔ›· ÙË˜ ˙Ô‡ÁÎÏ·˜.

¶Ú¤ÂÈ ÌÂ Î¿ıÂ ÙÚfiÔ Ó· ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÂ˘ıÂ› Ë Ô˘Û›· ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ›-

·˜. ∏ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, Ë ÊÔÚ¿ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Â¤ÎÂÈÓ·, ·ÓÔ›ÁÂÈ ÙÔ

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28. M¿ÍÈÌÔ˜ OÌÔÏÔÁËÙ‹˜, «EÎ·ÙÔÓÙ¿˜ ÚÒÙË ÙˆÓ ÂÚ› ·Á¿Ë˜ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›-

ˆÓ», ºÈÏÔÎ·Ï›· ÙˆÓ ÈÂÚÒÓ ÓËÙÈÎÒÓ, ∆fiÌÔ˜ µã, AÛÙ‹Ú, Aı‹Ó·È 41975, Û. 5.

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ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ú‰È¿ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÕÂÈÚÔ ·ÔÎ·Ï‡ÙÔ-

ÓÙ·˜ ÙÈ˜ ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘. ∆ÔÓ Ô‰ËÁÂ› ÛÂ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·

ÌÂ ÙÔ ÕÁÈÔ, ÌÂ ÙÔÓ £Âfi, ÛÂ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÂ‚·ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ·Á¿Ë˜ ÚÔ˜

ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘. ∞Ï›ÌÔÓÔ ·Ó ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÊÔÚ¿ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ

‰È·ÛÙÚÂ‚ÏˆıÂ› Î·È Á›ÓÂÈ ‡Ú·˘ÏÔ˜ ÂÎÙÔÍÂ‡ÛÂˆ˜ Ì›ÛÔ˘˜.

™ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ì·˜, ÔÈ ıÚËÛÎÂ›Â˜ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈÚÚÔ‹,

·ÏÏ¿ ‚Â‚·›ˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ Î·ıÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ËÁÂ-

ÙÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ. ∞˘Ù¤˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ‚¿ÛÂÈ

¿ÏÏˆÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ Î·È Û˘ÌÊÂÚfiÓÙˆÓ. ™˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜, ÂÓÙÔ‡ÙÔÈ˜, ËÁÂ-

ÙÈÎ¿ ¯Â›ÏË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÌ·¯fiÌÂÓˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÔÚÔ-

ÏÔÁ›·, ÂÈÎ·ÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔÈ ÙÔÓ £Âfi. ÃÚ¤Ô˜ fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÏËıÈÓ¿ ıÚË-

ÛÎÂ˘fiÌÂÓˆÓ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÌËÓ ·Ê‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙË ıÚËÛÎÂ›· Ó· ÂÌÏ·ÎÂ› ÛÙ·

ÁÚ·Ó¿˙È· ÙË˜ ÙÚÔÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ Î·È Ó· ÙÚÔÊÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· Û‡Á-

ÎÚÔ˘ÛË. £· ̄ ÚÂÈ·ÛıÂ› Ó· Â·Ó·Ï¿‚Ô˘ÌÂ: Î¿ıÂ ¤ÁÎÏËÌ· ÛÙÔ fiÓÔ-

Ì· ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ›·˜ Â›Ó·È ¤ÁÎÏËÌ· Î·Ù¿ ÙË˜ ›‰È·˜ ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ›·˜.

∫¿ıÂ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ‚›·˜ ÛÙÔ fiÓÔÌ· ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ›·˜ ‚È¿˙ÂÈ, ÌÂ fiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜

¤ÓÓÔÈÂ˜, ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÙË ıÚËÛÎÂ›·. ∫·ÓÂ›˜ fiÏÂÌÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÈÂÚfi˜. ∏

ÂÈÚ‹ÓË ÌfiÓÔ Â›Ó·È ÈÂÚ‹.

ŸÙ·Ó ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓÔÈ Î‡ÎÏÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıËÛ·Ó Ó· ÚÔÛı¤ÛÔ˘Ó ıÚË-

ÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎfi ÙfiÓÔ ÛÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÛÙ· µ·ÏÎ¿ÓÈ·, Â›¯·ÌÂ Â›ÌÔÓ·

ÙÔÓ›ÛÂÈ (19.3.1998): «√˘‰Â›˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ‰ÈÎ·›ˆÌ· Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ-

Â› ÙÔ ¿ÁÈÔ Ï¿‰È ÙË˜ ıÚËÛÎÂ›·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙË˜ ÊˆÙÈ¿˜ ÙˆÓ

ÂÓfiÏˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ. ∏ ıÚËÛÎÂ›· Â›Ó·È ıÂ›Ô ‰ÒÚÔ ÁÈ· Ó· Ì·-

Ï·ÎÒÓÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Î·Ú‰È¤˜, Ó· ÂÔ˘ÏÒÓÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ÏËÁ¤˜ Î·È Ó· Ê¤ÚÓÂÈ ÂÈ-

ÚËÓÈÎ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ ÏËÛÈ¤ÛÙÂÚ·».

ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÛÙ¿ÛË ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ Û˘ÓÂ¯‹ Î·ÏÏÈ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÙË˜ ıÚË-

ÛÎÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÓÂÈ‰‹ÛÂˆ˜, Ô˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÂ› ÙÈ˜ Â˘ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚÂ˜ ÚÔ-

ÛˆÈÎ¤˜ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂÈ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë Î·È

ÙÈ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈÂ˜ ÁÈ· ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÂÈÚ‹ÓË.


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µπµ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞

Ahmed, Akbar S., Islam under Siege. Living Dangerously in a Post-Honor World,Polity, Cambridge U.K. 2003.

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∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ë Ï¤ÔÓ ÁÂÓÓ·Èfi‰ˆÚË ÊÈÏ·ÓıÚˆ›· ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÎÂ› Ó·

ÁÈ·ÙÚ¤„ÂÈ ÙË ‚·ıÂÈ¿ Î·È Â›ÌÔÓË ÂÓ›· Ô˘ Ù˘Ú·ÓÓÂ› ÙÔÓ Ï·-

Ó‹ÙË Ì·˜ ·fi Î·Ù·‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘. ∞ÓÔ›ÍÙÂ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ù· Û¯ÔÏÂ›·

Û·˜, Ù· ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ·, ÙÔ ÓÔÛÔÎÔÌÂ›·, ÙÈ˜ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Û·˜

ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛÔ˘‰·ÛÙ¤˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ‡˜, ÙÔ˘˜ Î¿ıÂ ÏÔÁ‹˜ Ù·Ï·ÓÙÔ‡-

¯Ô˘˜ Î·È Ì·ıËÙÂ˘ÔÌ¤ÓÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ‚·ı‡Ù·ÙË˜ ÊÙÒ-

¯ÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ·ÂÏÈÛ›·˜. ªÔÈÚ·ÛÙÂ›ÙÂ ÙËÓ Â›Ú· Î·È ÙÈ˜ ÁÓÒ-

ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÎÙ‹Û·ÙÂ ÌÂ ÁÈ·ÙÚÔ‡˜ ·fi ÙË ¡ÈÁËÚ›·, ÓÔÛÔÎfiÌÂ˜

·fi ÙÔ ª·Ï›, ‰ËÌÔÛ›Ô˘˜ ˘·ÏÏ‹ÏÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ ∞ÊÁ·ÓÈÛÙ¿Ó, ·-

ÛÙ˘ÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ô ÙËÓ ∞˚Ù‹. µÔËı‹ÛÙÂ ÙÈ˜ ̄ ÒÚÂ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ Ó· ·˘ÙÔ-

‚ÔËıËıÔ‡Ó.

™·˜ Â‡¯ÔÌ·È, ÎÏÂ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜, Î¿ıÂ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÛÙÔ ‚›Ô, ÂÏ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜

ˆ˜ Ë ÊÈÏ·ÓıÚˆ›· ı· Â›Ó·È Ì¤Û· ÛÙ· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÌÂ Ù· ÔÔ›· ı·

ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂÙÂ ÙËÓ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ¿Óˆ ÔÚÂ›· Û·˜.

088-090 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:32 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·90

ª·Ú›· ∏ÏÈÔÊÒÙÔ˘ AÓ. K·ıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ K‡ÚÔ˘

£∂øƒπ∞ ∏°∂™π∞™

∫∞π ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫∞ ∞¶√∆∂§∂™ª∞∆∞:

∏ ¶∂ƒπ¶∆ø™∏

∆∏™ ª∂∆∞™Ã∏ª∞∆π™∆π∫∏™ ∏°∂™π∞™

∂I™A°ø°H

‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ‹ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË ·Ô‰›‰ÂÈ ÌÂ-

Á¿ÏË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÛÙË ÌÂÏ¤ÙË ÙË˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·˜ ÙË˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜, ÙˆÓ

ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙË˜. ¶·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ÏËıÒÚ·

ÙˆÓ ÂÚÂ˘ÓÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›·, ÔÏ‡ Ï›ÁÂ˜ ÌÂÏ¤ÙÂ˜

·Û¯ÔÏ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÌÂ ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÙË˜ Â›‰Ú·ÛË˜ ÙË˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂ-

Û›·˜ ÛÙ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·. ™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ Rob-inson (2008), ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÂ˜ ·fi 30 ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ˘Ì¤ÓÂ˜ ÌÂÏ¤ÙÂ˜ ÙË˜ ÂÎ-

·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó‹ÛÂÈ ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙË˜

ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∏ ·Ô˘Û›· ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›-

ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ‰ÂÓ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË Î·È ÙÂÎÌËÚÈˆÌ¤ÓË

˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Î·È ËÁÂÙÈÎ‹˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ-

·›‰Â˘ÛË.

∆Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ̂ ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô Ó· ·Ú¿Û¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË ÙË˜ ¤-

ÚÂ˘Ó·˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂ-

Û›·˜ ÛÙ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·. ∂ÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜

ÛÙÈ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Ë Â›-

‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıËÙ‹, ·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î·È Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂÙ·Í‡

ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÒÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ

ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ (.¯. ·ÊÔÛ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔÓ

ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi). ™ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ·˘Ùfi, Î·Ù·‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ò-

ÛÙÂ Ó· ‰ÔıÂ› ÌÈ· Û‡ÓıÂÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌˆÓ ÂÚÂ˘ÓÒÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ı·

H

091-104 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:33 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·91

¯ÚËÛÈÌÂ‡ÛÂÈ ˆ˜ ‚¿ÛË ÁÈ· ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ

ÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙË˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË˜ ıÂˆÚ›·˜ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂÚÂ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ-

‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙË˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·. ∂ÈÏ¤-

ÔÓ, ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÂ› ÎÚÈÙÈÎ¿ ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ-

ÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ‹ ıÂˆÚ›· Î·È Ú¿ÍË Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜

ÂÍ¤Ù·ÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·‰˘Ó·ÌÈÒÓ ÙË˜.

ªETA™XHMATI™TIKH H°E™IA: H £EøPIA

∏ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· Û·Ê‹

¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ËÁÂÙÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ̆ ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤-

ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ (Dansereau, Yammarino, & Markham, 1995). ∏ ‰È¿-

ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂÙ·Í‡ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜

ÈÛÙÂ‡ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÚÔ‹ÏıÂ ·fi ÙÔÓ Downton (1973), ·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘

¤ÁÈÓÂ Â˘Ú¤ˆ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ Burns (1978) ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ÁÈ·

ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜.

™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙÔÓ Burns (1978), Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË

ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÈÔ Î¿Ùˆ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ËÁÂÛ›·˜:

(1) ∏ ™˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ∏ÁÂÛ›· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ ÌÈ· Û¯¤ÛË Û˘Ó·Ï-

Ï·Á‹˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙÔ˘ ËÁ¤ÙË Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘. √ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿-

ÌÂÓÔ˜ ÚÔÛÊ¤ÚÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÌÌfiÚÊˆÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÔÓ ËÁ¤ÙË (.¯. Â›Ó·È

·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfi˜, ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ‰¤ÛÌÂ˘ÛË ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi) Î·È ÛÂ ·ÓÙ¿Ï-

Ï·ÁÌ·, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ·Ù¿ ÔÊ¤ÏË (.¯. ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¿ ÔÊ¤ÏË). ŒÙÛÈ, Ë

Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· ı¤ÏÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜ Ó· Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÂ

·˘Ù¤˜ ÙÈ˜ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Î·Ì›·

ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÁÈ· ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ È‰›ˆÓ ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·-

ÓÈÛÌÔ‡.

(2) ∏ ªÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ∏ÁÂÛ›· ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›-

‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ËÁÂÙÒÓ ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ̆ ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÌÂ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘

ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ù· Î›ÓËÙÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÁ·-

ÓÈÛÌfi (Burns, 1978). ŒÓ·˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ËÁ¤ÙË˜ ·Û¯Ô-

ÏÂ›Ù·È ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÛˆ-

ÙÂÚÈÎ‹ ·Ú·Î›ÓËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ.

™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂ ÙËÓ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›·, Ë ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹

92 M A P I A H § I O º ø T O Y

091-104 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:33 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·92

ËÁÂÛ›· ‰ÂÓ ÂÈ‰ÈÒÎÂÈ Ó· ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ status quo, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ú¤-

¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· Î›ÓËÙÚÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›· (Bass & A-volio, 1994). √È ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ› ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜, Î·Ù·Ê¤ÚÓÔ˘Ó Ó·

·Ú·ÎÈÓ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·fi fi,ÙÈ

Â›¯Â ·Ú¯ÈÎ¿ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈÛÙÂ› ‹ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÙ·Ó Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó

¤Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈÎfi ÎÏ›Ì· ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ·ÙÔÌÈÎ¤˜

·Ó¿ÁÎÂ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È Â›Ó·È ÛÂ‚·ÛÙ¤˜

(Bass, 1998). ∏ ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡ÓË˜ Î·È ÛÂ‚·ÛÌÔ‡ ‰›ÓÂÈ

Î›ÓËÙÚ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÚÁ·ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›ÙÂ˘ÍË

ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ. ŒÙÛÈ, ÔÈ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ› ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜ ·Ú·-

ÎÈÓÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó· ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚˆıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi

Î·Ïfi, Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ ‰¤ÛÌÂ˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ fiÚ·Ì· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÔÛÙÔ-

Ï‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡.

∆Ô ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ Burns ·ÚÂ›¯Â ÙÔ ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Â˜ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi

Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Bass (1985). ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ

ÙÔ˘ Burns, Ô Bass(1985) ·Ó¤Ù˘ÍÂ ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ-

ÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙË ‰ÈÂÚÂ‡ÓËÛË ÙË˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ

ËÁÂÙÒÓ, ÙfiÛÔ ÛÂ ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÂ È‰ÈˆÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈ-

ÛÌÔ‡˜. ∆· ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·Ó ˆ˜ Â› ÙÔ

ÏÂ›ÛÙÔÓ ·fi ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜, ÛÙÚ·ÙÈˆÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜

ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙÔÓ Bass Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÙÂ˜ ÙÔ˘,

Ë ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Â›Ó·È

ÍÂ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¤˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÏÏËÏ¤Ó‰ÂÙÂ˜ (Avolio, Bass, & Jung, 1999;

Burns, 1985). ∏ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ·fi ÂÎÂ›ÓË ÙÔ˘ Burns(1978), Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ıÂˆÚÂ› ÙËÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ Î·È ÙË Û˘Ó·Ï-

Ï·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· ÂÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÂ˜, ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ËÁ¤ÙË Ó· ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÂ

ÌÈ· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ‰‡Ô Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›Â˜ (Â›ÙÂ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ Â›ÙÂ Û˘-

Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎfi˜). ™ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Ô˘ ÚÔÙÂ›ÓÂÈ Ô Bass, Ë ÌÂÙ·Û¯Ë-

Ì·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ÌÔÚÊ‹ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈ-

Î‹ ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ Â›‰Ú·ÛË˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛÙ· Î›ÓËÙÚ· Î·È ÙË

‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ.

√ Bass Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÙÂ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ¤ÓÙÂ ·Ú¿ÁÔ-

ÓÙÂ˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ù· Î‡ÚÈ· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÙË˜ ËÁÂÙÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂ-

ÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›·:

£ ∂ ø ƒ π ∞ ∏ ° ∂ ™ π ∞ ™ 93

091-104 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:33 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·93

1. ∏ È‰·ÓÈÎ‹ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿-

ÌÂÓÔÈ (attributed idealized influence) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi

ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔÈ ıÂˆÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔÓ ËÁ¤ÙË ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ

Î·È ¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi, ÌÂ fiÚ·Ì· Î·È Û·Ê‹ Î·È ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹.

2. ∏ È‰·ÓÈÎ‹ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ ˆ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ (idealized influenceas behavior) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘

ËÁ¤ÙË Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ·Í›Â˜. ªÂ ÙËÓ

È‰·ÓÈÎ‹ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹, ÔÈ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔÈ Ù·˘Ù›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜

ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜.

3. ∏ ¤ÌÓÂ˘ÛË ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ (inspirationalmotivation) Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ËÁ¤ÙË Ô˘ ÂÌ-

Ó¤ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ̆ ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘, ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÓfiËÌ· Î·È Úfi-

ÎÏËÛË. °È· Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· Î›ÓËÙÚ· ÙˆÓ ̆ ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ÔÈ

ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÏ›‰· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤Ï-

ÏÔÓ, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙË ‰¤ÛÌÂ˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÁÈ· ¤Ó·

ÎÔÈÓfi fiÚ·Ì·.

4. ¶ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎ‹ ·ÚÒıËÛË (intellectual stimulation) ÙˆÓ ̆ ÊÈ-

ÛÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓı·Ú-

Ú‡ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· Â›Ó·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÔ› Î·È Î·ÈÓÔÙfiÌÔÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi.

√È ̆ ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔÈ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹ ÛÙÈ˜ ̆ ¿Ú¯Ô˘ÛÂ˜

·Ú·‰Ô¯¤˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ∆fiÛÔ ÔÈ ËÁ¤-

ÙÂ˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔÈ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÔÈ¯ÙÔ› ÛÙËÓ Â·ÓÂÍ¤Ù·ÛË

ÙˆÓ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÂ‡ˆ ÙÔ˘˜, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ·Í›·

ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹.

5. ∏ ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ (individualized consideration)·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÂ ÌÈ· Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙÈ˜

·ÙÔÌÈÎ¤˜ ·Ó¿ÁÎÂ˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓˆÓ, ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÛÙÔÓ

Î·ı¤Ó· ÍÂ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿. √È ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓÔÈ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Ó· ÂÈÙ‡-

¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜

ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË.

∏ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘-

ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛÂÈ Î·È ÂÂÎÙÂ›ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú¯ÈÎ‹ ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ

Burns (1978) Î·È Bass (1985). √ Leithwood Î·È ÔÈ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÙÂ˜

ÙÔ˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÂ˘Ó‹ÛÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· Ì¤Û· ·fi ¤Ó·


091-104 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:33 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·94

¤ÚÁÔ Ô˘ ÍÂÎ›ÓËÛÂ ÛÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿ ÛÙ· Ù¤ÏË ÙË˜ ‰ÂÎ·ÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘

1980 Î·È ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÙË˜ ‰ÂÎ·ÂÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ 1990. µ·ÛÈÛÌ¤ÓÔÈ ÛÙ·

Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ÙfiÛÔ ÔÛÔÙÈÎ‹˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈÔÙÈÎ‹˜ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó·˜, ÚfiÙÂÈ-

Ó·Ó ¤Ó· ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ

ÙÈ˜ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÂ˜ ÙÚÂÈ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎ¤˜ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›Â˜ ËÁÂÙÈÎ‹˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜:

ÔÚÈÛÌfi˜ Î·ÙÂ˘ı‡ÓÛÂˆÓ, ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡

Î·È ·Ó·Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ (Leithwood & Jantzi,2006). ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›Â˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÓÓ¤· ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜

Ú·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜ ̆ Ô‰È·ÈÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÛÂ ÈÔ Û˘ÁÎÂ-

ÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÂ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜

ÙÔ˘ ËÁ¤ÙË (Leithwood, Jantzi & Steinbach, 1999).

∂ÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÙÔ˘ Leithwood ÛÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿, ¤¯Ô˘Ó

Á›ÓÂÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈÂ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘ÓËıÂ› Ë Ê‡ÛË Î·È Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏ¤-

ÛÌ·Ù· ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÂ ¿ÏÏÂ˜ ̄ ÒÚÂ˜. ∆Ô ÂÚÁ·-

ÏÂ›Ô Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÂ ÔÏÏ¤˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙÈ˜ ¤ÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ Â›Ó·È

ÙÔ ¶ÔÏ˘·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈÎfi ∂ÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ∏ÁÂÛ›·˜ (MultifactorLeadership Questionnaire - MLQ) Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÂ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜

Bass Î·È Avolio (1997) ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙ˘Ï

ËÁÂÛ›·˜. ∆Ô MLQ ‚·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ ÙÚÂÈ˜ ‰ÔÌ¤˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ (ÙË ÌÂÙ·-

Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›·, ÙË Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· Î·È ÙË ¯·Ï·Ú‹

ËÁÂÛ›·) (McCormick & Barnett, 2004). ∞fi ÙËÓ ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ

ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ıÂˆÚËıÂ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿, ÂÓ Ì¤ÚÂÈ ÁÈ· Ó·

·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ÎÚÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ·Ó.

∆A ¶OPI™MATA EPEYNøN

∏ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜

ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓË,

·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Á›ÓÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈÂ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘ÓË-

ıÂ› Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔÓ Ë ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô

ÛÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô˘, Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÂ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤Ó· ÂÎ·È-

‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¿ Î·È Ì·ıËÛÈ·Î¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·. ∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, Ë Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË

ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎ‹ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÈ Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔÓ Ë ËÁÂÛ›· ÂËÚÂ¿˙ÂÈ

·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜ ¿ÌÂÛ·, ‹ Â¿Ó ÔÈ ÂÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ Â›Ó·È

£ ∂ ø ƒ π ∞ ∏ ° ∂ ™ π ∞ ™ 95

091-104 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:33 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·95

¤ÌÌÂÛÂ˜ (Ì¤Ûˆ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÒÓ).

√È Koh, Steers Î·È Terborg (1995) ÂÚÂ‡ÓËÛ·Ó ÙÈ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜

ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙË ÛÙ¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ

Î·È ÙËÓ Â›‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙË ™ÈÁÎ·Ô‡ÚË. ∆· ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›·

Û˘ÏÏ¤¯ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ‰·ÛÎ¿ÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ‰ÈÂ˘ı˘ÓÙ¤˜ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙË-

Ì·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ˘ ÙË˜ ¶ÔÏ˘·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜. ™Â Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÌÂ

ÙËÓ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›·, Ë ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· ‚Ú¤ıËÎÂ

Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÏ¤ÔÓ ıÂÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙËÓ Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë ÙË˜ ‰¤-

ÛÌÂ˘ÛË˜ (ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙÔ˜) ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi, ÛÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿

ÙˆÓ ·ÙfiÌˆÓ ÛÂ ·˘ÙfiÓ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-

ÎÒÓ. ∆· ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù· ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ

·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Î‹ Â›‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, Ê¿ÓËÎÂ Ó· Â›Ó·È ¤ÌÌÂÛ·.

™ÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿, ÔÈ Leithwood Î·È Jantzi (1999) ‚Ú‹Î·Ó fiÙÈ Ë

ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· Â›¯Â ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ıÂÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙÈ˜

Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi (ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È

ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË). √È Û¯ÔÏÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó·Ó ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜ fi-

ˆ˜ Ô Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô˘ Î·È Ë ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÛÈ·Î‹ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡-

Ú·, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó

ÛÙË ‰È‰·ÛÎ·Ï›·, ÛÙÈ˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎ¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜. ∏

Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÏÔÎ‹ ÙˆÓ

Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ‹Ù·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ¿ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹.

√È Geijsel, Sleegers, Leithwood Î·È Jantzi (2002) ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›Ë-

Û·Ó ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›· ·fi ÙÔÓ ∫·Ó·‰¿ Î·È ÙËÓ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›· ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘Ó‹-

ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙË ‰¤ÛÌÂ˘-

ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· Û¯ÔÏÈÎ‹ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË. ∆fiÛÔ Ë √ÏÏ·Ó-

‰ÈÎ‹ fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ∫·Ó·‰¤˙ÈÎË ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜

ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Â›¯·Ó Ì¤ÙÚÈ· Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙË ‰¤-

ÛÌÂ˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÁÈ· Û¯ÔÏÈÎ‹ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË. ∞fi fiÏÂ˜

ÙÈ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜, Ë ÔÈÎÔ‰fiÌËÛË ÔÚ¿Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ë ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎ‹ ·ÚÒ-

ıËÛË, Ê¿ÓËÎ·Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙË ‰¤ÛÌÂ˘ÛË

ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÏ¤ÔÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ô˘ Î·Ù·‚¿Ï-

ÏÔ˘Ó, ÛÂ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Ë ÔÔ›· ‚Ú¤-

ıËÎÂ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË Â›‰Ú·ÛË.

™Â ÌÈ· ÌÂÏ¤ÙË ÙË˜ Û¯¤ÛË˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÌÂ


091-104 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:33 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·96

ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÈÎ·ÓÔÔ›ËÛË, ÙËÓ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ-

ÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÂÈ‰fiÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÈ˜ ∏¶∞, Ô Griffith (2004) ·-

Ó¤ÊÂÚÂ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ˘‹Ú¯Â ¿ÌÂÛË Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ-

ÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂ˘ı˘ÓÙ‹ Î·È ÙË˜ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·Á‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ-

ÎÔ‡ ‹ ÙË˜ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. ¢‡Ô ¤ÌÌÂÛÂ˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ (Ì¤-

Ûˆ ÙË˜ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÈÎ·ÓÔÔ›ËÛË˜) ÂÓÙÔ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó, Ë Ì›·

·ÚÓËÙÈÎ‹ ÛÂ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ Î·È Ë

¿ÏÏË ıÂÙÈÎ‹ ÛÂ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂ ÙËÓ Â›ÙÂ˘ÍË ÚÔfi‰Ô˘ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜.

∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏÂ›· ÌÂ Ù· ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ· Â›Â‰· Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ

ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜, ÙÔ ÌÂÈÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÈ‰fiÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ

Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·fi ÌÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙÂ˜ ‚Ú¤ıËÎÂ Ó· Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ.

√È Leithwood Î·È Jantzi (2006) ̄ ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ·Ó ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›· ·fi

ÙÔ ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· °ÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È ª·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÁÁÏ›· ÁÈ· Ó·

ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÂÓfi˜ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ Ë-

ÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÂ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÂ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, Ú·ÎÙÈ-

Î¤˜ ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Î·È Ì·ıËÛÈ·Î¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·. √È ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜ ÙˆÓ

ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ Ï‹ÊıËÎ·Ó ̆ fi„Ë ÛÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ·˘Ù‹, ‹Ù·Ó Ù·

Î›ÓËÙÚ· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÔÈ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ô˘

··ÈÙÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È‰·ÛÎ·Ï›·) Î·È ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ (ÔÈ

Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈÂ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÂ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂ ÌÂÁ¿-

ÏË˜ ÎÏ›Ì·Î·˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ˘ıÌ›ÛÂÈ˜ Î·È Ë Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi-

ÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡). √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÊÂ›˜ ‰È·›ÛÙˆÛ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ËÁÂ-

Û›· Â›¯Â ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙÈ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó

ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È‰·ÛÎ·Ï›· ÙÔ˘˜.

∏ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜

ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Èı·Ófi Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ¿ÌÂÛÔ ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô

ÛÙÈ˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÛÈ·Î¤˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ-

Î¤˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ, Ù· Î›ÓËÙÚ· Î·È ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÈÎ·-

ÓÔÔ›ËÛË, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÌÂ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÔÈfi-

ÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÊÂÚfiÌÂÓˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ÂÈ‰fiÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘

ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡. ™ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÂ˜ ÌÂÏ¤ÙÂ˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÓÙÔÈÛÙÂ› ¤Ì-

ÌÂÛÂ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÛÈ·Î¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·, ÌÂ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯È-

ÛÙÔÓ Ì›· ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ‹ Û˘Û¯¤ÙÈÛË

ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ

£ ∂ ø ƒ π ∞ ∏ ° ∂ ™ π ∞ ™ 97

091-104 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:33 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·97

·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ: ™ÙËÓ ∞˘ÛÙÚ·Ï›·, ÔÈ Barnett, McCormick Î·È

Conners (2001) ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ·Ó fiÙÈ ÂÓÒ Ë ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›·

Û˘Ó‰ÂfiÙ·Ó ıÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ

ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ‹Ù·Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ¿ Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓË ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·

Ì¿ıËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ.

∆· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈ-

Î‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Û˘ÌÊˆÓÔ‡Ó ÌÂ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÂ˜ ¤ÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ

ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙË˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·.

º·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË Â›Ó·È ¤ÌÌÂÛË, Ì¤Ûˆ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ‰Ú¿ÛÂ-

ˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÔÈ ËÁ¤ÙÂ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂËÚÂ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿-

ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÛÙÈ˜ Ù¿ÍÂÈ˜ ‰È‰·ÛÎ·Ï›·˜ (Hallinger,2003). ŒÙÛÈ, Ë Ê‡ÛË ÙË˜ Û¯¤ÛË˜ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙË˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ-

·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ·Ó·ÁÎ·›Ô Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚÈ-

ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÓ‰È¿ÌÂÛÂ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÌÂÛÔ

·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ Leithwood Î·È

Jantzi (1999), ·˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ

¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ËÁÂÛ›· Î·È ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜.

¶EPIOPI™MOI KAI A¢YNAMIE™

¶·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ Ë ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ˘ÛÙÂ-

ÚÂ› ÛÂ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎ¿ ı¤Ì·Ù· ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi fiˆ˜ ¿ÏÏÂ˜ ıÂˆÚ›-

Â˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ (.¯. Ë Î·Ù·ÓÂÌËÌ¤ÓË ËÁÂÛ›·), ÂÓÙÔ‡ÙÔÈ˜ ÙË˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Â›-

ÛË˜ ·ÛÎËıÂ› ·ÚÎÂÙ‹ ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹. ∞ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÙË˜

ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÂ› ̂ ˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·-

ÙÈÎ¤˜. ™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÎÚÈÙ¤˜, ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÔÏ‡ ÌÂÁ¿-

ÏË ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÈ˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜ È‰ÈfiÙËÙÂ˜ ÙÔ˘ ËÁ¤ÙË, ÂÓÈ-

Û¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë fiÙÈ Ô ‰ÈÂ˘ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÌfiÓË ËÁ‹ ËÁÂ-

Û›·˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô (Evers & Lakomski, 1996; Stewart, 2006). ø-

ÛÙfiÛÔ, Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ Leithwood Î·È Jantzi (2000), ÙÔ ‰ÈÎfi

ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ‰ÂÓ ıÂˆÚÂ› fiÙÈ Ô ‰ÈÂ˘-

ı˘ÓÙ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÌfiÓË ËÁ‹ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi.

√ Yukl (1999) ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÛÂ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ÂÓ-

ÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ıÂˆÚ›Â˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜


091-104 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:33 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·98

ËÁÂÛ›·˜. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ·Û¿ÊÂÈ· fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÈ˜ ‰È·‰È-

Î·Û›Â˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ Ô˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ Î·È

Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›·. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜, ÔÈ

ÔÔ›Â˜ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘

ËÁ¤ÙË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ˘ÊÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È

Û·ÊÒ˜. √ Yukl ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ Â›ÛË˜ ÙËÓ ·Û¿ÊÂÈ· ÛÙÈ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜

ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤Ô˘Ó ·fi ÌÂÚÈÎÒ˜

ÂÈÎ·Ï˘ÙfiÌÂÓÔ ÂÚÈÂ¯fiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏÂ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›-

ÛÂÈ˜. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú¿ÏÂÈ„Ë ·fi

ÙÔ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈÔ MLQ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Ô˘ ÚÔ-

¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ ıÂˆÚ›Â˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ô-

ÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÂ·ÚÎ‹ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ

ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ÌÂÙ·‚ÏËÙÒÓ.

√È Evers Î·È Lakomski (1996) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ‰‡-

ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂÙ·Í‡ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ-

ÛÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Î·È fiÙÈ Ë ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ·˘Ù‹ ı¤-

ÙÂÈ ˘fi ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙÈ˜ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎ‹˜ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó·˜

Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜.

∂ÈÎÚ›ÓÔ˘Ó Â›ÛË˜ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙË˜ ÔÛÔÙÈÎ‹˜ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜

Leithwood Î·È Bass, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ıÂˆÚÔ‡Ó ·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÏfiÁˆ ÙË˜

ÌË ÚÔ‚ÏÂ„ÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ

‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ› Ù‡ÔÈ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ı· ÚÔÎ‡„Ô˘Ó ÛÂ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ Î·Ù·-

ÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ ‹ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎ¤˜ ÛÙÈÁÌ¤˜.

∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ· ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎ¿ ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘-

ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘

MLQ. ™Â ÌÈ· ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË ‰‡Ô ‰ÂÎ·ÂÙÈÒÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó·˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·-

Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›·, Ô Bass (1999, Û. 18) ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÈ Ù· ·ÎfiÏÔ˘-

ı· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÌÂ ÙÔ MLQ: «ÔÏ˘Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÌÌÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÏÈ-

Ì¿ÎˆÓ ÙÔ˘, ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·ÍÈÔÈÛÙ›· Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓÂ˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜

Î·È ı¤Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎÂ˘ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ ·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈÎ‹˜

‰ÔÌ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï‹ÚÔ˘˜ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ËÁÂÛ›·˜». ŒÙÛÈ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·

·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÂ› fiÙÈ Ë Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ-

ÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù· ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ›

Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÚfiÎÏËÛË. ¢Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÚÂ˘ÓËÙ¤˜ Â›¯·Ó Â-

£ ∂ ø ƒ π ∞ ∏ ° ∂ ™ π ∞ ™ 99

091-104 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:33 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·99

ÚÈÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓË ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÛÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ÂÓfi˜ ÌfiÓÔ

ËÁ¤ÙË (‰ÈÂ˘ı˘ÓÙ‹) ÛÙ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·, Ë Ì¤ÙÚËÛË

Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌË ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈ-

Î‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÂÂÈ‰‹ ‰ÂÓ ıÂˆÚÂ› fiÙÈ Ë ËÁÂÛ›· Â›Ó·È Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚˆÌ¤-

ÓË ÌfiÓÔ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÂ˘ı˘ÓÙ‹ (Hallinger, 2003).

ŒÓ· ÂÈÏ¤ÔÓ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂ Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ÙË˜ ¤ÚÂ˘-

Ó·˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›·. √È Barnett etal. (2001) ÌÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ∞˘ÛÙÚ·Ï›· ˘ÔÛÙË-

Ú›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ, ÛÂ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂ ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË ÙˆÓ Bass Î·È Avolio(1997), ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÓÙÔÈÛıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜

ÌÂÙ·Í‡ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜. ™ÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘-

Ó¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ‰ÂÓ ¤Î·Ó·Ó ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÔÚÈÛÌ¤-

ÓˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ (¯·ÚÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜

ËÁÂÛ›·˜, ÓÂ˘Ì·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ·ÚÒıËÛË˜ Î·È ¤ÌÓÂ˘ÛË˜ ÎÈÓ‹ÙÚˆÓ). ∂-

ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, ‚Ú‹Î·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ‰ÂÓ ¤Î·Ó·Ó ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÌÂÙ·-

Í‡ ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË˜ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ (Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈ-

Î‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜) Î·È ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈ·Î‹˜ ·ÓÙ·ÌÔÈ‚‹˜ (Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Û˘-

Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜). √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÊÂ›˜ ıÂÒÚËÛ·Ó fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È

ÌÈ· ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË ÙÔ˘ fiÙÈ «ÔÈ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ-

ÛÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ÙË˜ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó˘Ê·ÛÌ¤ÓÂ˜ Î·È Ë

ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· Â›Ó·È ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ fiÙ·Ó Î·Ù·Ê¤Ú-

ÓÂÈ Ó· ÂÓÛˆÌ·ÙÒÛÂÈ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ÙË˜ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜»

(Barnett et al., 2001, ÛÂÏ. 42). ∆· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜

·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿

ÁÈ· ÙÔ fiÚ·Ì· Û˘Ó‰ÂfiÙ·Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙË˜ Ì¿ıË-

ÛË˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ. √È Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÊÂ›˜ Î·Ù¤ÏËÍ·Ó ÛÙÔ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ‰ÈÂ˘ı˘-

ÓÙ¤˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÙ¤˜/ÂÌÓÂ˘ÛÙ¤˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Î·ÙÂ˘ı‡-

ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈÂ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÂ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÂ˜ ÚˆÙÔ-

‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô, ÌÂ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ·ÔÛÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹

ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙË ‰È‰·ÛÎ·Ï›· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜. ∞Ó

Â›Ó·È ÛˆÛÙ‹ Ë ÂÚÌËÓÂ›· ·˘Ù‹, ÙfiÙÂ Ë Ú·ÎÙÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈ-

ÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙ· Ì·ıË-

ÛÈ·Î¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·.

™˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·˜, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó


091-104 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:33 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·100

Ó· ÂÓÙÔÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙË ıÂˆÚ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ÙÔ

ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜. øÛÙfiÛÔ, fiˆ˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂ-

Ù·È ·fi ÙÔÓ Bass (1999), Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ÌÈ· ÈÔ ÂÓ‰ÂÏÂ¯‹˜

¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÁÈ· ÙÔ ı¤Ì·. ∆· ˘¿Ú¯ÔÓÙ· ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂ·ÚÎ‹

Î·È ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ıÂˆÚËıÂ› fiÙÈ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙË ‚¿ÛË

ÁÈ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù· fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈ-

Î‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.

™YM¶EPA™MA

∏ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ıÂˆÚ›· ËÁÂÛ›·˜

·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈ· ÎÂÓ¿ Î·È ¿Û¯ÂÈ ·fi ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜.

∏ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÚfiÎÏËÛË ÁÈ· ÙË ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ıÂˆÚ›· ¤-

ÁÎÂÈÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ÊÈÛÙ¿ÌÂÓˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ

Î·È ÌÂıÔ‰ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ë Â›Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ı· Ô-

‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÂ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜

Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË˜ ÌÔÚÊ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤-

ÛÌ·Ù·. √ Hallinger (2003) ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡

Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÛÙÈ˜ ÌÂÏ¤ÙÂ˜ ÙË˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ Î·È Û˘ÛÙ‹ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ

ÂÓÛˆÌ¿ÙˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÙˆÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÙË˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎ‹˜

ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙ· Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ· ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎ¿ ÌÔÓÙ¤Ï·. √È Day, Harris Î·È

Hadfield (2001) ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘Ó Â›ÛË˜ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÛÙËÓ ·-

ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· Î·È ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ

Ó· ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ fiÏˆÛË Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ÙÈ˜

¤ÓÓÔÈÂ˜ ÙË˜ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜.

ªÈ· Î·ÙÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë

‰ÈÂÚÂ‡ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·È

¿ÏÏˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ËÁÂÛ›·˜. √È Marks Î·È Printy (2003) ÂÈÛËÁÔ‡-

ÓÙ·È ÙË ‰ÈÂÚÂ‡ÓËÛË ÙÚfiˆÓ ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ Ë ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈ-

Î‹ Î·È Ë ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎ‹ ËÁÂÛ›· ·ÏÏËÏÔÛ˘ÌÏËÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÂË-

ÚÂ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙË Ì¿ıËÛË.

∏ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎ‹ ÂÈÛÎfiËÛË Î·Ù·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ·

ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ó¤ˆÓ ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË Ì¤ÙÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ

ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ fiˆ˜ Ë ¯Ú‹ÛË ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÎÒÓ

£ ∂ ø ƒ π ∞ ∏ ° ∂ ™ π ∞ ™ 101

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ÌÂıfi‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·ÈÙ›Ô˘ Î·È ·ÈÙÈ·ÙÔ‡ (Bass,1999). ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó·, ÚÔÎ‡ÙÂÈ Û·ÊÒ˜ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÂÚÈÛ-

ÛfiÙÂÚÂ˜ ÌÂÏ¤ÙÂ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÌÔ-

ÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÛÙ· Ì·ıËÛÈ·Î¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·. Ÿˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›-

ÙˆÛË ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ ‹ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ËÁÂÛ›·˜, Â›Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙË-

ÙÔ Ë ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙË˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ËÁÂÛ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·-

ÛÌfi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ Ó· ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ ÙÂÎÌËÚÈˆÌ¤ÓÂ˜

ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÒÓ ÙË˜ ÛÂ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘-

ÙÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù·.


091-104 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:33 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·102

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∞ÓÙÒÓË˜ ∫. ∫¿Î·˜∞ÓÙÈÚ‡Ù·ÓË˜ ¢ÈÂıÓÒÓ ™¯¤ÛÂˆÓ, OÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ

Î·È ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛË˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘

MOPºø™H: ¢∞¶∞¡∏ ◊ ∂¶∂¡¢À™∏

fi ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÙË˜ Ë Î˘ÚÈ·Î‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ·ÎÔÏÔ‡-

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Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ı· ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚÒÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÔÏ›ÙË ÙË˜. ∞˘Ùfi

ÙÔ «‰fiÁÌ·» ÙË˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË˜ Î˘ÚÈ·Î‹˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ‰ÂÓ ÚÔ¤Î˘-

„Â Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌfi ÌÈ·˜ ÂıÓÈÎ‹˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹˜. ∞Ó·‰‡-

ıËÎÂ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ Î¿ıÂ ∫‡ÚÈÔ˘ ÔÏ›ÙË,

·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ· ·fi ÙË Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌfiÚÊˆÛË, ‚·ÛÈ˙ÔÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ÛÙ·

‚·ıÈ¿ ÚÈ˙ˆÌ¤Ó· ÌËÓ‡Ì·Ù· ÙË˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÙÔ˘.

∂›Ó·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ‰˘Û·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Î·È ÔÏ‡ ˘„ËÏ¿ Ù· ¯ÚËÌ·-

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‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· ÙË ÌfiÚÊˆÛË ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ. ∆›ıÂÙ·È ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Â¿Ó

fiÓÙˆ˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ì·˜ —Î·È ÂÈ‰ÈÎ¿ ·Ó ·ÓÙ¤¯ÂÈ Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-

Ì›· ÙË˜ ̄ ÒÚ·˜ Ì·˜— Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂ ·˘Ùfi

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ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ·˘Ùfi Á›ÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Â¤Ó‰˘ÛË Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ ÔÔ›·˜ Ë ¯ÒÚ· ‰È-

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·ÏÒ˜ Ó· ÍÔ‰Â‡ÂÈ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÔÛ¿.

∞Ó·Ï‡ÔÓÙ·˜ Î·ÓÂ›˜ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ı¤ÛË, Î·ı·Ú¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-

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fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·. ¡· ÌËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙË

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‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· ·˘Ù‹ ˆ˜ Â¤Ó‰˘ÛË.

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Û¯Â‰fiÓ Ô˘‰ÂÌ›· Û¯¤ÛË ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ Â¤Ó‰˘ÛË

·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ (·fi ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ ÛÎÔÈ¿) Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ¿ ·Ó·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÙË,

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ÓÔÌ›·. ∫¿ÔÈ· ÛÙÈÁÌ‹, ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯Ò˜, ı· Ê·ÓÂÚˆıÂ› ·˘Ù‹ Ë «·Ïfi-

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Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓË ÌÂ ÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·.

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¤ÓÙÔÓ· Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›.

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Ú›·, ·ÏÒ˜ ÂÌÂ›˜ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Û˘ÓÂÈ‰ËÙ¿ ÂÈ‰ÈÒÍÂÈ— Â›Ó·È ÙÔ

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ÙË˜ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙË˜ °ÓÒÛË˜. ™ÙËÓ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ÙË˜ °ÓÒÛË˜ Ë ·-

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ÁÓÒÛË Â›ÙÂ ÁÈ· Ó· ‚ÚÂıÔ‡Ó Ó¤ÔÈ ÙÚfiÔÈ ·ÍÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÙË˜ ÁÓÒ-

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106 A N T ø N H ™ K . K A K A ™

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Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ÈÔ Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔÌ¤ˆÓ ÙË˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜, fiˆ˜ Â›-

Ó·È .¯. Ô ‚ÈÔÌË¯·ÓÈÎfi˜ ÙÔÌ¤·˜ ‹ Ô ÙÔÌ¤·˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ.

∞˜ ‰ÈÔ¯ÂÙÂ‡ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÛÙËÓ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ÙË˜ °ÓÒÛË˜, ÙÔ

·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎfi Ì·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ Â¤Ó‰˘ÛË Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Î¿ÓÂÈ

ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÙÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ Î·È ÂÓ-

ı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ ÂÛÙÈÒÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó·˜, ÙÂ¯ÓÔ-

ÏÔÁ›·˜, Î·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·˜ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜.1 ª¤Û· ·fi ÌÈ· Â-

ıÓÈÎ‹ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ¤Ó· Â˘¤ÏÈÎÙÔ Û¯¤‰ÈÔ, ·˜ ‰ÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ

ÛÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ Ì·˜ ÙÈ˜ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›Â˜ Ó· ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Î·È Ó· Î·Ï-

ÏÈÂÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ Ó¤ÔÈ ÂÚÂ˘ÓËÙ¤˜, Ó¤ÔÈ ÂÂÓ‰˘Ù¤˜ Î·È Ó¤ÔÈ ÂÈ¯ÂÈ-

ÚËÌ·Ù›Â˜, ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È ÙË ÌfiÚÊˆÛË Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ, ‰›-

ÓÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›ÛË˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈÎ‹ ÈÎ·ÓÔÔ›ËÛË ÙË˜ ·Û¯Ô-

Ï›·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó, Î¿ÙÈ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÂ ÙË

ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ıÂÙÈÎfi ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È

ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· Ô˘ ı· ÔÈÎÔ‰ÔÌÔ‡Ó. ∏ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÂ˘ÓËÙ‹

Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚËÌ·Ù›· ÛÂ Ó¤Â˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·

ÙË˜ °ÓÒÛË˜ Â›Ó·È Û‹ÌÂÚ· Â¿ÁÁÂÏÌ·.

∞ÊÔ‡ Ì·˜ ‰›ÓÂÙ·È Ë Â˘Î·ÈÚ›·, ·˜ ·ÍÈÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÔÚ-

ÊˆÌ¤ÓÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ Ì·˜, Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÈ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÎÂ˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ·Ó¿-

ÁÎÂ˜ ÙË˜ Ó¤·˜ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙË˜ °ÓÒÛË˜. ¢È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¿, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ

Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ «ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹˜ ÔÈÛıÔ‰ÚfiÌËÛË˜», ·ÊÔ‡ Î·ÌÈ¿ ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-

Ì›· ‰ÂÓ ·ÓÙ¤¯ÂÈ Ó· ÂÂÓ‰‡ÂÈ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ˘¤ÚÔÁÎ· ÔÛ¿ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó·

Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ›Ûˆ Ì¤ÚÈÛÌ· ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Â¤Ó‰˘ÛË.

À¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ê˘ÛÈÎ¿ Î·È Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Ó· ÛÙ·Ì·Ù‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ

Â¤Ó‰˘ÛË ÛÙË ÌfiÚÊˆÛË. ∂‰Ò, fiÌˆ˜, ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· ÍÂÊ‡ÁÔ˘ÌÂ

·fi ÙËÓ Î·ı·Ú¿ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Ù˘¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÛ¤Ï-

ª √ ƒ º ø ™ ∏ : ¢ ∞ ¶ ∞ ¡ ∏ ◊ ∂ ¶ ∂ ¡ ¢ À ™ ∏ 107

1. ∆Ô ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÙÂ›ÓÂÈ, ˆ˜ Ì›· ‰Ú¿ÛË ÌÈ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜

ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜, ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ¶ÂÚÈÊ¤ÚÂÈ·˜ °ÓÒÛË˜ §Â˘ÎˆÛ›·˜, ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ-

Îfi ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›Ô ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË˜ ÙË˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙË˜ ÂıÓÈÎ‹˜ Ì·˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜

Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ Î·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·˜.

105-108 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:35 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·107

ıÔ˘ÌÂ ÛÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ Ù˘¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·Ï‡ÛÔ˘ÌÂ

Ù· ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¿ ÔÊ¤ÏË Ù‹˜ ÈÔ ¿Óˆ ÂÈÛ‹ÁËÛË˜. ¶È-

ÛÙÂ‡ˆ fiÌˆ˜, fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ó·ÁÎ·›Ô. ∆Ô Î·ı·Ú¿ ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-

ÌÈÎfi ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÌ· Â›Ó·È ·Ïfi Î·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÙfiÛÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi, Ô˘

ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘.

£· ·Ó·Ê¤Úˆ ·ÏÒ˜ Í·Ó¿ ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ·˘Ùfi ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÌ· ·fi

ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÙÈÎ‹ ÁˆÓ›·. Œ¯ÂÈ ÊÙ¿ÛÂÈ Û‹ÌÂ-

Ú· Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ‹ ÔÔÈ·Û‰‹ÔÙÂ ¿ÏÏË˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÛÙÔ

ÛËÌÂ›Ô fiÔ˘ Ë ÌfiÚÊˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ

ÁÈ· ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ ÌfiÚÊˆÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜; Œ¯Ô˘ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Â˘Ì¿ÚÂÈ·

‹ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ ÔÏ˘Ù¤ÏÂÈ· Ó· ÌÔÚÊˆÓfiÌ·ÛÙÂ ÌfiÓÔ Î·È ÌfiÓÔ

ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÛ‹ Ì·˜;

∏ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÍ¤ÏÈÍË ÙË˜ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ ÙË˜ °ÓÒÛË˜ ··ÓÙ¿ÂÈ

·ÚÓËÙÈÎ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË ·˘Ù‹ Î·È ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë ÔÈ-

ÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ ÛËÌ·Û›· Î·È ·Í›· ÙË˜ ÌfiÚÊˆÛË˜.

∫ÏÂ›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È ı¤ÏÔÓÙ·˜ Ó· Â›Ì·È ÂÈÏÈÎÚÈÓ‹˜ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ·Ó·ÁÓÒ-

ÛÙË, ÔÌÔÏÔÁÒ fiÙÈ ·ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÛÎ¤„ÂÈ˜ ÌÂ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·-

Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÁÈ· Î·ÈÚfi ¤¯ˆ ·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÈ Ó· ÙÈ˜ ‰È·Ù˘ÒÛˆ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ·,

‚Ï¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ¸ÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡˜

ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ¿ÛÎËÛË ÚfiÛÎ·ÈÚË˜ ÂÍÔÈÎÔÓfi-

ÌËÛË˜, ·ÓÙ› Ì¤Û· ·fi ¤Ó· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎfi Û¯¤‰ÈÔ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜.

∆· ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎ¤˜ ÂÛÙ›Â˜ ¤ÚÂ˘-

Ó·˜ Î·È Î·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·˜, fiÔ˘ ÔÈ Î·Ù·ÚÙÈÛÌ¤ÓÔÈ Ó¤ÔÈ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·

ÂÚÁÔ‰ÔÙËıÔ‡Ó. ¶.¯. ÛÙÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÂÚÁÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÓÙ·È

Û‹ÌÂÚ·, Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎ¤˜ ̄ ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ∂˘-

Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆÛË, ¤Ú·Ó ÙˆÓ 200 Ó¤ˆÓ ÂÚÂ˘ÓËÙÒÓ. √ÌÔÏÔÁÒ,

‰ËÏ·‰‹, fiÙÈ Ë ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Î·Ù¿ıÂÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÒÓ

›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ·ÚÔÙÚ‡ÓÂÙ·È Î¿ˆ˜ Î·È ·fi ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜,

Î·ıfiÙÈ ˆ˜ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ ÙË˜ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·Î‹˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Û˘Ó·ÁˆÓ›-

˙ÔÌ·È ÁÈ· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Î·È ıÂˆÚÒ fiÙÈ

‰ÂÓ ‚Ú›ÛÎˆ ·fi ·˘Ùfi ÙËÓ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÌÂÓË Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙˆÓ

Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â› ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜.

108 A N T ø N H ™ K . K A K A ™

105-108 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:35 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·108

B¿ÛÔ˜ ∫·Ú·ÁÈÒÚÁË˜OÌ. ∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘

°π∞ ªπ∞ ∫∞§À∆∂ƒ∏ ¶ƒ√™∆∞™π∞

∆∏™ ¶√§π∆π™∆π∫∏™ ∫§∏ƒ√¡√ªπ∞™

˘Ó‹ıÂÈÂ˜ Î·È Ì¤ıÔ‰ÔÈ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ

ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›ˆÓ ̄ ÚfiÓˆÓ, Û·Ó

Â·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ÛÙÈ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜ Î·È

ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Ì·˜ ÂÔÈı‹ÛÂÈ˜, Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘

‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Î·È ÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘-

Ó·. ∏ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È È· Ë Â˘¯¿ÚÈÛÙË ÂÓ·Û¯fiÏËÛË ÙˆÓ

ÚÔÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎÒÓ ÙË˜ Ù¤¯ÓË˜. ªÂ ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ¿ÏÏˆÓ

ÎÏ¿‰ˆÓ ÙË˜ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ó· Î¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ-

Î¤˜ ÚÔfi‰Ô˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÒıËÛË ÙË˜ ÁÓÒÛË˜ ÁÈ· fiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ Ê¿ÛÂÈ˜

ÙË˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÈÔ Ì·ÎÚ˘ÓÔ‡, Î·È Ó·

·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘ÌÂ ÙÂÎÌ‹ÚÈ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÂÏıfiÓÙÔ˜, ÎÈÓËÙ¿ Î·È

ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿, Ô˘ Â›Ì·ÛÙÂ ÛÂ ı¤ÛË Ó· Û˘ÓÙËÚ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ‹ Ó· ·Ó·Ï¿-

ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÌÂÚÈÎÒ˜, ÙfiÛÔ ̄ ¿ÚÈÓ ÙË˜ ÌÂÏ¤ÙË˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÈ‰ÈÎÒÓ ÂÈÛÙËÌfiÓˆÓ

·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi. ∏ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÎÂÚ‰›ÛÂÈ ÛËÌ·-

ÓÙÈÎfi ÛÂ‚·ÛÌfi ̂ ˜ ¤Ó·˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó·˜ (ÌÂÚÈÎÔ› ı¿ÏÂÁ·Ó Î·È ÂÈ-

ÛÙ‹ÌË˜), Î·È ·˘Ùfi ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ› Â˘ı‡ÓÂ˜ ÁÈ· Ì·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜

Ô˘ ÂÚÁ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙÂ ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ó·ÛÎ·Ê¤˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ú¿ÍÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÚÔÊ‹ ÁÈ’

·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÈ˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔı‹ÎÂ˜.

∆Ô ¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 1999, ÙÔ ãπ‰Ú˘Ì· «∞. °. §Â‚¤ÓÙË˜», ÛÂ Û˘-

ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂ ÙÔ ∆Ì‹Ì· ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ·Ó ¤Ó· ‰ÈÂ-

ıÓ¤˜ ™˘ÌfiÛÈÔ ÌÂ ı¤Ì· «∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ ·‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÙˆÓ ·Ó·-

ÛÎ·ÊÒÓ». ∆· ¶Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¿ ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÌÔÛ›Ô˘ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ‡ıËÎ·Ó ÙÔ 2000.

™ÎÔfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÌÔÛ›Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó Ó· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·Ù›ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏfi-

™

109-113 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:36 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·109

ÁÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó·ÁÎ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ ¤ÁÎ·ÈÚË˜ ‰ËÌÔÛ›-

Â˘ÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÛÎ·ÊÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ̆ ÔÁÚ·ÌÌ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ·Í›ˆÌ· fiÙÈ ÌÈ·

·‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÙË ·Ó·ÛÎ·Ê‹ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÌÈ· ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ‹ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙËÓ

ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË. ∂Ï›˙ˆ ÔÈ ·Ú·ÈÓ¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ™˘ÌÔÛ›Ô˘ Ó· ÂÓ-

ı¿ÚÚ˘Ó·Ó ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡˜ Ó· ¿ÚÔ˘Ó Ì¤ÙÚ·

Î·È Ó· „ËÊ›ÛÔ˘Ó Û¯ÂÙÈÎ‹ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·, Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ó·

·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Í·Ó¿ ÙÈ˜ Â˘ı‡ÓÂ˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ̆ Ô¯ÚÂÒÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·¤Ó·-

ÓÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Ó·‰¤ÏÊÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ Â˘Ú‡ ÎÔÈÓfi. ∞˜ ÌÔ˘ ÂÈÙÚ·-

Â› Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤Úˆ ÙËÓ ËıÈÎ‹ Û˘Ì·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÚÂÔ‡˜ Û˘Ó·-

‰¤ÏÊÔ˘ K·ıËÁËÙ‹ Amihai Mazar, Ô˘ ¤ÁÚ·„Â ÙÔ 1996: «¶Ú¤ÂÈ

Ó· „ËÊÈÛıÂ› ¤Ó·˜ ·˘ÛÙËÚfi˜ ÓfiÌÔ˜ Ô˘ Ó· ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯·È-

ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ó· ·Ó·ÛÎ¿ÙÔ˘Ó Û˘ÓÂ¯Ò˜, ̄ ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÈ‰Â›ÍÂÈ Î·Ì-

ÌÈ¿ ÚfiÔ‰Ô ÛÙË ‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÛË ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚˆÓ ·Ó·ÛÎ·ÊÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏

ÈÛ¯‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ÓfiÌÔ˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·ıÔÏÈÎ‹, ̄ ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÔÔÈ-

·‰‹ÔÙÂ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÂ Ó¤Ô˘˜ Î·È ·Ï·ÈÔ‡˜ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏfi-

ÁÔ˘˜. √ ÓfiÌÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÓÔÂ› ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿Û¯ÂÛË ·‰ËÌÔÛ›-

Â˘ÙÔ˘ ˘ÏÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÂ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜

ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ¿ÚÔ‰Ô ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘».

∆Ô Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ ·‰ËÌÔÛ›Â˘ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÛÎ·ÊÒÓ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ·fi Ù·

ÔÏÏ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁ›·. ¶·Úfi-

ÏÔÓ fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· ÛÂ fiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ ÌÂÛÔÁÂÈ·Î¤˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ Ô˘

‰È¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿, Ë ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿

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¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙÒÚ· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ Î·È ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈÎ¿ Ë „‹ÊÈÛË Ó¤ˆÓ

ÓfiÌˆÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›·˜ ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ¤-

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∫·È ÔÈ ‰˘Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰ÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·Û›· Î·È ÔÏÏ¤˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÂ

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Ó· „ËÊ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÛÎ·Ê¤ÓÙˆÓ

·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÂÈ›ˆÓ ÙË˜ ∞Ì·ıÔ‡ÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ, ·Ó ‰ÂÓ

¿ÚÔ˘ÌÂ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÓÔÌÈÎ¿ Ì¤ÙÚ· ÁÈ· Ó· ÊÚÔÓÙ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÔÓ

ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙ· ¯ÒÚÔ Á‡Úˆ ·fi Ù· ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎ¿ Î·Ù¿ÏÔÈ·. ∏

∫‡ÚÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ Î·Ï‹ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙË˜

ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿˜, ÂÈ‰ÈÎ¿ ‡ÛÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÙˆÓ

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‰È·Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡ «¶ÂÚ› ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ¡fiÌÔ˘» Ô˘ „ËÊ›-

ÛÙËÎ·Ó Ï›Á· ̄ ÚfiÓÈ· ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ÙÔ˘ ÓËÛÈÔ‡. ™ÙÔ ÌÂÙ·-

Í‡ fiÌˆ˜ Ë ∫‡ÚÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ Ì¤ÏÔ˜ ÙË˜ √˘Ó¤ÛÎÔ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ Û˘Ó·-

ÊÒÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ ·ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ, ÙÔ˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ Î·È ÙË˜

∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹˜ ã∂ÓˆÛË˜. £· Â›Ó·È ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ Ó· ‰Ô‡ÌÂ ·Ó Ô ·ÚÒÓ

¶ÂÚ› ∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ¡fiÌÔ˜ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÈ ·ÚÌÔÓÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¤˜ ÓÔÌÔ-

ıÂÛ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÈÔ ¿Óˆ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ.

∂›Ó·È ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ˆ˜ ÌÈ· ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ π-

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ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ Î·È Ù·Ó¿·ÏÈÓ. ∫¿ıÂ ÌÈ· ̄ ÒÚ· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ‰ÈÎ¤˜ ÙË˜ È‰È-

·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙÂ˜ Î·È È‰ÈÔÛ˘ÁÎÚ·Û›Â˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ

·fi ÙÈ˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ Î·È ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÔ˘ÌÂ Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÁÈ·

ÙÈ˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›Â˜ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙË ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›·, È‰È·›ÙÂ-

Ú· ¯ˆÚÒÓ ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘. £· ·Ó·Ê¤Úˆ ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·: ÛÙËÓ

∫‡ÚÔ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ ÔÏÏ¤˜ ÂÎÎÏËÛ›Â˜ Î·È ÌÂÚÈÎ¿ ÙÂÌ¤ÓË Ô˘ Â›Ó·È

ÎËÚ˘ÁÌ¤Ó· «∞Ú¯·›· ªÓËÌÂ›· µã ¶›Ó·Î·» ·fi ÙÔ ¡fiÌÔ ¶ÂÚ›

∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ. ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ˆ˜ Ù· ÌÓËÌÂ›· ·˘Ù¿ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È

ÂÚÈÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ› ¯ÒÚÔÈ ÙË˜

¶·Ï·È¿ÊÔ˘ Î·È ÙË˜ ∞Ì·ıÔ‡ÓÙ·˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÂ ıÚËÛÎÂ˘ÙÈ-

ÎÔ‡˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ∏ ∂ÎÎÏËÛ›· ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Ô È‰ÈÔÎÙ‹ÙË˜

fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎÒÓ Ó·ÒÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÎËÚ˘ÁÌ¤ÓÔÈ ∞Ú¯·›· ªÓË-

ÌÂ›· ·ÏÏ¿ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÔÈ ÂÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú¯¤˜ ÔÊÂ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ‰¤-

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∞Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜. √È

ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ·fi ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ó·Ô‡˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙfiÔ˘˜ Ï·ÙÚÂ›-

·˜ Î·È Ë ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ (ˆÚ¿ÚÈ· Î.Ï.) ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔ‰Ô-

Û›· ÙˆÓ ÂÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·Ú¯ÒÓ. ™Â ÔÏÏ¤˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ÂÈÎfiÓÂ˜

Î·È ÂÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ¿ ÛÎÂ‡Ë Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÎÎÏËÛ›Â˜ Â›Ó·È ·Ú-

¯·ÈfiÙËÙÂ˜ ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ˘ ¡fiÌÔ˘ Î·È ̄ ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ̂ ˜ Â›‰Ë Ï·ÙÚÂ›-

·˜. ¶ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ÌÂÚÈÎ¤˜ ÔÏ‡ÙÈÌÂ˜ ÂÈÎfiÓÂ˜ Î·È ÛÎÂ‡Ë ÎÏ¿ËÛ·Ó

·fi ÌÂÌÔÓˆÌ¤Ó· ÍˆÎÎÏ‹ÛÈ· Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÈÎÔÓÔÔÈËÙÈ-

Î¿ Î·È Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ·ÓÔÈÎÙ¿ Î·È ÚÔÛÈÙ¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛÎ˘ÓËÙ¤˜. ∆Ô

Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Â‡ÎÔÏË Ï‡ÛË ·ÏÏ¿ ı· ı¤Ï·ÌÂ Ó· ·ÎÔ‡ÛÔ˘ÌÂ

ÙÈ˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›Â˜ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó ·Úfi-

ÌÔÈÂ˜ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜.

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ÌÓËÌÂ›Ô, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ¤Ó· ∫¿ÛÙÚÔ, Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ·

ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÎ‰ËÏÒÛÂÈ˜ ‹ ÁÈ· ·ÎfiÌË ÈÔ Â˙¤˜ ¯Ú‹ÛÂÈ˜, Û·Ó Â-

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Ô˘ ı· ¿ÚÔ˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂÈ˜;

À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ‚·ÛÈÎ‹ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ ÔÈÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÔ ‰ÈÎ·›-

ˆÌ· Ó· È‰Ú‡ÂÈ ªÔ˘ÛÂ›·, ÌÂ ÂÚÈÂ¯fiÌÂÓÔ ·ÓÙÈÎÂ›ÌÂÓ· Ô˘ Â›Ó·È

·Ú¯·ÈfiÙËÙÂ˜ Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙÔ ¡fiÌÔ; ∆¤ÙÔÈ· ·ÓÙÈÎÂ›ÌÂÓ· ÌÔÚÂ› Ó·

Â›Ó·È Â›‰Ë Ï·˚Î‹˜ Ù¤¯ÓË˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Í˘ÏfiÁÏ˘Ù·, ÊÔÏ-

ÎÏÔÚÈÎ‹ ·ÁÁÂÈÔÏ·ÛÙÈÎ‹ Î.Ï., Ô˘ ‚Ï¤ÂÈ Î·ÓÂ›˜ ÛÙ· ÂıÓÔÁÚ·-

ÊÈÎ¿ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›·. ™ÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ ÌÂÚÈÎ¿ Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó È‰Ú˘ıÂ›

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ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÏ¤Á¯Ô˘ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ÌÔ˘ÛÂ›ˆÓ.

À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÛÂÈÚ¿ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ·Ú¯·ÈÔ-

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ÔÔ›ÔÓ ·Ó‹ÎÂ; £· Ú¤ÂÈ ÔÈ Í¤ÓÂ˜ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ¤˜ Ô˘

·Ó·ÛÎ¿ÙÔ˘Ó ÛÙÈ˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ

ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË˜ Î·È ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú¯ÈÙÂÎÙÔ-

ÓÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÏÔ›ˆÓ Ô˘ Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ÊÒ˜ ‹ ·˘Ùfi ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Â˘ı‡ÓË

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‰·¿ÓË˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ··ÏÏÔÙÚ›ˆÛË ÙË˜ ÁË˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È

ÔÈ ·Ó·ÛÎ·Ê¤˜;

∏ ·Ú¿ÓÔÌË ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ·Ú¯·ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Ë ··›ÙËÛË ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ

¯ˆÚÒÓ ÁÈ· Â·Ó··ÙÚÈÛÌfi ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ-¤ÚÁˆÓ Ù¤¯ÓË˜ Ô˘ ·Ó‹-

ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ‰ÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔÌÈ¿ Û˘˙ËÙÂ›Ù·È ·fi ¯Úfi-

ÓÈ· ÙÒÚ· ÛÙËÓ √˘Ó¤ÛÎÔ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜. ∞˘Ù¿

Â›Ó·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÈÎÚ›Â˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÂ

‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÈ·ÏfiÙËÙÂ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÎfiÌË Î·ÙÂ˘-

Ó·ÛıÂ›. À¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓ‹ Û˘ÓÈÛÙ·Ì¤ÓË ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ Ò˜ ı· Ï˘-

ıÔ‡Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‹ Ò˜ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó·

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Î·ÙÂ˘Ó·ÛıÔ‡Ó Ù· ÓÂ‡Ì·Ù·;

√ Û˘Ó¿‰ÂÏÊfi˜ ÌÔ˘ ‰Ú Ã·Ú¿Ï·ÌÔ˜ ª·ÎÈÚÙ˙‹˜ Î·È ÂÁÒ ÁÓˆ-

Ú›˙Ô˘ÌÂ ÔÏ‡ Î·Ï¿ ˆ˜ ÙÔ ™˘ÌfiÛÈfi Ì·˜ ‰ÂÓ ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· Â-

ÍÂÙ¿ÛÂÈ Ï‹Úˆ˜ ‹ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ Û·Ê‹ ÁÓÒÌË ÁÈ· fiÏ· Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·

Ô˘ ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ· ÈÔ ¿Óˆ Î·È ÁÈ· ÔÏÏ¿ ¿ÏÏ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ı·

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Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Â›Ú·: ÌÔÚÊÒÛÙÂ ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÁÈ· Ó·

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ÚÒÙÔÈ ÙÔ Î·Ïfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û˘ÓÂ¯›ÛÙÂ Ó· ÌÔÚÊÒÓÂÙÂ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi

Ì¤Ûˆ ÙˆÓ ª¤ÛˆÓ ª·˙ÈÎ‹˜ ∂ÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ÙfiÙÂ ı· ¤¯ÂÙÂ ‰È·-

Ó‡ÛÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÛÙËÓ Â›ÙÂ˘ÍË ·˘ÙÔ‡ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ·ıÂ›ÙÂ

Ó· ÂÙ‡¯ÂÙÂ ÌÂ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›Â˜, ÂıÓÈÎ¤˜ ‹ ‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜. ã∂Ó· Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ·

ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·ÛÌ¤ÓÔ ÎÔÈÓfi ı· ÂÍ·ÛÎ‹ÛÂÈ È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÂ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ·Îfi-

ÌË Î·È ı· Â›ÛÂÈ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂÈ˜ fiÙÈ «˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÛÙÔ ·ÚÂÏ-

ıfiÓ» Î·È fiÙÈ Ë Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÎ‹˜ ÎÏËÚÔÓÔ-

ÌÈ¿˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Û˘¯Ó¿ Ó· ‚ÔËı‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, Ô˘

·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Î·Ù¿ Î·ÓfiÓ· ÙÔ ÌfiÓÔ ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÌ· Ô˘ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÔ‚·-

Ú¿ ˘fi„Ë ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ Î˘‚ÂÚÓ‹ÛÂÈ˜.

° π ∞ ª π ∞ ∫ ∞ § À ∆ ∂ ƒ ∏ ¶ ƒ √ ™ ∆ ∞ ™ π ∞ 113

109-113 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:36 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·113

¶¿ÓÔ˜ ¶··Ó·ÛÙ·Û›Ô˘∫·ıËÁËÙ‹˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘

∫ÔÛÌ‹ÙÔÚ·˜ ¶ÔÏ˘ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ‹˜ ™¯ÔÏ‹˜

∂À∫∞πƒπ∂™ ∫∞π ¶ƒ√∫§∏™∂π™ °π∞ ∂ƒ∂À¡∞

∫∞π ∂∫ª∂∆∞§§∂À™∏ À¢ƒ√°√¡∞¡£ƒ∞∫ø¡

™∆∏¡ ∫À¶ƒ√

Ô ¿ÚıÚÔ ·˘Ùfi ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÈ (·) ÙÈ˜ ÚÔÔÙÈÎ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÂÎÌÂ-

Ù¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË ÎÔÈÙ·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ Î·È ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘

ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙË˜ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·

ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘, (‚) ÙÈ˜ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›Â˜ Î·È ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Î·È

ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ ıÂˆÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÈ˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙË˜

Ù˘¯¤˜, fiˆ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Ù˘¯‹, ÙËÓ ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ‹ Ù˘¯‹ Î·È ÙËÓ

ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ Ù˘¯‹, (Á) ÙÔ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ Á‡ÚÔ ·‰ÂÈÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Â-

ÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÂ ÂÍ¤ÏÈÍË ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜

Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÌÂ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ı¤Ì· ÙÔ˘ ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎÔ‡ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ Î·È

ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ˘ ÙË˜ Û˘ÌÊˆÓ›·˜, Î·È ÙÔ ÎÏ›Ì· ÁÈ· Î·Ï¤˜ ÂÂÓ‰‡-

ÛÂÈ˜ ·fi ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘, (‰) ÙÔ˘˜ ÌË¯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ‹ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈ-

ÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·Ï‹˜ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜, Î·È (Â) ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›ˆÓ

ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ.

1. ¶ƒ√√¶∆π∫∂™ °π∞ ∂ƒ∂À¡∞ ∫∞π ∂∫ª∂∆∞§§∂À™∏

À¢ƒ√°√¡∞¡£ƒ∞∫ø¡ ™∆∏¡ ∞¡∞∆√§π∫∏ ª∂™√°∂π√

™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈÎ¿ÓÈÎË˜ ÀËÚÂÛ›·˜ °ÂˆÏÔ-

ÁÈÎ‹˜ ∂ÈÛÎfiËÛË˜ (USGS) ÁÈ· Ù· ·Ôı¤Ì·Ù· ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿-

ÎˆÓ, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ¢¤ÏÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¡Â›ÏÔ˘ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó

1.76 ‰ÈÛÂÎ·ÙÔÌÌ‡ÚÈ· ‚·Ú¤ÏÈ· ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ (bbl) Î·È 223 ÙÚÈÛÂÎ·-

ÙÔÌÌ‡ÚÈ· Î˘‚ÈÎ¿ fi‰È· (tcf) Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ (º∞) Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ

ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙË˜ §Â‚·ÓÙ›ÓË˜ 1.7 ‰ÈÛÂÎ·ÙÔÌÌ‡ÚÈ· ‚·Ú¤ÏÈ· ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘

T

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·114

™¯‹Ì· 1: ∏ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Î·È ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∞. ªÂÛfiÁÂÈÔ(source: MCIT ).

(bbl) Î·È 122 tcf Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ (™¯‹Ì· 1). √È ‰‡Ô ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÚÈÔ-

¯¤˜ Î·Ï‡ÙÔ˘Ó ‹ ÁÂÈÙÔÓÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÌÂ ÙËÓ ∞ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎ‹ √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹

∑ÒÓË (∞√∑) ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘. ∆· ·Ô‰Â‰ÂÈÁÌ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÙ¿ÛÌ·Ù· Ê˘ÛÈ-

ÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ πÛÚ·‹Ï Â›Ó·È Á‡Úˆ ÛÙ· 30-35 tcf, ÙË˜ ∞ÈÁ‡ÙÔ˘

Â›Ó·È Á‡Úˆ ÛÙ· 78-80 ÙÚÈ˜ Î˘‚ÈÎ¿ fi‰È· Î·È ̆ ¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î·È Ë ÙÂÏÂ˘-

Ù·›· ·Ó·Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ, ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÈÙ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ÙÂÌ¿¯ÈÔ 12 ‹

∞ÊÚÔ‰›ÙË, Á‡Úˆ ÛÙ· 7 tcf. ∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ∂Ù·ÈÚÂ›·

Noble, ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ì›· Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Á‡Úˆ ÛÙÔ 25%, Ó· ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È

ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¤˜ ÔÛfiÙËÙÂ˜ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ ÛÂ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ‚¿ıË. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë

ÚÔÔÙÈÎ‹ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÂ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ˘fi ‰ÈÂÚÂ‡ÓËÛË. ∆ÔÓ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ fiÙÈ

ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ì·ÛÙÂ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎÔ› ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ÂÎÙÈ-

Ì‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ·Ù› ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ˘‹Ú¯·Ó ÂÎÙÈ-

Ì‹ÛÂÈ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡ÊıËÎ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¤˜ ÔÛfiÙË-

ÙÂ˜ ̆ ‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ. ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Â›Ó·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ-

¯‹ ÙÔ˘ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ¢¤ÏÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¡Â›ÏÔ˘ fiÔ˘ ÙÔ ÙÂÌ¿¯ÈÔ (block)NEMED Ô˘ Î¿Ï˘ÙÂ Á‡Úˆ ÛÙ· 40,000 km2 Î·È Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚÈÔ¯‹

Ô˘ ÊÙ¿ÓÂÈ ̂ ˜ Ù· Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ‰ÈÂÚÂ˘-

Ó‹ıËÎÂ ·fi ÙË Shell, Ë ÔÔ›· ÙÂÏÈÎ¿ ÙÔ ÂÁÎ·Ù¤ÏÂÈ„Â. ∂ÓÙfiÈÛÂ

Î¿ÔÈ· ÌÈÎÚ¿ ÎÔÈÙ¿ÛÌ·Ù·, ·Û‡ÌÊÔÚ· fiÌˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË.

∫¿ÔÈÔÈ ÁÂˆÏfiÁÔÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÁÂˆÙÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ Shell ‰ÂÓ

¤ÊÙ·Û·Ó ÛÂ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ‚¿ıË, ÁÈ\ ·˘Ùfi Î·È Ë ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÙË˜ ·¤Ù˘-

¯Â. ∏ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· ·ÓÔ›ÍÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜

∂ À ∫ ∞ π ƒ π ∂ ™ ∫ ∞ π ¶ ƒ √ ∫ § ∏ ™ ∂ π ™ 115

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·115

·˘Ù¤˜ Í·Ó¿ ÁÈ· ¤ÚÂ˘Ó·, ÛÂ‚fiÌÂÓË Ï‹Úˆ˜ ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÚÔ ÙË˜ ∞√∑ ÌÂ

ÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ ·Ú¿ ÙÈ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›·˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ∞Ú·‚È-

Î‹ ÕÓÔÈÍË ÁÈ· ‰È·ÌÂÚÈÛÌfi ÙË˜ ∞√∑ ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ, ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜

ÙËÓ ∞√∑ ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÛÙ· 12 Ó·˘ÙÈÎ¿ Ì›ÏÈ·. ∏ ‡·ÚÍË Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿-

ÙˆÓ ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰ÂÈ¯ÙÂ› ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÏ¿‰· ÙË˜ §Â-

‚·ÓÙ›ÓË˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ˘ ¢¤ÏÙ· ÙÔ˘ ¡Â›ÏÔ˘, ¿Ú· ÔÈ ÚÔÔÙÈ-

Î¤˜ ÁÈ· ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Î·È ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË ̆ ‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ-

¯‹ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È ÔÏ‡ Î·Ï¤˜.

2 ¶ƒ√√¶∆π∫∂™ ∫∞π ¶ƒ√∫§∏™∂π™

2.1 √ÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Ù˘¯‹.

ª›· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÂ˜ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Î·È ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÌÂ-

Ù¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ Â›Ó·È

Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Ù˘¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· Ô ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘

ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙË˜ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË˜. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÔÏ‡

·ÎÚÈ‚¤˜ ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ˜, ÌÂ ÁÂˆÙÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÂ ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ‚¿ıË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜,

fiÔ˘ Ë Ï·ÙÊfiÚÌ· ÁÂˆÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ¯ÚÂÒÓÂÙ·È ÌÂÙ·Í‡ 500 ¯ÈÏÈ¿-

‰ˆÓ Î·È 1 ÂÎ·ÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›Ô˘ ‰ÔÏ·Ú›ˆÓ ÙËÓ ËÌ¤Ú·. ∆Ô ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ Ì›·˜

ÁÂÒÙÚËÛË˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÍÂÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ Ù· 100 ÂÎ·ÙÔÌÌ‡ÚÈ· ‰ÔÏ¿ÚÈ·.

°È’ ·˘Ùfi ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÙÔ˘˜, È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·

ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ ÌË ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfi ¯ÚfiÓÔ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·,

·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎÂ ÛÂ Ì›· ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÛÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï fiÙÈ ̆ ‹ÚÍÂ Úfi‚ÏË-

Ì· ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ÂÍÔÏÈÛÌfi ÂÓfi˜ ÁÂˆÙÚ‡·ÓÔ˘, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÛÙ¿ÏıËÎÂ

ÛÙÔ ÃÈÔ‡ÛÙÔÓ ÁÈ· ÂÈ‰ÈfiÚıˆÛË. ∞fi ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Û˘Ì‚¿Ó, ‹ ·fi

¿ÏÏ· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂ ÙËÓ Â˘ÛÙ¿ıÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÁÂˆÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ, Ô ÌË

·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfi˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˜ ÙË˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚÌ·˜ ÁÂˆÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó·

ÛÙÔÈ¯›ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ¤Ú·Ó ÙˆÓ 10 ÂÎ·ÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ‰ÔÏ·Ú›ˆÓ Ù·

ÔÔ›· ÛÙÔ Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ı· ·Ê·ÈÚÂıÔ‡Ó ·fi Ù· ¤ÛÔ‰· ÙË˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜.

£· Ú¤ÂÈ, Â›ÛË˜, Ó· ÂÏ·¯ÈÛÙÔÔÈËıÂ› Ô ̄ ÚfiÓÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÊÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ó

ÔÈ ̆ ‰ÚÔÁÔÓ¿ÓıÚ·ÎÂ˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ·ÁÔÚ¤˜, ÂÈ‰ÈÎ¿ fiÙ·Ó ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Ê˘ÛÈ-

Îfi ·¤ÚÈÔ. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ̆ ¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ̆ Ô‰ÔÌ‹ ÁÈ· Ó· ÊÙ¿-

ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ·¤ÚÈÔ ÛÙÈ˜ ·ÁÔÚ¤˜, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ Â‡ÎÔÏ· fiÛÔ

ÙÔ ÂÙÚ¤Ï·ÈÔ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÂÙ·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÌÂ ‰ÂÍ·ÌÂÓfiÏÔÈ· (tankers)

116 ¶ A N O ™ ¶ A ¶ A N A ™ T A ™ I O T

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·116

Â‡ÎÔÏ· ÛÙÈ˜ ·ÁÔÚ¤˜. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙËıÂ› Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ˘Ô‰ÔÌ‹ ·-

ÍÈÔÏÔÁÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘˜ (risks). ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó

ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÂ›˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¤˜ ÌÂÏ¤ÙÂ˜ Ô˘ Ó· ÂÚÈÏ¿‚Ô˘Ó

fiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ ‰˘Ó·Ù¤˜ ÌÔÚÊ¤˜ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘ Â›ÙÂ Ì¤Ûˆ ·Áˆ-

ÁÒÓ, Â›ÙÂ Ì¤Ûˆ ˘ÁÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÍËÚ¿ (Liquefied Natural Gas-LNG) ‹ ÛÙË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ· (Floating LNG),ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂ ÂÈ‰ÈÎ¿ ÏÔ›· ÛÂ

Û˘ÌÈÂÛÌ¤ÓË ÌÔÚÊ‹ (Compressed Natural Gas, CNG), ˘ÁÚÔÔ›ËÛË

ÌÂ ̄ ËÌÈÎ¤˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Gas to Liquids (GTL), ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÂÙÚÔ¯Ë-

ÌÈÎÒÓ, ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ‹ ËÏÂÎÙÚÈÎ‹˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ·ÓÙ› º∞. ∏ Ï‡ÛË

Ô˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÚÔÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË

ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘, ̄ ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ·ÔÎÏÂ›ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ̆ fiÏÔÈÂ˜ Ï‡ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ,

Â›Ó·È Ë ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÂÚÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ̆ ÁÚÔÔ›ËÛË˜ (LNG plant) Î·È ÂÍ·-

ÁˆÁ‹˜. ÀÔ‰Â›¯ÙËÎÂ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ‡ÙÔ Ë ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙÔ˘ µ·ÛÈÏÈÎÔ‡ ˆ˜ Î·-

Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ‹‰Ë ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁËıÂ› ·fi

ÙËÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›· Technip ÂÎ Ì¤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙË˜ Noble. O ̄ ÒÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ µ·ÛÈÏÈÎÔ‡

‚Ú¤ıËÎÂ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ·ıÌÔ‡ ̆ ÁÚÔÔ›ËÛË˜,

Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÚ›· ÙÚ¤Ó· ÙˆÓ 5 ÂÎ. ÙfiÓˆÓ ·Ó¿

¤ÙÔ˜ ¤Î·ÛÙÔ. ∆· ·Ô‰Â‰ÂÈÁÌ¤Ó· ÎÔÈÙ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔ-

ÏÔÁÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓÔ ¤Ó· ÙÚ¤ÓÔ ÙˆÓ 5 ÂÎ. ÙfiÓˆÓ ·Ó¿ ¤ÙÔ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·Ïfi Â›Ó·È

Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÚÔÛÙÂıÔ‡Ó ÂÈÏ¤ÔÓ ÙÚ¤Ó·, ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›-

ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·Ôı¤Ì·Ù· ·Ó·Î·Ï˘ÊıÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÙÂÌ¿¯ÈÔ

12 ‹ ÛÙ· ÂfiÌÂÓ· ÙÂÌ¿¯È· Ù· ÔÔ›· ÙÒÚ· Â›Ó·È ÛÙË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ÙË˜

·‰ÂÈÔ‰fiÙËÛË˜. À‹Ú¯Â ÚÔÔÙÈÎ‹ Ó· ÌÂÙ·ÊÂÚıÂ› ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ ÙÔ

º∞ ·fi ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï, ·ÏÏ¿ ÙÔ ı¤Ì· ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÍÂÎ·ı·Ú›ÛÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ·. ∆Ô

LNG ÚÔÛÊ¤ÚÂÈ ÙËÓ Â˘ÂÏÈÍ›· ÁÈ· ˆÏ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÂ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ·ÁÔÚ¤˜.

2.1.1 ∞ÁÔÚ¤˜ º˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ∞ÂÚ›Ô˘.

OÈ ÚÔ‚Ï¤„ÂÈ˜ ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁˆÓ Ô›ÎˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È Î·Ù·-

Ó¿ÏˆÛË ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ 2030, Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ·fi Ù· ÔÚ˘ÎÙ¿ Î·‡-

ÛÈÌ· ÙÔ º∞ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·‡ÍËÛË, ÌÂ ÌÈ· Ì¤ÛË ÂÙ‹ÛÈ·

·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Á‡Úˆ ÛÙÔ 2.1% ·Ó¿ ¯ÚfiÓÔ (BP, Outlook 2011). √È Â-

ÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ International Energy Association Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Û˘ÓÙË-

ÚËÙÈÎ¤˜, ÚÔ‚Ï¤ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÂ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ º∞ Á‡Úˆ ÛÙÔ 1% ·Ó¿ ¤-

ÙÔ˜. ™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ BP, ÙÔ º∞ ı· Î·Ï‡-

∂ À ∫ ∞ π ƒ π ∂ ™ ∫ ∞ π ¶ ƒ √ ∫ § ∏ ™ ∂ π ™ 117

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·117

™¯‹Ì· 2: ∂ÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ Î·È Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛË º∞ (source: BP Energy Outlook 2030, January 2012).

ÙÂÈ ÙÔ 31% ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÛÂ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÙÔ 2030. £· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ

ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ·‡ÍËÛË ÛÙËÓ Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÌÂ ·Ú·-

ÁˆÁ‹ LNG, Á‡Úˆ ÛÙÔ 4.5% ·Ó¿ ¤ÙÔ˜, ÌÂ ÙÔ LNG ÊÙ¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ó·

Î·Ï‡ÙÂÈ ÙÔ 25% ÙË˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ º∞. º˘ÛÈÎ¿, Ë ÌÂÁ¿ÏË

˙‹ÙËÛË ı· ÚÔ¤ÏıÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ∫›Ó·, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÚÔ‚Ï¤ÂÙ·È Ì¤-

¯ÚÈ ÙÔ 2030 fiÙÈ Ë Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛË º∞ ı· ÊÙ¿ÛÂÈ ÛÙ· ÛËÌÂÚÈÓ¿ Â›-

Â‰· ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ (™¯‹Ì· 2).

°È· ÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙË˜ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘ Ë Èı·Ó‹ ·ÁÔÚ¿

Â›Ó·È Ë ∂˘ÚÒË. ∫¿ÔÈÔÈ, ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Î·È Ë Noble En-ergy Ltd., ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÙË˜ ∞-

Û›·˜ ÏfiÁˆ ̆ „ËÏÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ ÙÈÌÒÓ. √È ·Ó¿ÁÎÂ˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ı· ‰Ë-

ÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËıÔ‡Ó ÏfiÁˆ ÌÂ›ˆÛË˜ ÙË˜ ÂÁ¯ÒÚÈ·˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ·fi Ù·

ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ·Ôı¤Ì·Ù· ÙË˜ ¡ÔÚ‚ËÁ›·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ √ÏÏ·Ó‰›·˜. ™˘-

ÓÂÒ˜, Ë ∂˘ÚÒË ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Î·Ï‡„ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÎÂ˜ ÙË˜ ÌÂ ÂÈ-

Û·ÁˆÁ¤˜ Â›ÙÂ Ì¤Ûˆ Ó¤ˆÓ ·ÁˆÁÒÓ Â›ÙÂ ÌÂ LNG.

2.1.2 ¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ º∞ ÛÂ ™¯ÈÛÙfiÏÈıÔ˘˜ (Shale gas).°È· ÙÈ˜ ÚÔÔÙÈÎ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÁÔÚÒÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÙÒÚ· ÙÔ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ı¤Ì·

ÙÔ˘ shale gas ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¿ÏÏ·ÍÂ ÙËÓ ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙË˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÈ˜

∏¶∞ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¤ÓÙÂ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. ŒÓ· ÚÒÙÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Â›Ó·È

Î·Ù¿ fiÛÔ ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ¤˜ º∞ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ shale gas ÛÙÈ˜

118 ¶ A N O ™ ¶ A ¶ A N A ™ T A ™ I O T

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·118

™¯‹Ì· 3: ∂ÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛË º∞ ·Ó¿ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹(source: BP Energy Outlook 2030, January 2012).

∏¶∞ ı· Î·Ù·ÎÏ‡ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ÛÂ ÌÔÚÊ‹ LNG. ™ÙÈ˜ ∏¶∞ ÂÓÒ

Â›¯Â ÛÙËıÂ› ̆ Ô‰ÔÌ‹ ÁÈ· ÛÙ·ıÌÔ‡˜ ·Ô¸ÁÚÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÂÈÛ·ÁfiÌÂ-

ÓÔ˘ º∞, ÙÒÚ· Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÎ¤„ÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÂÍ·ÁˆÁ¤˜ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ú·Áˆ-

Á‹ ÙÔ˘ shale gas. ∏ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ shale gas ÛÙÈ˜ ∏¶∞ Î·Ï‡-

ÙÂÈ ÙÔ 25% ÙË˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ º∞ Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔ‚Ï¤„ÂÈ˜ Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ

2030 ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÊÙ¿ÛÂÈ Ó· Î·Ï‡ÙÂÈ ÙÔ 50% ÙË˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜.

ÕÚ· ¤Ó· ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÒÙËÌ· Â›Ó·È ÙÈ ı· Á›ÓÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ·Ó Á›-

ÓÂÈ ›‰È· ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË ÛÂ shale gas. ¶ÈÛÙÂ‡Ô˘ÌÂ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ·

Â›Ó·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ‹ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ÛÂ ¿ÏÏÂ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜

·fi ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÈ˜ ∏¶∞, ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ı· Â-

ÍËÁ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ·.

¶ÈÔ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ‰È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹-

ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ shale gas (™¯‹Ì· 3). °È· ÙËÓ ∞ÌÂÚÈÎ‹ ÚÔ‚Ï¤ÂÙ·È

fiÙÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ 2030 ÙÔ shale gas ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Î·Ï‡„ÂÈ ÙÔ 50% ÙË˜

·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÂ º∞. ∂ÓÒ ÔÈ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Â›Ó·È fi-

ÙÈ ÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ë Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎ‹ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹, ̆ ¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ·Ú·-

ÁˆÁ‹ ·fi ÙÔ shale gas, ·ÏÏ¿ ÔÈ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÂ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÎÂ˜ ÚÔ‚Ï¤-

ÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ı· Î·Ï˘ÊıÔ‡Ó Ì¤Ûˆ ·ÁˆÁÒÓ ‹ Ì¤Ûˆ LNG. ªÂ ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ shale gas ¿ÏÏ·ÍÂ Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· ÙË˜ ÂÓ¤Ú-

ÁÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ∏¶∞. ¶ÚÈÓ ÌÈ· ‰ÂÎ·ÂÙ›· ‹Ù·Ó ·‰È·ÓfiËÙË Ë ·Ú·Áˆ-

Á‹ º∞ (ÙÒÚ· Î·È ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘) ·fi Ù·ÌÈÂ˘Ù‹ÚÂ˜ ÌÂ Û¯ÈÛÙfiÏÈ-

ıÔ˘˜ (shales) ÏfiÁˆ ÙË˜ ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ ‰È·ÂÚ·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ù·

∂ À ∫ ∞ π ƒ π ∂ ™ ∫ ∞ π ¶ ƒ √ ∫ § ∏ ™ ∂ π ™ 119

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·119

™¯‹Ì· 4: √ÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· ÁÂÒÙÚËÛË ÌÂ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Î·ı¤ÙˆÓ ÚˆÁÌÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ shale gas (source: IEA).

ÂÙÚÒÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿. ∏ ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Ô˘ Î¿ÓÂÈ ‰˘Ó·Ù‹ ÙËÓ ·Ú·-

ÁˆÁ‹ ·fi shales Â›Ó·È Ë ˘‰Ú·˘ÏÈÎ‹ ıÚ·‡ÛË (hydraulic fractur-ing) Ë ÔÔ›· Â›Ó·È ‰ÔÎÈÌ·ÛÌ¤ÓË Â‰Ò Î·È 60 ¯ÚfiÓÈ·. ÃÚËÛÈÌÔ-

ÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÛÂ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ Ë ‰È·-

ÂÚ·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÙÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ „·ÌÌ›ÙÂ˜) Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚ‹.

∆· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¤ÓÙÂ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÛÂ shale gas ÛÂ

Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ÌÂ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈ· ÁÂÒÙÚËÛË Î·È ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÔÏÏÒÓ

ÚˆÁÌÒÓ Î¿ıÂÙ· ÛÙË ÁÂÒÙÚËÛË Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙË ÚÔ‹ ÚÔ˜ ÙË

ÁÂÒÙÚËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ (™¯‹Ì· 4).

√È ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙ·ıÂÚ‹ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ̄ ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È

Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÂ Ì›· ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÁÂˆÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ

ÌÂ ÔÏÏ¤˜ Ê¿ÛÂÈ˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÚˆÁÌÒÓ. ¢ËÏ·‰‹ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÂ ÌÂ-

Á¿ÏË ÎÏ›Ì·Î· ·˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· Î·È ÔÏÏ¤˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Â-

ÓÙÂÏÒ˜ ·ÓÂÍ¤ÏÂÁÎÙ·, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Î·Ï‹ ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎ‹ ‚¿ÛË ÒÛÙÂ Ó·

Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎ‹. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó, Â›ÛË˜, ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔ-

ÓÙÈÎ¤˜ ·ÓÙÈÚÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜, ÏfiÁˆ Èı·ÓÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ Ú‡·ÓÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ˘-

‰ÚÔÊfiÚˆÓ ÛÙÚˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÂÂÈ‰‹ Ë ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ‹ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ shale gasÁ›ÓÂÙ·È ÛÂ ÈÔ ·‚·ı‹ ÂÙÚÒÌ·Ù·.

™ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÌÂ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÂ˜ ÚÔÔÙÈÎ¤˜ ÛÂ shale gas‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ¶ÔÏˆÓ›·, ÌÂ ÂÎÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ·ÔıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ Á‡Úˆ ÛÙ·

160 ÙÚÈ˜ Î˘‚ÈÎ¿ fi‰È·, Î·È ÛÙË °·ÏÏ›·. ™ÙË °·ÏÏ›·, ÏfiÁˆ ÙˆÓ ÈÔ

¿Óˆ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓˆÓ, ¤¯ÂÈ ··ÁÔÚÂ˘ıÂ› Ë ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ‹ ÙË˜

˘‰Ú·˘ÏÈÎ‹˜ ıÚ·‡ÛË˜ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ‰ÂÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ì›· ¤ÚÂ˘Ó·. ™ÙÈ˜ ∏¶∞

·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËÎÂ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· Ë ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ shale gas ÂÂÈ‰‹ ˘‹Ú¯·Ó

120 ¶ A N O ™ ¶ A ¶ A N A ™ T A ™ I O T

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·120

ÔÏÏ¿ ÁÂˆÊ˘ÛÈÎ¿ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤Ó· Î·È ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·ÓÂÙ˘ÁÌ¤ÓÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ·

·ÁˆÁÒÓ. ™ÙÈ˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÌÂ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ shale gas Â›-

¯·Ó Á›ÓÂÈ ÔÏÏ¤˜ ÁÂˆÙÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎÒÓ ̆ ‰ÚÔÁÔ-

Ó·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ ̆ ‹Ú¯·Ó ¿Ú· ÔÏÏ¿ ÛÂÈÛÌÈÎ¿ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤Ó· Î·È

‰Â‰ÔÌ¤Ó· ·fi logging ÛÂ ÁÂˆÙÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜. ÕÏÏÂ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›Â˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó·

Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂ ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ‹ ‰ÔÌ‹ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÈÛÙfiÏÈıˆÓ ·fi ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÛÂ

ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Î·È ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ ·Ó¿ fiÁÎÔ ÂÙÚÒÌ·-

ÙÔ˜. ∂›ÛË˜, ÔÏÏ¤˜ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÛÂ „·ÌÌ›ÙÂ˜ Î·È ÔÏÏ¿

·fi Ù· ÌÔÓÙ¤Ï· ÚÔÛÔÌÔ›ˆÛË˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó

ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ shale gas.∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÂ ¿ÏÏÂ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÂÎÙfi˜ ∏¶∞ ÁÈ· ¤-

ÚÂ˘Ó· ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ˜

·‰ÂÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ È‰ÈÔÎÙËÛÈ·ÎÔ‡ Î·ıÂÛÙÒÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘Â‰¿ÊÈÔ˘ Ô-

Ú˘ÎÙÔ‡ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘, Ô˘ ÛÙÈ˜ ∏¶∞ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ È‰ÈÔÎÙ‹ÙÂ˜ ÁË˜ ÌÂ

·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ·ÏÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ë ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·.

ŸÏ· Ù· ÈÔ ¿Óˆ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÓËÁÔÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ı· ̆ ¿Ú-

ÍÂÈ ÛÔ‚·Ú‹ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ shale gas ÂÎÙfi˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈÎ‹˜ ÚÈÓ ÙÔ 2020,

Î·È ı· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÒË Î·È ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ

ÂÍ·ÛÊ¿ÏÈÛË ·ÁÔÚÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ê˘ÛÈÎfi ·¤ÚÈÔ ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘.

2.2 ∆Â¯ÓÈÎ‹ Ù˘¯‹.

À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÌÂÁ¿ÏÂ˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ¤˜ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Î·È ÂÎÌÂ-

Ù¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙË˜ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘ ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘

ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ‚¿ıÔ˘˜ ÙË˜ ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜, Ô˘ ÊÙ¿ÓÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ Î·È 2,500 m.

∏ ÚÒÙË ÁÂÒÙÚËÛË ÛÙÔ ÙÂÌ¿¯ÈÔ 12 ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ¤ÁÈÓÂ ÛÂ ‚¿ıÔ˜

ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜ ÂÚ› Ù· 1,750 m. ∏ ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙÂ¯ÓÔÁÓˆÛ›· ÁÈ·

Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ‚¿ıË ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù˘¯ıÂ› Î·È ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÌÂÙ·ÊÂÚıÂ› Ì¤Ûˆ

ÙˆÓ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ ·fi ¿ÏÏÂ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔÓ ∫fiÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ªÂÍÈ-

ÎÔ‡, ÙË ¢˘ÙÈÎ‹ ∞ÊÚÈÎ‹ Î·È ÙË µÚ·˙ÈÏ›·.

∏ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÒÓ Ï·ÎÒÓ ÙË˜ ∞ÊÚÈÎ·ÓÈÎ‹˜ ÌÂ

ÙËÓ ∂˘ÚÈ·ÛÈ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ÙË˜ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎ‹˜ ªÂÛÔÁÂ›Ô˘ ı·

ÂÚ›ÌÂÓÂ Î·ÓÂ›˜ fiÙÈ ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡ÛÂ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÌÂ

ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ¤ÓÙÔÓÔ˘ ÙÂÎÙÔÓÈÎÔ‡ Â‰›Ô˘ Ù¿ÛÂˆÓ (™¯‹Ì· 5,

‚Ï. ÂfiÌÂÓË ÛÂÏ›‰·). ∏ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÒÚ· ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË

∂ À ∫ ∞ π ƒ π ∂ ™ ∫ ∞ π ¶ ƒ √ ∫ § ∏ ™ ∂ π ™ 121

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·121

™¯‹Ì· 5: °ÂˆÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ÙÔÌ‹ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„ÂÈ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÏ¿‰· ÙË˜ §Â‚·ÓÙ›ÓË˜(source: Noble Energy).

ÁÂÒÙÚËÛË ÙË˜ Noble ¤‰ÂÈÍÂ fiÙÈ ˘‹ÚÍ·Ó Î¿ÔÈ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·

ÛÙËÓ Â˘ÛÙ¿ıÂÈ· ÙË˜ ÁÂÒÙÚËÛË˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Â‚·ÔÚ›ÙÂ˜, ·Ú¿ ÛÙÔ˘˜

‚·ı‡ÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ Ù·ÌÈÂ˘Ù‹Ú·.

™Ù· ıÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó· ·Ú·Ï¿‚Ô˘ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÔÏ‡ Î·Ï¤˜ ÎÏÈ-

Ì·ÙÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹, Ô˘ ÂÈÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ÁÂˆÙÚËÙÈ-

Î‹ ÂÍ¤‰Ú· Ó· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÂÙ·È Û¯Â‰fiÓ ÔÏfi¯ÚÔÓ·, ÛÂ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÌÂ ¿Ï-

ÏÂ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, fiˆ˜ ÛÙÔ µfiÚÂÈÔ ∞ÙÏ·ÓÙÈÎfi, fiÔ˘ ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜

Â›Ó·È Ù¤ÙÔÈÂ˜ Ô˘ ÔÏÏ¤˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙÈ˜ Ï·ÙÊfiÚÌÂ˜

Ó· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ¤Ó· Ì‹Ó· ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ.

2.3 ¶ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ Ù˘¯‹.

£· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛ¤ÍÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ¤˜ Ù˘¯¤˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜

Èı·Ó¤˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ÛÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ·fi ¤Ó· ÛÔ‚·Úfi ·Ù‡¯ËÌ·

‰È·ÚÚÔ‹˜. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÚÔÛ¤ÍÔ˘ÌÂ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·, ÒÛÙÂ Ó· ÌËÓ

‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÌÈ· Ó¤· ‚ÈÔÌË¯·Ó›· º∞ Î·È ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ Î·È Ó·

ÛÎÔÙÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ Ì›· ¿ÏÏË, ÙË ‚ÈÔÌË¯·Ó›· ÙÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙË˜

·Ó·„˘¯‹˜. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ì·ÛÙÂ ¿Ú· ÔÏ‡ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎÔ› ÒÛÙÂ Ó·

˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Û˘ÓÂ¯‹˜ ›ÂÛË ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜, Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó (·)

ÌË¯·ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Ô˘ Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Ô˘Ï¤„ÂÈ ÛÂ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÌÂ ‚·ıÈ¿ ÓÂ-

Ú¿, (‚) Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚÂ›˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜ Î·È (Á) ÙÂ¯ÓÔ-

ÏÔÁ›Â˜ ÌÂ ·Ô‰Â‰ÂÈÁÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂÈ˜. £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ì·ÛÙÂ ·Ú-

ÎÂÙ¿ ·˘ÛÙËÚÔ› ÒÛÙÂ Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ì·˜ ÔÈ

122 ¶ A N O ™ ¶ A ¶ A N A ™ T A ™ I O T

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·122

·˘ÛÙËÚfiÙÂÚÂ˜ ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ ‚¤ÏÙÈÛÙÂ˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ¤˜ Ô˘ ÂÊ·Ú-

Ìfi˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ ¿ÏÏÂ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜, fiˆ˜ ÙË µfiÚÂÈÔ £¿Ï·ÛÛ·. ™Â ·˘-

Ù‹ ÙËÓ Ù˘¯‹ ¯ÚÂÈ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙÂ, Â›ÛË˜, ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙË˜ ∂˘Úˆ·˚-

Î‹˜ ŒÓˆÛË˜.

2.4 ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ Ù˘¯‹.

∏ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›· ÔÏÏ¤˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÌÂ ÊÚ·ÛÙÈÎfi fiÏÂÌÔ ‹ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ô-

ÛÙÔÏ‹ ÔÏÂÌÈÎÒÓ ÏÔ›ˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ∞√∑ ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÚÔÛ·ıÂ› Ó·

ÂÎ‚È¿ÛÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ Ó· ÌËÓ ÂÓ‰È·ÊÂÚıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ¤ÚÂ˘-

Ó· ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ. ∂Ó Ì¤ÚÂÈ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ù·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Ó· Â›ÛÂÈ ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ‰ÈÂ-

ıÓÂ›˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓÙ· ÛÙËÓ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›· Ó· ÌËÓ Â-

È‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ó ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ Á‡ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ

·‰ÂÈÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ·¤Ù˘¯Â, ÁÈ·Ù› ¤Ú·Ó ÙˆÓ 15

ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ Â¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ, ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ‰‡Ô, Ë

°·ÏÏÈÎ‹ ∆√∆∞L Î·È Ë πÙ·ÏÈÎ‹ ∂¡π, Û˘ÁÎ·Ù·Ï¤ÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÈ˜ 10

ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÂ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∆È˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈÂ˜ ÙË˜ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›·˜

¤¯Ô˘Ó Î·Ù·‰ÈÎ¿ÛÂÈ ÔÈ ∏¶∞, ƒˆÛ›·, ∞ÁÁÏ›·, ∂˘Úˆ·˚Î‹ ŒÓˆ-

ÛË Î·È ¿ÏÏÂ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜.

∏ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›· ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÂ› Â›ÛË˜ ÙËÓ ∞√∑ ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÙËÓ Ô-

Ô›· ı¤ÏÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÛÙ· 12 Ó·˘ÙÈÎ¿ Ì›ÏÈ·, ‰ÈÂÎ‰ÈÎÒÓÙ·˜ Ë

›‰È· Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ‰˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ. ∏ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÙË˜ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›·˜ ·-

ÓÙÈ‚·›ÓÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¤˜ Û˘ÌÊˆÓ›Â˜ ÌÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ‰›Î·ÈÔ ÙË˜

ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜ ÙÈ˜ ÔÔ›Â˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÁÚ¿„ÂÈ.

¶·ÚfiÏË ÙËÓ ·ÔÙ˘¯›· ÙË˜ ∆Ô˘ÚÎ›·˜ Ó· ÛÙ·Ì·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ¤-

ÚÂ˘Ó· ÛÙËÓ ∞√∑ ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘, ÔÈ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ¤˜ ÙË˜ ‰ÂÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó

Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· ÙÈ˜ ÈÔ Â˘ÓÔ˚Î¤˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ ÁÈ· ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Î·È ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘-

ÛË ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹.

3 ¢∂À∆∂ƒ√™ °Àƒ√™ ∞¢∂π√¢√∆∏™∂ø¡ ¶∂ƒπ√Ãø¡

°π∞ ∂ƒ∂À¡∞ ∫∞π ∂∫ª∂∆∞§§∂À™∏

3.1 ¡ÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎfi ¶Ï·›ÛÈÔ Î·È ¶ÚfiÙ˘Ô ™˘Ì‚fiÏ·ÈÔ ¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜

(Production Sharing Contract).√ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ Á‡ÚÔ˜ ·‰ÂÈÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ ÙË˜ ∞√∑ ÙË˜ ∫‡-

∂ À ∫ ∞ π ƒ π ∂ ™ ∫ ∞ π ¶ ƒ √ ∫ § ∏ ™ ∂ π ™ 123

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·123

ÚÔ˘ Â›¯Â Î·Ù·ÏËÎÙÈÎ‹ ËÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›· ÁÈ· ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹ ·ÈÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙË

10Ë ª·˝Ô˘ 2012. Ÿˆ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÎÔÈÓˆıÂ› 15 ‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜

¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘Ô‚¿ÏÂÈ 33 ·ÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· Ù· 12 ÙÂÌ¿¯È· Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔ-

ÎËÚ˘¯ÙÂ› (™¯‹Ì· 1). ∆· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË˜ ÁÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ

ÂÙ·ÈÚÂÈÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙ¿. ∫¿ÔÈÂ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¿ ÎÚÈ-

Ù‹ÚÈ· Î·È ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ÙÔ πÛÚ·‹Ï ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ı¤ÛÂÈ

Ù· ÙÂÌ¿¯È· ÛÂ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ ̄ ˆÚ›˜ Î·Ù’ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Ë ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›· Ô˘ Ù· ¤¯ÂÈ

·Ó·Ï¿‚ÂÈ ·Ú¯ÈÎ¿ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ¤˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙÂ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Ú·Á-

Ì·ÙÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Î·È ÁÂˆÙÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜. º˘ÛÈÎ¿, ÚÈÓ ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÔ˘Ó

ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÌÔ˘Ó ÛÂ ÎÔÈÓÔÚ·Í›· ‹ Ó· ·ÁÔÚ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ˘ËÚÂÛ›Â˜

·fi ¿ÏÏÂ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ ÌÂ ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ¤˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙÂ˜. °È· Ù· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ÙË˜

∫‡ÚÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÍÂÎ¿ı·ÚÔ fiÙÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ì›· ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›· ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÈ-

ÏÂÁÂ› ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Â˘ÚˆÛÙ›· Î·È ÙÈ˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ¤˜

‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙÂ˜. √È Û˘ÌÊˆÓ›Â˜ ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ ı·

Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Production Sharing Contract (PSC), ÙÔ

ÔÔ›Ô ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙÂ˘ÛË. ∞˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÏÂÙÔÌ¤ÚÂÈ·

ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏˆÓ. ™ÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ Â›Ó·È

contractual ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÙË ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙÂ˘ÛË, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛ-

ÛfiÙÂÚÂ˜ ̄ ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒË˜ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ concessional Û‡ÛÙË-

Ì· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ· ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙË ‰È·-

Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙÂ˘ÛË. ªÂÙ¿ ÙÈ˜ ‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ‡ÛÂÈ˜ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ Î·Ù¿

ÙËÓ ·‰ÂÈÔ‰fiÙËÛË ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ Á‡ÚÔ˘˜, Ë Î˘‚¤Ú-

ÓËÛË ı· Â›Ó·È ÛÂ ı¤ÛË Ó· ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ¤Ó· ÏÔÁÈÎfi ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÎÂÚ-

‰ÒÓ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ ÊÔÚÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ·Ó

·ÔÊ·Û›ÛÂÈ Ó· ÌÂÙ·‚Â› ·fi ÙÔ contractual ÛÙÔ concessional Û‡-

ÛÙËÌ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘ÈÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ Û¯Â‰fiÓ fiÏÂ˜ ÔÈ ̄ ÒÚÂ˜ ÙË˜ ∂˘ÚÒ-

Ë˜. ∏ ÌÂÙ¿‚·ÛË ÛÙÔ concessional Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ı· ÂÚÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÛËÌ·-

ÓÙÈÎ¿ ÙÔ Ú›ÛÎÔ ‰È·ÊıÔÚ¿˜ ÏfiÁˆ ÙË˜ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜ Ô˘ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ.

ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ Production Sharing Contract ¤Ó· ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙË˜

·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ÙÔ cost oil, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ

ÂÍfi‰ˆÓ ÙË˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›·˜ ÂÓÒ Ù· ÔÊ¤ÏË ÙËs ¯ÒÚ·˜ Î·Ï‡ÙÔÓÙ·È

·fi ÙÔ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi, ÙÔ profit Ôil. ªÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË

ÙˆÓ ÂÍfi‰ˆÓ, Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙÔ˘ profit oil‰È·Ó¤ÌÂÙ·È ÛÙË ̄ ÒÚ·. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ¿ÏÏ· ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚ· ÔÊ¤ÏË ÁÈ·

124 ¶ A N O ™ ¶ A ¶ A N A ™ T A ™ I O T

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·124

ÙË ¯ÒÚ·, fiˆ˜ Ù· annual surface fees Î·È Ù· signature andproduction bonus Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ÔÛ¿.

∏ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ∂ÌÂÈÚÔÁÓˆÌfiÓˆÓ, ÙË˜ ÔÔ›·˜ Ô Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê¤·˜

Â›Ó·È Ì¤ÏÔ˜, ÌÂÏ¤ÙËÛÂ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜

∂ıÓÈÎ‹˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚÂ›·˜ ¶ÂÙÚÂÏ·›ˆÓ (National Oil Gas & Oil Company)ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ. ∏ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ÂÈÛËÁ‹ıËÎÂ Î·È Â›¯Â ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÂ› Ó·

ÌËÓ ÂÈ‚ÏËıÂ› ÂıÓÈÎ‹ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›· ÁÈ· Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÛÙ·

ÙÂÌ¿¯È· Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ 2Ô Á‡ÚÔ ·‰ÂÈÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ. ∞ÔÊ·Û›ÛÙËÎÂ Ó· ·-

Ê‹ÛÂÈ Ë ∫‡ÚÔ˜ Î·ı·Úfi ÙÔ Â‰›Ô ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ ÁÈ· Ó·

¤ÚıÔ˘Ó Ó· ÂÂÓ‰‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ̄ ˆÚ›˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚ÔÏ¤˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ

¿ÏÏË, ¤ÁÈÓÂ ÚfiÓÔÈ· ÁÈ· Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙË˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜ ÛÂ ∂ÈÙÚÔ‹ ¢È·-

¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜, Ô‡Ùˆ˜ ÒÛÙÂ Ó· ̆ ¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙÈ˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›Â˜ Î·È

ÛÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÁÈ· Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÍfi‰ˆÓ.

Ÿˆ˜ ÚÔÙÂ›ÓÂÙ·È ÈÔ Î¿Ùˆ Ë ∂Ù·ÈÚÂ›· ·˘Ù‹ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·

‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËıÂ› ¿ÌÂÛ· ÁÈ· Ó· ‰È·¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙÂ› ÙÔ ÌÂÚ›‰ÈÔ ÙË˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜

·fi ÙËÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ º∞.

3.2 ∫·Ïfi ÎÏ›Ì· ÁÈ· ÂÂÓ‰‡ÛÂÈ˜.

∂›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁËıÂ› Î·Ïfi ÎÏ›Ì· ÁÈ· ÂÂÓ‰‡ÛÂÈ˜

ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹. ÕÚ·, ·‚¿ÛÈÌÂ˜ ‹ ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÎÙÂ˜ ıÂˆÚ›Â˜ ÂÚ› ‰È·ÏÔ-

ÎÒÓ Â›Ó·È Î·Ïfi Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÁÈ·Ù› ‰ÂÓ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·Ï‹ ÂÈÎfiÓ·

ÚÔ˜ ÙÈ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜ ·Ó·˙ËÙÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ÎÏ›Ì· Ô˘ Ó· ˘¿Ú-

¯ÂÈ ‰È·Ê¿ÓÂÈ·, ·Ï¤˜ Î·È Î·ı·Ú¤˜ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜ Î·È Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜

‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜. ¡ÔÌ›˙ˆ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Ó· ÙÔÓ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ

·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂÈ˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂÍ˘·ÎÔ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ

¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Ô˘ ‰È·¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ fiÏÔÈ Ó·

¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙË ÁÓÒÛË Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ¤Ó·˜ Î·È ÔÈ ˘fiÏÔÈÔÈ Ó· ·Ú·Û‡-

ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÈ˜ ·ÔÊ¿ÛÂÈ˜. ∂›Ó·È ÔÏ‡ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¤˜ ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜

‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰È·ÊıÔÚ¿˜.

4. ª∏Ã∞¡π™ª√π √ƒ£∏™ ¢π∞Ã∂πƒπ™∏™

√È ÌË¯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ‹ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ› ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÔ›Ô˘˜ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈ-

Ô˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ Ì›· ¯ÒÚ· ÁÈ· ÔÚı‹ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ

∂ À ∫ ∞ π ƒ π ∂ ™ ∫ ∞ π ¶ ƒ √ ∫ § ∏ ™ ∂ π ™ 125

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·125

126 ¶ A N O ™ ¶ A ¶ A N A ™ T A ™ I O T

Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜:

1. ÀËÚÂÛ›· À‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ (∏ydrocarbon Resource Ma-nagement) Ë ÔÔ›· Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ˘¿ÁÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ˘Ô˘ÚÁÂ›Ô ÛÙÔ

ÔÔ›Ô ÂÌ›ÙÔ˘Ó Ù· ı¤Ì·Ù·. ∏ ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹ ÙË˜ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·˜

·˘Ù‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ̆ ‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙË ̄ ÒÚ·

Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ‹ ÂÍÂÈ‰›ÎÂ˘ÛË. √ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ·˘Ùfi˜ ÛÙÔ ·-

ÚfiÓ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ÂÎÏËÚÔ‡Ù·È ÛÂ Î¿ÔÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ÙËÓ ÀËÚÂ-

Û›· ∂Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô˘ ∂ÌÔÚ›Ô˘, µÈÔÌË¯·Ó›·˜ Î·È

∆Ô˘ÚÈÛÌÔ‡. §fiÁˆ ÙË˜ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓË˜ ·‡ÍËÛË˜ ÙË˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙË-

ÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ 2Ô Á‡ÚÔ ÙˆÓ ·‰ÂÈÔ‰ÔÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ, ı·

Ú¤ÂÈ Ë ÀËÚÂÛ›· À‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ıÂ› Î·È Ó·

ÔÚÁ·ÓˆıÂ› ÛÙ· Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÙÌ‹Ì·Ù·.

2. ∂ıÓÈÎ‹ ∂Ù·ÈÚÂ›· À‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ (National Gas & OilCompany), Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ÂÈÛ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÛÂ ÎÔÈÓÔÚ·Í›Â˜ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜

‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Î·È ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘-

‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ. ∏ Î˘‚¤ÚÓËÛË Â›Ó·È ÛÙË ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ÁÈ·

‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ∂ıÓÈÎ‹˜ ∂Ù·ÈÚÂ›·˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÚÒÙË

ÚÔÙÂÚ·ÈfiÙËÙ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ profit gas/oil ÙË˜ ¯ÒÚ·˜

ÌÂ ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÚÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ˘ÁÚÔÔ›ËÛË˜. ∞ÚÁfiÙÂ-

Ú·, Î·È ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙË˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÔÁÓˆÛ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ, Ë

ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›· ·˘Ù‹ ı· ÌÔÚ¤ÛÂÈ Ó· ÂÈÛ¤ÏıÂÈ Î·È ÛÙ· ı¤Ì·Ù·

ÙË˜ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó·˜, ÛÙÔ Upstream Industry, fiˆ˜ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È.

ª¤Û· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙË˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›·˜ ·˘Ù‹˜, ÂÎÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÈ-

ÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ, ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÏÂÁÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ

localities, fiˆ˜ ÙÈ˜ ÚÔÛÏ‹„ÂÈ˜ ÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ∫‡-

ÚÔ Î·È ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ.

3. ∆·ÌÂ›Ô ¢È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜ ∂Ûfi‰ˆÓ (Hydrocarbon ManagementFund) ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÛfi‰ˆÓ fiÙ·Ó ·Ú¯›ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· Ú¤-

Ô˘Ó, ÒÛÙÂ Ó· ÌËÓ Á›ÓÂÈ ˘ÂÚı¤ÚÌ·ÓÛË ÙË˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ Î·È

·fi Ù· ¤ÛÔ‰· Ó· ÂˆÊÂÏËıÔ‡Ó fiÏÂ˜ ÔÈ ÁÂÓÂ¤˜. ∏ ∫˘‚¤Ú-

ÓËÛË ÙË˜ ∫‡ÚÔ˘ ·Ó¤ıÂÛÂ ÛÙÔ ¢ÈÂıÓ¤˜ ¡ÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi ∆·-

ÌÂ›Ô (πMF) ÙËÓ ÂÎfiÓËÛË Û¯ÂÙÈÎ‹˜ ÌÂÏ¤ÙË˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ̆ ÏÔÔ›-

ËÛË ›‰Ú˘ÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ Ù·ÌÂ›Ô˘.

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·126

5. ¶∞¡∂¶π™∆∏ªπ∞ ∫∞π µπ√ª∏Ã∞¡π∞ ¶∂∆ƒ∂§∞πø¡

™ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›ˆÓ ÌÈ·˜ ¯Ò-

Ú·˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ÁÈ· ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Î·È ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË

˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ. ∆· ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡-

ÍÔ˘Ó Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, ÒÛÙÂ Ó· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜

ÊÔÈÙËÙ¤˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Á›ÓÔ˘Ó ÚÔÛÏ‹„ÂÈ˜ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜

ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Â˘Î·ÈÚ›Â˜ ··Û¯fiÏËÛË˜. ÕÚ·, Ô

Î‡ÚÈÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙË ªË¯·ÓÈÎ‹ ¶ÂÙÚÂÏ·›ˆÓ

ı· Â›Ó·È Ó· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ¿ÛÂÈ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÙ·¯‡ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘

·ÓıÚˆ›ÓÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ ÁÈ· ÚfiÛÏË„‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙÈ˜

ÙÔÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú¯¤˜, ‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ Î·È ı˘Á·ÙÚÈÎ¤˜ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›Â˜ ÛÙÔÓ

ÎÏ¿‰Ô ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘.

∆· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ·˘Í·-

ÓfiÌÂÓÂ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÎÂ˜ ÁÈ· ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Î·È ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ

ÛÂ ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ‚¿ıË ı¿Ï·ÛÛ·˜, Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÔÏÏ¤˜ ÔÏ˘ÏÔ-

ÎfiÙËÙÂ˜ Î·È ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎ¤˜ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÙ· Â‰›· ÙˆÓ ÁÂˆÂÈÛÙËÌÒÓ,

ÌË¯·ÓÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›Ô˘ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·˘Í‹ÛÂÈ ÙË

‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ÙË˜ ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË˜ ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ. °ÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜

fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ‰˘Ó·ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ÈÎ·ÓÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙË

ÌË¯·ÓÈÎ‹ ÂÙÚÂÏ·›ˆÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ ÛÙË

‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚˆ›ÓÔ˘ ‰˘Ó·ÌÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙË ‚ÈÔÌË¯·Ó›· ÂÙÚÂ-

Ï·›Ô˘ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ·ÂÚ›Ô˘, Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ı· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó

ÙÔ ÚÒÙÔ ‚‹Ì· Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÛÂ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ı¤Ì·Ù·. Õ-

Ú· Î·È Ù· ·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏ‡ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ Ó· ‰È·-

‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔÌ¤· ÙˆÓ ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ·ÓıÚ¿ÎˆÓ.

∂ À ∫ ∞ π ƒ π ∂ ™ ∫ ∞ π ¶ ƒ √ ∫ § ∏ ™ ∂ π ™ 127

114-127 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:53 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·127

M·ÚÈ¿ÓÓ· ¶··ÛÙÂÊ¿ÓÔ˘AÓ. ∫·ıËÁ‹ÙÚÈ· ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘

¶∞°∫√™ªπ√¶√π∏™∏, √π∫√Àª∂¡π™ª√™

∫∞π √ ∫√™ª√¶√§π∆π™ª√™

ø™ ∂∫¶∞π¢∂À∆π∫√ π¢∂ø¢∂™

∂π™∞°ø°∏

‰Ë ÙÔ 1916, Ô John Dewey (1993, 110) ¤ÁÚ·ÊÂ: «∫¿ıÂ

ÂÎÙÂÙ·Ì¤ÓË ÂÔ¯‹ ÛÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÚ›· ÙÔ˘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÔ˘ Á¤ÓÔ˘˜

¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ì¤ÛÂÈ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÂÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤ÙÂÈÓ·Ó

Ó· ÂÍÔ˘‰ÂÙÂÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ·fiÛÙ·ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÂ Ï·Ô‡˜ Î·È Ù¿ÍÂÈ˜

Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌ¤ÓÔÈ Ô ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ.

∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ù· ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓ· ÔÊ¤ÏË ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏ¤ÌÔ˘, ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Ô˘

Â›Ó·È Î¿ÙÈ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·fi ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓ·, ÍÂË‰Ô‡Ó ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔ-

Ófi˜ fiÙÈ Ë Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Ï·ÒÓ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙËÓ Â·Ê‹

·Ó¿ÌÂÛ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ¤ÙÛÈ Ù˘¯·›· Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ÙÔ Ó· Ì·ı·›ÓÔ˘Ó Ô

¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ, Î·È ÂÔÌ¤Óˆ˜ Ó· ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ¤˜

ÙÔ˘˜. ∆· Ù·Í›‰È·, ÔÈ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ÂÌÔÚÈÎ¤˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙÂ˜

¤¯Ô˘Ó Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÚÔ¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÔÏ‡ ÛÙÔ Ó· Î¿Ì„Ô˘Ó ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜

ÊÚ·ÁÌÔ‡˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ÈÔ ÛÙÂÓ‹ Î·È ÂÌÊ·Ó‹ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË

·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÂ Ï·Ô‡˜ Î·È Ù¿ÍÂÈ˜. ∞ÔÌ¤ÓÂÈ fiÌˆ˜ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ Ó·

ÂÍ·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙÂ› Ë ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈÎ‹ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÛËÌ·Û›· ·˘Ù‹˜

ÙË˜ Ê˘ÛÈÎ‹˜ ÂÎÌË‰¤ÓÈÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘».

™‹ÌÂÚ·, ·Ó Î·È Ù· Û˘Ó·Ê‹ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎ¿ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÚÔ-

¯ˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ ÌÂ ·›ÛÙÂ˘ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Î·È Ú˘ıÌÔ‡˜, Ë ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈÎ‹

Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Û˘˙ËÙËıÂ› ÂÍ·ÓÙÏË-

ÙÈÎ¿ —fiÛÔ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÍ·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙÂ›. √È ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ¤˜ Î·È

ÂÌÔÚÈÎ¤˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙÂ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛÂ Ô ¡ÙÈÔ‡È ÙÒÚ· ¤-

H

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·128

¯Ô˘Ó ¿ÚÂÈ ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÌÈ·˜ ÌÂÙ·Î›ÓËÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ÛÙÔÓ

ÙÚÈÙÔÁÂÓ‹ ÙÔÌ¤· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜ (‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÈ˜ ˘ËÚÂÛ›Â˜, ÙÔ ÂÌfi-

ÚÈÔ, ÙÈ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Î.Ï. (Habermas, 1998, 308), ‹ fi,ÙÈ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜

ÔÓÔÌ¿˙Ô˘ÌÂ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ÙË˜ ÁÓÒÛË˜) Î·È ÌÈ·˜ ¿ÓÂ˘ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤-

ÓÔ˘ ÚÔ‹˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÛÂ fiÏÔ ÙÔÓ Ï·Ó‹ÙË. ∞˘Ù¿ Ù· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ·,

Î·È ·ÎfiÌË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ·, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔ-

ÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ¤¯ÂÈ Á›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ-

ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÔ˘‰ÒÓ.

™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ, ÌÂÙ¿ ÙË ÌÂÏ¤ÙË ÙË˜ Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔ-

ÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ÌÂÙ·-ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎ¿, ı· ÂÍÂ-

Ù¿Ûˆ Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ Ù¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË˜ ÙË˜ ÂÌ-

Ú¿ÁÌ·ÙË˜ (factual), ÙË˜ ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ÙË˜ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜

ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Î·È ı· ‰Â›Íˆ Ò˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂË-

ÚÂ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ‹ ıÂˆÚ›·. ∏ ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ·˘ÙÒÓ

ÙˆÓ Ù¿ÛÂˆÓ ÌÂ Ô‰ËÁÂ› ÛÂ ÂÈÛËÁ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙËÓ Î·ÙÂ‡ı˘Ó-

ÛË Ô˘ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ¿ÚÂÈ Ô ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ıÂÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË

ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ È‰ÂÒ‰Ô˘˜.

¶∞°∫√™ªπ√¶√π∏™∏

∏ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È

·ÈÛıËÙfi Î·Ù¿ ÚÒÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ˆ˜ ‰ÔÌÈÎfi˜ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘

·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÌÈ· ÔÏ‡ÏÔ-

ÎË ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈÎ‹ Û˘Ì›ÂÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜

·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¿, Ë ·-

ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ·›˙ÂÈ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· ÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ Î˘-

ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜, ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ Ù¿ÍË˜, ÂÍˆ-ÎÚ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È

Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË˜. ¶ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ¿, ·ÚÂÌ‚·›ÓÂÈ ‰Ú·Ì·ÙÈÎ¿

ÛÙËÓ ·Ó·‰È·ÌfiÚÊˆÛË Ù·˘ÙÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È ·˘ÙÔ-·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂˆÓ, ÛÙËÓ

·ÔÎÚ˘ÛÙ¿ÏÏˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓˆÓ Â·ÊÒÓ Î·È ·-

ÓÙ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ ÎÔÛÌÔ-ÂÚÌËÓÂÈÒÓ Î·È ÛÙË ‰È·ÏÔÎ‹ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ Â˘·È-

ÛıËÛÈÒÓ, ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÈÛıËÙÈÎÒÓ ÂÌÂÈ-

ÚÈÒÓ. ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙÔ˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·

Î·È ÙË˜ ¯·Ò‰Ô˘˜ ‰‡Ó·ÌË˜ ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÙÂÏÂÛÌ¤ÓË˜ ÙË˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi-

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 129

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·129

ÙËÙ·˜, Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ̆ Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ÙÔÓ «·Î·ıfiÚÈÛÙÔ, ¿Ù·-

ÎÙÔ Î·È ·˘ÙÔÚÔˆıÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙˆÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈˆÓ Ú·Á-

Ì¿ÙˆÓ: ÙËÓ ·Ô˘Û›· ÂÓfi˜ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ˘, ÂÓfi˜ ÁÚ·ÊÂ›Ô˘ ÂÏ¤Á¯Ô˘, ÂÓfi˜

ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·ıÔ‰ËÁËÙÒÓ» (Bauman 1998, 38).

∏ ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎ‹ ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛË ÛÙ· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›-

ËÛË˜ ÔÈÎ›ÏÂÈ, Û˘Á¯¤ÔÓÙ·˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎ‹ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi-

ÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔ ÚËÙÔÚÈÎfi Ì‡ıÔ. ∏ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô

Â›Ó·È, ‚¤‚·È·, ·Û·Ê‹˜, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ÚfiÛ‚·Û‹ Ì·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎ‹

Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ¿ÓÙ· ÁÏˆÛÛÈÎ¿ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ¿ ‰È·-

ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÌ¤ÓË, ·ÏÏ¿ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ì·˜ Ô‰ËÁÂ› ÛÙËÓ ·Î‡-

ÚˆÛË Î·È ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌÔ‡. ∏ ı¤·ÛË ÙË˜ ·-

ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ˆ˜ ÂÓfi˜ «ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ·Î¿ Î·Ù·ÛÎÂ˘·ÛÌ¤ÓÔ˘

Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ô˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÍ¤ÏÂÁÎÙˆÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈˆÓ ‰˘Ó¿ÌÂˆÓ ÙË˜

·ÁÔÚ¿˜» (Janice Dudley, cf. Porter & Vidovich, 2000, 451) ·-

ÁÓÔÂ› ÙÈ˜ ˘ÏÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÍˆ-

ÁÏˆÛÛÈÎfi, Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi˜

Ô ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Î·È Ì·˜ ÁÓˆÛÙÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Û·

·fi ÁÏˆÛÛÈÎ¿ ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÌ¤ÓË ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË ‰ÂÓ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ

Ó· ÂÈÛÎÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ˆ˜

¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ̄ ÂÈÚÔÈ·ÛÙÒÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎÔÔÈÔ‡Ó

Î·È ÂÓÙÂ›ÓÔ˘Ó ·ÏÈfiÙÂÚ· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ‰È·ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈ-

ÓË˜ Â·Ê‹˜. ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÌ·È fiÙÈ Ë È‰¤· fiÙÈ «Ë

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Á›ÓÂÙ·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ·ÓÙÈÏËÙ‹ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· Â›‰Ô˜

Ê·ÓÙ·ÛÈ·ÎÔ‡» (Smith, 1999, 2) Â›Ó·È ÚÔÙÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ-

¯Â› ÛÙÔÓ ›‰ÈÔ ÙÔÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÌfi (globalism) ·Ú¿ ÛÙÔ ·ÓÙÈÎÂ›-

ÌÂÓÔ ÌÂÏ¤ÙË˜ ÙÔ˘. ¶ÚÔÙÂ›Óˆ ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ÁÈ·Ù› ıÂˆÚÒ fiÙÈ

Ô ÁÂÁÔÓÔÙÈÎfi˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ‰ÂÓ Û˘Ì›-

ÙÂÈ ÌÂ ÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·.

™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ Î¿ÔÈÔ˘˜ ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜, Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙ¤˜

ÙÔ˘ ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ˘ ∆Ú›ÙÔ˘ ¢ÚfiÌÔ˘, Ô ·ÓÙ›ÎÙ˘Ô˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔ-

Ô›ËÛË˜ «Û˘ÁÎÚ›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂ ÂÎÂ›ÓÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Î·ÈÚÔ‡: ÌÈ· ·˘ÙÔÎ·ıÔÚÈ-

˙fiÌÂÓË ¢‡Ó·ÌË ÙË˜ º‡ÛË˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó·

Î¿ÓÔ˘ÌÂ Ù›ÔÙ· ¿ÏÏÔ ·fi ÙÔ Ó· ÎÔÈÙ¿ÌÂ ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ ·Ú¿ı˘-

ÚÔ Î·È Ó· ÂÏ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ» (Andrews, 1999, 1). Ÿ-

130 M A P I A N N A ¶ A ¶ A ™ T E º A N O Y

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·130

Ìˆ˜, Î·È ÂÈÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ∆Ú›ÙÔ˘ ¢ÚfiÌÔ˘, fiˆ˜ Ô Bauman, ÚÔ-

‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÂ ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË. «∏ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ‰ÂÓ ·-

ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ ÙÈ fiÏÔÈ Ì·˜ ‹ ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÔÈ ÈÔ ÂÈÓÔËÙÈÎÔ› Î·È ÚÔ-

ÓÔÌÈÔ‡¯ÔÈ ·fi Ì·˜ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ‹ ÂÏ›˙Ô˘Ó Ó· Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó. ∞ÊÔÚ¿

ÛÙÔ ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÂ ÂÌ¿˜ fiÏÔ˘˜. ∞Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÍÂÎ¿ı·Ú· ÛÙÔ

ÔÌÈ¯ÏÒ‰Â˜ Î·È Ï·ÛÒ‰Â˜ “Ô˘ıÂÓ¿” Ô˘ ·ÏÒÓÂÙ·È ¤Ú· ·fi

ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË˜ ÙË˜ ·ÙÔÌÈÎ‹˜ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È

‰Ú¿ÛË˜» (Bauman, 1998, 39). ∞˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÌÂÙÂˆÚÔÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ÌÂÙ·-

ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ̄ ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÂ› ·fi ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÁÈ·

Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ó ÙÔÓ ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙÔ Î·È ·ÚfiıÂÙÔ ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙË˜

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜, ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ¤ÌÌÂÛ· ÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ‰È-

¿ÛÙ·ÛË (facticity) ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÈÔ

‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓË ÂÓÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Î·È ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔ-

ÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ‰È·ÏÔÁÈÎ‹˜ ÙË˜ ıÂÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË˜.

ªÂ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓË ÌÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÍÂÎ¿-

ı·ÚË˜ Î·È ̆ fiÏÔÁË˜ Â˘ı‡ÓË˜, ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÎ·ÏÂ› ¤ÎÏËÍË ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜

fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·ÈÙ›Â˜ Î·È ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ «Î·È fiÛÔ

Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ÔÈ Ó¤Â˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰ÈÂ˘ıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Î·È Ù· Â›‰Ë ‰ËÌÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜

—ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÎfi, ÚÂ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi, ÊÈÏÂÏÂ‡ıÂÚÔ, ÚÈ˙ÔÛ·ÛÙÈÎfi—

Ô˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÚÔÎ·ÏÔ‡Ó

‰È·Ì¿¯Â˜ Î·È ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜» (Isin & Wood, 1999, 92). °È· Ó·

Á›ÓÂÈ Ë ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎ‹ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È

ÛÙË ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛ‹ ÙË˜ ÈÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎ‹, ÚÔÙÂ›Óˆ Ó· ÂÚÈÔ-

Ú›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË» (globalization) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ

ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙË˜ ÂÓÙ·ÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË˜

Î·È Ó· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ «ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÌfi˜» (globalism)ÁÈ· ÙË ‰È·ÌÔÚÊÔ‡ÌÂÓË ‰È·ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Î·È ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË

ÙÔ˘ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎÔ‡ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓÔ˘. ∏ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ˆ˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÈ-

Îfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ (Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ ·fi

ÙÈ˜ ÔÔ›Â˜ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜) Î·È Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∞Ï-

Ï¿ Ô ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÂÚ› ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ Ë ıÂÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛ‹

ÙË˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È ¯ˆÚÈÛÙ¿, ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÁÈ· ÌÂıÔ‰Ô-

ÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Î·È Ó· ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ¤Ó· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi fiÚÔ.

°È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 131

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·131

ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÌÈ· ÔÏ˘ÂıÓÈÎ‹ ÂÙ·ÈÚÂ›· ÛÂ Î¿ÔÈÔ ‰˘ÙÈÎfi ÎÚ¿-

ÙÔ˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÚÔÎ·Ï¤ÛÂÈ ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ Ë ÔÔ›·

Ó· ÂËÚÂ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÔÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ì·ÎÚÈ-

ÓÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ ‹ fiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË. ∏ ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë Î·È ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË, fi-

Ìˆ˜, ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ô˘

ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó· ÔÓÔÌ¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ «ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÙÈÎfi».

√π∫√Àª∂¡π™ª√™

∞ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒÓÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Isin & Wood, ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó· ıÂˆÚ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ

ÙÔÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÌfi ̂ ˜ ¤Ó· ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ (discourse) Ô˘ ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ·-

ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ (Isin & Wood, 1999, 92). ∂Ô-

Ì¤Óˆ˜, Ô ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÌfi˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ‹ ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÔÏÔ

Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÂ˘ÓËÙ¤˜. ∂›Ó·È ¤-

Ó·˜ «‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘ Ë ›‰È· Ë È‰¤· ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔ-

Ô›ËÛË˜ ‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÂÙ·È, ‰È·¯¤ÂÙ·È, ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È, Û˘˙ËÙÈ¤Ù·È

Î·È, Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎ¿, Î·Ù·ÛÎÂ˘¿˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÔ‡ Î·È

·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË˜» (Isin & Wood, 1999, 94).

√ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÂ› ÛÂ ÔÏÏ¿ Â›Â‰·

ÍÂÙ˘Ï›ÁÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÈ· ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ, ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ

Î·È Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÚ›ÛÂˆÓ —Û˘¯ÓfiÙÂÚ· ÌÂ ¤Ó· Û˘ÁÎÚËÙÈÎfi

(syncretic) Î·È ÂÎÏÂÎÙÈÎÈÛÙÈÎfi (eclectic) ÙÚfiÔ. ªÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ fiÌˆ˜

Ó· Û˘Óı¤ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂÈ˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙÂ Ó· ÙÈ˜

ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÛÂ ÙÚÂÈ˜ Î‡ÚÈÂ˜ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›Â˜ «··ÓÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ» ÛÙËÓ

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË.

1. ∏ ÚÒÙË Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ı¤ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ÂÎÊÚ¿-

˙Ô˘Ó ‚·ıÈ¿ ·ÓËÛ˘¯›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ˆ˜ Ó¤· ÌÔÚÊ‹

Î·Ù·‰˘Ó¿ÛÙÂ˘ÛË˜. 2. ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚÈ¤¯ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ı¤ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ·ÙÂÓ›-

˙Ô˘Ó ÈÔ ıÂÙÈÎ¿ Î·È ·ÈÛÈfi‰ÔÍ· ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ. 3. ∏ ÙÚ›ÙË Û˘ÓÂ-

¿ÁÂÙ·È ı¤ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ ··ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›· ÙË˜ ÚÒ-

ÙË˜ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÍËÁÔ‡Ó Î·È ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘˜

Ì¤Û· ·fi ÈÔ ÏÂÙ¤˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙËÓ

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ‰ÈÙÙfi Úfi-

ÛˆÔ, ¿ÏÏÔÙÂ ˆ˜ ÚfiÔ‰Ô˜ Î·È ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ ˙ˆ‹˜ Î·È


128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·132

¿ÏÏÔÙÂ ˆ˜ Î·ı·Ú‹ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›·. ∏ ÚÒÙË Î·È Ë ÙÚ›ÙË Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›·

ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË Û˘ÁÎ¤ÓÙÚˆÛË ÙË˜ ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ÂÓÒ Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÛÙË

‰È¿¯˘Û‹ ÙË˜. ªÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Î·ÙËÁÔ-

Ú›· ÌÂ ÙÔÓ Eric Hobsbawm, ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ Featherstone,Giddens Î·È Appadurai, Î·È ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ÌÂ ÙÔ Bauman.

1. √ Hobsbawm ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔ-

Ô›ËÛË ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÙÂÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ· ˘fi ·ÂÈ-

Ï‹ ÌÂ ÙÔ Ó· ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÂÈ ÌÈ· Î·È ÌfiÓË Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ˆ˜

ÚfiÙ˘Ô Î¿ıÂ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Â›Ó·È ÌÈ·

«Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ú·ÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÙÔ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Á›ÓÂÙ·È

Ë Ô˘ÛÈÒ‰Ë˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ Î¿ıÂ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË˜ ‰Ú¿ÛË˜, Î·È

fiÔ˘ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ‰Ú¿ÛË È‰Âˆ‰Ò˜ ÂÈÙÂÏÂ›Ù·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÌÔÓÔ‰È¿-

ÛÙ·Ù·, Î·ıÔÏÈÎ¿ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÛÎ¤„Ë˜, ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙÚfiˆÓ ÂÈ-

ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜. √È È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙÂ˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ô˘ ·›ÚÓÔ˘Ó Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÂ

Ù¤ÙÔÈÂ˜ ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜, ‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯ÒÓ ÛÙÈ˜ ÔÔ›Â˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ¯ÒÚ·

·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎ¤˜ ‹, ÛÙËÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË,

·‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜» (Hobsbawm, 1998, 1).

2. ∆Ô ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÂÙ·È Ô Featherstone, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ «·ÌÊÈ-

Û‚ËÙÂ› ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙË˜ ÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË˜, ÌÂ ÙÔ ÂÈ¯Â›ÚËÌ· fiÙÈ Ë

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘¯Ó¿ Ô‰ËÁÂ› ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ·˘Ùfi¯ıÔ-

ÓÔ˘ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô˘ (indigenization) Î·È ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÚËÙÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ·-

ÁÎfiÛÌÈˆÓ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ˘‚ÚÈ‰ÈÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ

ÙÔÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚fiÏˆÓ» (Isin & Wood, 1999, 105). ™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ

ÙËÓ ¿Ô„‹ ÙÔ˘, Ë ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÈÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi

ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›Ô ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜. √È ·Ú¿‰ÔÍÂ˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ÙÔ˘

Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Î·È Ë ·›ÛıËÛË «ÙÔ˘ ÂÂÚ·ÛÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ-

ÚÈÛÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ Ï·Ó‹ÙË Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ·, ‰ÂÓ

·Ú¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÔÌÔÈÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ·ÏÏ¿ Ì·˜ ÂÍÔÈÎÂÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÂÙÂÚfi-

ÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÔÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ» (Porter &Vidovich, 2000, 451). √ Giddens ·ÔÌÔÓÒÓÂÈ ÌÈ· ¿ÏÏË ıÂÙÈÎ‹

Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜, ÙËÓ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›· Ô˘ ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ

·fi ÙË ‰ÈÂ‡Ú˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎÒÓ, ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ-

ÎÒÓ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ. ŒÙÛÈ, ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔ-

ÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ̂ ˜ «ÙÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ̄ ÒÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ̄ ÚfiÓÔ˘

ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈˆÓ Û˘ÛÙËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 133

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·133

‰ÈÎÙ‡ˆÓ ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô Ô˘ ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ÙÔÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜

¿Óˆ ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ» (Porter & Vidovich, 2000, 449).

3. ∏ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Giddens Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÔÓÔ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙË ÛÂ

Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÌÂ ÙË ı¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Bauman. O Bauman Û˘Ó·ÚÙ¿ ÙÔ ÚÔ-

·Ó·ÊÂÚı¤Ó Â›‰Ô˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙÂ˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÎÙ¿

ÌfiÓÔ ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÌÂÚ›‰· ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜. «∆Ô ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ ‰›-

ÎÙ˘Ô ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ‰È·ÊËÌÈÛÌ¤ÓÔ ˆ˜ Ë ÂÍÒı˘Ú· ÌÈ·˜ Ó¤·˜ Î·È

ÚˆÙ¿ÎÔ˘ÛÙË˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÂÌÊ·ÓÒ˜ ÔÏ‡ Â-

ÈÏÂÎÙÈÎ¿: Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ¯·Ú·Ì¿‰· ÛÂ ¤Ó· Û˘-

Ì·Á‹ ÙÔ›¯Ô ·Ú¿ ÌÈ· ‡ÏË» (Bauman, 1998, 44). ∏ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›·

ÙË˜ Ù¿ÛË˜ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË˜ ÙË˜ ÙÔÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ˘ÚÔ‰ÔÙÂ› ÌÈ· Ó¤· ÎÔÈ-

ÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ‰È·›ÚÂÛË Î·È ÈÂÚ·Ú¯›·. ∏ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ÙË˜ ÁÓÒÛË˜ Ô˘ ·-

Î˘ÚÒÓÂÈ ·ÏÈÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Î·È Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È Ë

‰È·Î›ÓËÛË Î·È Ë ·›ÛıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ ÌÈ·˜ ÂÏ›Ù ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙÔÈÎÔ‡˜

‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ (footloose élite) ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙Ô˘Ó

ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÔ‡ÛÈÔ˘˜ ÌÈ· ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙËÛ›· ·fi

ÙÔ˘˜ ÊÙˆ¯Ô‡˜. √È ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›ÔÈ ÙÒÚ· È· ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÎfiÌ·

Î·È ·fi ÙÔ ÔÙÈÎfi Â‰›Ô ÙˆÓ ÚÔÓÔÌÈÔ‡¯ˆÓ Ù¿ÍÂˆÓ Î·È ÚÔÛ-

‰¤ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙfiÛÔ ÔÏ‡ ÛÙÈ˜ È‰È·›ÙÂÚÂ˜ ÙÔÈÎ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ Ò-

ÛÙÂ Ë ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÌËÓ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ï¤ÔÓ ˆ˜

ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ˙ˆ‹˜. ∏ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ Habermas Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÂÈ ÌÂ

ÂÎÂ›ÓË ÙÔ˘ Bauman ÛÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô. Ÿˆ˜ Ô Habermas ÁÚ¿-

ÊÂÈ, «ÔÈ ¿ÔÚÂ˜ ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó È· Ó· ·ÏÏ¿ÍÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÎÔÈ-

ÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ‰ÈÎ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈÂ˜»

(1998, 315). ™˘ÓÔÏÈÎ¿, Ë ÙÚ›ÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ı¤ÛÂˆÓ ÂÓÙfi˜

ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈÎ‹ Î·È Û‡Ó-

ıÂÙË ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ (fiˆ˜ ‹ Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂ-

ÚÔ ·fi ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË) ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙË ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ·ÚÓË-

ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈˆÓ Û˘ÓÂÂÈÒÓ (fiˆ˜ Î·È Ë ÚÒÙË Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›·).

ªπ∞ ∫ƒπ∆π∫∏ ∆ø¡ √π∫√Àª∂¡π™∆π∫ø¡ £∂™∂ø¡

∏ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛ‹ ÌÔ˘ ÛÂ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂ ÙË ıÂÌ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔ-

ÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Â›Ó·È ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹. ªÂ ·˘Ùfi ÂÓÓÔÒ fiÙÈ Ë ÚÔÛ¤Á-


128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·134

ÁÈÛ‹ ÌÔ˘ ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È ÚˆÙ·Ú¯ÈÎ¿ ÌÂ Ù· ‰È·Ù·ÎÙÈÎ¿ Î·È ÙÈ˜ Û˘-

Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ̂ ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ËıÈÎ‹ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙË˜

‰È˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È fi¯È ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ‹ ÙËÓ

ÙÂ¯ÓÔ-ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈ·Î‹ ÚfiÔ‰Ô Ô˘ Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ‰ÈÂ˘ÎÔ-

Ï‡ÓÂÈ. ∑ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ Ë ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ë ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi-

ÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔ Î¤Ú‰Ô˜ ÂÈÛ¤Ú¯ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌÈ· ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹˜

ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË˜ ÌfiÓÔ fiÙ·Ó, Î·È ·Ó, ··ÓÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÒÙËÛË: ÁÈ·

ÔÈÔÓ; ¶ÔÈÔÈ ‹ ÔÈ· ÔÌ¿‰· ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ ˆÊÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·fi ÙËÓ

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË; ¶Ò˜ ÂËÚÂ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ë ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È Ë ÈÛfi-

ÙËÙ·; ∆È Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹

ÔÏ˘ÊˆÓ›· ÂÓÙfi˜ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘; ¶Ò˜ ÙÔ

∂›Ó·È ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ÙÔ ¢¤ÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ¿Ì·-

ÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÂ˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Î·È

ÙÔ˘ Ê˘ÛÈÎÔ‡ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ (biota); ∂ÔÌ¤Óˆ˜, ı· ÂÛÙÈ·ÛÙÒ ÛÙÔ Ò˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÂËÚÂ¿˙ÂÈ Ë

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÊˆÓ›·, ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆ-

ÓÈÎ‹ Î·È ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡ÓË, ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÚ·ÊÂÙÈÎfi ÂÌÏÔ˘ÙÈÛÌfi ÙË˜

·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· ÙË˜ Ê˘ÛÈÎ‹˜ ˙ˆ‹˜. £· ÂÎı¤-

Ûˆ ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹ ÌÔ˘ ıÂÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· (i)ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ·˜ (territoriality), (ii) ÙË˜

‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ÔÌÔÈÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜, (iii) ÙË˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜

Î·È ÙË˜ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë˜ ÚÈ˙ÒÓ (rootlessness) Î·È (iv) ÙË˜ ÈÛfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È

ÙË˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÈÏÔÁÒÓ ˙ˆ‹˜.

∆√ ∂£¡√™-∫ƒ∞∆√™ ∫∞π ∏ ∂¶π∫ƒ∞∆∂π∞

∆Ô ¤ıÓÔ˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ÚÔÔÙÈÎ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÁÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ‚·ÛÈ-

Îfi ÛËÌÂ›Ô ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂˆÚÈÒÓ. ¶ÔÏ-

ÏÔ› ˘ÂÚ·ÛÈÛÙ¤˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÂÈÎÚÔÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ì-

ÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙË˜ ÓÂˆÙÂÚÈÎ‹˜ Î·Ù·ÛÎÂ˘‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜

ÂÊfiÛÔÓ Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›˙Ô˘Ó ÌÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÌfiÚÊˆÌ· Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· Î·Ù·ÈÂ-

ÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ÔÏfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÔÌÔÈÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ˆ˜

ÊÚ·ÁÌfi ÛÙÔÓ «ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi». ∂ÈÎÚÈÙ¤˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔ-

Ô›ËÛË˜ (Î·È ÙË˜ ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë˜ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ ıÂˆÚ›·˜) ̆ ÂÚ·-

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 135

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·135

Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ ¤ıÓÔ˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ì¤Û· ·fi ¤Ó· Â˘Ú‡ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÂÈ¯ÂÈ-

ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. °È· ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÔÏÂÌÈÎ‹˜, ÌÂÏÂÙËÙ¤˜ ÌÂ ıÂÙÈÎ‹ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë

ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈ¿-

ÏˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙÂ˘ÙÈÎ¿ Î·È ·Ó¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤-

ıÓÔ˘˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ ÌÈ· Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎ‹ Î·È ·ÓÙÈ‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ·ÊÔÛ›ˆ-

ÛË ÛÂ ÍÂÂÚ·ÛÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ¤ÓÓÔÈÂ˜ fiˆ˜ ÎÔÈÓ‹ Î·Ù·ÁˆÁ‹, ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎfi

‹ıÔ˜ ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹ Î·ı·ÚfiÙËÙ·. «°È· Î¿ÔÈÔ˘˜, Ë ·Ô-Ú·Á-

Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË (de-realisation) Î·È Ë ·Ô-ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË (de-territorialisation) ÙÔ˘ ̄ ÒÚÔ˘ Ô˘ Â¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙË˜

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÙË˜ ·ÓÙ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ô‰Ë-

ÁÂ› ÛÂ ÌÈ· ·ÒÏÂÈ· ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ‡ ÓÔ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ‰È¿Û·ÛË ÙˆÓ Â-

‰Ú·ÈˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÙË˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜»

(Usher, 2002, 48). ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÂÈÎfiÓ· Â›Ó·È ¤ÁÎ˘ÚË ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÌÈ·

ÌÈÎÚ‹ ÔÌ¿‰· ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÙÒÓ ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙË˜ ̆ ¿Ú¯ÂÈ

ÂÚÈıÒÚÈÔ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ı¤ÛÂˆÓ, ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÔÔ›Â˜ ÌfiÓÔ Ï›ÁÂ˜

ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ıÂˆÚËıÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ˘ÔÎÈÓÔ‡ÌÂÓÂ˜ ·fi Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎ¿

ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈÎ¿ ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Î·È ÂÎÂ›ÓÔÈ Ô˘

˘ÂÚ·Û›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ ¤ıÓÔ˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÂÂÈ‰‹ ÙÔ ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÙÂ-

ÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÚÔ‡ÚÁÈÔ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ· ÛÙ· ÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÔÔÈ-

ËÙÈÎ¿ ÚÂ‡Ì·Ù· ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜. ∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó

ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙ¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛÊ¤ÚÔ˘Ó ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎ¿ ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ô-

Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙÔ ‰›ÔÏÔ «ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÓ¿ÓÙÈ·

ÛÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ·» (unity vs plurality) ÌÂ ÙÔ Ó· ÍÂÛÎÂ¿˙Ô˘Ó

ÙÔ˘˜ ÌË¯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂ-

ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÏfiÙËÙ· ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜

ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊÈÎ¿ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ· Î·È

ÙË Ê‡ÛË.

∞˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÈÔ

ÛÙÂÓ¿. ªÔÚÂ› Ó· ·ÏËıÂ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ «Ë Â‰Ú·›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ˆÓ

ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ ··ÈÙÔ‡ÛÂ Î·Ù¿ Î·ÓfiÓ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÓÈÍË ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍÈÒÓ

‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÏÒÓ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊˆ-

Ì¿ÙˆÓ» (Bauman, 1998, 40). ∞ÏÏ¿ ÔÈ ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘-

ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ¤ıÓÔ˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˚fiÓ ÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÂÈ˜ ‚¿-

ÚÔ˜ ÂÎ·ÙÔÌÌ˘Ú›ˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ Î·Ù·ÛÙÔÏ‹˜ ÂÍÂÁ¤ÚÛÂ-


128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·136

ˆÓ, ·ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚˆÙÈÎÒÓ ÎÈÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î.Ï. (Isin & Wood, 1999, 93)

Â›Ó·È ÌÔÓÔ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙÂ˜ Î·È Â˘ÚˆÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ¤˜. ∂›Ó·È ¤ÙÛÈ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ¤Ó-

ÓÔÈ· fiÙÈ ÁÂÓÈÎÂ‡Ô˘Ó Ù· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤Ó· Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó Ù· ÌÂÁ¿Ï· ‰˘ÙÈ-

Î¿ ÎÚ¿ÙË Î·È Ù· ÂÂÎÙÂ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÂ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÒÛÙÂ Ó· Î·Ï‡-

ÙÔ˘Ó fiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ·˜ ÛÙÔÓ Ï·-

Ó‹ÙË ̄ ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ̆ fi„Ë ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ·ÁÒÓÂ˜ ·ÓÂÍ·ÚÙË-

Û›·˜ Î·È ·ÓÙÈ-·ÔÈÎÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÎÈÓ‹Ì·Ù·. √ ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô

‰›Óˆ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÂ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Î·Ì›· Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂ ÌÈ· ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂ-

ÓË Î·ıÔÏÈÎ‹ ˘ÂÚ¿ÛÈÛË ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÌÂ ÌÈ· ›ÛÙË

ÛÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘. ™ÎÔÂ‡ÂÈ ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎ¿ ÛÙÔ Ó· ·Ó·‰Â›ÍÂÈ

ÙÔ ‰ÈÙÙfi ÙÔ˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· —Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ fiÙ·Ó ÏËÊıÂ› ˘fi„Ë, ÂÌÔ-

‰›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÂÁ¯Â›ÚËÌ· Ó· Î·Ù·ÛÙÂ› ÙÔ ¤ıÓÔ˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ·Ô‰ÈÔÔ-

Ì·›Ô˜ ÙÚ¿ÁÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ Ó· ·Ô‰ÒÛÂÈ Î·ÓÂ›˜ Ù·

‰ÂÈÓ¿ ÙË˜ ÌÔÓÙÂÚÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ó· ÂÈÎ˘ÚÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘¤Ú‚·Û‹

ÙÔ˘ ˆ˜ ÙÔ Ó¤Ô ÎÏÈÛ¤ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÈ Ë ·ÁÎÔ-

ÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ËıÈÎ‹ ÓÔÌÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË.

ŒÓ· ¿ÏÏÔ Î›ÓËÙÚÔ Î¿ÔÈˆÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÙÒÓ ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎÒÓ Ò-

ÛÙÂ Ó· ·Ó·ÁÔÚÂ‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÈ˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈËÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÈı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÂÓ¿-

ÓÙÈ· ÛÙÔ ¤ıÓÔ˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÛÂ ÂÍ ÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ÚÔÔ‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ˘-

fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ë ÂıÓÈÎ‹ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ· Â›Ó·È ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎ¿ Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓË

ÌÂ Ê˘ÏÂÙÈÎ¿ ¤ÓÛÙÈÎÙ· Ô˘ ÂÌÔ‰›˙Ô˘Ó ÙË ‰›Î·ÈË Î·È ÈÛfiÙÈÌË ·-

ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙË˜ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÔÌÔÈÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·. ∆fiÙÂ

Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Ë ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· Ô˘ ·ÊÔ-

Ï›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ È‰ÂÒ‰Â˜ ÙË˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ·˜ Î·È ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Óı›ÛÔ˘Ó

ÈÔ ‰È·ÛÔÚÈÎ¿ (diasporic) Î·È ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈËÌ¤Ó· ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¿

ÌÔÚÊÒÌ·Ù·. ªÈ· Û˘Ó·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË, Î·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹, ˘-

fiıÂÛË Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ Ô ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ¤Ó· ·Ïfi ı¤Ì·

˘¤Ú‚·ÛË˜ ÚÈ˙ÒÓ (rootlessness). ªÂ ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿, ·˘Ù‹ Ë È‰¤· Ô‰Ë-

ÁÂ› ÛÂ ÌÈ· Ï·Óı·ÛÌ¤ÓË ·Ó·ÁfiÚÂ˘ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓÔ˘

‰ÈÔÈÎËÙÈÛÌÔ‡ (globalized managerialism) Î·È ÙˆÓ ·¿ÙÚÈ‰ˆÓ ·-

ÛÙÒÓ ÛÂ «·Ó·‰˘fiÌÂÓÂ˜ ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Ù¿ÍÂÈ˜» (Isin & Wood,1999, 7). ∫·È ÔÈ ‰‡Ô ·˘Ù¤˜ ̆ Ôı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏÒÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Îfi-

ÏÔ˘ıË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˘.

«∞Ó Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÂ› ÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›· ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜-

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 137

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ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ Î¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ù· fiÚÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·ÂÚ·Ù¿ Î·È ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·˜

‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ÌÔÚÊ¤˜ ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ Èı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜, Ë ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›· ÌÂ-

Ù·ÌÔÓÙÂÚÓÔÔ›ËÛË˜ (postmodernization) ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ› Ó¤Â˜ ÌÔÚ-

Ê¤˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË˜, Î·ıÈÂÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ó¤Â˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜

·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË (class) Î·È ÙËÓ Èı·Á¤ÓÂÈ·» (Isin & Wood,1999, 23).

™Â ·ÓÙ›ıÂÛË ÌÂ ÙËÓ Î˘Ú›·Ú¯Ë È‰¤· fiÙÈ Ë ·Ú¯‹ ÙË˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ-

·˜ (territorial principle) ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ·ÔÚÚ¤ÂÈ

·fi ¤Ó·Ó ˘Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ· Ê˘ÏÂÙÈÛÌfi, Ô Bauman ÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ë

·Ú¯‹ «‰ÂÓ ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi Ê˘ÛÈÎ¿ Ë ÂÈÓÔËÌ¤Ó· Ê˘ÏÂÙÈÎ¿ ¤Ó-

ÛÙÈÎÙ· ÌfiÓÔ ·ÏÏ¿ Ô‡ÙÂ Î·Ó ÚˆÙ·Ú¯ÈÎ¿» (1998, 41-42) Î·È ·-

Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Û¯¤ÛË ÙË˜ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Â›Ó·È ÔÏ‡

ÈÔ ÂÚ›ÏÔÎË. ∫¿Ùˆ ·fi ÙË Ï¿Ì„Ë ÙË˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜, Î·È ·Ú¿

ÙË Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÈÎ‹ ·ÂÈÏ‹ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÁÈ· ÙÔ ¤ıÓÔ˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, Ë

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ÌÔÚÊ¤˜ Ê˘ÏÂÙÈÎ‹˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ·˜

ÁÈ· ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ¯Ú‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. ∏ ·Ú¯‹ ÙË˜ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ·˜

·Ó·‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ÙÒÚ· ÂÂÈ‰‹ «Ë ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·, Ë ‰È·Î›ÓËÛË

Î·È Ë ‚ÈÔÌË¯·Ó›· ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·

ÎÈÓ‹ÛÂÒ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÂÍ¤ÏÂÁÎÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÎÙË-

ÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ Î·Ù·ÎÚÂÔ‡ÚÁËÛË, ÙÔÓ

Î·Ù·ÙÂÌ·¯ÈÛÌfi (morcellement) ÙË˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ÛÎËÓ‹˜» (Bauman,1998, 42). ŒÙÛÈ, ÔÈ ÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ÈÌÂÚÈ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰˘-

Ó¿ÌÂÈ˜ ̄ ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi

ÌÂ ¤Ó· ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ÂÓÒ Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚ¤ÊÔ˘Ó ÂÎÂ›-

ÓÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ fi„ÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ı· ÂÈ‚Ú¿‰˘Ó·Ó ÙËÓ «Â-

ÏÂ‡ıÂÚË Î›ÓËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›Ô˘ Î·È ı· ÂÚÈfiÚÈ˙·Ó ÙËÓ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂ-

Ú›· ÙË˜ ·ÁÔÚ¿˜» (ÛÂÏ. 42). «∞¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÔÏ‡ ·fi ÙÔ Ó· ‰ÚÔ˘Ó

ˆ˜ ·ÓÙ›·ÏÔÈ, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ “Ê˘ÏÂÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË” Î·È Ë ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹

“·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË” Â›Ó·È ÛÙÂÓÔ› Û‡ÌÌ·¯ÔÈ Î·È Û˘ÓˆÌfiÙÂ˜»

(ÛÂÏ. 42).

Àfi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙÈ˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜, ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÌÈ·˜ ‚·ıÈ¿˜ ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓ·˜

ıÂÒÚËÛË˜ ı· ¤ÚÂÂ Ó· Â›Ó·È, Î·Ù¿ ÙË ÁÓÒÌË ÌÔ˘, Ë ·ÔÎ¿Ï˘-

„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ fiÙÈ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙË˜ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙË˜

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜, Ë ‰ÈÙÙfiÙËÙ· (doubleness) Û˘ÓÔÚÂ‡ÂÈ ÌÂ ÙËÓ


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˘ÔÎÚÈÛ›· (duplicity). ∞˘Ùfi Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÈÔ ÔÚ·Ùfi ·Ó ·Ó·-

ÏÔÁÈÛÙÔ‡ÌÂ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ·Ô‰˘Ó·ÌˆÙÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔ-

Ô›ËÛË˜ ¿Óˆ ÛÙËÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯ÈÎ‹ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ· ‰ÂÓ ÂËÚÂ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÂÍ›-

ÛÔ˘ fiÏ· Ù· ¤ıÓË-ÎÚ¿ÙË. ∞ÓÙÈı¤Ùˆ˜, Î¿ÔÈ· ÈÛ¯˘Ú¿ ¤ıÓË ˘Ô-

ÛÎÂÏ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚÂıÓÈÎ‹ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÛÊ·›Ú· Î·È ÛÙ·Ì·ÙÔ‡Ó Ù·

·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· Ì¤ÙÚ· Ô˘ Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ·fi ·˘Ù‹ ÙË ÛÊ·›Ú· ÛÙÔ ‚·ı-

Ìfi Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ˘ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó Ù· Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓÙ· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â-

ıÓÒÓ. ŒÓ· ·ÛÈÊ·Ó¤˜ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Â›Ó·È

«Ë ¿ÚÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞ Ó· ‰Â¯ÙÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ·fi ÙÈ˜ Ï›ÁÂ˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜ Û˘Ì-

ÊˆÓ›Â˜ Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ÁÓ‹ÛÈ· ·Ô‰ÂÎÙ¤˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ̆ fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ Ï·-

Ô‡˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ÙË ‰¤ÛÌÂ˘ÛË ÁÈ· ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙË˜ ¤ÎÏ˘ÛË˜ ·ÂÚ›ˆÓ

ıÂÚÌÔÎË›Ô˘ ÛÙÔ ÂÈÙÚÂÙfi fiÚÈÔ. ªÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Î·È ·fi

ÌfiÓÂ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÈ ∏¶∞ Û·ÌfiÙ·Ú·Ó ¤Ó· ‰ÈÂıÓ¤˜ Ì¤ÙÚÔ» (Hobs-bawm, 1998, 3).

£· ‹ıÂÏ· Ó· ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÛˆ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔÓ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ

·Ó Ë ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·Ù·ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ ÙË ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ Ë

‰È˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ·ÔÎÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· ÙË ̇ ˆ‹ Ì·˜, ÙfiÙÂ,

ÙÔ ¤ıÓÔ˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜, ÌÂ ÙÔ Ó· ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È Ô ÌfiÓÔ˜ Èı·Ófi˜ ÊÔÚ¤·˜

ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ÙË ÌfiÓË ·ÈÙ›· ÙË˜

Î·Ù·›ÂÛË˜ ÙË˜ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜, ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ¿ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¿. ∞Ó ı˘-

ÌËıÔ‡ÌÂ ÙÔÓ æ˘¯Úfi ¶fiÏÂÌÔ, Û˘ÓÂÈ‰ËÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ fiÙÈ ÙfiÙÂ Ù·

ÎÔÌ‚ÈÎ¿ ÛËÌÂ›· Û˘Ó¿ÛÈÛË˜ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó Ù· ÌÏÔÎ

ÙˆÓ ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ Î·È fi¯È Ù· ›‰È· Ù· ¤ıÓË ÎÚ¿ÙË ·fi ÌfiÓ· ÙÔ˘˜ (Bau-man, 1998, 40). ∫·È ÛÙÔ ºÔÚ‰ÈÎfi Î·È ÌÂÙ·-ºÔÚ‰ÈÎfi ÙÔ›Ô, Ë

ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÙ·ÎÈÓËıÂ› ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ Úˆ-

ÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›· Î·È ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ·fi Ì¤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤ıÓÔ˘˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ

ÂÍˆ-ÂıÓÈÎÔ‡˜ Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÂÓÒ ‰È·ÙËÚÂ› Î·È ›Ûˆ˜ ÂÈ‰ÂÈÓÒÓÂÈ

ÙÔ Û˘ÌÊÂÚÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙ· ¤ıÓË ·ÏÏ¿

Î·È ÛÙ· ¿ÙÔÌ·. ∏ ÂÈÌÔÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈ-

ÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÂÂÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ ÙÔ ¤ıÓÔ˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó·

Ì·˜ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ› ÂÈÊ˘Ï¿ÍÂÈ˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ·ÈÛÈÔ‰ÔÍ›·

Î¿ÔÈˆÓ Ù¿ÛÂˆÓ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˘. Ÿˆ˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏ·

Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·, Ô ÂÂÎÙ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ ·›ÚÓÂÈ Î·È ·˘Ùfi˜ Ó¤· ÌÔÚÊ‹. ¢ÂÓ

Î·Ù·ÎÙ¿ ·Ó·ÁÎ·ÛÙÈÎ¿ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈÂ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ‰È·ÙËÚÂ› Î·È ÂÓÙ·ÙÈ-

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 139

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·139

ÎÔÔÈÂ› ÙËÓ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ̄ ·-

Ú·ÎÙ‹ÚÈ˙Â ÙÔ˘˜ ÂıÓÈÎÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ·ÓˆÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·˜.

¢π∞º√ƒ∂∆π∫√∆∏∆∞ ∫∞π √ª√π√°∂¡∂π∞

√È ıÂÙÈÎ¤˜ ·ÔÙÈÌ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ‰ÂÓ Â·ÈÓÔ‡Ó

ÌfiÓÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ‰Ú¿ÛË˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ·-

ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ¤ıÓÔ˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ∞ÔÚÚ›ÙÔ˘Ó Â›ÛË˜ ÙËÓ È‰¤·

fiÙÈ Ë ¡¤· ¢ÈÂıÓ‹˜ ∆¿ÍË ÚÔˆıÂ› ÌÈ· ¢˘ÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·ÙÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË˜ Ô-

ÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÔÔ›ËÛË ˆ˜ ˘ÂÚ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹ Î·È ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ,

·Ó Î·È Ë ¢˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹, «˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ ‚·ı-

Ìfi˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹˜ ·ÏÏËÏÔ‰ÈÂ›Û‰˘ÛË˜, ÌÈ· ̆ ‚ÚÈ‰ÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÚÂ˘-

ÛÙfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ‰È·ÚÚ¤ÂÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ÂÚÈÔ¯¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘» (Isin &Wood, 1999, 94). ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„‹ ÙÔ˘˜, Ë ÂÍ›ÛˆÛË ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔ-

ÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Â›ÙÂ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi Â›ÙÂ ÌÂ ÙË ¢˘ÙÈÎÔÔ›Ë-

ÛË ·Ê·ÈÚÂ› ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÙËÓ ÔÏÏ·ÏfiÙËÙ· Ô˘

¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ÙË˜. ∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙË˜ ·-

ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜-ˆ˜-ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡, Ë ÎÈÓËÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÙË˜ Â·-

Ê‹˜ Î·È ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÌË-¢˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ ı· ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó ·ÓÙÈ-

ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ˘ÔÙ›ÌËÛË˜. °È· ÔÏÏÔ‡˜ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎÔ‡˜,

«ÙÔ “·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ” Î·È ÙÔ “ÙÔÈÎfi” ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·ÓÙÈÙÈı¤ÌÂ-

Ó· ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›· ·ÏÏ¿ ·ÌÔÈ‚·›· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜»

(Isin & Wood, 1999, 94).

°È· ÙÔÓ Bauman ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ·˘Ù‹ Ë ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È

‰È·Û¯ÂÛÈ·ÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÙÔÈÎÔ‡ —·˘Ùfi Ô˘

ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÈ «·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÙÔÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË» (glocalization)— ·ÔÙÂ-

ÏÂ› ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙÔ ÊÔÚ¤· Ó¤ˆÓ ÙÚfiˆÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜ Î·È Î·Ù·›ÂÛË˜

ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ. ∏ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÙÔÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ̂ ˜ Ë ‰È·‰ÈÎ·-

Û›· ÙË˜ «·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ·˜ ÂÌ‚¤ÏÂÈ·˜ ·Ó·Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹˜ ÙË˜ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯›·˜,

ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜ ‰Ú¿ÛË˜» (Bauman, 1998, 42) ¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÈ

ÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘Ú›ÛÙÂ˜ ÙÔ˘ Ï·Ó‹ÙË Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ï‹ÙÂ˜ ÙË˜ Â-

·Ú¯›·˜, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ·˘ÙÔ‡˜ Ô˘ «Î·ÙÔÈÎÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ˘‰ÚfiÁÂÈÔ ÛÊ·›-

Ú·» Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È «·Ï˘ÛÔ‰ÂÌ¤ÓÔÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÙfiÔ

ÙÔ˘˜» (ÛÂÏ. 45).


128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·140

∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, ÈÛÙÂ‡ˆ, ·ÓÙÂÈ¯ÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙË ıÂÙÈÎ‹ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ-

ÛÙÈÎ‹ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ‰ÂÓ ÚÔÎ‡ÙÔ˘Ó ÌfiÓÔ ·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÚ-

ÌËÓÂ›Â˜ Î·È ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ‰È·Û‡Ó‰ÂÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘

·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˘. ∏ ‰›Î·ÈË ıÂÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈÔÙÈÎÒÓ ·Û˘ÌÌÂÙÚÈÒÓ

ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÈ˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡ÚÂ˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ¤Ó· ·ÎfiÌË Î›ÓË-

ÙÚÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ÛÙÚ·ÊÂ› Î·ÓÂ›˜ ÎÚÈÙÈÎ¿ ÛÙË ıÂÙÈÎ‹ ·ÔÙ›ÌËÛË ÙË˜

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜. «∞Ó Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ·Ó·ÁÎ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó·

ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÂ› ÛÙÈ˜ ÙÔÈÎ¤˜ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfiÙËÙÂ˜, ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÔÔ›Â˜ Ù·

“¤ıÓË” Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ ̆ Ô‰È·›ÚÂÛË, ÔÈ ÙÔÈÎ¤˜ È‰È·ÈÙÂÚfi-

ÙËÙÂ˜ ÂËÚÂ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ¿Ú· ÔÏ‡ ÈÔ ‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔ-

ÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ·Ó·ÁÎ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Â›ÙÂ Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÂ ·˘Ù‹Ó

‹ Ó· ·Ê·ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ·fi ·˘Ù‹» (Hobsbawm, 1998, 2). ŒÙÛÈ, ·˘Ùfi

Ô˘ ÚÔÛÂÚÓ¿ Ë ıÂÙÈÎ‹ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ıÂˆÚÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈ-

ÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ, ÛÂ ÌÂÚÈÎ¤˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜, Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿

ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi Î¿ÓÂÈ Î·È ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙ· Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·: Ë ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎ‹

Ù¿ÛË Ó· ÌËÓ ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ ·ÚÎÂÙfi ‚·ıÌfi Ô ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ÂÎÛ˘Á-

¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ¢˘ÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË ·ÔÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÔÈÎÔ˘-

ÌÂÓÈÛÌfi. ∞˜ ÛÎÂÊÙÔ‡ÌÂ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ

ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹ Î·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÔÚÚÈÙÈÎ‹ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔ-

Ô›ËÛË˜ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ› ¤ÓÓÔÈÂ˜ fiˆ˜ «∞ÌÂÚÈÎ·ÓÔÔ›ËÛË»

(Americanization), «¢˘ÙÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË» (Westernization) Î·È «ª·Î-

ÓÙÔÓ·ÏÓÙÔÔ›ËÛË» (McDonaldization), ·ÓÙÈÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È fiÚÔÈ fi-

ˆ˜ «‰È·ÛÔÚ¿» (diaspora), «˘‚ÚÈ‰ÈÎfiÙËÙ·» (hybridity), Ù·˘-

ÙfiÙËÙÂ˜ metissage, ÎÔÎ. ŸÌˆ˜, ·Ó ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÔ‡ÌÂ ¿Óˆ ÛÙË ÁÂÓÈ-

ÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ fiÚˆÓ, ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÌÂ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ

‰È·Ù˘ÒÓÔ˘Ó Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ¿ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›Â˜ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË˜ ÊÔÚ¿˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË

¢˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÚˆÙÔÎ·ıÂ‰Ú›· ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹. ∞Ó

·ÓÙÈ·Ú·‚¿ÏÔ˘ÌÂ ÛÙÔ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Ô˘

‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÌÔÓfiÏÂ˘ÚË ÂÍ¿ÏˆÛË Î·È Û˘ÁÎ¤ÓÙÚˆÛË ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜

ÙË ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ·Û¿ÊÂÈ· ÙË˜ «‰È·ÛÔÚ¿˜» Î·È ÙË˜ «˘‚ÚÈ‰È-

ÎfiÙËÙ·˜», ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚·ÓfiÌ·ÛÙÂ ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ·Ó¿ÏÔÁË˜ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜

ÌË-¢˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ¢˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È fi¯È ÙËÓ ÂÚ›-

ÊËÌË Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÈÔ ÈÛfiÙÈÌË˜ ·Ó·‰È¿Ù·ÍË˜ Î·È ‰È¿¯˘ÛË˜ ÙË˜

ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜. ∫·ÓÂ›˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ̆ ÂÚ·ÛÈÛÙ¤˜ ÙË˜ ÔÏ˘ÏÔÎfiÙËÙ·˜

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 141

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·141

ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹˜ ·ÏÏËÏÔ‰ÈÂ›Û‰˘ÛË˜ ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ÚÔÛÊ¤ÚÂÈ

fiÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó ÌÂ ÔÈÔ ÙÚfiÔ Ô ¢˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˜

ÂËÚÂ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÌË-¢˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡ÚÂ˜ —Î·È ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ

Â›Ó·È Ù˘¯·›Ô. ∏ ·Ô˘Û›· fiÚˆÓ Ô˘ Ó· ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ó .¯. ÌÈ·

«∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÔÔ›ËÛË» Â›Ó·È ÔÏ‡ ·ÔÎ·Ï˘ÙÈÎ‹ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÈ˜

·Û˘ÌÌÂÙÚ›Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Â·ÊÒÓ.

∂›ÛË˜, Ë ÛÈˆËÚ‹ ̆ fiıÂÛË Î¿ÔÈˆÓ ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔ˜

ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË fiÙÈ Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ Â›Ó·È ˙‹ÙËÌ·

ÂÓfi˜ ÂÏÂ‡ıÂÚÔ˘ ·È¯ÓÈ‰ÈÔ‡ fiÔ˘ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ ÂÈÏ¤ÁÔ˘Ó ¯·-

ÚÔ‡ÌÂÓ· ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ó ÂÏÎ˘ÛÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¿ ·Ó·›-

ÛıËÙË Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÔÏÔÁÈÎ¿ Ù˘ÊÏ‹ ÛÂ ı¤Ì·Ù· ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ Î·È ÂÏ¤Á-

¯Ô˘. √ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ ÌÂ Ù· ˘ÔÛ˘ÛÙ‹Ì·Ù¿ ÙÔ˘ ÙË˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›·˜

Î·È ÙË˜ ‰ÈÔ›ÎËÛË˜ ‰È·ÂÚÓ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚ÈfiÎÔÛÌÔ˘˜ Î·È ·ÁÎ˘ÚÔ‚ÔÏÂ›

ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ‰È·‚ÚÒÓÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ˘ÂÚ-

‚·›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·Ù¿ ÔÏ‡ Ù· ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ¿ ÏÔ‡Ó· ·ÚÎ Ô˘ ÔÓÂÈÚÂ‡Ô-

ÓÙ·È ÔÈ Ô·‰Ô› ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜.

∆¤ÏÔ˜, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ Î·ÓÂ›˜ ̆ fi„Ë ÙÈ˜ ÔÈÔÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜

Ô˘ ÛËÌ·‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ˘Ô‰Ô¯‹ ‹ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÛÙËÓ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·

·fi Ì¤ÚÔ˘˜ ÔÈÎ›ÏˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ. ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ ¢˘ÙÈÎ¤˜

ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡ÚÂ˜ ÂËÚÂ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ¿ÏÏÂ˜ ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ Â¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ˆ˜

·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÈ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÎÔ˘Ï-

ÙÔ‡Ú· ·ÏÏ¿ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ÏÂ›ÂÈ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁ-

Ì·, Ë Ê·ÛÙÊÔ˘ÓÙÔÔ›ËÛË (fastfoodization) ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÁËÙÔ‡ Í¤ÓË˜

ÚÔ¤ÏÂ˘ÛË˜ ÛÙÔ ¢˘ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÛı¤ÛÂÈ ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÛÙÈ˜

¢˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Ó‹ıÂÈÂ˜ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÂÈ Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈÎ¿

ÛÂ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙË ¢˘ÙÈÎ‹ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘, ÙË˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Î·È

ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ˘Ï ˙ˆ‹˜. ∆Ô Ó· ÙÚÒÂÈ Î·ÓÂ›˜ ∫ÈÓ¤˙ÈÎ·, πÓ‰ÈÎ¿ ‹ ªÂÍÈÎ¿-

ÓÈÎ· Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹ Â¿ÚÎÂÈ·, ÂÈı˘Ì›·, ÎÔÈÓˆ-

ÓÈÎ‹ ı¤ÛË Î·È ÙÔ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi ÂÎÙfiÈÛÌ· Î¿ÔÈÔ˘ ÌÂ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ Ô˘

‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎfiÙ·Ù· ·fi ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÈ-

Û·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÛÙ ÊÔ˘ÓÙ ÛÙÔ ÌË-¢˘ÙÈÎfi ÎfiÛÌÔ. ∂ÎÂ›, ÙÔ Ê·ÛÙ

ÊÔ˘ÓÙ ¿ÂÈ ¯¤ÚÈ ÌÂ ¯¤ÚÈ ÌÂ ÌÈ· ÚÈ˙ÈÎ‹ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë

ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘ (Î·È ÙË Û‡Ó‰ÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂ ÙË Á·ÛÙÚÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ ·fiÏ·˘-

ÛË), ÙËÓ ·›ÛıËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÈ˜


128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·142

˘Ôı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÙÈ Â›Ó·È ıÚÂÙÈÎfi ‹ ˘ÁÈÂÈÓfi.

∆∞À∆√∆∏∆∞ ∫∞π ∂§§∂πæ∏ ƒπ∑ø¡

¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÙ¤˜ ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎÔ› Ô˘ ·ÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ıÂÙÈÎ¿ ÙËÓ

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ÂÏ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó·ÁÓÒÚÈÛË ÙÔ˘ Î·Ù·ÛÎÂ˘·-

ÛÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Î·È fi¯È Ô˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙË˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘

˘ÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ı· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌfi ‹ Î·È ÙÔ ÍÂ¤Ú·ÛÌ·

ÙË˜ Û·ÊÔ‡˜ Î·ÙËÁÔÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ (.¯. ÛÂ ÕÁ-

ÁÏÔ˘˜, °ÂÚÌ·ÓÔ‡˜ Î.Ï.) Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÚÔÎ·ÏÂ› ÔÏ¤ÌÔ˘˜, ‚›·,

·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÌfi Î·È Ú·ÙÛÈÛÌfi. ∂›Ó·È ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· fiÙÈ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ·-

ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÈÛÙˆıÔ‡Ó ÌÂ ÌÈ· ÂÈ‚Â‚·›ˆÛË

ÚÂ˘ÛÙÒÓ, ‰È·ÛÔÚÈÎÒÓ, ̆ ‚ÚÈ‰ÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÓ‰Â¯ÔÌÂÓÈÎÒÓ Ù·˘ÙÔÙ‹-

ÙˆÓ, ·ÏÏ¿ ·˘Ù‹ Â›Ó·È Ë ÌÈ· ÌfiÓÔ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙË˜ ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜. ªfiÓÔ ÌÂ

ÏÔÁÈÎfi ¿ÏÌ· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡ÛÂ Î·ÓÂ›˜ Ó· ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù·‡ÙÈ-

ÛË ÙË˜ ÚÂ˘ÛÙfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·ı·˘Ù‹˜ ÌÂ ÙÔ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎfi ÌÈ·˜ ÁfiÓÈÌË˜

ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÙË˜ ÂÚÌËÓÂ›·˜. ¢ËÏ·‰‹, Ë ‰È·ÛÔÚÈÎ‹ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ·fi

ÌfiÓË ÙË˜ ‰ÂÓ Î·ıÔÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙÈ˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÙË˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂ-

ÙÒÈÛË˜ ‹ ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹˜ ÙË˜ ̆ Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ Î·È ËıÈÎ‹˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜.

°È· Ó· ‰ÒÛˆ ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ë Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓË Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·

ÙˆÓ ·¿ÙÚÈ‰ˆÓ ÂÏ›Ù ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· fiÙ·Ó

‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÂ‡ÔÓÙ·È Ù· Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ·ÏÈfi Î·Ïfi

Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ! ∞ÎfiÌ· ̄ ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚ·, ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤Ú¯Â-

Ù·È ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛÎ‹ÓÈÔ fiÙ·Ó ÂÈ‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÊÔÏÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ÂÈÏÈÎÚ›-

ÓÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ·Ó˘Ô„›·ÛÙÔ˘ ·Ó·ÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ ‰ÈÎ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ·‰ÈfiÚ·ÙÂ˜

‹ ·ÛÈÊ·ÓÂ›˜ Û˘ÓÂÓÔ¯¤˜ ÛÂ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÂ˘ÛË˜ ¿ÏÏˆÓ

Ï·ÒÓ ‹ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜.

ªÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ·, Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÚÈ˙ÒÓ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÂÈ

ˆ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÌÊ›ÂÛË ‹ Û˘ÁÎ¿Ï˘„Ë ÌÈ·˜ ‚·ıÈ¿˜ Î·È ·ÛÙfi¯·ÛÙË˜ Ú›˙ˆ-

ÛË˜ (rootedness) ÛÙË ¢˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÙË˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙË-

Ù·˜, ÙÔ˘ «ÂÎÛ˘Á¯ÚÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡» Î·È ÙÔ˘ Î¤Ú‰Ô˘˜. ªÈ· ÈÔ ÎÔÓÙÈÓ‹

ı¤·ÛË ·ÔÎ·Ï‡ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÏ›‰· ˆ˜ Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÚÈ˙ÒÓ Â›Ó·È Ë

‚·ÛÈÏÈÎ‹ Ô‰fi˜ ÙË˜ ̆ ¤Ú‚·ÛË˜ ÙË˜ Ù˘Ú·ÓÓÈÎ‹˜ ıÂÒÚËÛË˜ ÙË˜ Ù·˘-

ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ÂıÓÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ¤˜ ‚¿ÛÂÈ˜.

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 143

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·143

∞˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÚÒÙ· ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›·

Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ô‰ÔıÂ› ÛÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÚÈ˙ÒÓ. ∏ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÚÈ˙ÒÓ «ÌÔÚÂ›

Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÂ ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ Ô Benko ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ˆ˜ ÌË-ÙfiÔ˘˜,

¯ÒÚÔ˘˜ “ÎÂÓÔ‡˜ ·fi Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎ¤˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂÈ˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜, Û¯¤ÛÂ-

ˆÓ Î·È ÈÛÙÔÚ›·˜: ‰Â›ÁÌ·Ù· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Ù· ·ÂÚÔ‰ÚfiÌÈ·, ÔÈ

ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔÈ ·˘ÙÔÎÈÓËÙfi‰ÚÔÌÔÈ, Ù· ·ÓÒÓ˘Ì· ‰ˆÌ¿ÙÈ· ÍÂÓÔ‰Ô¯Â›ˆÓ, Ë

‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Û˘ÁÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·” —Î·È Èı·ÓÒ˜ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È Ô Î˘‚ÂÚÓÔ¯Ò-

ÚÔ˜» (·Ú·Ù›ıÂÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ Usher, 2002, 47). ∞˘Ù‹ Ë È‰¤· ··ÈÙÂ›

ÌÈ· ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎ‹ ÂÚÌËÓÂ›·. ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„‹ ÌÔ˘, Ë ·ÓˆÓ˘Ì›· ÂÓfi˜

‰ˆÌ·Ù›Ô˘ ÍÂÓÔ‰Ô¯Â›Ô˘ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ Î·ıÈÛÙ¿ ÌË-ÙfiÔ, ·ÏÏ¿

·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎ¿ Ô˘ ÙÔ «ÚÈ˙Ò-

ÓÔ˘Ó» ÛÂ ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú· ÛÂ ÌÈ· Û¯ÂÛÈ·Î‹ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË

ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ÌË-·ÓÒÓ˘ÌÔ ̄ ÒÚÔ. ∏ ·›ÛıËÛË ÙË˜ Ê˘ÛÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜/Î·ıËÌÂ-

ÚÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ (normalcy) Ô˘ ·ÔÓ¤ÂÈ ÂÂÈ‰‹ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙÔ ¢˘ÙÈÎfi

ÎfiÛÌÔ, ÙÔ ·‰ÂÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÛÙ· Ì¿ÙÈ· Ì·˜ ·fi Î¿ıÂ ÂÚÈÂ¯fiÌÂÓÔ Î·ıÒ˜

ÍÂ¯Ó¿ÌÂ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù‹ Ë ·Ô˘Û›· ÔÓfiÌ·ÙÔ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ Ô˘

ÙÔ Î¿ÓÂÈ Ó· Â›Ó·È µÔÚÂÈÔ‰˘ÙÈÎfi, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ‰ÈÎfi Ì·˜ Î·È Î·ÓÂÓfi˜

¿ÏÏÔ˘.

ø˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· ·ÂÚÔ‰ÚfiÌÈ· ˆ˜ ÌË-ÙfiÔ˘˜, Î·È Â‰Ò, ·˘Ù‹ Ë È‰¤·

Î·ıÚÂÊÙ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂıÓÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ‹ Ì·˜ Ù¿ÛË Ó· ÍÂ¯Ó¿ÌÂ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÔÙÂ-

ÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ù· ‰È·‚·Ù‹ÚÈ·, Ë ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·, Ë ÙÔÈÎ‹ ‹ Ê˘ÏÂÙÈÎ‹

ÚÔ¤ÏÂ˘ÛË Î.Ô.Î. Â›Ó·È ·ÎfiÌË ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›· ÊÔÚÙÈÛÌ¤Ó· ÌÂ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ-

Î¿ ÓÔ‹Ì·Ù·. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, fiˆ˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ Ô Habermas, ÔÈ

‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜ Ù‹ÛÂÈ˜, ÔÈ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÂ˜ Û˘Ó·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ̄ ÚËÌ·ÙÈÛÙËÚ›Ô˘,

Ë ¯ÈÏÈÂÙ›·, Ù· Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈ· Î.Ï. Â›Ó·È ÔÚÁ·ÓˆÌ¤Ó· ÌÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ¯ÚÈ-

ÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎfi ËÌÂÚÔÏfiÁÈÔ (1998, 307). ∞˘Ùfi ÙÔ ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·Ô‰ÂÈ-

ÎÓ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ̆ ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓˆÓ ÌË-ÙfiˆÓ, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È

‰È·ÎÚÈÙ‹ ÛÂ ÂÌ¿˜ fiÙ·Ó ıÂˆÚÔ‡ÌÂ fiÙÈ Ë ÈÛÙÔÚ›· Î·È Ë ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·

·Î˘ÚÒÓÔÓÙ·È ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ·ÏÒ˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û˘Ì‚·ÙÈÎ¿ ÛÙ¿ÓÙ·Ú

(conventionally standardized), Û›ÁÔ˘Ú· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÈÛıËÙ‹ ·fi ÂÎÂ›-

ÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙÈ˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÛÂÈ˜ Ì·˜ ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓ¿ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ Â-

ÈÛÙÚ¤ÊÔ˘Ó ÛÙÈ˜ ‰ÈÎ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. «∆· ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ·ÂÚÔÔÚÈÎ¿ Ù·Í›‰È· Â›Ó·È

ÌÔÚÂÙ¿ ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ ÂÓfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ‰ÈÂ˘ıÂÙ‹ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤Ô˘Ó ·Â-

ÚÔ‰ÚfiÌÈ· Î·È ·ÂÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¤˜ ÙË˜ ̆ ‰ÚÔÁÂ›Ô˘, Î·È Ô˘ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙÈ-


128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·144

ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ÂÓfi˜ ÛÙ¿ÓÙ·Ú ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÓÙÔ‡ Î·È, ÛÙËÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi-

ÙËÙ·, ÌÂ ÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ÌÈ·˜ Î·È ÌfiÓË˜ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÁÈ· fi-

ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙÔ‡ ÛÙÔÓ ÎfiÛÌÔ» (Hobsbawm,1998, 1). ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓË ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÚÈ˙ÒÓ Î·È ÔÈ ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓÂ˜

ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜ ÚÔ‰›‰Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÈ˜ ÔÌÔÈÔÁÂÓÔÔÈËÙÈÎ¤˜

Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Î·È ÙÔÓ Â˘ÚˆÎÂÓÙÚÈÛÌfi Ô˘

ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ·Ú¿ ÙËÓ ·ÂÏÂ˘ı¤ÚˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡. ∞Ó

˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›· ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙË˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜, ·˘Ù‹

Ë ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›· ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÂ ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Ô˘ Î¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÚÔ-

Û¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÈÎÔ‡˜ Ì·˜ «Ê˘ÛÈÎÔÔÈËÌ¤-

ÓÔ˘˜» (normalized) Î·È Â˘ÚˆÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ¿ «·ÓÒÓ˘ÌÔ˘˜» ÙÚfiÔ˘˜

‡·ÚÍË˜.

π™√∆∏∆∞ ∫∞π ∂¶π§√°∂™ ∑ø∏™

√È ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂÈ˜ ÙÈ˜ ÔÔ›Â˜ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛ· ÛÙË ÌÂÁ¿ÏË Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›·

ÙˆÓ ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ıÂˆÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó Â-

›ÛË˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Â·›ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ Ó¤Â˜ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›Â˜ ÁÈ· ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË

ÙË˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ. «∏ Î›ÓËÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ¯ÚË-

Ì¿ÙˆÓ, Î·È ÙË˜ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ¤Ú· ·fi Ù· ÂıÓÈÎ¿ Î·È ÔÏÈÙÈ-

ÛÌÈÎ¿ Û‡ÓÔÚ· ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÙÒÚ· ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÂ ·ÁÔÚ¤˜,

ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ¤˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜, Î·È ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· fiÛÔ ÔÙ¤ ÚÈÓ. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë

ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ Î·ı·Ú¿ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÌÏÔ˘Ù›ÛÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ̇ ˆ¤˜

Ì·˜ ·Ú¤¯ÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙ˘Ï ̇ ˆ‹˜ Î·È ··Û¯fiÏËÛË˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›-

Â˜ ‹Ù·Ó ·ÏÈ¿ ÂÎÙfi˜ ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË˜. (...) ∞ÎfiÌ· Î·È ÔÈ ÈÔ Ì·ÎÚÈ-

Ó¤˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú·‰fiÛÂÈ˜ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È ÙÒÚ· ¿ÌÂÛ· ‰È·ı¤ÛÈ-

ÌÂ˜» (Rizvi & Lingard, 2000, 419). ∂›Ó·È ·Ï‹ıÂÈ· fiÙÈ ÔÈ ··È-

ÛÈfi‰ÔÍÂ˜ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ıÂˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ ˘ÔÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ·˘Ù¤˜

ÙÈ˜ Â˘Î·ÈÚ›Â˜ ‹ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÙÈ˜ ·ÔÌ˘ıÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ ÚÔ¤Ù·-

ÛÌ· Î·ÓÔ‡. ∞ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÈ˜ ÚÔÔÙÈÎ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÈÛfiÙËÙ·

Î·È ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓË ˘·ÚÍÈ·Î‹ ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿ ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹-

Ì·Ù·. ∞˘Ù¿ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ ÛÂ ÔÈÔ˘˜ ·˘Ù¤˜

ÔÈ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ··Û¯fiÏËÛË˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÏËıÈÓ¿ ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÂ˜, ÙÈ Û˘Ì‚·›-

ÓÂÈ ÛÂ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡ÚÂ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfiÛÈÌÂ˜ ÛÙËÓ

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 145

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·145

·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈËÙÈÎ‹ ÏÔÁÈÎ‹ Î·È ÛÂ ÔÈÔ ‚·ıÌfi (Î·È ÊÈÏÙÚ·ÚÈ-

ÛÌ¤ÓÂ˜ Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙÈ) ÔÈ Ì·ÎÚÈÓ¤˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡ÚÂ˜ Â›Ó·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¿

ÚÔÛ‚¿ÛÈÌÂ˜.

∂Í¿ÏÏÔ˘, ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙÂ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜,

·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÂÎÂ›ÓÂ˜ Ô˘ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙË

Û˘ÓıÂÙfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ù· ·Ú¿‰ÔÍ· ÙÔ˘ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓÔ˘, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰Ò-

ÛÔ˘Ó ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÛÙÈ˜ ‚·ÛÈÎ¤˜ ·ÓÈÛfiÙËÙÂ˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÎÚ˘ÛÙ·ÏÏÒÓÔ-

ÓÙ·È ‹ ·Ó·‰‡ÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÚÂ›· ÌÈ· Ó¤·˜ ‰È·ÛÙÚˆÌ¿-

ÙˆÛË˜ (Bauman, 1998, 43) Ô˘ Â¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Ì¤Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔ-

ÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË. ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Habermas, «ÙÔ ̄ ¿ÛÌ· ·Ó¿-

ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÈ˜ Û˘Óı‹ÎÂ˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁÔ‰ÔÙÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ˘Ô··-

Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÌÂÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·Ó¤ÚÁˆÓ Û˘ÓÂ¯Ò˜ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‡ÓÂÙ·È» (1998,

315). ∏ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË ̂ ˜, ÚˆÙ·Ú¯ÈÎ¿, «ÌÈ· ·Ó·Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹

ÚÔÓÔÌ›ˆÓ Î·È ·ÔÛÙÂÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ, ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜, ËÁÒÓ

ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘ Î·È ·‰˘Ó·Ì›·˜» (Bauman, 1998, 43) ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‡ÓÂÈ Ù·

Ï·›ÛÈ· ÂÈÏÔÁ‹˜ ÁÈ· ÌÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È Ù· ÛÙÂÓÂ‡ÂÈ ‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎ¿ ÁÈ·

Î¿ÔÈÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜.

ªÂ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓÔ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÔ¯‹ Ì·˜ ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È «·fi ÙÔ ‰ÔÌÈÎfi

Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ Î·Ù¿ÚÚÂ˘ÛË˜ ÙË˜ ÂÍËÌ¤ÚˆÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌÔ‡ (Ô˘

ÂÈÙÂÏÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ ∫Ú¿ÙÔ˜ ¶ÚfiÓÔÈ·˜) Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ó·‚›ˆÛË

ÂÓfi˜ ÓÂÔÊÈÏÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÓÂÌfi‰ÈÛÙÔ˘ ·fi ıÂˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ-

Î‹˜ ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÛ‡ÓË˜» (Habermas, 1998, 314), Ë ÈÛfiÙËÙ· ı˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È

ÛÙÔ ‚ˆÌfi ÙË˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ªÈ· Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙË˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔ-

ÌÈÎ‹˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ

ÔÍ‡ÓÂÈ Â›Ó·È Ô ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë ÌÂ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ∫Ú¿ÙÔ˘˜ ¶Úfi-

ÓÔÈ·˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿Ù·È ÛÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ù· ̂ ÊÂÏ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÚÈÔÚ›-

˙ÔÓÙ·È, Ë ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ·›ÓÂÙ·È Î·È

Ë ›ÂÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¤ÚÁÔ˘˜ ·˘Í¿ÓÂÙ·È (Habermas, 1998, 315).

∂π™∏°∏™∂π™

∆· ‰ÈÏ‹ÌÌ·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ‰ËÏ·-

‰‹ ÙÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ÂÚ› ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈfiÙËÙ·˜, ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ-

·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ‹ ıÂˆÚ›·. Ÿˆ˜ Â›¯· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÛÙÈ˜ ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁÈÎ¤˜ ÌÔ˘


128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·146

·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜, Ô ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎfi˜ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÌfi˜ Â-

ÎÙÂÏÂ› ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎ¤˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂÈ˜ ·Ú¿ ÚÔÙÂ›ÓÂÈ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤-

ÓÂ˜ Î·È ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ È‰¤Â˜ ÁÈ· ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜. ◊, ÛÂ Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ ÂÚÈ-

ÙÒÛÂÈ˜, ·ÓÙÏÂ› ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÚÔÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛÊ¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ·

Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÓÈÎÔ‡ ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÌÔ‡. √ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú·-

Á¿ÁÂÈ ¤Ó· Â˘Ú‡ Ê¿ÛÌ· ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÌÒÓ Î·È ÂÈÎ·ÛÈÒÓ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ÙÔ

Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ ·fi ÙÈ˜ Ô-

Ô›Â˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Î·ı·Ú¿ Î·ÓÔÓÈÛÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏÔ‡Ó

ÙË ı¤ÛË Ô˘ ·›ÚÓÂÈ Î·ÓÂ›˜ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔ-

ÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜. £· ÂÍÂÙ¿Ûˆ Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙÈ˜ È‰¤Â˜ (¿Û¯Â-

Ù· ·fi ÙÔ ·Ó ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËıÂ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ‹ fi¯È)

ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÂÚ¿Ûˆ ÛÙÈ˜ ‰ÈÎ¤˜ ÌÔ˘ ÂÈÛËÁ‹ÛÂÈ˜.

¶ÚÒÙ· ·fi fiÏ·, ÈÛÙÂ‡ˆ, Ë ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÙË˜ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜

(identity politics), Ô˘ Û˘¯Ó¿ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ËÁ‹ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÈÔ ·ÚÓË-

ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË, ÌÂÚÈÎ¤˜ ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÎÈÓ-

‰˘ÓÂ‡ÂÈ Ó· ‚ÚÂıÂ› ÔÏ‡ ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÂ ¤Ó· Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÛÌfi Î·È Ô˘ÚÈ-

ÛÌfi (purism) Ô˘ ÂÈı˘ÌÂ› ÙË ‰È·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÒÓ ˆ˜

¤¯Ô˘Ó, ˘ÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È ·ÌfiÏ˘ÓÙÔÈ ·fi Î¿ıÂ ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÙÈÎ‹ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·.

¶ÚÔÛ·ıÂ› Ó· ÛÙ·Ì·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜

ıÂˆÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ̂ ˜ ·Ú·‚›·ÛË Î·È ·ÏÏÔ›ˆÛË. √È Ï‡ÛÂÈ˜

Ô˘ ÚÔÛÊ¤ÚÂÈ ‰ÂÓ ·ÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ó ˙ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÂÍÔ˘Û›·˜ ·ÏÏ¿, ·ÓÙ›ıÂ-

Ù·, ̇ ËÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎÔ‡ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ «ÓÂ‡Ì·-

ÙÔ˜» ÙˆÓ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÚÊˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ¶¤Ú· ·fi Î¿ıÂ ¿ÏÏÔ, Ë

‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· ÛÙËÓ È‰¤· ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ·ÓÙ›‰ÔÙÔ

ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË «·ÏÏ¿ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ··Ú·›ÙËÙ· ·ÁÎfi-

ÛÌÈ· ‚ÔËıËÙÈÎ¿ ÙË˜ Ì¤Û·, Û˘Á¯ÚfiÓˆ˜ ·Ú¿ÁˆÁ· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È

ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÙË˜» (Bauman, 1998, 43).

ŒÓ· ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˘ ‰È·ÏfiÁÔ˘ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿-

˙ÂÙ·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ó‹Û˘¯Ô ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Ê·ÓÙ¿˙ÂÙ·È

¤Ó· Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ˘‚ÚÈ‰ÈÎfi-

ÙËÙ· ı· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Ó¤Â˜ ÌÔÚÊ¤˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë˜. ∏ ı¤ÛË ÙË˜

Kristeva ÌÔ˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Â‰Ò Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÌ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ·˘Ù‹˜ ÙË˜ Ù¿-

ÛË˜. ∏ ·Ú·‰Ô¯‹ fiÙÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Í¤ÓÔ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘

·Ú¿ÁÂÈ ÌÈ· ·›ÛıËÛË ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ¿ Ì·˜ ÂÂÈ‰‹ «fiÏÔÈ

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 147

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·147

·Ó‹ÎÔ˘ÌÂ ÛÂ ¤Ó· ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎfi Ù‡Ô ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ı· Û˘Á-

ÎÚÔÙÂ›Ù·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎ¿ ·fi Í¤ÓÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ı· ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó·

Î·Ù·Ï¿‚Ô˘Ó Ô ¤Ó·˜ ÙÔÓ ¿ÏÏÔ» (1998, 323). ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„‹

ÌÔ˘, ·˘Ù‹ Ë ı¤ÛË ÚÔ‰›‰ÂÈ ̆ ÂÚ·ÏÔ˘ÛÙÂ‡ÛÂÈ˜, ·ÁÓÔÂ› ÙÂÏÂ›ˆ˜

ÙË Û˘ÓıÂÙfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÙË˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÚÔ-

Û·ÚÌfi˙ÂÈ ÁÂÓÈÎÂ‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙÈ˜ ÂÌÂÈÚ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜/ÌÈ·˜ Û·Ó Ó· ‹Ù·Ó

ÂÌÂÈÚ›Â˜ fiÏˆÓ. Ÿ¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÚÔÛÂÚÓ¿ fiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜

·ÚÓËÙÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¿ÁÂÈ Ë Û˘Ì‚ÔÏÈÎ‹ Î·È ̆ ÏÈÎ‹ ·ÓÙ·-

ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ·ÏÏ¿ ÊÙ¿ÓÂÈ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È Ó· Ù· ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂÈ

Ì¤Û· ·fi ¤Ó·Ó Ï·ÓËÌ¤ÓÔ Î·È Û˘ÓÙËÚËÙÈÎfi Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi. ∞˘-

Ùfi Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ë Kristeva ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÏÈ-

ÙÈÛÌÈÎ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ̂ ˜ Î¿ÙÈ ÛÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘-

ÌÂ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹, ·ÏÏ¿, fiˆ˜ ÚÔÛı¤ÙÂÈ, «ÂÓÙÔ‡ÙÔÈ˜, ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ Ï‹ÚË

Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÚÔ¤ÏıÂÈ ·fi ÌÈ·

Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ÛÙ¿ÛË: ¿ÁÓÔÈ· ÙË˜ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓË˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹˜ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈ-

ÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ̆ ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈÎ¤˜ ··ÈÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó‰ÈÎ¿ÙˆÓ, ·ÓÈÎ·ÓfiÙË-

Ù· Ó· Ï¿‚ÂÈ Î·ÓÂ›˜ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi, ·‰Ú¿ÓÂÈ·,

ÔÈÛıÔ‰ÚfiÌËÛË. °È’ ·˘Ùfi ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· Â›Ì·ÛÙÂ ÛÂ ÂÁÚ‹ÁÔÚÛË

Î·È Ó· ı˘ÌfiÌ·ÛÙÂ ¿ÓÙ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÂ¯ÓÔ-

ÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Ì·˜ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, ÙˆÓ “·ÈÙ›ˆÓ Î·È ·ÈÙÈ·ÙÒÓ”» (1998, 329).

∏ Î‡ÚÈ· ÂÈÛ‹ÁËÛË ÙË˜ Kristeva, fiÌˆ˜, ·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ¿ ÌÈ· „˘¯·Ó·-

Ï˘ÙÈÎ‹ Î·È fi¯È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ —Î·È Ì¿ÏÈ-

ÛÙ· ÔÏ‡ ·ÌÊ›‚ÔÏË˜ ·Í›·˜— fiˆ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔ

·Ú¿ıÂÌ·. «¶ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· Î·Ù·ÔÏÂÌ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·-

ÛË ÂıÓÈÎ‹˜ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë˜ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘ÌÂ ÛÙË °·ÏÏ›· (Î·È ÛÂ ¿ÏÏÂ˜

¯ÒÚÂ˜ Â›ÛË˜) ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ Î·È ÙË˜

ÂÈÛÚÔ‹˜ ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ, Î·È ·ÎfiÌË ÚÔÎÂÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›-

ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÈ˜ Ì·ÓÈ·Î¤˜ ·ÓÙÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë (fiˆ˜

ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ ªÂÙÒÔ˘) Â›Ó·È ‚·ÛÈÎfi Ó· ·ÔÎ·Ù·ÛÙ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙËÓ

ÂıÓÈÎ‹ ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛË» (ÛÂÏ. 326). ∂‰Ò, Ô Û˘Û¯ÂÙÈÛÌfi˜ ÙË˜

ÂıÓÈÎ‹˜ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë˜ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÚÔ‹

ÌÂÙ·Ó·ÛÙÒÓ ·ÁÓÔÂ› ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜. ø˜ ÚÔ˜

ÙËÓ È‰¤· ÙË˜ ·ÔÎ·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ ÙË˜ ÂıÓÈÎ‹˜ ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛË˜,

ÛÙËÓ ·Û¿ÊÂÈ¿ ÙË˜, ÂÓÛˆÌ·ÙÒÓÂÈ ÙÈ˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜ È¤ÛÂÈ˜ ÁÈ· ÈÔ


128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·148

·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎ¿ ¤ıÓË-ÎÚ¿ÙË ·ÓÙ› Ó· ÙÈ˜ ÔÏÂÌ¿.

ÕÏÏÂ˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂÈ˜ ÛÂ ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ Î‡Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂÍ¿ÁÔ˘Ó

ÌÈ· «ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹» ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ›‰È·

ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û˘ÓÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÂÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ÙË ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ

ˆ˜ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ. Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ· ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤Óˆ˜, ·˘Ù‹ Ë Î›ÓËÛË

Î¿ÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ·˘ı·›ÚÂÙÔ ¿ÏÌ· ÛÎ¤„Ë˜ Î·È ÌÂ ÙÔ Ó· ̆ Ô‚·ıÌ›˙ÂÈ Ù·

·ÚÓËÙÈÎ¿ ÛËÌ¿‰È· ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜, Û˘Ó·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ·ı¤-

ÏËÙ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿. ªÈ· ÈÔ ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ·Ú·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘

ı¤Ì·ÙÔ˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·Úfi‚ÏÂÙÔ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· ÙˆÓ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔ-

ÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÌÂ ÙËÓ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿-

‰˘ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÙÔÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (critical localism) (Fitzsimons,2000). ŸÌˆ˜, fiˆ˜ ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÂÙ·È Ô Habermas, Ù· ÙÔÈÎ¿ Î˘‚ÂÚ-

ÓËÙÈÎ¿ Ì¤ÙÚ· «ı· ÂÈÙ‡Á¯·Ó·Ó ÙÔÈÎ¿ ÏÂÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù·, ·ÏÏ¿

‰ÂÓ ı· ¿ÏÏ·˙·Ó ÙÔ ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÂıÓÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ·Ó¿-

ÌÂÛ· ÛÂ ¯ÒÚÂ˜. ∏ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË, ¿Û¯ÂÙ· ·fi

ÙÔ Ò˜ ÙË ‚Ï¤Ô˘ÌÂ, Î·Ù·ÛÙÚ¤ÊÂÈ ¤Ó·Ó ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi ·ÛÙÂÚÈÛÌfi

Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô, ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô, Ô Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌfi˜

‰È·Ì¤ÛÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÓÔÈ·˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÌÔÚÂÙfi˜. ∞˘Ùfi˜ Ô Û˘Ì-

‚È‚·ÛÌfi˜, Û›ÁÔ˘Ú·, ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› Î·Ù¿ Î·Ó¤Ó· ÙÚfiÔ È‰·ÓÈÎ‹

Ï‡ÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÂÓ‰ÔÁÂÓ‹ ÛÙÔÓ Î·ÈÙ·ÏÈÛÌfi,

ÂÓÙÔ‡ÙÔÈ˜, ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÙ‡¯ÂÈ Ó· ÎÚ·Ù‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÂÓÙfi˜

·Ô‰ÂÎÙÒÓ Ï·ÈÛ›ˆÓ» (1998, 316).

√ Habermas ÙÒÚ·, Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ‰È·Ï¤ÁÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙË Ï‡ÛË,

‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·ÓÙ› ÙË˜ ÎÚÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ÙÔÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ˘ÂÚ·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÙËÓ È‰¤·

ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ‰ÈÂıÓÒÓ ‰ËÌfiÛÈˆÓ ‚ËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. °È· ·˘ÙfiÓ,

ÔÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÓÔÈ·˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÛˆıÔ‡Ó

·Ó ÌÂÙ·ÊÂÚıÔ‡Ó ·fi ÙÔ ¤ıÓÔ˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜ ÛÂ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÂ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈ-

Î¤˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰Â˜ Ô˘ Ó· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓÔ-

ÔÈËÌ¤ÓË ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌ›· (1998, 317). ªÈ· ̆ ÂÚÂıÓÈÎ‹ ÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹ Ô˘

Ó· «ÚÔÊÙ·›ÓÂÈ» ÙÈ˜ ·ÁÔÚ¤˜ ı· ÚÔˆıÔ‡ÛÂ ÙÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi

ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ· ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë˜ ı¤ÙÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ¤ÌÊ·-

ÛË ÛÂ ÁÂÓÈÎÂ‡ÛÈÌ· Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓÙ·.

ŸÌˆ˜ Î·È ·˘Ù‹ Ë Ï‡ÛË Â›Ó·È ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ·ÊÔ‡ Ù›ÔÙ· ‰ÂÓ

ÂÁÁ˘¿Ù·È fiÙÈ ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ‚‹Ì·Ù· ı· ÂÍ˘ËÚÂÙÔ‡Ó ·ÏËıÈ-

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 149

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·149

Ó¿ Ù· ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ· fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ. √ ›‰ÈÔ˜ Ô Habermas·Ú·‰¤¯ÂÙ·È ÌÈ· ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ·‰˘Ó·Ì›· fiÙ·Ó ÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ fiÙÈ «Ë ‰ËÌÈ-

Ô˘ÚÁ›· ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ Ô‰ËÁÂ› ÛÂ ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎ¤˜

Û˘ÌÌ·¯›Â˜ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÙ›ıÂÓÙ·È ÛÙÔÓ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÎfiÛÌÔ, ·ÏÏ¿ ‰ÂÓ

·ÏÏ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÈ˜ ¯ÒÚÂ˜ Î·ı·˘-

Ù¤˜» (ÛÂÏ. 317). °È’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıË ÚÔ¸fi-

ıÂÛË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ÈÛÙÂ‡ÂÈ fiÙÈ ı· ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·ÌÔÚÊˆÙÈÎfi ·ÔÙ¤-

ÏÂÛÌ· ÛÙÈ˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓÂ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜. «ªfiÓÔ ˘fi ÙËÓ ›ÂÛË ÌÈ·˜

·ÏÏ·ÁÌ¤ÓË˜ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, Î·È ÙË˜ Â›‰Ú·Û‹˜ ÙË˜

ÛÙ· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎ¿ Ú¿ÁÌ·Ù·, ÌÔÚÂ› ÔÈ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÎÔ› ‰ÚÒÓÙÂ˜ Ô˘

Â›Ó·È ÈÎ·ÓÔ› ÁÈ· ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈ· ‰Ú¿ÛË Ó· ÊÙ¿ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ‰Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜

Â·˘ÙÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¿, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ·˘ÍËÙÈÎ¿ ˆ˜ Ì¤ÏË ÌÈ·˜

ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ê‹ÓÂÈ ¿ÏÏË ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ·Ú¿ ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚ-

Á·Û›· Î·È ÙÔ Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛÌfi» (ÛÂÏ. 318-319).

∆ÒÚ·, ·Ó ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÛÙÔ‡ÌÂ ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Ô˘ ·›˙ÂÈ Ë ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË

ÛÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚÊˆÛË Î·È ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÒÓ, Û˘-

ÓÂÈ‰ËÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÌÂ fiÙÈ Ë ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ· Ó¤· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¿ È‰ÂÒ‰Ë

Â›Ó·È ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈÎ‹. ∞˘Ù¿ ı· ·Ó·ÈÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ó Ù· ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ

Î˘Ú›·Ú¯ˆÓ È‰Âˆ‰ÒÓ, .¯. ÙÔ˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÙÂ¯ÓÈÎÈ-

ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ (technicist) Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÁÔÚÂ‡ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi

ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓÔ ÙË˜ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË˜ Û˘Ó‡·ÚÍË˜. ¶ÚÔÙÂ›Óˆ,

ÏÔÈfiÓ, Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ‹ Ó· Î·Ù·ÛÎÂ˘¿ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÂÎÂ›Ó· Ù· È‰Â-

Ò‰Ë, Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ‹ Î·ÏÏÈ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ı· ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÂÈ ¤-

Ó· ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ Û¯¤ÛË˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÙÂÚfiÙËÙ·. ∫·È Â‰Ò

Â›Ó·È Ô˘ Ô ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛÎ‹ÓÈÔ.

Œ¯ÂÈ ˘¿ÚÍÂÈ ÌÈ· ·Ó·‚›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÎÔ-

ÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi ÚfiÛÊ·Ù· Ë ÔÔ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ÚÔÎ·Ï¤ÛÂÈ, Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È-

Î‹ ÌÔ˘ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË, ‰˘Ô ÌÂÁ¿ÏÂ˜ Ù¿ÛÂÈ˜: Ë ÌÈ· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·-

ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ ÌÂ ¤Ó·Ó Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ ˆ˜

ÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÚÈ˙ÒÓ, ·ÓÔÈ¯ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÂ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¿ ÛÙ˘Ï

˙ˆ‹˜ Î·È ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË ·fi ÙÔ ¤ıÓÔ˜-ÎÚ¿ÙÔ˜. ∏ ¿ÏÏË ÚÔÛı¤-

ÙÂÈ ÛÙ· ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚı¤ÓÙ· ÈÛ¯˘Ú¤˜ ÓÔÌÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ËıÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿-

ÛÂÈ˜. ∏ ÚÒÙË Ù¿ÛË ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È ·fi ÌÈ· Û˘ÁÎÂ¯˘Ì¤ÓË Î·È ·ÓÂ-

·ÚÎÒ˜ ·Ó·Ï˘Ì¤ÓË ÂÍ›ÛˆÛË ÙË˜ Î·ıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ¯Ú‹ÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ fiÚÔ˘


128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·150

«ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜» ÌÂ ÙÔ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎfi ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯fi ÙÔ˘ ÂÓÒ Ë

‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÈ¯ÂÈÚÂ› Ó· Â·Ó·‰È·Ù˘ÒÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ fiÚÔ ·ÓÙÏÒÓÙ·˜ ·fi

ÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎ‹ ·Ú¿‰ÔÛË ·ÏÏ¿ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ¿˜ ÙËÓ ÛÂ ¤Ó· ÈÔ

Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓÔ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎfi È‰›ˆÌ·. ∏ ÚÒÙË, Â‡ÂÙË,

¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ù·È ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÔÏÏÒÓ

Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓˆÓ Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ ÊÈÏÔÛfiÊˆÓ fiˆ˜

ÙÔ˘ Jeremy Waldron (2000) Î·È ÛÂ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ‚·ıÌfi ÙÔ˘ BruceAckerman (1994). ∏ ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË, ‚·ı‡ÙÂÚË, ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÛÌÔÔ-

ÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Û˘Ó·ÓÙ¿Ù·È ÛÙË Û˘˙‹ÙËÛË ÙÔ˘ ™ÙˆÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡ ·fi ÙË

Nussbaum Î·È ÛÂ ÓÂÔ-∫·ÓÙÈ·Ó¤˜ Î·È ÌÂÙ·-∫·ÓÙÈ·Ó¤˜ ÊÈÏÔÛÔ-

Ê›Â˜. ∏ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÌÔ˘ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È ÈÔ

Û˘Ì‚·Ù‹ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚıÂ›Û· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÂÈÛ‹ÁËÛË Â›-

Ó·È Ë ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË, ·ÏÏ¿ fiˆ˜ ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÌ·È ·ÏÏÔ‡, Ú¤ÂÈ ÚÒÙ· Ó·

··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÂ Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ÂÈÎÚ›ÛÂÈ˜, ÙÈ˜ ÔÔ›Â˜ Â‰Ò ÌfiÓÔ

ı· Û˘ÓÔ„›Ûˆ Û˘ÓÙÔÌfiÙ·Ù·. ¶ÚÒÙ·, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·ÔÛÙ·ÛÈÔÔÈ-

ËıÂ› ·fi ÌÈ· «ÙÔ˘ÚÈÛÙÈÎ‹» ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡.

¶Ú¤ÂÈ Â›ÛË˜ Ó· ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÂ ÍÂÂÚ·ÛÌ¤ÓÂ˜

ıÂˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ÙÔ˘ Â·˘ÙÔ‡, ‰ËÏ·‰‹, ıÂˆÚ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔÓ

·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ˘ËÎÔfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙÔÓ ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ˆ˜

ÌÈ· ·Ó·fi‰Ú·ÛÙË ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (Papastepha-nou, 2002). ŒÂÈÙ·, Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ô‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÛÈˆË-

Ú¿ Û˘Ó¤ÓÔ¯Ô˜ ÛÂ ÂÎÊÚ¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÂıÓÔÎÂÓÙÚÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ

ÚÔˆıÂ› ˘fiÚÚËÙ· Ù· Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓÙ· ÌÈ·˜ ·ÙÂÚÓ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜ Î·È

ÂÏÈÙ›ÛÙÈÎË˜ ÌÈÎÚ‹˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜ ‰È·ÓÔËÙÒÓ (Lu, 2000).

∞˘Ùfi Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·Û›· Â‰Ò Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ÌÈ· Â·Ó·‰È·Ù˘ˆÌ¤-

ÓË ·ÓÙ›ÏË„Ë ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ë ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·È-

‰Â˘ÙÈÎ‹ ÛÎÔÔıÂÛ›· ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÁÈ·

·ÏÏ·Á‹ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË˜ Î·È Ó· ÙËÓ Ï·ÈÛÈÒÛÂÈ ÓÔÌÈÎ¿ Î·È ËıÈÎ¿. ∏

Û˘Ó¿ÊÂÈ· ÙË˜ ÓÔÌÈÎ‹˜ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË˜ ·Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔ-

Ófi˜ fiÙÈ fiÏÂ˜ ÔÈ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈÂ˜ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÛÙ·ıÌÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ¿

ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÛÎÔÓÙ¿ÊÙÔ˘Ó ÛÂ ÌÈ· ıÂÌÂÏÈÒ‰Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ-

„Ë. Ÿˆ˜ ÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ Ô Habermas, «·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ÏÂ›ÂÈ Â›Ó·È Ë ·Ó¿-

‰˘ÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë˜, ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ‰ÂÛÌÂ˘ÙÈÎ‹˜,

‚¤‚·È·, ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÂÈ·Î‹ ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë Ô˘ ·Ó·‰‡ıËÎÂ ÂÓÙfi˜

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 151

128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·151

ÙˆÓ ÂıÓÒÓ-ÎÚ·ÙÒÓ» (1998, 319). ∏ ËıÈÎ‹ ‰È¿ÛÙ·ÛË ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ

ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ô ·ÏËıÈÓfi˜ ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÏÒ˜ Ë ·-

ÓÔÈ¯ÙfiÙËÙ· ÛÂ ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿-

ÓÂÈ Â›ÛË˜ Î·È Î·ı‹ÎÔÓÙ· ˘ÏÈÎ‹˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ Î·È ‰È·ÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ·-

Ó·Î·Ù·ÓÔÌ‹˜ ÏÔ‡ÙÔ˘ (Nussbaum, 2000).

™Â ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ, Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ê·ÓÂÚfi fiÙÈ, ÂÓÒ Ë ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔ-

Ô›ËÛË ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÂ Ó¤Â˜ ‰ÈÂıÓÂ›˜

ÔÏÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ‰ÔÌÈÎ¤˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÎ·ÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏÂ›·,

ÙÔ ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÎfi ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎfi È‰ÂÒ‰Â˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È

ÛÙËÓ Î·ÏÏÈ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ·ÓÙÈÛÙÂÎfiÌÂÓˆÓ, ÎÚÈÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÛÙÔ¯·ÛÙÈÎÒÓ

„˘¯ÈÛÌÒÓ. ¶Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó· ÂÚÈÔ-

ÚÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÔÈ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔÈ ÁÈ· Ù· ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È ÙÈ˜ ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡ÚÂ˜ Î·È Ó·

ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó Ù· fiÔÈ· ıÂÙÈÎ¿ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÌÂ

¤Ó· ‰ÈÎ·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÚfiÔ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÌË-·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎ¿ ·È-

Ûı‹Ì·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ fiÙÈ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó

ÔÏÏ·Ï¿ Î·ı‹ÎÔÓÙ· ·¤Ó·ÓÙ› ÙÔ˘˜.

∂¶π§√°√™

ªÈ· ÔÏ‡ ÈÛ¯˘Ú‹ ·ÓÙ›ÚÚËÛË ÛÂ fi,ÙÈ ¤¯ˆ ÚÔÙÂ›ÓÂÈ ÚÔËÁÔ˘Ì¤-

Óˆ˜ ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË fiÙÈ Ë Î·ÏÏÈ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÌË-·ÓÙ·Áˆ-

ÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÌË-ÚÂ·ÏÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ÁÈ·Ù› Ô ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈ-

ÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È —˘ÔÙ›ıÂÙ·È— ÂÓ‰ËÌÈÎfi˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Ê‡ÛË.

∫·Ù¿ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë, ÂÂÈ‰‹ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÁˆÎÂÓÙÚÈÎ¿

fiÓÙ·, Ë ˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈÎ‹ ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÌÂ Û‹-

ÌÂÚ· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÂ ¿ÙÔÌ· Î·È ¤ıÓË ‹ ÎÚ¿ÙË ‰ÂÓ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ·ıÔ-

ÏÔÁ›· ·ÏÏ¿ Ì¿ÏÏÔÓ ·ÚÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÌÈ·˜ Î·Ù¿ Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ÔÏ‡ ÂÈ-

ı˘ÌËÙ‹˜ ÂÏÂ˘ıÂÚ›·˜ ÛÎ¤„Ë˜ Î·È Ú¿ÍË˜. ŸÌˆ˜, ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· Ï›Á·

ÛËÌÂ›· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÂ˜ ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÂ˜ Ù¿ÛÂÈ˜ (Î·È Ô

ÔÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÈ Â‰Ò) Û˘ÁÎÏ›ÓÔ˘Ó Â›Ó·È Ë

Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔ˘ ÏfiÁÔ˘ ̂ ˜ ÌË-Ô˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ —

·Ó Î·È ÔÈ ıÂˆÚËÙÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ ‰ÂÓ Ê·›-

ÓÂÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ï‹Úˆ˜ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚÈÛÙÂ› ·ÎfiÌË. ∞Ó Â›¯·Ó ·Ó·ÁÓˆ-

ÚÈÛÙÂ›, Ë ÚÔ·Ó·ÊÂÚıÂ›Û· ·ÓÙ›ÚÚËÛË ı· Â›¯Â ¯¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ ÓfiËÌ¿


128-156 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 09:58 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·152

ÙË˜. ∞Ó ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó Ô˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·ÙÈÎ¿ (ËıÈÎ¿ ‹ ÌË) ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈ-

ÛÙÈÎ¿ ÙË˜ ·ÓıÚˆfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙfiÙÂ Î·ÌÈ¿ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Á›ÁÓÂ-

Ûı·È ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ·Ú¯‹˜ ·‰‡Ó·ÙË. ∏ ·fiÚÚÈ„Ë ˘Ôı¤ÛÂˆÓ fiˆ˜

fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË Ê‡ÛË Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎ‹ ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ

Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ÙË˜ ·ÓÙÈ-Ô˘ÛÈÔÎÚ·Ù›·˜ ÙfiÛÔ fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ·ÌÊÈÛ‚‹ÙËÛË ÙË˜

Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ·˜, ÙË˜ ̆ ÂÚ‚·ÙÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ÙÔ˘ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙË˜ ·-

fiÏ˘ÙË˜ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·˜ —·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ‹‰Ë ÙfiÛÔ ÚÔ-

ÛÊÈÏÂ›˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔÏÔÁËÙ¤˜ ÙË˜ ·ÁÎÔÛÌÈÔÔ›ËÛË˜. ∂ÔÌ¤Óˆ˜,

¤Ó·˜ ‰È¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ (discourse) ‹ ÌÈ· Ú·ÎÙÈÎ‹ Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÛÈˆ-

ËÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ È‰¤· fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Â›Ó·È ÂÁˆÎÂÓÙÚÈÎÔ› Î·È Î·ÙÂ˘-

ı˘ÓfiÌÂÓÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ Û˘ÌÊ¤ÚÔÓ ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÓÙÈ-Ô˘ÛÈÔ-

ÎÚ·ÙÈÎ‹. ∫¿ÔÈÔÈ ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔÈ ·Ú·Û‡ÚÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË Û‡Á-

¯˘ÛË ÙË˜ «·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜» ÙË˜ ‰È·ÊˆÓ›·˜ (agonistics) ÌÂ ÙÔÓ ·-

ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi (antagonism) Î·È ÙË ‚È·ÛÙÈÎ‹ ‰ÔÍÔÏÔÁ›· ÙË˜ Û‡Á-

ÎÚÔ˘ÛË˜. ªÂ ÙÔ Ó· ·Ú·ÏÂ›Ô˘Ó ÙË ¯¿Ú·ÍË ÙË˜ ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙÈÎ‹˜

ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙË ‰È·ÊˆÓ›· Î·È ÙË Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘ÛË, ÌÂÙ·Ê˘ÛÈ-

ÎÔÔÈÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· Î·ıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ÌÈ· ·fiÏ˘ÙË ËÁ‹

Î·ÈÓÔÙÔÌ›·˜ Î·È ÚÔfi‰Ô˘. ¢ÚÔ˘Ó ¤ÙÛÈ ÂÂÈ‰‹ ÂÏ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÌÂ

·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÚÔÛÙ·ÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÙÂÚÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· ÂÓÒ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È·-

ÊÂ‡ÁÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚÔ˜ Â¯ıÚfi˜ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜

ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Â›‰Ô˘˜ ÎÔÛÌÔÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ÂÈ Î·È ̆ Â-

Ú·Û›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ ÏÔ˘Ú·ÏÈÛÌfi. ∞Ó ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ ÛÙÔ›¯ËÌ· Â›Ó·È Ë

·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙË˜ Û˘ÓÂ›‰ËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ, Ë ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂ-

Á¿ÏÔ ÊÔÚÙ›Ô Î·È Â˘ı‡ÓË ÁÈ·Ù› ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È

fi,ÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰È‰¿ÍÂÈ Î·ÓÂ›˜ fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È. ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· Ó·

·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙËıÔ‡Ó Ù· ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎ¿ Û‡ÓÔÚ·, ÔÏÏÔ› ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔÈ

ÍÂ¯ÓÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ Ù· Û‡ÓÔÚ· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎ¿ Î·È Ë ̆ ¤Ú‚·-

Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙË ‰È¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÈfiÏˆÓ Ô˘ Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó Â-

ÌÂ‰ÒÛÂÈ (.¯. Ê‡ÛË vs ÎÔ˘ÏÙÔ‡Ú·). ªÂ ÙÔ Ó· ÙÔÓ›˙Ô˘ÌÂ ÙfiÛÔ

ÔÏ‡ ÙËÓ ˘¤Ú‚·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎÒÓ ÔÚ›ˆÓ ·Ú·‚Ï¤Ô˘ÌÂ ÙÔ

ÔÏ‡ÏÔÎÔ ·È¯Ó›‰È ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi Î·È ÙÔ ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎfi.

ŒÓ· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi «Û‡ÓÔÚÔ» —ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎfi, „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi

Î·È ËıÈÎfi— Â›Ó·È ÂÎÂ›ÓÔ Ô˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ù·È ·fi ÙËÓ ˘fiıÂÛË

ÎÏÂÈÛÙÒÓ Î·È ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Â·˘ÙÒÓ.

¶ ∞ ° ∫ √ ™ ª π √ ¶ √ π ∏ ™ ∏ , √ π ∫ √ À ª ∂ ¡ π ™ ª √ ™ 153

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√ Habermas ‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ fiÙÈ «ÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Hobbes ÁÈ· ÙÔ

Ò˜ Ó· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ Î·È Ó· ÛÙ·ıÂÚÔÔÈ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆ-

ÓÈÎ‹ Â˘Ù·Í›· ·Ú·Â›Ó·È ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÚfiÎÏËÛË, ÛÂ ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ Â›-

Â‰Ô Â›ÛË˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÂÁˆÈÛÙÒÓ Ó·

Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È» (1998, 319). √È ÌÂÙ·ÌÔÓÙ¤ÚÓÔÈ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔÈ ¤-

¯Ô˘Ó ÍÔ‰¤„ÂÈ ÔÏ‡ ÌÂÏ¿ÓÈ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ô‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ¿ÓıÚˆÔÈ

ˆ˜ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ› ÂÁˆÈÛÙ¤˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÔÚıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ›. ª¤ÓÂÈ

ÙÒÚ· Ó· ·Ô‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ô‡ÙÂ ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÂÁˆÈÛÙ¤˜. ÿÛˆ˜

ÙfiÙÂ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·ÏÈÛÙÂ› Ë ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈÎ‹ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıË-

Ì·ÙÈÎ‹ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÙË˜ Ê˘ÛÈÎ‹˜ ÂÎÌË‰¤ÓÈÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ¯ÒÚÔ˘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ

ÔÔ›· ¤Î·ÓÂ ÏfiÁÔ Ô ¡ÙÈÔ‡È.

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∫ÒÛÙ·˜ ∞. º¿ÓÙË §¤ÎÙÔÚ·˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘

¶·Ó·ÁÈÒÙË˜ ™Ù·˘ÚÈÓ›‰Ë˜§¤ÎÙÔÚ·˜ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∫‡ÚÔ˘

H ANA¶∆À•∏

∆ø¡ ∞¡∆π∫√π¡ø¡π∫ø¡ ¢π∞∆∞ƒ∞Ãø¡

∫∞π ∆√À ™Ã√§π∫√À ∂∫º√µπ™ª√À

¶·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˜ √ÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ÀÁÂ›·˜ ÛËÌÂÈÒÓÂÈ „ËÏ¿ Î·È ·˘-

Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ· ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙÈ˜

Â˘Úˆ·˚Î¤˜ ̄ ÒÚÂ˜ ÌÂ Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜

ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜. √È ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ·Ú¯›-

˙Ô˘Ó ·fi ÙËÓ ·È‰ÈÎ‹ ËÏÈÎ›· Û˘ÓÔ‰Â‡ÔÓÙ·È Â›ÛË˜ ÌÂ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ

ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi ÎfiÛÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·. ∞Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·ÎÔ›, ÎÏÈÓÈÎÔ› Î·È

ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔÈ ÌÂÏÂÙÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Î‹ ÔÚÂ›· ·ÏÏ¿

Î·È ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ÙËÓ

·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈÎ‹ ËÏÈÎ›· Ì¤¯ÚÈ Î·È

ÙËÓ ÂÓËÏÈÎ›ˆÛË. ∏ ÎÏÈÓÈÎ‹ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ

ÙË˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ˆ˜ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹ ‰È·Ù·Ú·-

¯‹, ÂÓÒ Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ‹ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÌÂÏ¤ÙË ÙÔ˘ Û¯Ô-

ÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙË˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË˜. √È ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·ÎÔ› „˘-

¯ÔÏfiÁÔÈ, Î·È ÂÈ‰ÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÔÈ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·ÎÔ› „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏfiÁÔÈ, ÌÂÏÂ-

ÙÔ‡Ó ÙÈ˜ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Î¤˜ ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ÙËÓ ÔÚÂ›·

·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË˜ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ

Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ. ™ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ÎÂ›ÌÂÓÔ ÛÎÔfi˜ Ì·˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ‰ÒÛÔ˘ÌÂ Ì›·

·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Î‹ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ÌÂÏ¤ÙË ÙˆÓ ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆ-

ÓÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡.

∞¡∆π∫√π¡ø¡π∫∂™ ¢π∞∆∞ƒ∞Ã∂™

∆· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ‹ ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·

O

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·›ÚÓÔ˘Ó ÙË ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÙË˜ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎ‹˜, ÂÓ·ÓÙÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜, ·Ú·‚·ÙÈ-

Î‹˜ Î·È Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. Œ¯ÂÈ ̆ ÔÛÙËÚÈ¯ıÂ› fiÙÈ Ù·

ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓ· ÚÒÈÌ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙˆÓ

·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊË‚Â›· Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÓËÏÈÎ›ˆÛË.

ŒÙÛÈ, Â›Ó·È ÌÂ›˙ÔÓÔ˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ Ë ·Ó›¯ÓÂ˘ÛË ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ù· ÔÔ›· ÛÂ

¤Ó· ÚÒÈÌÔ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Îfi ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ ·Ó¿Ù˘-

ÍË˜ ÛÔ‚·ÚÒÓ Î·È Â›ÌÔÓˆÓ ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ∆·

¿ÙÔÌ· Ô˘ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ·˘ÍËÙÈÎ‹ Ù¿ÛË ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÚÔ-

‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î·È ·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ ̆ „ËÏfi-

ÙÂÚÔ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ Ó· ·ÔÙ‡¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô, Ó· ÂÓÙ·¯ıÔ‡Ó ÛÂ ·Ú·-

‚·ÙÈÎ¤˜ ·Ú¤Â˜ Î·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ¤˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂÈ‰Ú¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜

ÁÔÓÂ›˜, ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘

Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘˜. ¢È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜, fiˆ˜ Ë ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË

È‰ÈÔÛ˘ÁÎÚ·Û›·, Ë ·ÚÔÚÌËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ë ˘ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ë Ï·Ó-

ı·ÛÌ¤ÓË ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÏËÚÔ-

ÊÔÚÈÒÓ, Ë ̄ ·ÌËÏ‹ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿-

ÁÔÓÙÂ˜, fiˆ˜ ¯·ÌËÏfi ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi-ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô, ·ÚÓËÙÈÎfi

ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi ‹ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÓÔ-

ÌËÏ›ÎÔ˘˜, ÁÔÓÂ˚Î‹ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë Î·È ÁÔÓÂ˚Î‹ ÂÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÌÔ-

ÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÙÔÔıÂÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ·È‰› ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÔÚÂ›· ̄ ÚfiÓÈˆÓ ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈ-

ÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Fanti & Henrich, 2010Ø Dodge & Pettit,2003). ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙË ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·, fiÛÔ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡-

ÙÂÚÔ˜ Â›Ó·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ¤Ó· ·È‰›

ÙfiÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Â›Ó·È Èı·Ófi Ó·

·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ (Dodge & Pettit, 2003Ø Fanti & Avraamides, 2010). ∆·

·È‰È¿ ÌÂ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó

·˘ÍËÌ¤ÓË ÂÈıÂÙÈÎ‹ Î·È ÂÓ·ÓÙÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ

ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈÎ‹ ËÏÈÎ›· (Moffitt, 1993). ∫·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ·È‰ÈÎ‹ ËÏÈÎ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó

ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÂ˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙÂ˜ Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ∂Ó·ÓÙÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹-

¶ÚÔÎÏËÙÈÎ‹ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ (Oppositional Defiant Disorder) Î·È Â›Ó·È

Èı·ÓfiÙÂÚÔ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ (ConductDisorder) ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ËÏÈÎ›· ÙˆÓ 10 ÂÙÒÓ (Frick &White, 2008). ∂›-

ÛË˜, Ë Û˘ÓÂ¯‹˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚÂ›· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi

∞ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (Antisocial Person-

158 K . A . º A N T H - ¶ . ™ T A Y P I N I ¢ H ™

157-175 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:01 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·158

ality Disorder) ÛÙËÓ ÂÊË‚Â›· Î·È Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÓËÏÈÎ›ˆÛË.

∏ ∂Ó·ÓÙÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ¶ÚÔÎÏËÙÈÎ‹ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ Â›Ó·È Ì›· „˘¯È·ÙÚÈÎ‹

Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙÈ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ‰È·ÁÈÁÓÒ-

ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‚ÚÂÊÈÎ‹ ‹ ·È‰ÈÎ‹ ËÏÈÎ›·.

∂Î‰ËÏÒÓÂÙ·È ˆ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿, Ë ÔÔ›· ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi

·ÚÓËÙÈÛÌfi, Â¯ıÚÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ˆÛË. °È· Ó· ·ÓÈ¯ÓÂ˘ÙÂ› Ú¤ÂÈ

Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ 6 ÌËÓÒÓ Î·È Ó· ÈÎ·ÓÔÔÈÂ› ¤Ó·Ó ·-

ÚÈıÌfi ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙÂÛÛ¿ÚˆÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ ·fi 8 ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘

·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ‹ ÎÏ›Ì·Î· ÂÏ¤Á¯Ô˘ ÙË˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜

(American Psychiatric Association, 2000). ∞˘Ù‹ Ë ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ Û˘-

ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÚÔÎ·ÏÂ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ‹ ÎÏÈÓÈÎ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ

ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ Î·È ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Î‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡. ™‡Ì-

ÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ¤ÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ ·fi Ì¤ÏË ÙÔ˘

∂ÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ∞Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Î‹˜ æ˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·˜ (∆Ì‹Ì· æ˘¯ÔÏÔ-

Á›·˜, ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∫‡ÚÔ˘), ¤Ó· ·˘ÍËÌ¤ÓÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙÔ˘ Ì·ıË-

ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÂ› ÌÂ ÙË ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹, ÌÂ Ù·

·ÁfiÚÈ· Ó· ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÂ ÔÌ¿‰· ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘. ™ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi

ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ ∂Ó·ÓÙÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ¶ÚÔÎÏËÙÈÎ‹ ¢È·Ù·Ú·-

¯‹ ·ÚÓÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ó· ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜ Î·È Ë

Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÂÎÊÔ-

‚ÈÛÌfi ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (bullying) ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÂÓ·ÓÙ›ˆÛË

ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰·ÛÎ¿ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ‰ÂÓ

·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÂÌÏ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È

Û˘¯Ó¿ ÛÂ ‰È·Ì¿¯Â˜ ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓÂ›˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ̄ ˆÚ›˜

ıÂÚ·Â›·, ÂÚ›Ô˘ 52% ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÌÂ ∂Ó·ÓÙÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ¶ÚÔÎÏË-

ÙÈÎ‹ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ı· Û˘ÓÂ¯›ÛÔ˘Ó Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÂÈıÂÙÈÎ‹ Î·È

ÂÓ·ÓÙÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ·È‰ÈÎ‹ Î·È ÂÊË‚ÈÎ‹ ËÏÈÎ›· Î·È

Ù· ÌÈÛ¿ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ı· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·-

ÁˆÁ‹˜.

∏ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Â›Ó·È Ì›· „˘¯È·ÙÚÈÎ‹ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›·

Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙÈ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ‰È·ÁÈÁÓÒÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ·

ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ·È‰ÈÎ‹ ‹ ÂÊË‚ÈÎ‹ ËÏÈÎ›·. ¶ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È

ˆ˜ Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓË Î·È Â›ÌÔÓË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ ÔÔ›-

·˜ ·Ú·‚È¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ù· ‚·ÛÈÎ¿ ‰ÈÎ·ÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‹ ÔÈ ‚·ÛÈÎÔ›,

H A N A ¶ ∆ À • ∏ ∆ ø ¡ ∞ ¡ ∆ π ∫ √ π ¡ ø ¡ π ∫ ø ¡ ¢ π ∞ ∆ ∞ ƒ ∞ Ã ø ¡ 159

157-175 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:01 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·159

·Ó·ÏfiÁˆ˜ ÌÂ ÙËÓ ËÏÈÎ›·, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ› Ù‡ÔÈ Î·È Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜ (APA,

2000). ∏ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ·ÓÈ¯ÓÂ˘ÙÂ› ·Ó ÈÎ·-

ÓÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙÚ›· ·fi 15 ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· Ô˘ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡-

ÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û¯ÂÙÈÎ‹ ÎÏ›Ì·Î· ÂÏ¤Á¯Ô˘ ÙË˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, Ù· ÔÔ›·

Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ 12 Ì‹ÓÂ˜ (ÌÂ ÙÔ˘Ï¿-

¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ¤Ó· ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ Ó· ÈÎ·ÓÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô˘˜

¤ÍÈ Ì‹ÓÂ˜) Î·È ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÔ˘˜ Ù¤ÛÛÂÚÈ˜ ÙÔÌÂ›˜: (·)

ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÛÂ ·ÓıÚÒÔ˘˜ Î·È ˙Ò·, (‚) Î·Ù·ÛÙÚÔÊ‹ È‰ÈÔÎÙË-

Û›·˜, (Á) ·¿ÙË ‹ ÎÏÔ‹ Î·È (‰) ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ·Ú·‚¿ÛÂÈ˜ Î·ÓfiÓˆÓ.

∏ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙË˜ ËÏÈÎ›·˜

¤Ó·ÚÍË˜ ÛÂ Ù‡Ô ·È‰ÈÎ‹˜ ¤Ó·ÚÍË˜ (ÂÌÊ¿ÓÈÛË ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÂÓfi˜

ÎÚÈÙËÚ›Ô˘ ÁÈ· ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ËÏÈÎ›· ÙˆÓ 10

ÂÙÒÓ) Î·È Ù‡Ô ÂÊË‚ÈÎ‹˜ ¤Ó·ÚÍË˜ (·Ô˘Û›· fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÚÈÙËÚ›ˆÓ

ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ËÏÈÎ›· ÙˆÓ 10 ÂÙÒÓ). ™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ¤ÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂ-

Í¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ∫‡ÚÔ ·fi Ì¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ∞Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Î‹˜

æ˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÎÔ‡ ÏËı˘-

ÛÌÔ‡ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÔ‡Ó ÌÂ ÙË ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ÌÂ

Ù· ·ÁfiÚÈ· Î·È ¿ÏÈ Ó· ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÂ ÔÌ¿‰· ˘„ËÏÔ‡ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘. ∏

¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÚÔÎ·ÏÂ› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙËÓ

ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ‹ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Î‹ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡. ∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, Ë

¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ·È‰È¿ Î·È ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜, ÔÈ

ÔÔ›ÔÈ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ·Ú·‚È¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Î·ÓfiÓÂ˜ Ô˘ ·ÚÌfi˙Ô˘Ó

ÛÙËÓ ËÏÈÎ›· ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ˙Ô˘Ó, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi-

¯ÚÔÓ· ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó ·‰È·ÊÔÚ›· ÁÈ· Ù· ‰ÈÎ·ÈÒÌ·Ù· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ù· Û˘Ó·È-

Ûı‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ·ÓıÚÒˆÓ Á‡Úˆ ÙÔ˘˜. ŒÓ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·

Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Ô Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜

ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ ·fi ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜

Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∂ÈÚfiÛıÂÙ·, ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·Áˆ-

Á‹˜ ÂÌÏ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ ·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎ¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·

ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ‹ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ. √È ‚·Ó‰·ÏÈÛÌÔ› ÛÂ Û¯Ô-

ÏÈÎ¿ ÎÙ›ÚÈ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·Ú¿ ÌfiÓÔ ¤Ó· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÙˆÓ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎÒÓ

Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÌÂ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜. ∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ, Ë

¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Â›Ó·È ÛÔ‚·Úfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ·, ÂÂÈ‰‹ ÔÈ Ó¤ÔÈ

ÌÂ ÙË ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎ¤˜ Î·È


157-175 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:01 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·160

„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎ¤˜ ̇ ËÌÈ¤˜ ÛÂ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ‰È·ÙÚ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·˘ÍË-

Ì¤ÓÔ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ ÁÈ· Ê˘Ï¿ÎÈÛË, ÙÚ·˘Ì·ÙÈÛÌfi, Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë, Î·Ù¿¯ÚËÛË

Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ı¿Ó·ÙÔ ·fi ·ÓıÚˆÔÎÙÔÓ›· ‹ ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›·.

ŒÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙfiÛÔ Ë ∂Ó·ÓÙÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ¶ÚÔÎÏËÙÈÎ‹ ¢È·-

Ù·Ú·¯‹ fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÚÔÎ‡ÙÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙË

Ï·Óı·ÛÌ¤ÓË ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÏËÚÔÊÔÚÈÒÓ ÌÂ

Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙË ÌË-‚›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Êfi‚Ô˘, ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË˜ Î·È

ÂÓÔ¯‹˜, Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÚÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ Ù· Î·ÓÔÓÈÎ¿ ·Ó·Ù˘ÛÛfiÌÂÓ· ¿ÙÔ-

Ì· Ó· ÂÓÂÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ‚›·È· ‹ Ó· ÂÌÏ·ÎÔ‡Ó ÛÂ ·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎ¤˜ Û˘-

ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ (Fanti, Frick, & Georgiou, 2009). ∞˘Ù¿ Ù· ¯·Ú·ÎÙË-

ÚÈÛÙÈÎ¿ ‚¿˙Ô˘Ó ÛÂ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ ¤Ó· ·È‰› ÌÂ ∂Ó·ÓÙÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ¶ÚÔÎÏË-

ÙÈÎ‹ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ Î·È ÌÂÙ¤ÂÈÙ· ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ó· ÂÍÂÏÈ-

¯ıÂ› ÛÂ ¤Ó· ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎ· ÌÂ ∞ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi-

ÙËÙ·˜, Ì›· „˘¯È·ÙÚÈÎ‹ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· Ô˘ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙÈ˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ ÙË˜

ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ ∞ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi-

ÙËÙ·˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È ̂ ˜ ÌÈ· ‰È¿¯˘ÙË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÂÚÈÊÚfiÓËÛË˜

Î·È ·Ú·‚›·ÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ‰ÈÎ·ÈˆÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·fi ÙËÓ ËÏÈÎ›· ÙˆÓ

15 ÂÙÒÓ, Ë ÔÔ›·, fiÌˆ˜, ‰È·ÁÈÁÓÒÛÎÂÙ·È Â›ÛËÌ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÓËÏÈÎ›ˆ-

ÛË. ∂ÔÌ¤Óˆ˜, Ë ÚÒÈÌË ·Ó›¯ÓÂ˘ÛË ÙË˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·-

¯‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊË‚Â›· ÌÂÁÈÛÙÔÔÈÂ› Î·È ÙÈ˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙÂ˜ Î·Ù·ÛÙÔÏ‹˜

ÙË˜ ‹ ÌË ÂÎ‰‹ÏˆÛ‹˜ ÙË˜. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, Ë ÂÈÌfiÚÊˆÛË Î·È

ÂÓÂÚÁ‹ Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ Â›Ó·È

ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ. ¶ÚÔÏË-

ÙÈÎ¿ Î·È ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈÎ¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘Ó

ÚÔÔ‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¿ ÙËÓ ÂÎ‰‹ÏˆÛË Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ Ì¤Ûˆ ÙË˜ ÂÓ›-

Û¯˘ÛË˜ ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ ¤ÓÙ·ÍË˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ (Fanti &Avraamides, 2010).

∞Ó›¯ÓÂ˘ÛË ™˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎÒÓ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ: ∏ ·Ó›¯ÓÂ˘ÛË ÙˆÓ

‰È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ‚¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ

Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜

·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ‚¿ÛÂÈ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ·Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ-

›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ ÌÂ ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔ-

ÏfiÁÈ· Ô˘ ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓÂ›˜, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÛÙ·

›‰È· Ù· ·È‰È¿. À¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ̄ ÚËÛÈ-


157-175 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:01 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·161

ÌÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó›¯ÓÂ˘ÛË ÙË˜ ∂Ó·ÓÙÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÎÏËÙÈÎ‹˜

¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈÎ‹ ËÏÈÎ›·, ÙË˜ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜ ÙË˜ ¢È·-

ÁˆÁ‹˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ·È‰ÈÎ‹ ËÏÈÎ›·, Î·È ÙË˜ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜

Î·È ∞ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊË‚È-

Î‹ ËÏÈÎ›·. ∂›ÛË˜, ̆ ¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ· Ô˘ Â›Ó·È Û¯Â‰È·-

ÛÌ¤Ó· Ó· ·ÓÈ¯ÓÂ‡Ô˘Ó ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ ‹ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜

ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ÙË ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ

Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎfi ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi ‹ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÚÈ-

‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, ÙË ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÚÔÚÌËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·. ∆¤-

ÙÔÈ· ÂÚˆÙËÌ·ÙÔÏfiÁÈ· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙ·ıÌÈÛÙÂ› ‹ Â›Ó·È ÛÂ ‰È·‰ÈÎ·Û›·

ÛÙ¿ıÌÈÛË˜ ÛÙÔÓ Î˘ÚÈ·Îfi ÏËı˘ÛÌfi ·fi ¤ÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÍ¿ÁÔ-

ÓÙ·È ·fi Ì¤ÏË ÙÔ˘ ∂ÚÁ·ÛÙËÚ›Ô˘ ∞Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Î‹˜ æ˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·˜.

∞ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎÒÓ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ: ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ Ù·

·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈÎ¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, Ú¤ÂÈ ÚÒÙ· Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ˘fi-

„Ë Ë ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Î‹ ÔÚÂ›· ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Î·È

Ì¤Ûˆ ¤ÁÎ·ÈÚË˜ ·Ó›¯ÓÂ˘ÛË˜ «ÚÔÂÈ‰ÔÔÈËÙÈÎÒÓ ÛËÌ¿ÙˆÓ» Ó· Á›-

ÓÔÓÙ·È ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈÂ˜ ·ÔÙÚÔ‹˜ ‹ ÌÂ›ˆÛË˜ ÙË˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜

Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙËÓ ·È‰ÈÎ‹ ‹ ÙËÓ ÂÊË‚ÈÎ‹ ËÏÈÎ›·. ∏ ÚfiÏË„Ë

ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ·fi ÌÈ· ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Î‹-Û˘ÛÙÂ-

ÌÈÎ‹ ÛÎÔÈ¿, ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹ ÛÙÈ˜ ·Ó¿ÁÎÂ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Î·È

ÙË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ Ï·ÈÛ›Ô˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ. ÃÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È

Ó· Î·ÙÂ˘ı‡ÓÔ˘ÌÂ ÙÔ Ì·ıËÙ‹ Ì·ÎÚÈ¿ ·fi ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜ Û˘ÌÂ-

ÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎ¿ ̆ fi„Ë ÙÈ˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙÂ˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜

·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ·ÏÏ·Á¤˜ ÛÙÈ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜,

ÒÛÙÂ Ë Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓÂÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ·. ∞˘Ùfi ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿-

ÓÂÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ ÚÔÒıËÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ̆ ÁÈÒÓ Î·È ÛˆÛÙÒÓ Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È

·Ó¿‰ÂÈÍË˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÍÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÛÂ‚·ÛÌÔ‡, ÙË˜ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜ Î·È ÙË˜ ·ÓÙ›-

ÛÙ·ÛË˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙË ‚›·. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ ÙË˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË˜ Â›Ó·È Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÂÈ

ÙËÓ Ù˘ÈÎ‹ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙÔ˘ ·È‰ÈÔ‡ Î·È Ó· ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·

˙ˆ‹˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ ÌÂ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜. ∏ ·-

Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË ·˘Ù‹ ¯ÚÂÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÏ˘Â›Â‰Ë Î·È Ó· ÛÙÔ¯Â‡ÂÈ

ÛÂ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜ ÂÈÎÈÓ‰˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi,

ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi Î·È Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô. ∂ÔÌ¤Óˆ˜, Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË

Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÌÏ¤ÎÂÈ ÁÔÓÂ›˜, ·È‰È¿, ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÙË˜ ÁÂÓÈÎ‹˜


157-175 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:01 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·162

Î·È ÙË˜ ÂÈ‰ÈÎ‹˜ Ù¿ÍË˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ

ı· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂ¯‹ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·.

™ÙÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô, ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎ¤˜-Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎ¤˜ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›-

ÛÂÈ˜, ÔÈ ÔÔ›Â˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˆ˜ ÛÎÔfi ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Â›-

Ï˘ÛË˜ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô

ÙË˜ ·ÚfiÚÌËÛË˜, ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜ ÙÔ˘ ı˘ÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙËÓ

·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›ÛıËÛË˜, ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ Ó· ÌÂÈÒÛÔ˘Ó

ÙÈ˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ Ô˘ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·

Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÛÙËÓ ·È‰ÈÎ‹ ‹ ÂÊË‚ÈÎ‹ ËÏÈÎ›·. √ÚÈÛÌ¤ÓÂ˜ „˘¯Ô-

ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ¤˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Â›ÛË˜ Ó· ·Ô‰ÂÈ¯ıÔ‡Ó ¯Ú‹ÛÈ-

ÌÂ˜. √È Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙÂ˜ Ô˘

ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÙÔ ·È‰›, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÙ·Í‹ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ÔÌ¿-

‰· Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎˆÓ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÈ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙÂ˜.

™ÙÔ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·Îfi Â›Â‰Ô, Ë ıÂÚ·Â›· Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÈÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÂÙ·È

ÛÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·ÏÏ·ÁÒÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙÔ Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙË˜ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜,

fiˆ˜ Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ·ÏÏËÏÂÈ‰Ú¿-

ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·, ÌÂ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙË ¯Ú‹ÛË ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ

ÁÔÓÂ˚ÎÒÓ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›ÛÂˆÓ.

™ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ Ë ÂÈÌfiÚÊˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ-

·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÌÂ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÂ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË˜ Ô˘

ı· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÌÂ ·È‰È¿ Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó

ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ™ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Â›Â‰Ô, Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›·

ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË˜ Î·ıÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î·È ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÌfiÚÊˆ-

ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ̄ ÒÚÔ˘ fiÙ·Ó ·˘Ùfi˜ ·Ú¤¯ÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Û˘ÓÂ-

¯Ô‡˜ Â›‚ÏÂ„Ë˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÒÛÙÂ Ó· ÂÏ¤Á¯ÔÓÙ·È ÔÈ fiÔÈÂ˜ ÂÎ‰Ë-

ÏÒÛÂÈ˜ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜.

∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎ‹ Ù·ÍÈÓfiÌËÛË: √È ·Ó¿ÁÎÂ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ ÌÂ ‹È·

Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Ù‡¯Ô˘Ó ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË˜

Î·È ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛË˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙË˜ ÁÂÓÈÎ‹˜ Ù¿ÍË˜. ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıË-

Ù¤˜ Ô˘ Â›Ó·È ÛÂ Ú›ÛÎÔ ‹ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎ¤˜ ‰È·Ù·-

Ú·¯¤˜ ÙÂ›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÎ‰ÈÎËÙÈÎÔ› Î·È ÂÓ·ÓÙÈˆÌ·ÙÈÎÔ› ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ

Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô, ÙÔ˘˜ ‰·ÛÎ¿ÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∏ ÛÙÔ-

¯Â˘Ì¤ÓË ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓÔ˘˜

Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ ÌÂ ÙË Û˘ÌÌÂÙÔ¯‹ fiÏˆÓ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈÎ‹ ÌÔÓ¿‰· ÌÔÚÂ› Ó·


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Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯Ò˜

(Brookmeyer, Fanti, & ∏enrich, 2008).

¶ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ ™˘ÓÓÔÛËÚfiÙËÙ·˜: ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙÈ˜ ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂÈ˜ ÙˆÓ

ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·Ó·ÊÂÚıÂ› Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÛÙÈÁÌ‹˜, ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜

Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Û˘ÓÓÔÛËÚfiÙËÙ· ̄ ·Ú·ÎÙË-

ÚÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ Â›Ó·È Â›ÛË˜ Èı·Ó¤˜. ø˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, Ù· ÚÔÏËÙÈÎ¿ ‹

·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈÎ¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ̆ fi„Ë ÙË Û˘Ó-

ÓÔÛËÚfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·Í‡ Ù¤ÙÔÈˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ. ¶ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜ Û˘ÓÓÔ-

ÛËÚfiÙËÙ·˜ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· Â›Ó·È ÔÈ ·ÎfiÏÔ˘ıÂ˜:

- ¶·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ ÙË˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜

Î·È ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ‹ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎ¿

ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ‹ Î·È Ù· ‰‡Ô ÏfiÁˆ ÂÓfi˜ ‹ ÔÏÏÒÓ ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓˆÓ ·-

Ú·ÁfiÓÙˆÓ. ∆· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È ÎÏÈÓÈÎ¿ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ Î·È Ù·

¿ÙÔÌ· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ¤Î‰ËÏË ÂÓfi¯ÏËÛË Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ ¤ÎÙˆÛË

ÙË˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ ‹ Û¯ÔÏÈÎ‹˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘˜.

- ¶·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÌÈÎÙ‹ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıË-

Ì¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ÙË˜ ‰È·ÁˆÁ‹˜.

- ¶·È‰È¿ ÌÂ Û˘ÓÙÚ¤¯ÔÓÙ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎ¿ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿

ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·fi ÙË ‚ÚÂÊÈÎ‹ ËÏÈÎ›· Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ ÂÊË‚Â›· ÙÂ›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó·

·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Î·È Ó· ·-

ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙÚÂÛÔÁfiÓÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜ Û˘-

ÁÎÚÈÙÈÎ¿ ÌÂ ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ ÌfiÓÔ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ‹ ÌfiÓÔ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔ-

ÚÈÎ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· (Fanti & Henrich, 2010).

- ¶·È‰È¿ ÌÂ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ô˘ ÏËÚÔ‡Ó Î·È Ù· ÎÚÈ-

Ù‹ÚÈ· ÁÈ· ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ∂ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ Î·È ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈ-

ÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∏ Û˘ÓÓÔÛËÚfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯ÒÓ

¤¯ÂÈ Û˘Ó‰ÂıÂ› ÌÂ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Î·È Ù·

·È‰È¿ ÌÂ ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ∂ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ Î·È ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈ-

ÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÂ˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙÂ˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ¢È·Ù·-

Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÚÈÓ ÙËÓ ËÏÈÎ›· ÙˆÓ 10 ÂÙÒÓ (Fanti, 2011). ∂È-

Ï¤ÔÓ, Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹˜ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Î·È

¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ∂ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÛÔ¯‹˜ Î·È ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤-

¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÂ˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙÂ˜ Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ∞ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹

¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ¶ÚÔÛˆÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊË‚Â›·. ÕÚ·, Ù· ·ÚÂÌ‚·ÙÈ-


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Î¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÛÙÔ¯Â‡Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ÌÂ›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏË-

Ì¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ÙË ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ∂ÏÏÂÈÌÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ¶ÚÔÛÔ-

¯‹˜ Î·È ÀÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙË ¢È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ ¢È·ÁˆÁ‹˜.

∂Ó Û˘ÓÙÔÌ›·, Ë ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË Î·È Ë ÚfiÏË„Ë Â›Ó·È ÈÔ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË

ÁÈ· Û‡ÓıÂÙÂ˜ ÎÏÈÓÈÎ¤˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜, ·ÏÏ¿ ÁÈ· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜

¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏËÊıÂ›

˘fi„Ë Î·È Ë Û˘ÓÓÔÛËÚfiÙËÙ· ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ Ù‡ˆÓ „˘¯Ô·-

ıÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∏ ¯Ú‹ÛË Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏˆÓ ·ÓÈ¯ÓÂ˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ

ÂÚÁ·ÏÂ›ˆÓ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ·ÙÔÌÈÎÒÓ ÂÎ-

·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÈ˜

·Ó¿ÁÎÂ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ, ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-

ÎÔ‡ ÙË˜ ÁÂÓÈÎ‹˜ Î·È ÂÈ‰ÈÎ‹˜ Ù¿ÍË˜ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡

‹ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘.

™Ã√§π∫√™ ∂∫º√µπ™ª√™

√ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ Û˘Ó·ÓÙÈ¤Ù·È ‰ÈÂ-

ıÓÒ˜, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ¤˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙÔ ÁÂÓÈ-

Îfi Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÎÏ›Ì· fiÛÔ Î·È ÛÙÔ ‰ÈÎ·›ˆÌ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ Ó· ̇ Ô˘Ó Î·È

Ó· ‰È‰¿ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ ¤Ó· ·ÛÊ·Ï¤˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Êfi‚Ô. ∂›Ó·È

¤Ó· ÛÔ‚·Úfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ô˘ ÂËÚÂ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ÈÎ·ÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıË-

ÙÒÓ Ó· ÚÔÔ‰Â‡ÛÔ˘Ó ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Î¿ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¿. ∞ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ¤ÚÂ˘-

ÓÂ˜ ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÂÌÂÈÚ›Â˜ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÈÊ¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÛÔ‚·ÚÔ‡˜

ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ı‡ÙÂ˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù·. ¶ÔÏÏ¿

ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔÈËÌ¤Ó· ·È‰È¿ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ „˘¯ÈÎ¤˜ Î·È

ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›Â˜ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ (Headley, 2004;

Seals & Young, 2003; Roland, 2002).

™‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙÔÓ Olweus (1993), Ô Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ ÔÚ›˙Â-

Ù·È ˆ˜ ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙÂ Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·ÓfiÌÂÓË ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ‹ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ‹

Â›ıÂÛË Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ˆ˜ ÛÎÔfi Ó· ‚Ï¿„ÂÈ ‹ Ó· ·ÚÂÓÔ¯Ï‹ÛÂÈ Ì·ıË-

Ù¤˜ Ô˘ Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ‹ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎ¿ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ›

·fi Ù· ÂÈÙÈı¤ÌÂÓ· ·È‰È¿. ∆¤ÙÔÈÂ˜ ÌÔÚÊ¤˜ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂÎ‰Ë-

ÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È ‰È¿ Ì¤ÛÔ˘ ÙË˜ ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜, ÏÂÎÙÈÎ‹˜, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ ‹

Î·È ÙË˜ ÛÂÍÔ˘·ÏÈÎ‹˜ ·ÂÈÏ‹˜ Î·È Ú¿ÍË˜. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎfi


157-175 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:01 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·165

ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ Â›Ó·È Ë ·ÓÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· È-

Û¯‡Ô˜ ÛÙÈ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂÈ˜ ı˘ÙÒÓ-ı˘Ì¿ÙˆÓ ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÌÂ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ÛË-

Ì·ÓÙÈÎfi ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi ·fi ¿ÏÏÂ˜ Ú¿ÍÂÈ˜ ‚›·˜

‹ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜.

√È ı‡ÙÂ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÁÚ·ÊÂ› ˆ˜ Â¯ıÚÈÎÔ›, ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎÔ›, ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈ-

ÓˆÓÈÎÔ›, ÌË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿ÛÈÌÔÈ ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜

·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È ·Ó·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·. ™˘¯Ó¿ fiÌˆ˜, ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜ ¤-

¯Ô˘Ó ̆ „ËÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛË Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹ Ì¤Û· ÛÙËÓ Ô-

Ì¿‰· Û˘ÓÔÌËÏ›ÎˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜. ∞˘Ùfi ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ Â›ÙÂ ̂ ˜ ·Ô-

Ù¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Â›ÙÂ ·ÎfiÌ· Î·È ̂ ˜ ·Ô-

Ù¤ÏÂÛÌ· ‰ËÌÔÊÈÏ›·˜ Î·È ı·˘Ì·ÛÌÔ‡ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· Ù˘Á¯¿ÓÔ˘Ó.

™ËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi Â›Ó·È fiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÊÙˆ¯fiÙÂÚË Û¯ÔÏÈÎ‹ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·È

Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ̆ ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ‰·ÛÎ¿ÏÔ˘˜.

∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÊÙˆ¯‹ „˘¯Ô-

ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹. TÂ›ÓÔ˘Ó Ó· Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓÔÈ

ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¿, ·Ó‹Û˘¯ÔÈ Î·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·Ó·ÛÊ·ÏÂ›˜ ÛÂ Û‡-

ÁÎÚÈÛË ÌÂ ÙÔ˘˜ ı‡ÙÂ˜ Î·È Ù· ¿ÏÏ· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÏ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ

ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ (Craig, 1998). ∂›ÛË˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó‹-

ıˆ˜ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ Ê›ÏÔ˘˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Â˘Ù˘¯ÈÛÌ¤ÓÔÈ ÌÂ ÙÔ Û¯Ô-

ÏÂ›Ô (Nansel, Overpeck, Pilla, Ruan, Simons – Mortons & Scheidt,2001).

ªÈ· ÙÚ›ÙË ÔÌ¿‰· ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜-ı‡Ì·Ù· ‹ ·ÏÏÈÒ˜ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎ¿ ı‡Ì·-

Ù·, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Â›Ó·È ı‡Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ı‡ÙÂ˜ ¿ÏÏˆÓ

·È‰ÈÒÓ. ™¯ÂÙÈÎ¤˜ ¤ÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ·˘Ù¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó

˘„ËÏ¿ Â›Â‰· Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë˜ Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Î‹˜ Ê‡-

ÛË˜, ÚÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜, ·˘ÙÔÂÏ¤Á¯Ô˘, ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË˜

Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹˜ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹˜. ™˘¯Ó¿ ÂÌÏ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È Î·È ÛÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÚÔ-

‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ fiˆ˜ Ë Î·Ù¿¯ÚËÛË ·ÏÎÔfiÏ Î·È Ë ·Ú·-

‚·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (Nansel et al., 2001).

™Ã√§π∫√™ ∂∫º√µπ™ª√™ ∫∞π æÀÃ√∫√π¡ø¡π∫∏ ¶ƒ√™∞ƒª√°∏

∞ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ¤ÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Ô Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ Î·È Ë

ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ÊÙˆ¯‹ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ „˘¯ÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹


157-175 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:01 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·166

ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Î·È Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·

Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ (Nansel et al., 2001Ø Glew, Fan,Katon, Kernic & Rivara, 2005Ø Craig, 1998; Arseneault, New-combe, Trzesniewski & Walsh, 2006). ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË fiÌˆ˜, ÛÂ

Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ ¤ÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ Ê¿ÓËÎÂ Ó· ÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ Î·È ÙÔ ·ÓÙ›ıÂÙÔ. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤-

Ó·, ÛÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÙˆÓ Glew et al. (2005) ‚Ú¤ıËÎÂ fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘

·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Èı·Ófi Ó·

ÂÌÏ·ÎÔ‡Ó ÛÂ Î¿ÔÈÂ˜ ÌÔÚÊ¤˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡. ∞ÎfiÌË,

ÂÚÂ˘ÓËÙ¤˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜, Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ

ı‡ÙÂ˜-ı‡Ì·Ù·, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›Â˜ fiˆ˜ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë Î·È

„˘¯ÔÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· (Kumpulainen & Räsanen, 2000Ø

Kaltiana-Heino, Rimpelä, Rantanen & Rimpelä, 2000).

™ÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÙˆÓ Sourander, ∏estelä, Helenius Î·È Piha, (2000)

Ê¿ÓËÎÂ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÌÌ¤ÓÔ˘Ó

ÛÙÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È fiÙÈ Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓÂ˜ ÌÂ Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÚÔ-

‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. √È ›‰ÈÔÈ Û˘ÁÁÚ·ÊÂ›˜

·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Â›Ó·È Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓË ÌÂ ÂÍˆÙÂÚÈ-

ÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ fiˆ˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ Û˘ÌÂ-

ÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ÂÓÒ Ë ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ‹Ù·Ó Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓË ÌÂ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÂ˘-

Ì¤Ó· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë. ∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ,

·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÂ Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎ¿ Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· ÛÂ ÓÂfiÙÂÚÂ˜ ËÏÈÎ›Â˜ Ê¿-

ÓËÎÂ fiÙÈ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ı˘Ì·ÙÔ-

Ô›ËÛË˜ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙËÓ ÂÊË‚Â›·.

¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ¤‰ÂÈÍÂ Î·È Ë ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÙˆÓ Nansel, Over-peck, Ruanand & Saluja, & Ruan (2004), fiÔ˘ Ê¿ÓËÎÂ Ë ÂÌÏÔÎ‹

ÛÙËÓ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· ‹Ù·Ó Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓË ÌÂ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎ‹ ÊÙˆ¯‹ ÎÔÈ-

ÓˆÓÈÎ‹ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹. ∫·È ÁÈ· Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· Î·È

ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ı‡ÙÂ˜, Ë ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ·˘Ù‹ ¤‰ÂÈÍÂ fiÙÈ ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎ¿ ÂÈÊ¤ÚÂÈ ·ÚÓË-

ÙÈÎ¿ ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÌ·Ù· ÛÙË Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹ Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ·Ó¿Ù˘-

ÍË. ø˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Û¯¤ÛË ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Î·Ù·ıÏÈÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÌÙˆ-

Ì¿ÙˆÓ, ¤ÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È

Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ· Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë˜

(Oweus, 1993Ø Bond, Carlin, Thomas, Rubin & Patton, 2001). ∂È-

Ï¤ÔÓ ÔÈ Bond et al. (2001) ̆ ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ ÌÂ ÈÛÙÔ-


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ÚÈÎfi ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿ ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ· Â›Â‰· ¿Á-

¯Ô˘˜ Î·È Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ÔÈ Hawker and Boulton(2000) ıÂˆÚÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ Ë ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË Â›Ó·È ÛÂ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi Û˘Ó-

‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓË ÌÂ ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë, fiÌˆ˜ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ Û˘Ó‰Â‰ÂÌ¤ÓË ÌÂ ‰È·-

Ù·Ú·¯¤˜ Ô˘ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ ÙÔ ¿Á¯Ô˜. °ÂÓÈÎÒ˜, ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ÂÈˆ-

ıÂ› fiÙÈ Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó „ËÏfiÙÂÚ· Â›Â‰· ·Ó·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ-

·˜, ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·˜, ÌÔÓ·ÍÈ¿˜, ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯›·˜, ÛˆÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ Î·È ‰È·ÓÔËÙÈÎ¿

Û˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË (∞ustin & Joseph, 1996Ø

Juvonen, Graham & Schuster, 2003).

™Â ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ¤ÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ Ê¿ÓËÎÂ Â›ÛË˜ fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ÂÌÏ¤-

ÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ Î¿ÔÈ· ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ·

ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ·fi ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÏ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ

Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó·, ‚Ú¤ıËÎÂ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜-ı‡-

Ì·Ù· Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÈÔ „ËÏ¿ ÛÙ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆ-

ÓÈ·Î¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· (∞ustin & Joseph, 1996). ∞ÎfiÌË, ÛÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘-

Ó· ÙˆÓ Mynard Î·È Joseph (1997) ‚Ú¤ıËÎÂ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜-ı‡Ì·Ù·

Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÈÔ „ËÏ¿ ÛÙÔÓ „˘¯ˆÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙÔ ÓÂ˘ÚˆÙÈÛÌfi

·fi Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÏ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ ÂÈıÂÙÈÎ¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔ-

Ú¤˜. ∂›ÛË˜, ÛÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÙˆÓ Wolke, Woods, Bloomfield Î·ÈKarstadt (2000) Ê¿ÓËÎÂ fiÙÈ Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ-

‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÍˆÙÂÚ›ÎÂ˘ÛË˜ Î·È Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ˘ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎ¿ ·-

fi Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÏ¤ÎÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÂ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜ ‚›·˜.

™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó·, Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ÂÌÏ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ ¿ÌÂÛÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi

ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi ¤¯Ô˘Ó ̆ „ËÏfiÙÂÚ· Â›Â‰· ÛÂ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆ-

Ó›·˜, Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ˘ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎ¿ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ·

Â›Â‰· ÛÂ ÚÔÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜. ∆· ›‰È· ÂÚ›Ô˘ ·-

Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó Î·È ÔÈ Kumpulainen et al. (1998) Î·È ÚÔÛı¤ÙÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ

ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜-ı‡Ì·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÍˆÙÂÚ›ÎÂ˘-

ÛË˜ Î·È ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ˘ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜. ∞ÍÈÔÛËÌÂ›ˆÙÔ Â›Ó·È

Â›ÛË˜ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜-ı‡Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÈ‰Â›ÎÓ˘·Ó ¿ÌÂÛË ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfi-

ÙËÙ· Â›¯·Ó ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ˘ÂÚÎÈÓËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È

ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÈÎ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ·fi Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· (∞us-tin & Joseph, 1996Ø Mynard & Joseph, 1997Ø Wolke et al., 2000).

¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ, ÔÈ Arseneault et al. (2006) ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù·


157-175 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:01 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·168

¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È

ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚË ÈÎ·ÓÔÔ›ËÛË ·fi ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô. ∆· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ· ÂÈ‰ÈÎ¿ ¤‰ÂÈ-

Í·Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·˘ÍËÌ¤Ó· ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎÂ˘Ì¤Ó· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÓÒ ÔÈ

ı‡ÙÂ˜-ı‡Ì·Ù· Â›¯·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÛˆÙÂÚ›ÎÂ˘ÛË˜,

¯ÂÈÚfiÙÂÚÂ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ¤˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¤˜, ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Î¤˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›Â˜

Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚË ‰˘ÛÙ˘¯›· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô. °ÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜-

ı‡Ì·Ù· Â›¯·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Î·È ·-

ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈ˙·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·.

∂Ó‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ· Â˘Ú‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔÎ‡ÙÔ˘Ó Î·È ·fi Ù· ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤Ó·

ÙˆÓ Junoven et al. (2003) ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜ ¤-

¯Ô˘Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó·, ÔÈ Û˘Á-

ÁÚ·ÊÂ›˜ ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜ Â›Ó·È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎ¿ ÈÔ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ›

·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ÂÌÏ¤ÎÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÂ ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿

ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó ˘„ËÏ‹ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ı¤ÛË ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜

Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜. ∆· ı‡Ì·Ù· ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÂÈ‚Â‚·ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ÙÔ

ÁÂÓÈÎfi ÚÔÊ›Ï ·ÊÔ‡ Î·È ÛÂ ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· Ê¿ÓËÎÂ Ó· ˘ÔÊ¤-

ÚÔ˘Ó ·fi Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Î·È ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎ‹ ÂÚÈıˆ-

ÚÈÔÔ›ËÛË. ÃÂÈÚfiÙÂÚ· ·ÎfiÌË, ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜-ı‡Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÚÈÛÛfi-

ÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈËÌ¤ÓË ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÔÌ¿‰·, Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó

ÙËÓ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ· Ó· ÂÈ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÈÎÔÈ-

ÓˆÓ›·˜ Î·È ˘„ËÏ¿ Â›Â‰· Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë˜ Î·È ÌÔÓ·ÍÈ¿˜.

¶ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ, ÛÂ ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÎ¤˜ ¤ÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ Ê¿ÓËÎÂ fiÙÈ ÔÈ ı‡-

ÙÂ˜, Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜-ı‡Ì·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎ¿ Â›Â‰·

·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤Ó· Ê¿ÓËÎÂ fiÙÈ Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯·-

ÌËÏfiÙÂÚ· Â›Â‰· ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ı‡ÙÂ˜ ÂÓÒ ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜

¤¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚ›Ô˘ Ù· ›‰È· Â›Â‰· ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË˜ ÌÂ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘

‰ÂÓ ÂÌÏ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È (Boulton & Underwood, 1992Ø Olweus, 1978).

∂ÈÏ¤ÔÓ Û‡ÌÊˆÓ· ÌÂ ÙËÓ Andreou (2000) ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜-ı‡Ì·Ù· ¤-

¯Ô˘Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ‹ ¿Ô„Ë ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ Â·˘Ùfi ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·ÓıÚÒ-

Ô˘˜ Î·È ·ÎfiÌ· ÔÈ Boulton & Smith (1994) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ

˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÌÈ· ‰˘ÓËÙÈÎ‹ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂÙ·Í‡ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË˜ Î·È ı˘Ì·ÙÔ-

Ô›ËÛË˜. ÀÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰ËÏ·‰‹ fiÙÈ Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ̆ „Ë-

Ï‹ ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛË Â›Ó·È ÈÔ Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔÈËıÔ‡Ó.


157-175 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:01 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·169

™Ã√§π∫√™ ∂∫º√µπ™ª√™ ∫∞π ∞∫∞¢∏ª∞π∫∏ ∂¶π¢√™∏

°ÂÓÈÎ¿, Ë ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÌÏÔÎ‹ ÛÂ ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿

Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ÂËÚÂ¿˙ÂÈ Î·È ÙËÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Î‹ Â›‰ÔÛË

ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ (Glew, Fan, Katon, Kernic & Rivara, 2005Ø Stav-rinides et al., 2011). ∞fi ÔÏ‡ ÓˆÚ›˜, ¤Ó·˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi-

ÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÂÚÂ˘ÓËÙ¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ ·˘Ù‹ ¤‰ÂÈÍÂ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈıÂÙÈÎ‹

Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ ‹Ù·Ó ÌÈ· Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ¯·ÌËÏÒÓ ‚·ıÌÒÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯Ô-

ÏÂ›Ô (Olweus, 1978). ∆· ı‡Ì·Ù· Î·È ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜ Â›¯·Ó ̄ ·ÌËÏfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜

‚·ıÌÔ‡˜ ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ fiÚÔ ·fi Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ‰Â Û˘ÌÌÂÙÂ›¯·Ó ÛÂ ÂÈ-

ıÂÙÈÎ¤˜ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈÂ˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÛÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÙˆÓ Georgiou,Stavrinides, and Kyriakou, (2007) ·fi ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÁÈ·

ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÌ·ıËÙ¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ı‡ÙÂ˜ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊËÎ·Ó Ó· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ̄ ·ÌËÏÔ‡˜

‚·ıÌÔ‡˜ Î·È Ó· Ì¤ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· Ù¿ÍË ÂÓÒ Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· Ó· Â›Ó·È

Î·ÏÔ› Ì·ıËÙ¤˜. ™ÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ·˘Ù‹ Â›ÛË˜ Ê¿ÓËÎÂ ·ÎfiÌË fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜

ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÛÙÔ¯ÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· Â›Ó·È Î·È ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜

ÙˆÓ Î·ÏÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚·ıÌÒÓ. ∆¤ÏÔ˜, ¤Ó· ¿ÏÏÔ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ Â‡ÚËÌ· ÁÈ·

ÙË Û¯¤ÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È ÙË˜ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Î‹˜ Â›‰Ô-

ÛË˜ ÚÔ¤Î˘„Â ·fi ÙËÓ ¤ÚÂ˘Ó· ÙˆÓ Woods & Wolke (2004) ÛÙËÓ

ÔÔ›· ‚Ú¤ıËÎÂ fiÙÈ Ë ¤ÌÌÂÛË ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÔÚÂ› Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÂÚÈÛ-

ÛfiÙÂÚÂ˜ ÂÈ‚Ï·‚Â›˜ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ ÁÈ· ÙÈ˜ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Î¤˜ ÂÈÙ˘¯›Â˜ ÙÔ˘

·È‰ÈÔ‡ ÛÂ Û‡ÁÎÚÈÛË ÌÂ ÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË.

™˘ÓÔ„›˙ÔÓÙ·˜, ÌÔÚÔ‡ÌÂ Ó· Ô‡ÌÂ Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: √ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜ ÂÎ-

ÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÔÙÂÏÂ› ¤Ó· ÔÏ˘·Ú·ÁÔÓÙÈÎfi Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÔÔ›Ô˘

ÔÈ ·ÈÙ›Â˜ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÂ fiÏÂ˜ ÙÈ˜ «ÛÊ·›ÚÂ˜» ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË˜ ÙÔ˘ ·È-

‰ÈÔ‡. •ÂÎÈÓÒÓÙ·˜ ·fi Ù· ˘ÚËÓÈÎ¿ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÙË˜ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi-

ÙËÙ·˜ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Ù·ÌÂÚ·Ì¤ÓÙÔ, ÌÔÚÂ› Î·ÓÂ›˜ Ó· ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈÛÙÂ› fiÙÈ

·È‰È¿ ÌÂ ‰‡ÛÎÔÏË Ù˘ÔÏÔÁ›· Ù·ÌÂÚ·Ì¤ÓÙÔ˘ Â›Ó·È Û˘¯Ó¿ ÈÔ

‚›·È· ÌÂ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ó· ÌÂÙ·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË

·˘Ù‹ Î·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô. ∞ÎfiÌË, ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›· fiˆ˜ Ë ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÂÓÛ˘Ó·›-

ÛıËÛË, ÛÎÏËÚfiÙËÙ·, Ó·ÚÎÈÛÛÈÛÌfi˜, ·ÚÔÚÌËÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÔÈ ‰˘ÛÎÔ-

Ï›Â˜ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Î·È Ë ¯·ÌËÏ‹ Â›‰ÔÛË ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ¤-

ÛÔ˘Ó ·ÙÔÌÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜ Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÂÈÒÓ ÛÙ·

·È‰È¿ Ô˘ ÂÌÏ¤ÎÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ ı‡ÙÂ˜ ÛÂ ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡


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ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ (Fanti & Kimonis, 2012Ø Stavrinides et al, 2010).

™˘ÛÙËÌÈÎ¿ ÛÙÔÈ¯Â›· fiÌˆ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ¿. ∏ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈ-

ÎfiÙËÙ· ÙË˜ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜, Ë ÁÔÓÈÎ‹ ÂÌÏÔÎ‹ Î·È Ë ÁÔÓÈÎ‹ ÂÈÙ‹ÚËÛË

ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ¤ÛÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜ Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë˜ ÙË˜

ÂÌÏÔÎ‹˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÛÂ ÂÚÈÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿ ‚›·˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô. ∞ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ¤-

ÚÂ˘ÓÂ˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Â·ÓÂÈÏËÌÌ¤Ó· ‰Â›ÍÂÈ fiÙÈ Î·Î‹ ‹ ÔÏ‡ ̄ ·ÌËÏ‹ ÂÌÏÔ-

Î‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ, fiˆ˜ Î·Î‹ ‹ Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ ÂÈÙ‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ, Â›Ó·È

ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜ Úfi‚ÏÂ„Ë˜ ÌÂÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ fiˆ˜

Ô Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi˜ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌfi˜. º˘ÛÈÎ¿ Î·È ¿ÏÏ· Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÙË˜ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤-

ÓÂÈ·˜ fiˆ˜ ÙÔ ÁÔÓÈÎfi ÛÙ˘Ï, ÔÈ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂÈ˜ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÁÔÓÈÒÓ Î·È

Ë ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ Ì¤Û· ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Â›Ó·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ÛËÌ·-

ÓÙÈÎÔ› ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙÂ˜. ¶·È‰È¿ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ·fi ÔÏ‡ ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎ¤˜

ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈÂ˜ ÌÂ ·ÎÚ·›Â˜ ÙÈÌˆÚÈÙÈÎ¤˜ Ú·ÎÙÈÎ¤˜ ‰ÈÔ¯ÂÙÂ‡Ô˘Ó Û˘¯Ó¿

ÙË Ì·Ù·›ˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ «Â˘ÎÔÏfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜» ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ fiˆ˜

Â›Ó·È Â˘¿ÏˆÙ· ·È‰È¿ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô.

∫·È ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ fiÌˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ·ÌÂÏËÙ¤Â˜. ™ÂÈÚ¿ ÂÚÂ˘ÓÒÓ ‰Â›-

¯ÓÔ˘Ó Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿ ÙÈ˜ ‚Ú·¯˘ÚfiıÂÛÌÂ˜ Î·È Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌÂ˜

Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ı‡ÙÂ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡

ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡. ∆· ·È‰È¿ ı‡ÙÂ˜ ‚Ï¤Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎ‹ ÙÒÛË ÛÙÈ˜ ·-

Î·‰ËÌ·˚Î¤˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈ‰fiÛÂÈ˜, Î·ıÒ˜ Â›ÛË˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ

Û¯¤ÛÂˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì¤Û· Î·È ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô. ª·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌ·, Ù·

·È‰È¿ ·˘Ù¿ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÔÏ‡ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÂ˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙÂ˜ Ó· ÂÌÏ·ÎÔ‡Ó

ÛÂ ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜ ÌÔÚÊ¤˜ ·Ú·‚·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊË‚Â›·, Ó· ÚÔ‚Ô‡Ó

ÛÂ ̄ Ú‹ÛË Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ·ÎfiÌË, ÛÙËÓ ÂÓËÏÈÎ›ˆÛË Ó· ÂÌÏ·ÎÔ‡Ó Ì¤¯ÚÈ

Î·È ÛÂ ÌÔÚÊ¤˜ ÂÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÈÎ‹˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜. ¶ÈÔ Û˘¯Ó¿ ÂÓ‹ÏÈÎÂ˜

ÌÂ ÈÛÙÔÚÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ÂÎÊÔ‚ÈÛÌÔ‡ ·ÔÏ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·fi ÙÈ˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜

ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È Î·Ù·‰ÈÎ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ·Ú¿ÓÔÌÂ˜ Ú¿ÍÂÈ˜.

∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Î·È ÁÈ· Ù· ı‡Ì·Ù· ÔÈ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈÂ˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘

ÛÔ‚·Ú¤˜. ™˘ÌÙÒÌ·Ù· Î·È ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ ÙË˜ Î·Ù¿ıÏÈ„Ë˜ Û˘¯Ó¿ Û˘-

ÓÔ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ·È‰È¿, ÙfiÛÔ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó ı˘Ì·-

ÙÔÔ›ËÛË fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÏ‡ ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·. ™Â ·ÎÚ·›Â˜, Î·È Â˘Ù˘¯Ò˜ ÂÏ¿-

¯ÈÛÙÂ˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜, ·È‰È¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·˜ ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔ›ËÛË˜ ÌÔÚÂ› Ó·

ÚÔ‚Ô‡Ó Â›ÙÂ ÛÂ ·fiÂÈÚ· ·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›·˜ ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÂÎ‰‹ÏˆÛË ÙË˜ ·-

ÎÚ·›·˜ Ì·Ù·›ˆÛË˜ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÔ˘Ó, ‹ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÂ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÍfi-


157-175 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:01 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·171

ÓÙˆÛË˜ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ Ù· ı˘Ì·ÙÔÔÈÔ‡Ó. ™Â ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÎÚ·›Â˜

ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂÈ˜, ÈÔ Û˘¯Ó¿, ·È‰È¿ ı‡Ì·Ù·, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›Â˜

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ÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÂÈıÂÙÈÎÒÓ Ú¿ÍÂˆÓ.


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Ú›· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ÓËÛÈÔ‡ ı· Û·˜ ÂÚÈÏ¿‚ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô ÙË˜, fi¯È ˆ˜

ÌÈ· ÌÈÎÚ‹ ˘ÔÛËÌÂ›ˆÛË, ·ÏÏ¿ ˆ˜ ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÈÔ Ï·ÌÚ¿ Î·È

˘ÂÚ‹Ê·Ó· ÎÂÊ¿Ï·È·.

176-178 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:02 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·178

179-184 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:02 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·179

179-184 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:02 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·180

¶EP°AMHNH

1. H ¶ÂÚÁ·ÌËÓ‹ Â›Ó·È ÂÙ‹ÛÈ· ¤Î‰ÔÛË ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘

K‡ÚÔ˘.

2. ¢ÈÂ˘ı‡ÓÂÙ·È ·fi EÎ‰ÔÙÈÎ‹ EÈÙÚÔ‹ Ô˘ ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÈ Ë

™‡ÁÎÏËÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ K‡ÚÔ˘.

3. ™’ ·˘Ù‹ ‰ËÌÔÛÈÂ‡ÔÓÙ·È ÔÌÈÏ›Â˜ Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ·fi Ì¤ÏË ÙÔ˘

·Î·‰ËÌ·˚ÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ K‡ÚÔ˘ ‹ ÚÔ-

ÛÎÂÎÏËÌ¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘, ÛÂ ÂÎ‰ËÏÒÛÂÈ˜ Ô˘ ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ˘fi ÙËÓ ·ÈÁ›‰·

ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÔÓ. ¶ÂÚÈÏ·Ì-

‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È Ë ÔÌÈÏ›· ÛÙË °ÈÔÚÙ‹ ÙˆÓ °Ú·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ, Ë ÔÌÈÏ›· ÛÙÈ˜

ÂıÓÈÎ¤˜ ÂÂÙÂ›Ô˘˜ Î·È Ë ÔÌÈÏ›· ÙÔ˘ ¶Ú‡Ù·ÓË ÛÙËÓ TÂÏÂÙ‹ AÔ-

ÊÔ›ÙËÛË˜.

4. K¿ıÂ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê¤·˜ Ê¤ÚÂÈ ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÙˆÓ ·fi„ÂÒÓ ÙÔ˘.

¶ÏËÚÔÊÔÚ›Â˜: °Ú·ÊÂ›Ô EÎ‰fiÛÂˆÓ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ K‡ÚÔ˘,

KÙ‹ÚÈÔ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï›Ô˘-™˘ÁÎÏ‹ÙÔ˘ «AÓ·ÛÙ¿ÛÈÔ˜ °. §Â‚¤ÓÙË˜»,

T.£. 20537, 1678 §Â˘ÎˆÛ›·, K‡ÚÔ˜. TËÏ.: 22 894 000, TËÏÂ-

ÔÌ.: 22 892 100. HÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎ‹ ¢ÈÂ‡ı˘ÓÛË: [email protected]ÛÙÔÛÂÏ›‰·: http://www.ucy.ac.cy

179-184 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:02 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·181

179-184 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:02 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·182

H

¶EP°AMHNH

Eã

ETH™IA EK¢O™H TOY ¶ANE¶I™THMIOY KY¶POY

™E§I¢ø£HKE ™TO EP°A™THPI

¢HMIOYP°IA M.E. ™YNEP°ATE™ §T¢

KAI TY¶ø£HKE

™TO TY¶O°PAºEIO §I£O°KPAºIKA

°IA §O°APIA™MO

TOY ¶ANE¶I™THMIOY KY¶POY

*

ISSN: 1450-314X

179-184 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:02 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·183

179-184 ¶ÂÚÁ. 5.qxd 21-02-13 10:02 ¶M ™ÂÏ›‰·184

001-008 ¦åòç. 5 - ucy.ac.cy · ek¢otikh e¶itpo¶h ™taypo™ ™. ºøtioy,...

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